IENTIFI£[Entered at tbe Post Office of Sew York. N. Y .• as �econd Class Matter. Copyrij(bt,MERI£AN l!lO6, bY' Mnnn & Co.l

Vol. XCIV.-No. 1. ' NEW YOHK, JANU AHY 6, 1906. 10 CEN'J.'S A CO];E>Y. ESTABLISHED 1845. J. L $3.00 A YE4R.

Torpedo in Tube Ready for Launching. One of the 1'urbine Wheels.

Torpedo in Mid-Air, as It Leaves the Launching Tube.

Hoisting a 21·Inch Torpedo Aboard After a Trial Run.

NEW 21·INCH TORPEDO FOR THE UNITED STATES NAVY, SPEED, 36 KNOTII .\T 1,200 YARDS RANGE.-[See page 7.] 4 Scientific American JANUARY 6, 1906.

and hay. wheat, and rice reached new figures as to WATER POWER AT HIGH PRESSURE. SCIENTIFIC AMER.ICAN value only. The general average of production was One cubic foot of water pet second, falling 1,000 ESTABLISHED 1845 higl� in the case of every crop, and the prices ran feet, develops more than 11 horse-power. higher still. The Secretary of Agriculture estimates This striking fact may well call attention to the that in addition to the enormous yield of wealth, the great, undeveloped water powers in all of the moun­ Editors and MUNN &. CO .• Proprietors farms of the country have themselves increased in tainous sections of the United States. Hundreds of value during the past five years by over six billions of such powers now go to waste almost unnoticed, be­ Published Weekly at dollars ; and he puts the matter dramatically when he cause of the common idea that a large volume of water states that with every going down of the sun during is necessary where much energy is to be developed. No. 361 Broa.dwa.y. New York the past five years, there has been registered an in­ As a matter of fact, many an unpretentious mountain crease of three million four hundred thousand dollars brook expends enough power in grinding its rocky bed TERMS TO SUBSCRlBERS in the value of the farms of the country. An analysis to turn the wheels of a great city. One C9PY. one yea:- for the united States. Canada. or MexICo. _...... $3.00 One cOPY. one year. to any foreign country. postage prepaId . .£O 168. 5d. 4.00 of the principal crops for the year shows that corn Proof of this is easily reached by considering the THE SOIENTIFIC llMERlUAN PUBLICATIONS. reached its highest production with 2,708,000.000 bush­ figures for rainfall, runoff, and elevation that apply Scientific American (Established 1840) ...... $3.00 a year els, a clear· gain of 42,000,000 bushels over the very to large parts of the country. Take, for illustration, 8clentitlc American Supplement (Established .. 1876) ...... 5.00 profitable year of 1899. The hay crop is valued at 605 an annual fall of rain and snow that amounts to 36 American Homes and Gardens...... _ .... 0 •••••• 3.00 SCientific American Export Edition (Established 1878). _ ...... ;).00 million dollars ; cotton at 575 millions ; wheat at 525 inches of water on a level, and is generally reached in The combined subscription rates and rates to foreign countries will millions ; oats, 282 millions ; potatoes, 138 millions; bar­ the higher parts of the New England, Middle, and be fllrnished upon application. Remit by postal or express money order. or by bank draft or check. ley, 58 millions, and tobacco at 52 million dollars. Very Southern States. With this rainfall each square mile MUNN & CO .• 361 Broadway. New York. remarkable is the increase of 54 million dollars in the of territory receives 83,635,200 cuiJic feet of water an­ value of dairy products, which reached the total valua­ nually. This water must either soak into the ground NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JANUARY 6, 1906. tion of 665 million dollars. The farmer's hen, says and reappear elsewhere in springs, or evaporate, or the Secretary. is becoming a worthy companion to the else run off over the surface of the ground, and a part The Editor is always glad 10 "eceive for examination illustrated cow, the annual production of eggs being now 20 bil­ moves in each of these ways. That portion which runs articles on subjects or timely interest. If the photogr�phs. are sharp, the articles short, and the facts authent.c, theyontrIbutlOns lions. Poultry products have climbed to a value of off over the surface is available for power production. will receive special attention. Accepted articles WIll be paId for at regular space rates. over half a billion dollars, so that poultry competes If a quantity of water represented by a depth of one with wheat for precedence. The total value of horses foot on a level runs off over the surface of the ground, THE PASSING OF THE "OREGON." each square mile furnishes 27,874,400 cubic feet an­ ' is estimated at $1,200,000,000. There. are over 17% And now it is the "Oregon" that has to go the way million milch cows, valued at nearly half a billion nually. This volume of water develops some 86,700 of all battleships, and pass from the first to the second dollars. During the year farm produce to the value horse-power hours, if allowed to fall 1,000 feet. On line of defense, to do duty in home waters. This of 827 million dollars was exported. During the last the assumption that the flow of water will be regu­ announcement will occasion not a little sentimental sixteen years the domestic exports of farm products lated, and used during only 3,000 hours per year, the regret among the American people, who will ever bear have amounted to 12 billion dollars, or one billion dol­ runoff of a depth of one foot from one square mile will in mind the long voyage of this battleship from the lars more than enough to buy all the. railroads of the generate 28.9 gross horse-power during 300 days ot Pacific coast to Cuba, and the brilliant part which she country at their commercial valuation. Clear evidence ten hours each, under the conditions named. With played in the chase of the Spanish squadron on its of the prosperity of the farmer is seen in the fact that any variation of the water head from 1,000 feet, the flight from Santiago harbor. It seems but a few years under a recent amendment of the national banking power will, of course, vary in like proportion. That ago that the ships of this class ( "Oregon," "Indiana," law, allowing the establishment of banks with a capi­ is, a fall of 500 feet would develop 14.4 horse-power and "Massachusetts") were heralded as the most pow­ talization of less than $50,000, there have been 1,754 during 3,000 hours with the volume of water named, erfully armed and armored battleships afloat. The such banks established in the last year, nearly every and a fall of 2,000 feet would yield 57,8 horse-power. claim was well made ; for not even the big British one of which, says the Secretary, is located in a rural So too the number of horse-power hours will vary ships of that day could match the combination of community and C1e capital furnished by farmers. For directly with the total quantity of water available. four 13-inch and eight 8-inch guns and 18-inch face­ the first time in (he financial history of the South, the The ratio of the volume of water passing down the hardened armor found in the "Oregon" class. Yet deposits in that region exceed one billion dollars. bed of a stream to the volume that annually falls on these vessels possessed inherent defects as naval de­ Should there be no relapse from his present position its drainage area, known as the percentage of runoff, sign and construction advanced, which were bound to as a wealth producer, three years hence the farmer wiH is very irregular in different cases, and ranges from tell against them. Chief among these was the fact find that the farming element. which forms thirty-five less than one-tenth to' fully seven-tenths. For many that their displacement of something over 10,000 tons per cent of the population, has produced an amount of of the streams in the mountainous parts of the States was altogether too small to effectively carry such a wealth ,;within the preceding ten years equal to one­ along the Atlantic coast a runoff of 50 per cent is not powerful aggregation of offensive and defensive ele­ half of the entire national wealth produced in three too high. With an annual . precipitation of 36 inches ments. For in order to float such guns and armor at centuries. of water on a level, a runoff of 50 per cent gives a all, it was necessary to keep down speed, coal supply, ... ,. stream of 41,817,600 cubic feet of water per year from and the supply of ammunition, to a point which was SINGLE-PHASE LOCOMOTIVES ON DIRECT-CURRENT each square mile of its drainage area, or a discharge bound ultimately to render these ships unable to re­ TRACKS. of 3.87 cubic feet per second during 3,000 hours. Th is main in our first line of defense. The trend of later The announcement that the New York, New Haven rainfall and runoff combined with a fall of 1,000 feet battleship design is in the direction of giving a ship and Hartford Railroad intended to operate single­ thus yield about 129,900 horse-power hours for each high freeboard, large displacement, and a generous phase locomotives over the direct-current section of square mile of drainage area. If this amount of en­ supply of ammunition and coal, and the increased dis­ the New York Central lines, which lead intO' the ergy is used at a uniform rate during 3,000 hours, it placement of about sixty per cent of such a vessel as new terminal station. elicited a strong protest from develops 43.3 horse-power. From these figures it may the battleship "Connecticut" over the "Oregon" has Mr. Sprague, the inventor of the multiple system of be se� that a small drainage area will often supply been given mainly to these features. The main bat­ control. He expressed regret that the company had enough water to develop a very large power, if a head tery of the "Connecticut" in numbers and weight is not adopted a system more in harmony with that of 1,000 or more feet can be obtained. A small moun­ no greater than that of the "Oregon," consisting of which was being laid out at such vast expense by the tain stream will often have between one and two miles four 12's and eight 8's as against four 13's and eight New York Central, and his letter suggested that there of drainage area per mile of length, even where locat­ 8's. In the secondary battery there is an increase would be certain difficulties of operation attending ed in a very narrow valley, so that the runoff from from four 6-inch to twelve 7-inch guns. The vastly the introduction of the single-phase locomotive into twenty to fifty square miles is available within a few greater power of the broadside is mainly due to the the new terminal. In the course of a reply by the vice­ miles of its source. With a drainage area of fifty great increase in velocity, range, rapidity of fire, and president of the New Haven road, it is stated that the square miles, the runoff on the basis of the above mod­ energy of the guns. The length of the ships has gone new electric engines ordered by his company are of erate assumptions would develop 2,165 gross horse­ up from 348 to 450 feet ; the breadth from 69 1-3 to the interchangeable type, and that they are expressly power during 3,000 hours per year, or 6,495,000 horse­ 76 2-3 feet, while the depth, on the other hand, has designed to operate under all practical conditions power hours. been reduced from 28 to 26% feet, a most important within wide limits. They will be able to use both al­ In order to make this energy available for useful advantage for the later ships. Displacement has in­ ternating and direct, high-tension or low-tension al­ work, there must in every case be a large storage ca­ creased from 10,288 tons to 16,000 tons, and the speed ternating current, to take. current from the third rail pacity, because the fall of water is very irregular from has risen from 16 knots to 18. The normal coal supply or from overhead conductors:at heights varying be­ day to day and month to month. Small streams in has risen from 400 tons to 2,000 ; and although the tween 14 feet and 22 feet ; and to operate with equal mountainous country often show maximum discharge "Oregon" is credited with a bunker capacity of 1,450 facility on either or both of the two track levels at rates that are twenty to fifty times as great as the tons as against 2,200 tons for the "Connecticut," she the Grand Central station. minimum, and this great variation in the discharge cannot take on that amount without practically sub­ It is stated by this official that on sections equipped gives such streams small value for power production, merging the whole of her water-line armor. In the for direct current the single-phase locomotives will before a relatively large storage capacity is provided. second line of defense, however, for service in home operate in every respect as direct-current engines of Take, for illustration, the case assumed above, with waters, the "Oregon" still has a useful life of many high commercial efficiency, and on sections equipped a drainage area of fifty square miles and an annual

years' service before her, and in the naval annals of for alternating current, they will show still higher effi­ runoff represented by a depth of 18 inches of water the country she is destined to be pl�ced high on the ciency. The public is assured that the adoption of on a level over this drainage area. With most of roll of honor. this most flexible type of engine by the New Haven the annual rainfall concentrated in the smaller part . I. Company will introduce no new features or difficulties of the year, it might be desirable to provide a storage WEALTH OF OU:B. FARMS. in the track equipment or operation of the Grand Cen­ capacity for one foot depth of water on a level over In view of the vast increase that has taken place tral terminal, and will not entail upon the New York the entire drainage area. This would mean the stor­ during the past decade in the number and wealth of Central the necessity for the expenditure of an addi­ age of fifty times 27,878,400 cubic feet of water, or our industrial establishments and in the value of our tional dollar nor the transposition of a wire. 1,393,920,000 cubic feet. With an average depth of manufactured products, it will be surprising to many Now, the above is all very good as far as it goes, 20 feet in this reservoir, its area would be 2.5 square

