解 説 GABA Synapse

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解 説 GABA Synapse 日 本 農 薬 学 会 誌10, 555-567 (1985) 解 説 GABA支 配 の 神 経 シ ナ ッ プ ス -殺 虫 剤 の タ ー ゲ ッ ト?- 田 中 啓 司 三共株式会社農薬研究所 (昭和60年5月20日 受理) GABA Synapse: A Target Site of Insecticides? Keiji TANAKA Agricultural Chemicals Research Laboratories, Sanhyo Co., Ltd., Yasu-cho, Yasu-gun, Shiga 520-23, Japan やavermectin8)の 出現 で あ る. は じ め に 節 足 動 物 に お け るGABAの 作 用 1950年 に γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) が マ ウス脳 か ら単 離 同 定1,2)さ れ てか ら, そ の 神 経 伝 達 物 質 と し て Usherwoodら9, 10)は, 昆 虫 の抑 制 性 の神 経 一筋 接 合 部 の 歴 史 が 始 ま る. しか し, 長 い間, この ア ミノ酸 の脳 内 位 でGABAが 当 時 構 造 未 知 で あ った 抑 制 性 の神 経 伝 達 で の 作 用 は 不 明 の まま で, た ん にご代 謝 産 物 で あ ろ うと考 物 質 と 同様 にご作 用 す る こ とを 見 い だ した. GABAは 抑 制 え られ た 時 が あ った ほ どで あ る3). そ の 薬理 作用 が 発 見 性 神 経 が 入 りこ んで い る 筋 線 維 膜 の"input"コ ン ダ ク され た の は 哺 乳動 物 で は な く, 甲殻 類 を用 い て の研 究 で, タ ンス を 増 加 させ る. した が っ て こ の近 傍 にご入 りこ んで これ らの 研 究 が基 礎 とな っ てGABAの 抑 制 性 神 経 伝 達 い る興 奮 性 神 経 か らの興 奮 性 シ ナ ップ ス後 電 位(EPSP) 物 質 と して の 地 位 が 固 ま っ て い き, 哺 乳 動 物 で も抑 制 性 は, こ の神 経 を 刺 激 し て も発 生 が 抑 え られ, EPSPと の 神 経 伝 達物 質 の候 補 と して と らえ られ る よ うに な って 共 役 した 筋 収 縮 は 抑 制 され る11). こ の外 部 か ら与 え られ い つた4). そ の 後GABAの 作 用 メ カ ニ ズ ムや 拮 抗 剤 の たGABAは, 同 様 にご外 部 か ら与 え られ たL-glutamate 研 究 も甲 殻類 一 と くに ザ リガ ニや カ ニ等 一 の神 経 と筋 と に よ る筋 収 縮 を もみ ご とに 抑 制 す る12,13). Otsukaらは, の 接 合 部 位 を 用 い て行 なわ れ て きた. この よ うにごGABA ロ ブス タ ーの 抑 制 性 神 経 の刺 激 にご対 応 し てGABAが 放 の 研 究 の 歴 史 を 振 り返 って み る と, 最 近 のbenzodiaze- 出 され る こ とを 実 験 的 に 証 明 し14), 抑 制 性 神 経 伝 達 物 質 pineやbarbiturate等 の精 神 安 定 剤 や 睡 眠 導 入 剤, あ と して のGABAの 地 位 が 確 立 した. 抑 制 性 の神 経 か ら るい はHuntingtOn舞 踏 病 との 関 連 で 活 発 に く りひ ろ 放 出 され たGABAは, シ ナ ップ ス後 膜 にご結 合 し抑 制 性 げ られ て い るGABA関 与 の神 経 薬 理 学 や 生 理 学 研 究 の シナ ップス 後 電 位(IPSP)を 発 生 す る10)(Fig. 1). 発 展 に 比 べ, 甲殻 類 と同 じ節 足 動 物 に 属 す る昆 虫 で の 研 IPSPはGABAが 筋 線 維 膜 のCl嘱 イ オ ンに 対 す る透 究 が は な は だ 遅 れ て い る の は, 歴 史 の 皮 肉 で あ ろ う. 過 性 を 増 加 させ るか らで 一 結 果 と して"input"コ ン ダ GABAの 神 経 系 を 殺 虫剤 の タ ー ゲーッ トに し よ うとの 掛 ク タ ンス が 増 加 す る-正 常 の昆 虫 体 液 中 で は, 筋 線 維 膜 声 だ け は 古 くか らあ った の で は あ るが! の静 止 電 位 はC「 噌イ オ ンの 平 衡 電 位 よ り多 少 正 のほ うにご しか し, 最 近, 昆 虫 で のGABA関 与 の神 経 系 が, 神 ず れ て い る分 だ け, GABAが 作 用 す る と膜 電 位 は 過 分 経 生 理 学 の分 野 で にこわ か に ク ロー ズ ア ップ され は じめ て 極(負 の ほ うに ず れ る)し, これ がIPSPと し て観 察 さ きた. そ の 端 緒 に な っ た の は, γ-BHC (lindane) や cy- れ る. 