people to learn that our farms still greatly exceed which is not very far. If the event prove to be as miles, or one-twentieth of the drainage area. Such a in value and as a source of revenue every other good as the prediction, both the New Haven Company reservoir might involve only a moderate investment in ' source of wealth, not even excluding our great manu­ and the traveling public will be subjects for con­ a hilly country with deep valleys. facturing enterprises. The wealth production of the gratulation. The latter. and especially those New California and the entire Rocky Mountain region af­ farms of the United States reached in 1905 the high­ York commuters whose rare good fortune it has been ford the best opportunities for the development of est amount ever attained in this or any other country. to use the New Haven line. may be pardoned for their water power under high heads, because of the great the total figure being nearly six and one-half billion solicitude lest that company, in any steps that they changes in elevation there. and numerous examples dollars. Four of the crops reached new records as to might be taking that would affect their suburban serv­ of such powers are to be found in these sections. One value, namely, corn, hay, wheat, and rice. Corn ex ice, were actuated more by considerations of their own such is the hydro-electric plant on Bear Greek that ceed:s previous yields both in amount and in price, profit than of the convenience of the traveling public. delivers energy to the 33,000-volt transmission that �:ANUARY 6, 1906. Scientific American 5 runs to Los Angeles. At this plant the head of water expense, both as regards initial cost, space occupied, second, to apply the pollen when it is in perfection, is more than 1,900 feet, so that one cubic foot of water weight, and economical coal consumption. that is, dry and powdery, and when the stigma is per second develops twenty gross horse-power. In moist and in condition to assimilate it. Seedless fruit Colorado, near Pike's Peak, an electric plant is oper­ HYBRIDIZATION OF PLANTS. is produced by removing the pistil before it has been ated with water under a head of 2,500 feet, which is BY w. R. GILBERT. pollenated, so that the fruit will form and contain but believed to be the greatest in this country or the It is a singular fact that it is only during the past few if any seeds, and by selecting those which have ' world, that has been developed. While such heads of century that hybridization, or cross-breeding of plants, the least seed and repeating the process in course of water cannot, perhaps, be duplicated at developments has been practised. years seedless varieties will be the result. in the East, numerous cities exist along the Appala­ Lord Bacon, more than 300 years ago, seems to have 4' •• " chian chain of mountains, from Maine to Georgia, foreshadowed it, but it was generations before anyone SCIENCE NOTES. where water heads of 500 to 1,000 feet can be obtained attempted to solve the mystery. for power plants. At a recent development in New Lord Bacon wrote : "The compounding or mixing F'Or the purposes of studying the causes of sorotchte England, a head of about 470 feet was procured for a of plants is not yet found out, which if it were, it or mountain sickness, and the influence of the tem­ pipe line some three miles long. The drainage area would be one of the notable discoveries, for so you perature and climate of high altitudes upon general of the stream above the dam where the head of this would have great varieties of fruits and flowers yet nutrition, two eminent French medical authorities, pipe is located is only 15 square miles, and of this unknown." Drs. Guillemard and Moog, during last July made a area the reservoir behind the dam covers 800 acres. Who was the first to cross a fruit or flowers we have stay at the Mont Blanc observatory with the astron­ no data to prove, but Mr. Knight, of Chelsea, England, omer M. Janssen. According to the results of their As there are 640 acres to the square mile, this reser7 voir covers 8.3 per cent of its drainage area. The stor­ was very much interested in, and practised the art of investi,gations the diminished tension of the oxygen of age capacity of this reservoir is 435,000,000 cubic feet, hybridization. When the secret was found out the the atmosphere clogs the process of oxidation, and this which represents a layer of water 1.01 feet thick on a practice soon became common, and some enthusiastic sets up an elaboration of toxic substances, the reten­ level over its entire drainage area. In a case where amateur horticulturists engaged in it. Since then the tion of which causes symptoms of autointoxication and the total drainage area is 24 square miles, the stor­ art of hybridization has been followed by many, and, accounts for the symptoms of mountain sickness. Ac­ age reservoirs cover 1,120 acres and have a combined as Bacon suggested, greatly improved and unknown climatization, however, results in a few days, and the capacity of 498,000,000 cubic feet of water. The varieties of fruits and flowers have been produced in symptoms pass away under circumstances resembling generating station where the runoff from this 24 square rich abundance. those accompanying the passing of the crisis in in­ fectious maladies. miles is utilized under a head of 222 feet has a ca­ Perhaps in the amelioration of fruit it has been im­ portant, now marvels of the hybridist's skill are crowd­ pacity of 1,600 kilowatts. Plans for a plant in the In the northern hemisphere the greatest cold seems ing upon us, and they seem to accomplish their aims Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts, not yet built, show a to have been observed at Werchojansk, in Siberia, with a certainty that is remarkable-for instance, in water head of more than 800 feet. where it is stated that the thermometer goes down as the case of the stoneless plum which Mr. Burbank, • I.' • low as -69.8 deg. C. However, according to the infor­ THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPITAINE PRODUCER­ of California, after twenty-five years of study and ex­ mation which has been brought by the Russian artist GAS MARINE ENGINE. periment has been able to give to the world, and now Borrissoff, certain parts of Nova Zembla seem to show The application of the Capitaine producer-gas marine the coreless apple of Mr. Spencer. It has taken these at least as Iow a temperature as the above. The Bulle­ engine, the possibilities of whic� have been demon­ gentlemen years to accomplish the object they had in tin of the S'ociete Astronomique states that in an strated in a very practical manner by the Thorny­ view, but to raise a new grain, fruit, or flower or excursion which M. Borrissoff made lately in the croft Shipbuilding Company, is being extensively de­ vegetable of greatly superior qualities is worth a life­ Strait of Matotchkin, he discovered underneath a case veloped in Great Britain. So far the utilization of this time of patient and persevering effort, because it con­ a box containing two thermometers, one a maximum system of generating power has been confined to small tributes to the welfare of the human race, and the com­ and the other a minimum-recording thermometer. It vessels, the Thornycroft Company having only com­ fort of the lower animals. is supposed that these instruments belonged to HOfer, pleted arrangements with the inventor to this end. Cross-breeding is the most important. useful and an Austrian geologist, who made an expedition to this The rights to manufacture and apply the invention to fascinating branch of horticulture and sometimes very spot in 1872. One of the thermometers was found to large vessels have been acquired by Messrs. Beard­ remunerative. have registered the temperature of +15 as a maximum, more & Co., Ltd., who are carrying out some interest­ In order to obtain a new variety it is only necessary while the second instrument showed that the greatest ing experiments to this end. to exercise some judgment, and select two parents of cold had been -70 deg. C. This value seems to be This firm has under construction an installation certain qualities which are of the same, or of very the extreme cold which has been reached in this of 500 horse-power, and this is by far the largest en­ closely allied species, and cross them for a new inter­ region for thirty years past. gine of this type that has been so far undertaken. mediate variety, which will blend the good pOints of The variations in the thickness of the hair upon the Under these circumstances the construction of such both, and thereby effect an improvement ; thus an early, same individual have been studied by the Japanese an engine presents several problems that have not had but insipid pear, if crossed with one of fine flavor, but scientist Matsura and he makes some interesting ob­ to be encountered in the cwo,e of the smaller-powered lacking the desirable qualities as to habit of growth servations. It is :·mown that in certain diseases we plants. Yet there is a great opening for this type of or productiveness, will be likely to bring a variety find among other differences of growth, very marked engine, not only for propelling purposes, but for auxil­ which in some essential points will surpass either of its variations in the growth of the finger nails both in iary machinery purposes, especially where weight of parents. length and thickness. It is found that the hair is also machinery and economy in coal consumption are of The "Goe's Golden Drop" plum was raised by crossing influenced, and all the affections which act upon the vital importance. The total weight of such an en­ the Green Gage with the Magnum Bonum plum ; the general health bring about a diminution in the thick­ gine is about 75 per cent of the ordinary engines and Elton cherry was raised by crossing the Byarrean ness of the hair. The medullary layer may even be boilers, while the fuel consumption is 50 per cent with the White-heart, and the combinations have pro­ interrupted and the hard layer which it contains may less. duced the two invaluable fruits mentioned. disappear. Observations made upon a hair will there­ This 500-horse-power plant will comprise five cyl­ The power to cross-breed is limited by a wise pro­ fore show the variations in thickness according to cer­ inders of the vertical type, working on the Otto cycle vision of nature to prevent the generation of monstrosi­ tain maladies and the length of t.he affected part or principle, and fitted with a suction gas producer ties. A cross-bred plant is a sub-variety raised be­ the thinner portion of the hair gives an idea of t.he specially designed to work continuously with ordinary tween two varieties of the same species. Some nearly duration of the malady, and even of slighter affections. bituminous coal. The framing of the engine is of allied species are capable of fertilizing each other and The variat�ons are naturally more strongly marked in plate steel exclusively with the exception of the cyl­ these are pure hybrids or mules, and, like animals so the case of coarse-haired races than for others. Pro­ inders, which are the only large parts of cast iron. bred, are incapable of producing perfect seed. No one vided the hair had never been cut, the subject would By means of this design a rigid yet light construction has ever succeeded in causing the pear to fertilize the have his pathologic history written, so to speak, in is obtainable. apple, or the gooseberry the currant. Before people capillary terms. The builders have also designed a new type of re­ were so well informed on these subjects as they now versing gear, which possesses several interesting and are it was believed that wonders could be brought A new process for the manufacture of hydrogen gas novel features. This gearing will enable the engine about by fertilizing an orange with a pomegranate or has been brought out in Europe not long ago, and is to run in either direction and dispense. with feathering a red rose with a black currant, but these fancies are designed to replace the usual method of sulphuric add propellers, bevel gearing, and so forth for reversing. no longer accepted as being possible. and iron or zinc. In the new process the reaction of The gas producer is also being arranged so as to sup­ Now, as to the modus operan.ai of the artificial cross­ the alkaline hydrates upon metallic aluminium is ply the engines with gas free from tar, and is to be ing of plants. Take the blossom of a cherry, for an utilized. This reaction is 2Al+3NaOH = 3H+AI03Na3• fired by a mechanical stoker so designed as to prevent example, which is directly connected with the embryo When once commenced, the metal is attacked by the the formation of clinker when using bituminous coal. seed ; the numerous surrounding threads are the soda solution with great energy. The gas is produced When this engine is completed, it will first be sub­ stamens at the summit of which are little sacks which very rapidly and the liquid heats up to the boiling mitted to exhaustive and severe trials on land under secrete the powder called pollen. The pistil has its point. Theoretically we need 0,810 kilogramme of conditions resembling as near as possible those ob­ base in the embryo fruit and at its summit is the aluminium and 3.6 of caustic soda to produce 1 cubic tained at sea. If they should prove satisfactory, it stigma; the pistil is also called the style, and is the meter of hydrogen, but in practice owing to the im­ will then be installed upon a Glasgow coasting steam­ stalk or tube between the ovary and the stigma; on purities in the metal and the soda, we require 4,68 ship, and the firm will then proceed with the construc­ this stigma is a sticky substance, when it has arrived kilogrammes of caustic soda. The process gives some tion of an engine of 1,000 horse-power, for which the at maturity, to which the pollen adheres and thus advantage as to saving in material which is to be trans­ designs have been prepared, but the construction of the seed is fertilized. Now, if w.e' fertilize the pistil ported, seeing that we need but 5 kilogrammes of which has been postponed until the results of the of one flower with the pollen of anothef"we shall ob­ material per cubic meter of gas, while the acid proc­ ' 500-horse-power engine have been obtaiJllle.lf; so that tain a variety with the characteristics Of both parents. ess takes 7 kilogrammes. But the cost of production any disadvantages or weak points that may develop The process of obtaining cross breeds is easily per­ is much higher and comes to at least $0.72 per cubic may be eliminated from the larger engine. The engine formed. When the tree blooms, which we intend to meter. This process was used by the Russian aerostatic now in hand will be completed and tested within the make the mother of the improved race, we select one corps during the recent war. next two months. of the blossoms not fully expanded; with a pair of .. � ., .. That there are great possibilities for this system of sharp scissors we cut off the antlers or polllin' sacks. generating powe� is evidenced by the practical interest As soon as the blossom is fully expanded, .�61Iect with An interesting effort to apply the Parsons turbine to that is being shown in the invention by the British a camel-hair brush the pollen from a fully blown locomotive propulSion is being made by Mr. Hugh Reid, Admiralty, who are also constructing a high-powered flower taken from the tree we intend to be the male a well-known British locomotive engineer. 'l'his in­ engine at Manchester, and which will also be subjected parent. Apply the pollen, and leave it upon the point ventor has designed a self-contained electrical loco­ to a series of severe trials by the naval engineers. If of the stigma. It is safe to cover the flower thus oper­ motive, which will generate its own current by means the invention can be proved to be as successful in the ated upon with a bag made of thin gauze to prevent of a boiler and a condensing Parsons turbine. He has larger sizes as it has been in smaller craft, it has a great insects getting beforehand with us in applying the also devised an air-cooled condenser of .somewhat future as the power generator in large vessels, and pollen. To sum up, the two essential points are : novel design for use with the same, and the forthcom­ especially in bucket dredges and towing craft, where First, to be very careful to remove the antlers before ing experiments with this locomotive are being antici­ a maximum of power is desired at the minimum of they are sufficiently mature to have fertilized the pistil; pated with great interest by British engineers. 6 Scientific American JANUARY 6, 1906.

A NEW DETERMINATION OF TilE QUITO ARC OF THE was reserved for the following years (1902-1905). In the difference of longitude between Riobamba and MERIDIAN BY THE FRENCH GEODETIC addition, in order to obtain the exact altitudes of the Quito by means of telegraphic signals exchanged with COMMISSION OF ECUADOR. stations, it was necessary to run a careful leveling M. Gonessiat, of Lyons, who had installed himself in

BY JACQUES BOYER. survey from one of them to the sea. The programme the observatory at Quito. This observatory was built At its meeting at Stuttgart, in 1898, the Interna­ of the expedition also included geological studies, the by the government of Ecuador a few years ago but is tional Geodetic Association decided upon a redetermi­ collection of topographical data for a reconnaissance yet unprovided with observers! nation of the arc of the meridian measured in Peru map on a scale of 1 to 200,000, based upon a very After the completion of these operations the geo- by La Conda- detic expedition mine , because separated into t he improved s eve r a I divi­ scientific meth­ sions, while Col. ods and instru­ Bourgeois r e­ ments of the turned to present day per­ Paris whither mit the various he was recalled elements fro m by his duties which the di­ in the geo­ mensions of the graphical serv­ earth are de­ ice of the duced to be de­ French army. termined with In consequence greater ac­ of the rebellion curacy than was then in progress possible in the in Colombia, it eighteenth cen­ The Astronomical Station at '!'ulcan. Terminal lUonument of the Rillbamba became n e c e s­ tury. Base. sary to abandon T he United t he northern States offered to perform the work if France, to which exact triangulation, and a study of the native tribes, part of the proposed arc and to seek a new terminal nation it properly belonged, should decline to under­ and the fauna and flora of Ecuador by Dr. Rivet. astronomical station and a new base in Ecuador. take it. Naturally, however, the government of the The determination of the fundamental base, about Capt. Lallemand made a reconnaissance of the Car­ French republic felt bound, in honor, to continue to 10 kilo�eters long, at· Riobamba, was not made with­ chi country, built a temporary observatory near Tulcan play its historical role and sent to Ecuador Capts. out difficulty. The surveyors arranged along the se­ and selected the plateau of San Gabriel de Tusa for Maurain and Liacombe, who explored the Cordilleras lected alignment a series of microscopes whose axes the location of a base, which he measured four times from southern Colombia to northern Peru (July to coincided exactly with a vertical plane passing t hrough with the Jiiderin wires, with the assistance of Capt. November, 1899). the extremities of the base, and then observed a bar, Perrier and Dr. Rivet. In their report they showed that this region, which 4 meters in length, through each pair of microscopes These oper ations were conducted with difficulty and is crossed by nearly always two high paral- 'fn the rain. Af­ 1 e I mountain ter bravely ac­ ranges, is ad­ quitting h i m­ mirably well self of this fa­ adapted to the tiguing t ask, est a blishment Capt. Lallemand of a meridional finished the con­ chain of tri- struction of all angles, wit h the monuments apices formed of the northern by peaks, taken section of the alternately from arc, whi I e the two Cordill­ Capts. Maurain eras. and Perrier de­ Finally, after termined the a report by M. latitudes of the Poincare and two end sta­ a n appropria­ tions, the south­ tion by the ern one at Paita, French parlia­ Peru, and the ment, the task northern one at was confided to Leveling the Tulcan Base. .A. Geodetic, Monnment in ,. the. Cordilleras. Tulcan, E c u a- the geographi- dor, and thus cal service of the French army. On December 9, 1900, in succession. The bar really con sisted of two fixed the length of the arc of the meridian at 5 deg. the vanguard of the expedition, commanded by Capts. parallel bars, one of copper and the other of platinum, 53 min. 33 sec. Lallemand and Maurain, 'started for .Ecuador, and on the difference of expansion of which indicated the sur­ From this time onward the French officers, divided June 1, 1901, the main body landed at Guayaquil with rounding temperature and, Consequently, afforded data into three groups, devoted themselves to secondary twenty tons of scientific apparatus, which had to be for the reduction of the observations to zero. The geodetic observations along the line from Tulcan to carried, mainly on mule-back, over bad roads to the wind and the blinding, sandy dust raised by it com­ Paita, passing through Riobamba and Cuenca. Capt. pass of Chimborazo, more than 13,000 feet above sea­ pelled the observers (Capts. Perrier and Liacombe) to Perrier occupied the northern stations of Troya and level. A month later the little geodetic caravan, by begin work very early in the morning and to stop at Mirador (3,500 and 3,800 meters above sea level ), order of Col. Bourgeois, had reassembled at Rio­ one o'clock in the afternoon. They were able, how- while Capt. Maurain and M. Gonessiat operated in the bamba. The ac- center and Capt.

c 0 mpan ying Liacombe in the photo g ra p h s south. Soon af­ give' an idea of terward all the life of the these observers

detachment 0 n return e d to the Andean France aft e r plateau. A few having complet­ tents, equipped ed the redeter­ with rudimen­ mination of the tary furniture, Quit 0 arc. In scattered about, the course of a portable house their five years' for the obser va­ labor they were tion pier and forced to s u r­ azimuth circle, mount all sorts and some rather of 0 b s t a c I e s, primitive kitch­ from the inclem­

e n apparatus e n c y of the completed the weather to the camp. The work hostility of the of the expedition natives, who de­ was arranged in s t roye d the The· Geodetic Station at La Loura de Quito (Ecuador). the following monuments. manner : First A NEW DETERMINATION OF TUe,l1ITO ARC OF THE MERIDIAN BY THE FRENCH GEODETIC COMMISSION OF ECUADOR. The following came the funda- is a typical ex­ mental geodetic and astronomical operations, including ever, to advance the, bar, about ninety times each day, ample of these difficulties. Because of fogs, ten weeks the measurement of the base line,' the determination thus measuring a length of 360 meters, with an error were consumed at Mirador in making observations of the latitudes of the stations at the center and t11e not exceeding one part in 450,000. The same base which could be made in less than a week in France. ends of the arc, and t11e measurement of certain differ­ was afterward measured twice with the more practi­ In this work, therefore, not only were scientific knowl­ ences of longitude, for example, between the principal cal aItd less cumbrous Jaderin appar atus of metal wire. edge and experience of the utmost importance, but station at Riobamba and the observatory at Quito. 'VIeanwhile, Capt. Maurain set monuments on the the participants in the labors of t11e expedition had to The measurement of angles and bases of verification peaks near Riobamba, and Col. :Bourgeois determined possess patience, perseverance, and courage. JANUARY 6, 1906. Scientific Alllerican 7

THE NEW TURBINE TORPEDO OF THE UNITED venting premature explosion, which it does by locking which drives the propeller. It is of the Curtis com­ STATES NAVY. the firing pin. When the torpedo enters the water. pound type, and consists of a central row of fixed It is always difficult to ascerta,in just what other the revolution of the propellers releases a sleeve, which blades and two wheels, one llVs inches and the other ' navies are doing in torpedo work, because special uncovers the firing pin, putting it in position to strike nearly 12 inches in diameter. There are two propel­ secrecy is maintained with regard to what is still con­ the detonating primer the instant that the torpedo finds lers, adapted to run in opposite directions, one being sidered to be one of the deadliest fixed upon the central shaft, and the forms of naval warfare; but the new other upon an enveloping outer shaft. turbine torpedo, known as the Bliss­ The turbine runs at a speed of about . Leavitt model, which has recently 10,000 revolutions per minute, which been adopted by the United States is reduced by suitable gears to a speed government, furnishes the American of 900. revolutions for the propellers. navy with what is probably the speedi­ At this speed the turbine developed est and most effiective weapon of the about 160 horse-power, the correspond­ torpedo type in existence. ing speed being 40 knots an hour, The readers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ although the contract speed required CAN have been made familiar with the by the government is only 36 knots. Whitehead torpedo of the standard Immediately astern of the compart­ type. The new weapon conforms, in ment containing the turbine is the its external appearance and in the wonderfully ingenious and delicate ap­ leading features of its internal sub­ paratus for maintaining the proper division and method of control, to the depth of immersion and for steering. Whitehead, but in size, power, speed, The regulation of the depth is effected range, and accuracy it far surpasses it. by means of a vertical diaphragm, on The Whitehead of the standard type one side of which is the water, which as used in the United States navy has is allowed to enter by holes provided a speed of 28 knots and a range of in the shell for that purpose, and on about 1,200 yards, and about 22 knots the other side a series of coiled at 2,000 yards. The new torpedo has springs, the water pressing against the Note the two 4-bladed propellers; the two vertical steering rndders; and the horizontal submergence a range, guaranteed by contract, of rndders. diaphragm on one side, and the springs 3,500 yards, and its speed is 28 knots The Tail of the Torpedo. pressing the diaphragm in the oppo­ at this range and 36 knots at 1,200 site direction on the other side. The yards range. The United States government has been its mark. The central body, or shell of the torpedo, springs are adjusted so that their pressure shall exactly so well satisfied with the new weapon that contracts, occupies a little more than one-half the total length. equal the pressure of the water at the given depth at amounting to several millions of dollars, have been It is made of a special forged steel of an elastic limit which the torpedo is to travel. If the torpedo de­ awarded for the construction of this type of tor­ of at least 90,000 pounds. The rough forging is over scends below that depth, the water pressure, overcom­ pedo, which, from this time on, will be the only type 1'\4 inch in thickness, and it is bored and turned down ing the spring pressure, pushes the diaphragm in­ used in the navy. Two sizes are being made: one, in the lathe to a finished thickness of 7·16 of an inch. wardly. If the torpedo is above the desired depth, 18 inches in di­ the springs over­ ameter, w h i c h come the w ater can be fired from pres sur e, and the existing 18- push the dia­ inch tubes on our phragm outward­ battleships and ly. The center of to rpedo boats; the diaphragm is and the other, a attached to cer­ much larger and tain levers and m 0 r e powerful rods, which pass torpedo, 21 inches through the tail in diameter. The of the torp e d 0 18-inch torIJ.E,do of and act on a pair the new type has of horizontal rud­ an effective range d e r s, throwing of 2,000 yards and them up or down, a speed of 33 according as the knots, and 100 of d i a p h ragm is this type h a v e pressed inward or been contracted outward, and thus for, while of the correcting the larger 21-inch, deviation of the 300 are called for torpedo from the by the contract. horizontal plane Thirty of the 18- at which it is de· inch and' two of signed to travel. the 21-inch have The small propeller at the head by revolving releases the firing pin as soon as torpedo enters the water. To the right is seen the principal valve gronp. Astern of the been delivered at A Completed 21-Inch BIiss-Lp,avitt Torpedo. immersion cham· the torpedo �ta- ber is located the tion at Newport, where officers and men are instructed The "flask," as the central portion, or air chamber, is steering gear. This is a modification of the principle in torpedo work under probable war conditions. called, is to the turbine engine of the torpedo what the employed in the Obry gear, and depends upon the By the courtesy of the Bliss Company our repre­ boiler is to the reciprocating engine of a steamship. It well-known tendency of a gyroscope to maintain itself sentative was recently given an opportunity to study is charged at an initial pressure of 2,225 pounds to the in its original plane of rotation. The Obry gear was the construction of the new torpedo in the special de­ square inch. given its high velocity by means of a coiled spring partment of the works set apart for torpedo work. The The after portion of the torpedo, or the tail, contains which was released at the moment of firing. In the new 21·inch type consists essentially of three sections. in its forward end the wonderful little torpedo engin'e Bliss·Leavitt torpedo the spring is dispensed with, and First, the head containing the ex­ a small reaction turbine is used in plosive: then the central flask in its place. This consists of a disk which the compressed air for driving :with a series of discharge orifices the torpedo is stored; and last, the arranged tangentially to the circum­ after body, which contains the tur­ ference, which are fed with com· bine for operating the propellers, the pressed air. The air rushing from immersion chamber for regulating the orifices reacts on the disk, and the depth of the torpedo beneath the turns it exactly in the same way as surface of the water, and the gyro­ did the pipes on Hero's original tur­ scope gear by which the torpedo ic bine of two thousand years ago. If automatically steered and maintained the torpedo tends to deflect to the on its proper line of flight. right or to the left, this little gyro· The head is a beautiful specimen scope turbine maintains its original of hammered sheet-metal work. It is position, and its angular motion with formed in two halves, divided longi· regard to the torpedo (or to speak tudinally, the edges of the joints be· more accurately, the angular motion ing made with a square, saw·tooth of the torpedo about the gyroscope) form and brazed together. The war serves to actuate a very ingeniouS head, which, as distinguished from mechanism, which turns the vertical the practice head, is used only in ac­ rudders to the right or left, and cor· tual hostilities, is loaded with 132 rects the deviation. The turbo-gyro· pounds of gun·cotton, containing 25 scope is driven at a speed of 18,000 per cent of moisture. The gun-cotton revolutions per minute. is packed in disks through the center Of course, the most interesting fea­ of which is a hole that contains a ture in the. building of the new tor, cartridge primer of dry gun·cotton pedoes is the construction of the won­ A finished w arhead is shown on the bed of the lathe. It carries 18:! ponnds of gun-cotton. for detonating the charge. The derfully efficient little turbine engine small propeller carried at the ex- Tail of Torpedo in the Lathe. Finishing the Joint. that drives them. The Bliss Com­