筋 肉 を 浸 して い る生 理 演 中 のC1-イ オ ンを, pro- clodiene5), 環 状 リン酸 化合 物6)等 の作 用 機構 の 解 明 研 究 pionateイ オ ンの よ うな 膜 不 透 過 性 の ア ニ オ ンで 置 換 す と, 新 規 な殺 虫 剤 とし て注 目を 集 め て い るmilbemycin7) る と, IPSPは 逆 に脱 分 極(正 の ほ うに)す る(Fig. 2). こ 556 日本 農 薬 学 会誌 第10巻 第3号 昭 和60年8月 Fig. 2 Similarity of conductance changes result- ing from the action of nerve-released transmitter Fig. 1 Chemical excitation and inhibition in and from applied GABA in a muscle fiber of the crustacean muscle. A: Excitatory and inhibitory crayfish. Brief trains of inhibitory nerve stimuli axons can be stimulated separately or together, (N) and iontophoretically applied GABA appear B: An excitatory synaptic potential in the opener on each record. As the resting membrane poten- of the claw at a membrane potential of -73mV, tial (-70mV) is depolarized, the synaptic and the C: Stimulation of the inhibitory axon causes no GABA potentials reverse at the same level, near potential change at -73mV, but hyperpolarizes -66 mV. Trace at top indicates current through at -48 mV and depolarizes at -98 mV, D: GABA-filled pipette. (From "A Cellular Approach Simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory stimula- to the Function of the Nervous System," by SW. tion at 10/sec (between arrows) greatly reduces Kuffler and J. G. Nicholls, Sinauer Associates the excitatory potentials. (From "A Cellular Ap- Inc. Publishers (1976)) proach to the Function of the Nervous System," by SW. Kuffler and J. G. Nicholls, Sinauer As- sociates Inc. Publishers (1976)) >Br>Cl-(1.60>1.54>1.32>1.29>1)で あ っ た. 一 方, こ れ ら 陰 イ オ ン に よ る コ ン ダ ク タ ン ス の 増 加 程 度 は Br>C1一>CNS一>1一>NO3一>HCOO一>CIO3一>CIO4一 の こ と か ら もGABAの 作 用 がC1-イ オ ン の 透 過 性 の 増 >BrO3一 で 陽 イ オ ン は ほ と ん ど 影 響 を 及 ぼ さ ず, 筋 線 維 大 にごよ っ て い る こ と が 理 解 さ れ る. Usherwoodら10,15) 膜 の シ ナ ッ プ ス 膜 は, 陰 イ オ ン 選 択 的 で こ れ ら の イ オ ン は, picrotoxinin(PTX)やbicucullineが, バ ッ タ の 筋 を 通 す チ ャ ン ネ ル に は 一 定 の 大 き さ が あ る19)と 推 定 さ 線 維 膜 で のGABAの 作 用 にご拮 抗 す る こ とを 見 い だ し て れ る. GABAに よ るCト イ オ ン の 出 入 りの 様 子 は, 放 い る. 種 々 のGABA l濃度 の も と で の 筋 線 維 膜 の"in- 射 性 の36Cト を 用 い て 確 か め られ, PTXやbicuculline put"コ ン ダ ク タ ン ス の 測 定 結 果 か ら, GABAのdose- 等 のGABA antagonistの 作 用 も確 認 さ れ て い る22,23). conductanceの 関 係 式1/[1+(k/A)n](AはGABAの 節 足 動 物 の 神 経 一筋 接 合 部 位 で の 興 奮 性 伝 達 物 質 はL- 濃 度, kは 解 離 定 数)を 求 め, こ の 式 か ら, バ ッ タ の 筋 glutamate, 抑 制 性 伝 達 物 質 がGABAで あ る こ と, そ 肉 で は1ユ ニ ッ トのCl-イ オ ン透 過 の 増 加 に3分 子 の れ に 中 枢 神 経 で の 伝 達 物 質 がacetylcholineで あ る こ と GABAが 必 要 で あ り16,17), 一 方, picrotoxininは1分 子 は 疑 い の な い も の で あ る(Fig. 3). し か し, こ れ に 加 え でCト イ オ ン の 透 過 を ブ ロ ッ ク す る こ と が 同 様 に わ か て 中 枢 神 経 系 にGABAが 支 配 し て い る 部 分 の あ る こ と っ た18). 一 方, ザ リ ガ ニ の 場 合 に は, GABA 2分 子 と が 最 近 間 接 的 に わ か っ て き た. Olsenら24)やMillerら25) picrotoxinin 1分 子 で あ る こ と19,20)か ら, こ の 違 い は 興 はGABAのantagonistで あ るPTXやbicucullineが 味 深 い. Takeuchiら21)は, ザ リ ガ ニ の 筋 線 維 膜 で のC1- 昆 虫 の 中 枢 神 経 を 興 奮 さ せ る こ と を 見 い だ し て い る し, 以 外 の 陰 イ オ ン のCト イ オ ン に 対 す る 相 対 透 過 性 を 調 べ GABAやPTXの 受 容 体 が 中 枢 神 経 系 に 存 在 す る こ て い る.
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