- pany has designed a very effective treme point of the torpedo is for pre THE NEW TURBINE TOBPEPO OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 8 Scientific ADlerican JANUARY 6, 1906.

machine for cutting the buckets of the turbine wheels. and turtle. As to the toxicity of, the duck's egg, he openiJ;lg can be used, for local treatment. The ozone The whole wheel is made out of a single disk of steel, makes the following experiments : First, relating to can also be passed through liquids, where needed. The the buckets being integral with the wheel. The ma­ the venous injection of yolks of the eggs which are new apparatus gives a much larger quantity of ozone ch ine for cutting the buckets resembles a qouble-spin­ emulsioned in distilled water. By injecting this emul­ than can be obtained by other ' forms, and it has a dIe lathe. The work is held in a horizontal position sion into the veins of rabbits, he finds that seven adult great advantage in not being influenced by the weather. on the tail stock, and two cutters alternately advance animals are killed by 8 cubic centimeters of the yolk toward the rim of the wheel, make a cut of the de­ on an average. The animals die in a variable time, Engineering Notes. sired curvature and recede, leaving the wheel free to from some minutes to two hours, showing at first a Shipping circles in Great revolve sufficiently to bring the next bucket into posi­ contraction of all the members, followed by paralysis. Britain are closely in­ terested in a new experiment in ship construc tion for another cut. One cutter operates on one wall Second, the injections were made with extract from 21 tion that is being carried out in a shipbuilding yard of the bucket, and the other on the opposite wall. The yolks of eggs dried and reduced to powder, extracting on the northeast coast by the inventors of the result is a wheel of perfect form, carrying a highly with salt water. USing 10 grammes of this powder, turret ship, which is now such a popular type of finished surface. It should be mentioned here that treated to 100 cubic centimeters of salt water (1 per freight vessel. This boat is being constructed without beams and the remarkably high efficiency in speed and range of cent ) then filtered, the solution caused the death of is practically an application of the cantilever principle the new torpedo is due to the use of a superheating three rabbits when injected into the veins in the pro­ to shipbuilding. Instead of the beams crossin process applied to the compressed air. This consists of portion of 80 cubic centimeters per kilogramme weight g over the hold, stout stanchions are raised nearly flush with a fiame which is automatically ignited, the instant the of the animal. Chickens' eggs have about the same the sides of the vessel and, when these have been torpedo is launched from the tube, and which burns effect, but in a somewhat less degree, while turtles' brought to a certain height, equally strong diagonal during the entire run. The compressed-air flask con­ eggs (from the Mauritanian tortoise) have a greater ef­ joists are raised from them to the upper decks, thus tains a burner or pot, the flame of which is fed auto­ fect, especially for the mature ovules taken directly from forming a bracket or cantilever at each side. The matically with alcohol. The flow is so regulated that the ovaries. Not only does the yolk cause the rabbits to stanchions and joists closely follow the lines of a an even and steady temperature is maintained in the succumb with convulsions and tetanic contractions, but turret ship and thus take up little room. The advan­ air flask. the albumen forming the white of the turtle's egg has tages of this design are that the vessel has a lighter During the past few months, the company has been an equally powerful effect. Sub-cutaneous injections draft in proportion to dead weight, while at the same carrying out a series of very exhaustive tests on board have the same action. In the case of the yolk, a series time it gives greater freedom for shipping long and the proving steamer "Sarah Thorpe," which is an­ of check experiments was made, using an emulsion of bulky gOOds. chored in the secluded waters of Noyak Bay, near oil and salt water, but this had no effect upon the Sag Harbor, Long Island. Here each torpedo is tested rabbits. Propeller design with the turbine is more difficult and brought up to the required standard of efficiency ------��.�------than with the reciprocating engine, because the condi­ in speed and range before being turned over to the AUTOMATIC WATERING POT. tions are entirely different from those which have hitherto torpedo station at Newport. The Navy Department Our article, with its illustrations, concerning an au­ obtained, and there is so little experience with propellers assigned a lieutenant and several gunners to witness tomatic apparatus for watering plants, recalled to Mr. running at speeds of over 1,000 revolutions a and record the run of each torpedo. The target is a M. M. Moore, a subscriber, a device which he used upon minute in the case of small ships, or at 500 to 750 in the case submerged net, 100 feet in length, which is located the suggestion of a "forty-niner." of large ones. The Cunarders' propellers, it is 1,200 yards from the point of fire. The torpedo breaks A few years ago Mr. Moore lived upon a small ranch, understood, are to be limited to 180 revolutions per through the meshes, and after each shot the net is minute. For it must be remarked that in spite of the hauled up, and the exact striking point is located by fact that we now have very clear and logical rules for the tear in the net. The maximum deviation in the the design of propellers under existing circumstances range allowed is 15 feet to the right and left of the logically worked out, nevertheless these rules and bull's eye, and 30 inches above and below at five feet fc'rmulre came after the experience rather than before. of depth. Each torpedo must come within these meas­ This matter, however, can undoubtedly be cared for, urements in three out of five trial runs, in order to and when more experience has been gained the design be accepted. The average speed of the run is 36 knots, of propellers will be as easy for existing conditions. and the time run is about 60%, seconds for 1,200 yards. Of the various materials used for lagging, magnesia The cost of the 18-inch torpedo is about $5,000, and the may be considered one of the best and most practicable 21-inch torpedo costs proportionately more. for use in connection with locomotive service. This ... � . composition is of a strict neutrality, and composed of Preserve Your Papers ; They Are of Permanent inert mineral matter that will exert no chemical ac­ VaJ ue. tion, corrosive or otherwise, upon any metallic surface By taking a little trouble, when a paper first comes with which it may be brought in contact. It will re­ to hand, it may be preserved to form a permanent and main unaltered under all conditions of heat and moist­ valuable addition to the reading matter with which ure which confront the coverings of locomotive boilers. everyone should be supplied. We furnish a neat and It has qualities of lightness, firmness, structural attractive cloth board binder, which will be sent by strength and porosity, the latter quality especially, mail, prepaid, for $1.50. It has good strong covers, upon which deI!ends largely the efficiency as a non-heat­ on which the name SCIEXTIFIC AMERICAN or SCIENTIFIC conductor; and this quality being most pronounced in AMERICAN SUPPLE�IEXT is stamped in gold, and means magnesia, it affords the greatest resistance to the by which the numbers may be securely held as in a transmission of heat. It can also be molded into sec­ boune! book. One binder may thus be made serviceable tional blocks of any form and size desired for ready for several years, and when the successive volumes, application and removal. as they are completed, are bound in permanent form, AN AUTOMATIC WATERING POT. As a superintendent of motive power a generation the subscriber ultimately finds himself, for a moderate ago, a good mechanic sufficed. He was an old locomo­ cost, in possession of a most valuable addition to any where the only water supply was a small well. In order tive runner, or a shop foreman promoted, and he was library, embracing a wide variety of scientific and to have a few plants and flowers, he gathered a number usually called "master mechanic." It was but a short general information, and timely and original illustra­ of tin cans-tomato, corn, etc.-cut out the top so that and comparatively easy step from the locomotive, or tions. Save your papers. it held by an inch or so, bent it back, so that it could the shop, to the position of head of the department. •••• be nailed to a stick, punched a very small hole in the In the present day of record-making, of heavy loco­ The Corrent SuppJmnent. bottom, through which he drew three or four inches of motives, large-capacity cars, strenuous operation, Jacques Boyer opens the current SUPPLEMENT, cotton cloth or string, drove the stick near the plant he large shops and intricate labor problems, such a step No. 1566, with an interesting article on the truffie wished to water, so that the can was eight or ten is now a hopelessly long one. The sort of man who industry in France. Excellent illustrations accompany inches above the ground, filled the can with water, successfully directed the department twenty-five years his text. The manufacture, of rosin oils is thoroughly and then drop by drop the water fell upon the ground ago would find his ability overtaxed to properly man­ discussed by Eo Rabate. Sepia watertone papers, sim­ near the plant all day, sometimes all day and night. age a single busy roundhouse to-day. A different kind ple to work and cheap, can easily be made by the The ground soon became saturated, the plant throve, of ability is now required to direct the mechanical amateur photographer, if he follows the method out- and the quart of water did as much good as an all-day department of a single progressive road, and as great 1�j1ed in the current SUPPLEMENT. Notwithstanding rain. roads combine into systems still another new kind of tile fact that much of the music produced by chimes The accompanying sketch will give an idea of the a man will be needed. He must soon be ready, for is rendered with discords, a peal of bells always finds device. his work is even now waitin!;. Is this appreciated ? ready listeners. The late George M. Hopkins describes . t.I • Are the men being prepared? in a painstaking article how an electric chime may be A NeW" Ozone Apparat us. made by any one at a comparatively small expense. The ozone apparatus for medical use which are em­ An interesting new machine has been installed at Major Ronald Ross, to whom we owe the discovery ployed at present do not always work perfectly, as the yards of the well-known British shipbuilding firm that mosquitoes are purveyors of malaria, has com­ they are more or less influenced by the state of the of Messrs. Beardmore & Co., Ltd., for bending ship puted the number of mosquitoes which infest a given woather, and besides, the ozone which is produced is beams. The general practice of rounding deck beams area. The .J;llethod which he pursues is very carefully often mixed with combinations ,of gases, nitrogen, am­ is by means of powerful hydraulic pressure' applied set forth. Curves in pattern work is the subject of monia, also phosphorus or metallic oxides, which re­ section by section to the member for which the cam­ an article which must be of interest to the foundry­ sult from the contact of the ozone and the metallic ber is required. With this new appliance, however, man. In a very brief and yet comprehensive article poles when a too dense charge is produced. To over­ the beams are bent and completed with the greatest Mr. R F. Chandler tells how to construct an electro­ come these difficulties, M. Breydel, a Belgian scientist, rapidity notwithstanding their dimensions or caliber. thermostat. The telemobiloscope is the invention of a brings out a new process in whi,ch the electric dis­ The machine consists essentially of rollers which are German scientist. Its purpose is to discover the near­ charge is obtained between plates of large surface set vertically and can be made to suit any degree of ness of one vessel to another at sea during foggy which have a special insulating coating, In this way camber or curvature. These rollers operate upon the weather, in order to avoid collisions. The invention is he prevents the spark discharges and the volatilization steel beam just as it arrives from the steel-works. It described and illustrated. of the metal at the electrodes. He finds that when "!lasses quickly through the machine, and is then ready . '.I. above 20 degrees C. the ozone tends to be transformed for working into the hull of the ship for which it is The PoioJons of an Egg. to oxygen, and thus the amount of ozone depends upon intended, the beam being quite completed when it M. Gustave Loisel, in a paper recently read before the temperature and also the degrees of the ozonized leaves the bender. Any type of beam can be handled, the Academie des Sciences, describes some experiments gas. For this reason he uses poles which are placed from the heaviest to the lightest, and angle or T'shape, he has been making in regard to the toxicity of cer­ in a medium having a sOD;lewhat low temperature. with equal facility. The apparatus is being utilized tain glands of different animals, vertebrate and inver­ The air is well dried before going into the apparatus. for cambering the T-beams, 12 inches deep, required tebrate, and also finds the same result in the case of A funnel-shaped opening allows of making inhalations, for the British battleship "Agamemnon" now in course e�gs. He uses in this case eggs from t4e duck, chicken, placing the face some eight inches o ff, or a narrow of construction by tilis firm. Scientific Am.erican JANUARY 6, 1906. 9

a point of vast importance in the management of a limit of whose life is but twenty years, should be boat on a river. wisely limited. Money so saved will go far toward A Word t'roIn an Old Reader. 4. Lastly, passenger boats could be so constructed the extra cost of the canal. The country's prosperity -1'0 the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC A�IERICAN : that they could be backed with great ease. By the will do the rest. A well-built canal, properly cared After an acquaintance with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN simple movement of a lever the control of the boat for, will last for all time. The devotion which the ot over half a century, I feel like expressing my in­ could be shifted to a pilot house in the stern, and a predominating elements of this nation have shown, debtedness to it for its many excellent features. I landing could be made without the delay of "rounding are showing, and are likely to show, in advancing the read it weekly from the first page to the last, includ­ to" which is so annoying an incident of a journey interest of mankind in general is worth more for our GAN RVIN. ing the advertisements, and am always struck with its down a river. J. Lo I protection and peace than all the navies of the world versatility and grasp of the subjects it handles. The Americus, Ga., December 9, 1905. combined. The same may be said of every nation editorial page is remarkable for its accurate forecasts, . . ,. "'hich exalts itself by intellectual attention to truth and orthodox mechanical analyses when commenting The Mosquito Theol'Y of YelJo_ Fever. of all kinds. For the latest proof of this doctrine re­ CIENTIFIC MERICAN : upon engineering matters. I am apt to be a sharp critic To the Editor of the S A call the battle of the Sea of Japan: Houses are needed in this direction, for, having had more or less to do in The question recently propounded through the to live in, but their chimneys don't need to be tall CIENTIFIC MERICAN this line for over sixty years, I have come to insist S A by William F. Wilson, M. D., enough to knock down the stars. Navies are needed upon exact expressions upon such subjects, instead of impressed me as quite apropos to the subject of yellow for police duty, and may do some service as scare­ vague surmises timidly put forth. If I had a young fever, especially this one: "Where is the inceptive­ crows, but it is not necessary that, bow to stern, they son I should give him the SCIEl>TIFIC AMERICAN as a in the man or the insect? Is there not a commence· should form a cordon entirely around our coast. To safe guide in physics in general : the illustrations are ment ?" The proposition that the mosquito is the sole be sure, we need the canal at the earliest practical germane to the subjects and very much assist the cause has always appeared to me as very much un­ moment, but we need to exercise patience quite as reader to see all sides of the topic discussed. After founded. They say a mosquito, before it can transmit much, and we need thoroughness and business pru­ reading your paper continuously I .do not think any the germ, must first bite an infected man. Now, dence even more. Let us cultivate these virtues. EORGE KILBON. young man would be apt to say, when asked what his whence comes the first infected man? That is, the G B. lecturer talked about in the morning: "It was the very first, and no guessing allowed. They have demon­ Springfield, Mass., November 21, 1905. ..'. sub-acetate of something-but I forget what." If a strated that mosquitoes do transmit the germ-but SOIne Interesting EXI)erimcnts _ith Acid and a to the conclusion that nothing else does would seem a youth cannot learn much that will instruct him from Coiled Spring. CIENTIFIC l\'IERICAN very long, foolish jump. the S A he must be obtuse. I will To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : They may say that bogs and filth are not unhealthy; close by wishing more power to you, and many years A number of years ago I had occasion to do some they do say this of bogs. It is simply an absurd sub­ of usefulness in your especial field. work on a motor, the motive power being derived from GBERT P. J!rerfuge to uphold the very picturesque theory that E WATSON. a coiled spring, which in this case was coiled in a the mosquito is the sole cause. They even hold that Elizabeth, N. J., December 13, 1905. barrel. It was run down, and the larger part was impure water conveys no malarial germs, but admit . . '. expanded tightly against the barrel. I used common Lubricating the Under_ater Surface of Ships. it might convey typhOid. This looks technical. They ' muriatic acid to clean the motor, applying it with a CIENTIFIC l\'IERICAN : have declared war on the mosquito, and it seems like To the Editor of the S A small piece of cloth. While cleaning the barrel, an they are sinking all other considerations and defenses A correspondent in your issue of December 23 puts ominous clicking attracted my attention, seeming to before it. S'death to the mosquito! Drink impure forth what seems to be an excellent idea with reference come from the spring inside. Investigation showed water ! Eat impure food ! Neglect sanitation! There to lubricating the underwater surface of ships by air that the acid, which I had taken no special precaution is no Devil but Mosquito ! bubbles driven down a tube by means of a force pump. to keep from the spring, trickled through it more or As an evidence of the unhealthfulness of low lands, It strikes me, however, that the air pump would not less, causing it to crack and snap, in probably a hun· take notice of persons living on such (even in river be needed. Would not a series of tubes passing down dred pieces, in lengths from half an inch up. I saw towns and cities ). They are never so healthy as the bow, opening just above the water line in front, at once the spring was ruined, and as it was quite in­ those living on higher ground. And this holds true and at various points under the ship, serve the same teresting to me, I, after a while spent in watching the in the winter, when the mOSquitoes are dead. Do purpose ? Of course, when the ship was at rest, the peculiar demonstration and it had got quieted down they continue their wickedness after death ? Will water would fill the tubes to the same level as out­ a little, applied a little more acid, when it would at the learned doctors never let up on the Anopheles and side. But when the vessel was in rapid motion, the once start up again. This spring was two inches Stegomyia? motion would create a suction that would empty the wide, and quite heavy. The only part that was af­ Well, then, what is your theory bottom of the tubes, and the vacuum thus produced ? It is this: The fected, however, was the outer part, which pressed bogs and the filth and would be filled with air that would rush in at the top the mosquito are three causes ; with all its strength against itself, and against the there may be others. Dr. of the tubes. This air in its turn would instantly be WIlson suggested another barrel. A few :nner convolutions were not at all af­ idea: "If filth is not drawn out by the suction and distributed under the a factor, why the preliminary fected, there not being strain enough on them, prob­ cleaning up?" etc. vessel, and thus a continuous air cushion would be The fact is, there are doctors so ably. formed upon which the vessel would glide forward as imbued with the beauty (?) of the "mosquito theory," This episode proving so interesting, I did a little they argue that filth if floating in air, with far less resistance than would is no factor. Doubtless, in New experimenting. Snipping some pieces from an old Orleans, there be caused by the friction of the water. At least, it were some of these, of high standing, clock spring, then after bending it between thumb and of like persuasion. seems so to me, and that your correspondent is right. Consequently, there was little, if finger to get a good strain on it, I immersed the bent any, cl Then, if over one or more of these tubes was placed eaning up, with the natural result of a severe portion in the acid. Simple contact with the acid scourge a can of kerosene with a small perforation at the bot­ of yellow fever. This will happen again and was sufficient to cause the piece of spring to snap again tom, the dripping of the oil would be drawn down the so long as the ridiculous idea of the mosquito violently, scattering the acid in all directions. Taking being tube and prevent the formation of barnacles, as your tD e sole cause of yellow fever is not uprooted. a piece of a smaller spring, about a quarter of an inch . ALMER. correspondent suggests, and still farther lessen the L. P P wide and two inches long, and after bending it be­ friction by the glutinous coating it would produce. Paducah, Ky., November 30, 1905. tween thumb and finger, to the shaJ;le of the letter U, E. P. FOSTER. simply wetting the outside with the acid, at the bend Cincinnati, Ohio, December 25, 1905. Build the Canal at Sea Level. only, would cause it to snap at once. By holding a To the Editor of the SClE�TIE'IC AMERICAN : piece in the acid a few seconds, and then attempting Electric Propulsion for Inland Water_ays. I have been a constant reader of the SCIENTIFIC to bend it, the same result was obtained. CIE:'ifTIFIC MERICAN : To the Editor of the S A AMERICAN for many years, and have been interested Putting a piece under the same tension by bending I have not seen the suggestion from any quarter as in no series of articles which you have published as before, then applying the acid to the inside of -the to the use of electricity generated by the turbo-electric more than those on an isthmian canal. The pains bend, brought no disastrous results. The acid was or gas-electric systems for the propulsion of craft on you took to obtain accurate information regarding applied with ' a match, care being taken not to allow' it our inland waterways. To my mind this is a field rich the two projected routes, Nicaragua and Panama, and to run over the edges, thus wetting the outside. in possibilities for future development. the clearness and perseverance you exercised in plac­ A piece which was twisted to quite an extent, then There are a few advantages arising from this use of ing these facts before the public, were admirable, and held in the acid, showed no ill effects. Not enough power: should be acknowledged through all coming time by strain on it, probably. In fact, pieces of different 1. More energy from a given amount of coal than by a grateful country. springs W8re not all alike as regards their sensitive­ old methods, which saving admits of greater speed to I have been further profoundly interested in the ness. This I accounted for by assuming they were not the boat, or a greater freight-carrying capacity. late discussion about a sea-level canal. There is no of the same temper, or the same degree of hardness. 2. There would also be certain advantages in the ar­ question in my mind of the ultimate necessity of the The treatment had no effect on annealed springs. rangement of the, boat's machinery. The energy being sea-level type for that famous waterway, nor is there Perhaps these experiments may help settle the conveyed to a motor directly connected to the shaft of any question concerning the wisdom of its present coiled spring question as to what becomes of the the propeller wheel by wire eliminates friction, thereby adoption. The judgment of the foreign members of energy, etc. My answer would be that the energy is saving power, and makes possible a greater latitude in the expert commission ought to settle that in Lhe pub­ there all right, and when the attempt is made to dis­ the application of the power. Two or more side wheels lic mind, as the American members could not but be, solve the spring or eat it up with acid it would make on each side, or both stern and side wheels simul­ though unconsciously, infiuenced by the fear that our itself manifest. taneously, could be readily used. This would have a people would not sanction the added cost immediately; These experiments were made about forty years ago. beneficial effect in permitting a reduction of the draft and this I say with all due belief in their professional Since that time I have seen the question, What be· without a corresponding loss of power, always an ad­ sense of honor. The present construction of a lock comes of a coiled spring's energy ? asked many times, vantage on river craft. On towboats power thus canal, and a later change to sea level, entails an ex· I think a few times in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN in generated could be conveyed by wire to barges having cessive cost in time, money, and annoyance incidental years gone by. Perhaps here is a good place to say propeller wheels, arranged alongside of the tow, giving to the change. My family once lived in our house that we have had the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN in the great proPlllsive effect as well as adding much to the while it was being raised and a new story built un­ family since the early fifties. manageability of the tow. These motor barges could derneath us, and you don't catch me submitting to CHARLES D. MOWRY. have wheels on one or both sides at will. This sug­ any similar ordeal again or advocating anyone else Middletown, Conn., December 23, 1905. gestion may have value also as regards ocean towing, doing so, not even the directors of a public canal. .�.� . for from one engine room power might be conveyed We have got to pay the bills for a sea-level canal some A test of the McLean automatic gun was made from to several barges trailing behind the towing vessel. day, and by far the cheapest and best way is to incur the deck of the United States revenue cutter "Mo­ 3. Another distinct advantage of the use of electric those bills now. hawk," some 30 miles off S'andy Hook. The gun is a propulsion would be in the centralization of respon­ Where shall we get the necessary funds ? We are one·pounder. From 75 to 100 rounds were fired very sibility in maneuvering the boat. The pilot would have bordering on bankrupt expendIture in our feverish successfully, it is reported, and the distances ranged absolute control of the power independently of the desire to have the biggest navy in the world, and can from 1,000 yards to three miles. In the trial the gun, engine room, a very apparent advantage. Wheels wisely and should determinedl;, . .;ltrench along this weighing but 540 pounds, was mounted on a tripod. could be started, backed, or stopped with no more line. The building of ships whose known effective There was no apparent recoil to the gun, it is said, effort than is now required ring up n ne room, to the e gi service will be for but five years, and the extreme when fired at the rate of 100 shots a minute. 10 Scientific AlTlerican JANUARY 6, 1906.

THE CAVITE DRYDOCK. the dock forty-eight hours. During this trial the total the latter were filled until it had sunk to the proper BY DAY ALLEN WILLEY. deflection of the keel line at the time when the "Iowa" depth. The end pontoons were then turned so that The tests of the floating drydock designed by the had attained the greatest freeboard was two inches. the direction of the length of each was perpendicular United States government for service in the Philippines At the end of twenty-four hours the deflection had to the axis, which allowed them to be floated over the have proved so successful, that the craft is now on its increased to four inches, but strange to say at the main portion and centered on keel blocking, the plan way to Cavite. end of forty-eight hours the dock had actually straight­ followed being similar to that in the docking of a Since its completion it has been lying in Chesapeake ened until the deflection was but 3% inches. After vessel. The center pontoon was then pumped out, and Bay off Solomon's Island. Here an opportunity has the ship had again entered the water, an examination the ends lifted to the proper freeboard without diffi­ been given to thoro ughly demonstrate its capacity for of the keel line showed a "hog" or bulge measuring culty. docking not only vessels, but to dock itself. In each about an inch, which in twelve hours had changed to In docking the cruiser the entire structure was sunk trial the drydock has performed service up to the re­ the sag of about a half inch. to the maximum depth in one hour and thirty-six min· quirements of the specifications. The vessels si:llected The most interesting of the tests by far, however, utes, but pumped out in less than this period, the for the tests were the new cruiser "Colorado" and the was the docking of the center section of the structure exact time being one hour and two minutes. Con­ ' battleship "Iowa." The reason for docking a ship of by utilizing the pontoons at either end. To clearly sidering the size of the "Colorado" and the magnitude each class was to determine the strength of · the dock explain .how this remarkable engineering feat was of the work involved, the time required was remark­ by different distributions of weight upon it. It may made practicable, a brief explanation of the adjust­ ably short, as only two hours and sixteen minutes be needless to say that the "Colorado" is considerably ment of the pontoons should be given. As readers of elapsed from the time the ship was landed on the longer than any of the battleship class, being mOre the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN are aware, the main pontoon blocks until the keel was raised completely out of than 500 feet. is no less than 316 feet over all, each end pontoon water. The "Iowa" was lifted above the surface of Consequently, the weight of the "Colorado," though being 170 feet over all. The ends of the main pontoon the water in one hour and thirty-seven minutes, and to much more, was distributed over such a greater length overhang the smaller ones, each of . the latter having the freeboard of 4lh feet in two hours and forty-two of the dock that the strain upon it as indicated by the an outside independent .side wall high enough to allow minutes, but during this operation one of the three deflection was considerably less than when the battle­ it to .be .sunk and hauled under the center structure, pumping engines in the main pontoon ceased working ship was lifted from the water; but as already stated, literally fitting around the center on the same prin­ for forty-two minutes, so that with the entire pumping the deflection was no more than the calculations of the ciple as the familiar collapse or telescopic box. When capacity of the dock in operation, the time would have

Wate!" Completely Pumped ' Out of the Dock and the Vessel Raised. THE CAVITE DRYDOCK.

engineers-in fact, was not as great as that for which the three sections of the dock are connected and in been somewhat shorter. In the self-docking tests each allowance had been made. service, the connecting elements consist of 2-inch bolts pontoon was sunk, hauled out, pumped to the proper At the time she was placed in the dock the "Colo­ arranged in series, each seties consisting of 44. These draft. and connections made in twelve hours_ In brief, rado" represented 13,300 tons displacement. In allow­ bolts are adjusted So that they can be readily re­ the decision of the board of supervising engineers ing the ship to enter the dock the latter was sunk mplating, and machinery con­ measurements being taken from time to time to' ascer­ to . scrape .and paint the bottom when ' deemed neces­ tained represent a weIght of nearly 11,000 tons, its tain the exact effect of the weight upon the dock sary. In .raising the .center pontoon, the connecting height above the water, .its unwieldy proportions, as structure. When the greatest freeboard had been at­ bolts were first removed between it and the ends. The well as draft make it far more difficult to tow in a tained, tlie total deflection upon the 500 feet of keel latter were then submerged to such a depth as to allow seaway than an ordinary craft. In fact, it is a ques­ line of the dock supporting the vessel was found to' be twelve inches of clear. space between their ship deck tion if. a raft cannot be guided with les::; difficulty. but one-quarter of an inch. At the end of twenty-four and the bottom of the center pontoon. This permitted The towing fleet selected is composed of three United hours the total deflection was 11-16 inches.. But after them to be drawn under it a�d "centered." As the States colliers. The largest of these is the "Glacier," the ship had left the dock, the keel line straightened main section had been pumped out before the ends a ship of 7,000 tons displacement and having engines until no deflection was apparent. were placed on it, the only work remaining was to of 5,000 horse-power. The "Glacier" will be assisted While the "Iowa" represented but 11,600 tons dis­ remove the water ' in the end compartments to the by the "Caesar," of 5,016 tons displa cement, having placement, the docking of this ship was probably a pr9pe,r draft,. thus lifting' the weight. engines of 1,500 horse-power, and the "Brutus," of more severe test, not only by reason of the weight The dock was also designed not only to lift the cen­ S,OOO tons and 1,250 horse-power. Consequently, the resting upon merely a portion of the dock, but on ac­ ter pontoon from the water, but the ends. In this op­ entire towing power will aggregate nearly 8,000 horse­ count of the length of time the ship was held in posi­ eration the movements were practically reversed. The power. The smaller craft, however, will be used not tion and the height of the freeboard. The latter was connecting bolts being removed, the end pontoons were only for direct towing, but for steadying the dock in no less than 4lh feet, while the battleship remained in first hauled clear of the center. The compartments of rough weather. III ca:;;e of a storm, the suggestion JANUARY 6, 1906. Scientific American II

has been made that it can be sunk to its maximum Interesting Facts Concerning the Carpet Industry in which to dispose of their stocks of carpets con­ of Persia. depth, thus exposing but a small portion of its side demned by this measure.

walls to the sea. The engineers, however, are of the Some interesting facts concerning the carpet indus­ - ... . opinion that its construction is sufficiently heavy to try of Persia are contained in the latest report of the Why Do We SmelJ 1 withstand a very severe strain. British consul general for that country. Carpet manu- Is the sense of smell excited by gases or particles? 'f he route selected is by way of the Suez Canal. . facturing at Khorassan and the majority of the other According to Dr. John Aitken, F. R. S., the eminent While this is somewhat shorter than around the Cape manufacturing centers is divided into two classes­ English specialist, who has devoted considerable time of Good Hope, it is calculated that the dock will cover town woven and nomad woven. In Meshed itself there and study to this problem, gas is the fundamental nearly 11,000 miles before reaching its destination. are 400 frames ; in the Turshiz district there are over basis of the sense of smell. In experiments he first

Towing the Algiers Dock to Its Station on the Mississippi, Showing How the Cavite Dock Will be Taken to the Philippines.

By the ordinary sailing route the distance is 11,650 50 frames, and further south near Duruksh, in the investigated musk, of which it is possible to detect by miles, going by way of the Straits of Gibraltar, the Kain district, over 450 looms were found working. smell, according to Berthelot, 0.000,000,000,000,000,01 Mediterranean Sea, the Canal, the Indian Ocean, the NORe of these carpets can vie with the exquisite prod­ gramme. Dr. Aitken carried out his researches upon Straits of Malac�a and the China Sea, although it may ucts of Kerman, although the quality and color are the cloudy condensation basis, in which, if odors are be necessary to take the dock to the south of Sumatra improving. There are from 2,000 to 3,000 looms in attributable to particles, the latter form nuclei of Island and not through the Straits. The question of which nomad carpets are woven. These Baluch carpets cloudy condensation in supersaturated air, and thus towing through the Suez Canal is no small problem, are mainly worked in dark shades of red and blue. An make their presence visible. In the case of musk no for the minimum width which will accommodate the interesting custom prevails among the nomad tribes by such nuclei were detected, proving conclusively that structure is 200 feet, the width of the dock itself being which a girl, before becoming eligible for marriage, has musk does not give off solid particles, but evaporates

134 feet. Therefore but 66 feet leeway is allowed to to prove her skill by weaving two very fine rugs or as a gas or vapor, and that it is gaseous particles work it through the narrowest part of the canal. The saddle-bags. It is this class of work which is particu­ from the musk that act on the sense of smell. Of Navy Department calculates that the fleet can move larly prized in Europe and America. In 1903-4 a law twenty-three other odorous substances, not one gave at the rate of about 100 miles per day, allowing about was re-enacted by the Persian government by which its perfume in solid particles, nothing but gases or four months for the entire voyage. In towing, the the customs department was instructed to seize and vapors escaping from them. Dr. Aitken points out cables used will be attached to machines which auto­ burn all carpets in the manufacture of which aniline that our nostrils appear to .substantiate this theory. matically pay out and haul in the connecting lines, dyes were used. A total cessation of exports resulted, The perfume of snuff, for instance, is a soft, velvety thus easing off the great strain, which would pro b­ and· owing to the hardships inflicted by this decree sensation, while the effect of the .solid is sharp and ably break the cables in a heavy sea. manufacturers were granted a certain period of grace biting, more allied to pain than pleasure.

An Al'mored Cruiser Ready to be Lifted Out of Water.

THE CAVITE DRYDOCK. 12 Scientific American JANUARY 6, 1906.

A LITTLE FRIEND OF THE ROSE.* back of the plant louse, and is held for just another depression in the pressure prevailing in the combustion BY S. FRANI{ AARvN.. moment, until an egg, so tiny as to pass througl;1 the chamber. The duty of the noseroscope is to call at­ The flower-loving insects are all friends in need; slender organ, is depo ' sited into the very interior tention at once to any stoppage or abnormality in this but the unhoneyed flowers also have their insect anatomy of the rose pest. Then withdrawing, the fly inner depression, an alarm bell being set ringing, which friends, not agents of fertilization only, but protectors straddles off and proceeds at once to convert another will not stop till the proper pressure has been re­ and champions that fight the battles of those that aphis into an incubator, and so on, until no doubt stored. must depend on the flower stems and leaves and buds the egg supply, perhaps fifty or more, becomes ex­ The second invention is also one of special intetest to survive. But though the flowers are voiceless, they hausted. tell us with none the less eloquence what their enemies Of course the aphis so treated does not die at once, are and how they suffer by them. Ask the rose. The else Nature's plan would miscarry. It lives and goes withered, skeletoned leaves proclaim the enmity of on feeding and maintaining the same stif!. and seem­ the saw-fly slug; eaten leaves and others folded over ingly contented attitude for a little while. Meantime tell of the larVa! of the golden-winged tortricid moth ; the egg hatches a minute, white, maggot-like larva, while cankerous, eaten buds and flowers denounce the and this at once begins feeding on the soft muscular rose bug, the aphides, that crowd the green stems and tissues of its host. Some little time is required for leaves of the newer growth and swarm all over the the larva to complete its growth-five or six days dur­ tender buds. ing very warm weather, longer when it is cool. With Annihilate the aphides upon a dozen stems of a an instinct that has ever been a marvel to the nat­ thrifty bush and keep others off; then let a dozen uralist the little larva does not touch the digestive others go full of the lice, and watch results. The organs, the vascular system or the more important number and the beauty of the blossoms will be the nerves for a period, thus permitting the aphis to live answer. Now, Nature generally makes a wise effort to and feed until the appetite and growth of the parasite strike a proper balance, and though we have heard this warrant it to eat all before it. Then the aphies dies, denied concerning the potato beetle, yet it is true, of course, and rapidly becomes only an outer skin, more or less. Thus she has furnished several anti­ with head and legs attached. dotes for the aphis ; if she did not, the little pests For some strange reason the aphis, not long before ' would become a nuisance indeed, past all calculation. dying, 'forsakes its place among its fellows. As if This salutary purpose is effected by the several larVa! ostracized for its condition, although its disease is of the syrphus fly, the lace-winged fly, the ladybug and hardly catching, it crawls away to one of the larger a number of very small Hymenopterous parasites. Of leaves, fastens upon it in exile and thus remains. It these latter the most interesting and the most common is obvious that this benefits the parasite; the aphis here is far less apt to be found and attacked by numerous other enemies that would endanger the life of its guest. But what can influence it? It departs from its habit, for it is altogether social MINIATURE PIG STICKING, AS SEEN THROUGH MAGNIFYING GLASS. and non-migratory. It removes to a less desirable The of a a e pasture ground. Normally, if dislodged from the fly the rose aphis p r sit stinging and laying its e�g in th".bad) a of rose aphis. The plump little plant lice look lIke hybrIds betw!!en a stem and falling on the leaves it crawls back verdan. goa.t and a green pig hey get about much like . t . and t overfat s�lne. Their e I as fast as its indolent legs permit to the stem mactlvlty p rm ts them to be readily attaeked. and their only at­ tempt at defense IS In wagging their bodie" from side to side, which some­ again. ti mes for a mcment disconcerts the paraSite fly. The paraSite is alone benefited, but it is out of the world, so to speak; it can not get at its host's to all concerned in matters naval. At the oil and locomotory appendages ; it is a. legless, eyeless grease works of Messrs. E. Follzer & Cia., at Rivarolo

creature that at best would make a poor guide if (Liguria, Italy), trials are now being made with a it should get out and take the lead. But the new apparatus for the re-utilization of the oils used little thing, as unintelligent as it looks, maggot­ for lubricating muine engines ; the inventors are two like, has perhaps a mind of its own, as we have Italian engineers, Signori G. B. Bibolini and G. Baulini. seen. The habit is almost invariable ; the victims The experiments are being carried out under the crawl from their usual places and position them­ auspices of several well-known technical men, includ­ selves on the leaves. Out of seventy-one para­ ing engineers Varella and Jorge Howard, both mem­ sitized plant lice I found two on the stem and one bers of the Mexican commission appointed to superin­ on the tip end of a thorn, as if it thought a leaf tend the construction of the big transport "Progresso," ought to grow out there, but that was too far gone which is now being built for the Mexican government to search elsewhere. by the Odero shipyards at Sestri Ponente. Upon attaining its growth the parasite larva The, apparatus now being tested is intended for use cuts open the aphis skin underneath and squirms on board one of the steamers belonging to the Itatian part way out, so as to have full swing with its General Navigation Company; it is extremely simple head end. Then it begins the construction of its and automatic in action, while its value may be �een 'cocoon, made, as with most insects, of its saliva, from the fact that it recuperates 70 per cent of the oil and eventually oecoming, after a few hours' work, which has hitherto been wasted. Despite this it per­ a' silken, parchment-like, bulging, tent-shaped af­ mits of more libe ral lubrication of the engines, thus fair, upon which the now shrunken and distorted insuring their more perfect and continuous running. skin of the aphis rests as on a pedestal. The This new invention is perhaps called to meet with parasite enters th(;i completed cocoon and becomes great success in its application on board of ships, an inactive pupa or chrysalis, and in a few days steamers, battleships, et hoc genus omne, both at home thereafter, if it is warm, the perfect insect, the and abroad. LITTLE FRIENDS OF THE ROSE AT WORK AMONG A HERD tiny fly, emerges and takes wing to work more OF PLANT LICE. mischief among the rose pests. The illustrations Any one carefullv and frequently mspecting the rose bushes and the aphides fully elucidate the facts set forth in the text. gathered on the green an d tender new growth may Eee enacted the smull tragedies between the parasite fly and its victims. They present a wonderful insight into a small natural force, not the less masterful because of is the pretty little fly known to the scientists as Praon, its mimic scale. which may be called the cocoon-making parasite of the ••••• aphis. Any one with sharp eyes may discover this T",o Valuable Inventions. little friend of the rose at work, and may follow, with ' T:wo apparently valuable innovations are now being a little care, its complete life history. p)lton the market in Italy, the first of which seems to At the time when the plant lice are thickest a small be ' highly ' suitable ' for use on , board submarines. ' The insect l"3sembling a miniature wasp, or an ichneumon Italian Health 'Society; (Societa d'Igiene Italiana) is fly, which it re ally is, may be seen making its way now exhibiting at the offices of the Federation of the among the fat aphides, moving leisurely and with a Technical and "Scientific Societies an apparatus which dignity quite beyond Its size, for it usually is not has just been patented in Italy, France, and Germany, longer than an eighth of an inch. It approaches one and to which the inventor (Signor BertiIii) has given of the larger aphides and touches it with its antenna! the 'diverting name of the "Bertini noserose ope," or as a means of certain identification, scent far outrank­ bad air detective� ing sight in such matters among insects. If this were Besides being "a veritable indicator of the presence ' ' " ' an ant the aphis would respond with a liberal supply of foul and noxious ' air and vapors in general, this of the coveted honeydew, but knowing friends from apparatus is likewise intended " to prevent the ' occur­ foes it now slings its body from side to side, quite rence of" accidents due to the presence of dangerous violently indeed for such it lethargic creature, and the and inflammable gases which might, during the night , little fly is pushed aside. Not liking this it moves on or unperceived at daytime, escape into rooms and com­ ' to another or smaller aphid with a less vigorous partments f�om stoves, cooking ranges, pipes, and the movement, or pcmsing a moment attacks the same like, or accumulate ,in any other way due to stoppage aphis again, with perhaps better results. Choosing its of normal draft. When the pressure in the inner ' position deliberately and carefully, with , its slender, chamber of a stove. range, etc., is less than that of the stiltlike legs lifting it high, it widely straddles its vic­ external atmosphere, the gas or vapor cannot escape tim, its fore legs often resting on the aphid's back, its because a good draft is induced, whereby the combus­ slender body and long antenna! much jostled by the tion of the gases or their removal via the proper THE PARASITE OF THE ROSE APHIS, MUCH MAGNIFIED agitated plant louse. But now the fly is not to be dis­ channels of escape is assured. To obtain a perfect lodged. Its keen, swordlike ovipositor protrudes from draft and proper combustion, so as to prevent all noxi­ The upper figure is the H.v a. seell from above ' the colors. blaok, rnfou� red and yellow, bave almost a metallic luster. an� the delicate. transparent its sheath, and in a moment is thrust deep into the ous effluvia and gases from escaping into inclosed wings reflect a beautiful iridescence. The lower figllre is the cocoon or the aras beneatb the dead, i spaces and thus causing danger to health and n ite dried and d storted shell of u ;plant 10llse, life, it the insides of wblch bave heen eaten by th e parasite lorv" while attainin" its growth, ufter which It akes tbe cocoon. jlgures * FlOm Americau Ho es and Gardens. is thus essential that there should always be a slight m The little ' ' .. iu the m .;ireles Indicate thenlltural size. JANUARY 6, 1906. Scientific American 13

adapted to engage the upper arm of the spring. An mately $7,500. The school will constitute a ramifica­ auxiliary spring, 4, is provided which passes under tion of the general development of research work in the arm, 1, and is fastened to the stud that carries the expansion of the University of London. The scope the main spring. This auxiliary spring serves to lift of the object is to promote the continuance of Prof. the cushion from the floor when the spring arm is re­ Petrie's work, and to train the students in historical leased from its rack. The device is set by pressing research. • II••• down the spring aI'm with the foot. The pressure on IMPROVED WATER-TUBE BOILER. the floor or carpet depends upon which one of the SUPPORT FOR HAMM.OCKS. rack hooks is engaged. Thus the device may be regu­ Several months ago we published a description of a The hanging of a hammock is often quite a problem, la ted either to hold the door firmly open, or to per­ water-tube boiler invented by Mr. J. M. Colman, of Ev­ because of the lack of .suitable supports at the desired mit it to gradually close. When the door is closed, erett, Wash., Box 277. This boiler has since been greatly location. Only occasionally can two trees be found the device may be forced tightly into engagement with improved by the inventor, and the accompanying en­ the door sill, thus forming an auxiliary lock. graving shows the present construction, which has A patent on this novel door check has been just been patented by Mr. Colman. The object of the granted to Mr. Charles McGinnis, EI Paso, new form is to reduce the cost of manufacture and to Texas. increase the effectiveness in operation. The boiler is ------��.��.�------­ .. formed with the usual headers, A, and inclined side B."jet' Notes Cotlcernin!!;" Patents. tubes, E. It will be observed that the headers are Train markers of bunting have been the rule arranged in vertical alinement instead of forming an for a great many years, but there is now possi­ inclined row, as in the previous construction. In ad­ bility that these will be entirely supplanted by dition to the side tubes, a series of small tubes extends markers of metal, which are said to be much across from header to ':leader. The weight of the more satisfactory from several standpoints. boiler is carried by four tubes, C, which stand at the Such a flag has been invented by Conductor J. sides of the grate. These legs communicate with the Landers, of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, and after side tubes, E, and form water'protected supports for spaced apart the t« ving been given a test in actual use, is being adopted the boiler. There are only three tubes, E, at each required distance by the company and will be placed on all trains. Such side of the boiler, a space being allowed between the for the hammock. a signal can be seen and read a much greater distance top side tube and the one directly below, which is Posts are some­ than the bunting ones, for the reason that it is alwzys sufficient to receive an additional side tube, if de- times sunk into in the best position for the train- the ground to men to see. As the trains grew in SUPPORT FOR HAMMOCKS. serve as supports, length, with the use of heavier and but the constant more powerful engines, the trouble swinging of the hammock is apt to work them loose in of making out the signals became a time. In the accompanying engraving we illustrate a serious matter with the railroad men, new hammock support patented by Mr. M. A. Dickin­ but with the metal signal there is son, of West Swanzey, N. R., so designed as to hold its little or no difficulty. It has been position firmly at all times. This permits one to hang recently announced that the same his hammock at any place he wants to, without regard scheme is about to be adopted on the to the location of trees or other fixed supports. Also, Southern Pacific line; and for the if desired, one end of the hammock may be supported purpose of encouraging the employes by a tree and the other end by one of the new sup­ of the company to exercise their in­ ports. The latter comprises a socket piece formed genuity, the general manager has of­ with a coarse thread which adapts it to be screwed fered a prize of fifty dollars for a into the ground, offering considerable resistance to device that will answer the require­ displacement. A post is seated in this socket piece ments and prove acceptable to the and secured by a bolt. A bracket is fastened to the company. Besides the prize the com­ top of the post, and another to the lower end. Three , pany will assume the costs of having struts are connected to the upper bracket, and their the device properly patented, and will outer ends are hinged to spreaders carried by the give the inventor the right to make tower bracket and lying along the ground. The struts use of it wherever he can find a are permitted a certain amount of play in the upper market, but the company reserves bracket and may be clamped to such position as to the right to make use of it on the adjust the device to irregular ground. A substantial trains of its own line for all time. support is thus given to the post. If one wishes to In this connection a standard with remove the posts this may be readily done without two flags has been invented for use disturbing the sockets. This is of advantage in cases on engines. The marker here is al­ where the hammock is supported on a lawn, for the ways green or white, and the color posts may be readily removed to permit mowing the displayed can easily be changed by grass and afterward as readily set up again...... swinging one of the metal flags all the way around. Means are provid­ A SIMPLE DOOR CHECK. ed on the standard for locking the The purpose of the simple device illustrated in the flags in place, to prevent their being accompanying engraving is to hold a door at any tampered with. desired opening, or to permit it to close slowly without So simple a matter as the sanding slamming. The door check consists of a rubber cushion of the tracks of a railway company applied to the door in such a way that it bears on the has given the management of rail­ floor under eontrol of the spring. This spring is shown way companies a great deal of an­ at 1 in the engraving, and the rubber cushion is at­ noyance. All sorts of devices for tached to the block, 2, which is mounted to slide in a accomplishing this purpose have box fastened to the door. The lower arm of the been suggested and tried, but noth­ IMPROVED WATER-TUBE BOILER. spring 1 passes through an opening in the block 2, ing has been arrived at which is so that when the upper arm is depressed the rubber said to do the work in a manner entirely satisfactory. sired. But instead of that, the inventor has provided cushion is forced down onto the floor. To hold the It would seem an easy thing to devise some attachment a central tube, D, and connected it with the adjacent cushion in this position a loeking device, 3, is pro­ of this character, but not so. A box secured to some side tubes by means of small tubes, E, extending di­ vided, which consists of a raek with inclined teeth, convenient part of the car to hold the material, and agonally across the boiler. Thus a greater heating supplied with an outlet controlled by some simple surface is secured. The upper side tubes are con­ form of valve, might be supposed to fill the bill, but nected by a series of tubes, P, while a series of shorter this is open to many objections, the principal one of tubes connects each side tube or header and the one which is that in this arrangement the sand cakes and immediately above it. Special attention is directed to refuses to flow at the critical moment. An entirely the strengthening device for these short tubes, which new idea in this direction is being experimented with is shown in the detail view. A ferrule, G, is mounted by the Schenectady Railway Company. This consists upon the outside of each tube, J, and the large tubes of a brick composed of sand and rosin secured to the or headers are effectively held apart by the ferrule. running gear of the car, and at such times as it is de­ A rod or bolt passes through each short tube, J, and, sired to sand the tracks, the brick is forced up against by means of spiders, H, and a tightening nut this bolt the wheel, and a sufficient quantity is thereby pulver­ is adapted to securely hold the upper and lower tubes ized and scattered along the rails. When the brick has together. It will be seen that an adequate connection been worn away, it is repiaced by another. is secured among the several large tubes and headers ••••• of the boiler, and that a great amount of heating sur­ In order to promote and continue the valuable work face is provided. The steam formed in the various accomplished by Prof. Flinders Petrie in his excava­ tubes is not impeded in any way, but naturally collects tions in Egypt, it is intended to establish a British in the upper header, whence it passes up to the steam School of Archmology in Egypt upon a permanent basis. dome. An important feature of the device is the pro­ It is not considered that a central building such as vision of manholes in the ends of the headers, side exists in Athens or Rome is necessary, as it is realized tubes, and steam dome.. This provides for the ready that the most suitable place for training the students inspection and cleaning of the various parts of the is upon the spot where the excavations are being car­ device. Provision is also made for firing from either ried out every year. An influential committee has end or from both at the same time, so that the firing been organized to supervise the task of establishing end can be changed at will to suit (�onvenience or for A SIMPLE DOOR CHECK. the school, and the sum required annually is approxi: blowing out soot from all sides. 14 Scientific ADlerican JANUARY 6, 1906.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. by which to again secure the eye in place. One reciprocating cutting mechanism is provided at with concrete tht'Ough the central openings and of the principal objects is to overcome in this the front end of the frame and this may be the imbedding-concrete placed in position ElectricaJ Device ... invention the above mentioned objections. driven either by hand through suitable driving around the same. The large extent of support­ DOUBLE JACK FOR TELEGRAPh-CIR­ connection through the rear end of the frame or ing-surface provided by the extensions reduces IlEATING-FURNACE.-W. N. BEST, Los CUI'i'S.-O. JOHN�ON, Conway Springs, Kan. the shaft of the cutting mechanism may be to a considerable extent the number of ties re­ Angeles, Cal. This invention relates particu­ The more particular object of this inventor thrown into gear with toothed rims or annuli quired for supporting the rail. Approximately larly to improvements in furnaces for an­ is to provide a plurality of circuits or parts on the wheels ; a novel form of gearing peing sixteen wooden ties are used on a thirty-foot nealing portions of armor-plate where holes I of circuits, so as to throw one set of instru­ provided for this purpose. rail ; on this only twelve are needed to furnish are to be drilled, for heating patches of metal, ments out of commission and another into a like support. so that the same may be readily bent to form v\"ASHING-MACHINE.-H. PLAGMANN , Dav- commission. Il e so arranges the instruments a perfect fit, and also for brazing and other enport, Iowa. In use of the machine the tub SAFETY-BRIDGE FOR CARS.-H. ALSOP, and wiring that a telegraph operator by mere­ purposes where intense heat is required, the is first fixed against movement. Haise the Chicago, Ill. The invention has reference to ly inserting a plug in a jack can shift parts object being to provide a furnace that may be cover-section, and means provide for introduc- an improvement in safety bridges and guards of both the main and local circuits from send­ conveniently handled and in which a cheap tion of water mixed with a detergent and arti- for cars, more particularly stock-cars, and has ing and receiving instruments located upon grade of fuel may be quickly volatilized-such, cles to be washed. Close the cover, connect for its object to provide a simple, cheap, and ,lie table to other sending and receiving in­ for instance, as water-gas tar, coke-oven tar, link, throw lock off the tub and it is oscillated efficient service for loading and unloading stock struments upon another, all instruments being crude oil, or residuum oil, that are not so upon its trunnions by moving the lever. As and other cars and one which can be readily connected by a common relay. easily volatilized as gasoline, coal-tar, or the sector carrying the gear-teeth is attached applied to cars now in use, as well as to new MAGNET - CONTROLLED THIRD - RAIL naphtha. to a relatively fixed point through the link sys- cars. SYS'i'EM.-H. J. PAL�1ER, Ph iladelphia, Pa. tem, the pinion upon the interior shaft is SA W.-J. BAUMGARTNER, Silverton, Ore. SWITCH-OPERATING DEVICE . - W. E. In this case the more particular object is to caused to travel past the gear and by its en- This is an iinprovement In saws, being in the HUBBARD, Dennis, Texas. Mr. Hubbard's in­ produce a system in which improved mechanism gagement rotates the shaft. This revolves at- nature of a combination hatchet and saw. vention relates to the automatic operation of controllable automatically by a magnet is used taching-pins, which moves contents about the The inventor utilizes the head of the hatchet switch�s by moving trains, and comprises means for the purpose of temporarily completing the tub, rubbing articles against a projection and as a support for the device for securing the for accomplishing this purpose in an efficient ci rcuit. The invention also refers to certain tub-walls. At the same time circulation of butt-end of the saw-blade and the butt-end of and thoroughly reliable manner without resort­ improvements in mechanism to be mounted cleaning liquid is produced by swaying motion the handle as a SUPPO"t for the swinging car­ ing to such expensive and complicated devices upon a movable vehicle for the purpose of of the tub. rier for the other end of the saw-blade and also as have usually been proposed for this pur- governing the contact mechanism for Supplying constructs the handle of the saw to form a CARTON MAKING AND SEALING MA- pose. current to the motors of the vehicle. , receptacle for the saw-blade and the swinging CH INTD.-R. SUNDERMAN Buffalo, N. Y. This carrier when the saw is adjusted out of posi­ invention relates to machines for making and Design... tion for use. sealing cartons, and has special reference to a machine provided with instrumentalities by DESIGN FOR A HAND-MIRROR OR SIM­ Of General Interest. HAND OIL-CAN.-G. H. THOMAS, Elmira, which flattened carton shells 01' tubes may be ILAR ARTICLE.-S. A. KELLER, New York, LiIFTING APPARATUS FOR DEEP N. Y. More especially the invention has ref- expanded or opened, then formed into a carton N. Y. 'rhe front face of the hand-mirror in known as WELLS.-'--F. J. MOSER, Kane, Pa. In Mr. erence to oil-cans (commonly by folding and securing flaps at the bottom of this design shows a frame of circular form Moser's patent the invention has reference to "squirt-cans" ) of the type ordinarily employed the shell 01' tube, and the cartons finally closed gracefully terminating in a handle in length lifting appal'a tus for deep wells and the im- by mechanics and others for applying oil to the and sealed after they have been filled. about the diameter of the circle. 'i'he frame provement admits of general use, but is of a working parts of machinery to lubricate the PUL,VERIZER.-N. SPURGIN, Ottawa, III. In front and back is made beautifully ornamental peculiar value in such regions where it is de- same. Parts may be separated the one from use a beater-shaft is rotated and material in­ by arrangements of fiowers and leaves. sirable to raise oil or liquids from consider- the other either for the purposes of cleansing troduced throug� a feed-chute. Beaters hurl able distances below the surface. or repair and the device possesses many ad- DESIGN F'OR A FOUNTAIN-PEN HOLDER vantages in points of simplicity, convenience, it against rings, which present a large pulver­ AND TRAY.-M. A. BEC"fZIGER, New York, MOTHPROOF BAG.-G. M. D. MANAHAN, and economy. izing-surface, toothed faces of upper ring-sec­ N. Y. Mr. Benziger has invented a new, orig­ New York, N. Y. The object of the present tions furnishing a reducing-surface. As parti­ inal, and ornamental design for a fountain­ invention is to provide a bag perfectly moth- cles fall they will be again and again struck pen holder and tray. 'ine tray is oblong with proof and air-tight and provided with gar­ Hard-ware. by the beaters, dividing them until of such rounded ends from each of which a foot ex­ ment-supporting means arranged within the BUCKLE.-L. SA IDRS, New York, N. Y. size as will pass through spaces between the tends. Four holders of different sizes are in­ bag for supporting garments therein, the means ND The purpose in this invention is to provide a rings, when they are received by the casing serted in the tray in a slanting position to extending to the outside of the bag to permit simple and durable form of buckle particularly and directed by the hopper to a receptacle. receive fountain-pens. "l1spending the latter and its contents from adapted for use in connection with the back This reduction progresses as material is ad­ a hook or other support, thus relieving the NOTE.-Copies of any straps of trousers, vests, and like garments, vanced by tbe inclined blades, and before it of these patents will material of the bag of all undue strain, and b-e furnished by Munn but which may be otherwise employed, and to reaches a discharge chute it will be in such a & Co. for ten cents ea cb. ins aring long life to the bag. The invention Please state the name so construct the buckle that it will be prac­ sta te of division that all will have passed in to of the patentee, title of relates to moth-proof bags such as shown and Invention, and date tically flat, comprising but two parts-II tongue the casing except pieces of stone or iron, which the of this paper. described in the Letters Patent of the United and a frame-and which two parts have sup­ will be delivered separately. States formerly granted to Mr. Manahan. porting and locking engagement when the B1:?l'TER-CUTTER.-W. H. ROUSSEL, San BOX-LID HOLDER.-G. Loos, Grafton, N·. buckle is locked upon a strap. Francisco, Cal. Mr. Roussel's invention per­ D. This device holds a box-lid in an open Busin¢ss ana PIPE-\YREN CII.-G. FOGGA�, Pleasantville, tains to apparatus for cutting sucb substances Wants. position. The invention is especially appli­ Pa. This invention is a pipe-wrench of that as butter, it being especially adapted for the cable to cigar-boxes. It is easily applied to READ THIS COLUMN CAREFULLY -You class wherein the pipe is encircled and gripped division of large masses of material into cubes will find inquiries for certain clasfhammer. The a peculiar arrangement of the rocker-bar on New York, N. Y. The invention pertains par­ gun-barrels are then returned to their proper Drying Machinery and Presses. BIles, Louisville, Ky. which the rotary grate is mounted and by InQuiry 1\"0. ticularly to improvements in straws or tubes position with respect to the frame and the gun �647 o:-F'orIT!a nufacturers of service. means of which the ' grate is turned into dump­ able portable engInes SUItable for sawing, etc. designed for convenience in drinking liquid is ready for action. It may be fired much ing position, this bar coacting with the pinion & 10 Bell from a bottle, the object being to provide a quicker than the ordinary two-triggered gun Handle Spoke Mcby. Ober Mfg. Co., St., for rotating or turning the grate to sbake the stra w or tube designed to extend to the bot­ and the trigger forms a simple yet efficient Cba/lI'in Falls. O. same. It also resides in a peculiar lock device tom of the bottle and having thereon a closure l ocki!18' means for holding the barrels and . 764�.-For manufacturers of wire for the rocker-bar. bJ�k���r:e�O for the bottle-mouth to prevent the entrance frame in alinement. Sawmill machinery and outfits manufactured by the of dust or other matter floating in the air. i�ane Mfg. Co.. Box 13. Montpelier, Vt. COMBINED CANE AND 'i"RIPOD.-W. F. Household Utilities. Pertaining to Vehicles. Inquiry No. 7'649.-For mfish.anu facturers of mane­ CLARK, St. Louis, Mo. One object of this im­ CHAIR SEAT OR BACK.-G. B. MULLEN ahle glass suita,ble for holding provement is to provide a construction for a CART.-A. W. RANSOME, New York, N. Y. W and T. P. MULLEN, New York, N. Y. In this ANTED.-Purchaser for Monazite, l\iolybdenite and tripod which enables it to be very closely This improvement relates particularly to a cart 773, instance the improvement has reference to 'Wolfram. Apply Monasite, Box ;\ewYork. folded and when folded simulates the form of intended to be manually propelled and useful Inquiry ,N"0, . chairs and analogous furniture, the more par­ 7'650.-For manufacturers of ma­ a walking-cane. The tripod facilitates the for carrying plastic concrete and other ma­ chinery for making exce]sior. ticular object being the provision of a re­ use of a camera by tou rists and others where terials. Its principles may, however, be em­ movable member which may be used either as I sell patents. To buy, or havinl:{ on� to sell; write 719 Y. the portage of the usual tripod is burdensome bodied in a horse-drawn cart. It is particu­ Cbas. A. a seat or as a back and furnishing certain con­ Scott, Mutual Life Building, Buffalo,N. Inqui... Y No. and otherwise objectionable, and the device larly intended for concrete work where ma­ . structional advantages. 7'6.!il.-.'Vanted. address of persons may be utilized as a movable support for terials have to be dumped from the cart on dealing In or manufactuTlng square steel tubing. COMBINED DOOR HOLDER AND BUFFER. music-sheets or a book. both horizonta I surfaces and over the brink of The celebrated " Hornsby-Akroyd " Patent Safety Doe Oil -J. A. Ross, Elgin, Utah. The object of the scaffolds or pits and excavations. 'rhe inven­ Enl!ine is huilt by the La Ver,zue Machine Comnany. PACKING-CASE.-T. H. C'LEIMENT, JR., Port of present invention is the provision of a novel tor's object is to provide a cart which may be Foot East 13Rth Street. New YorK. Lavaca, Texas. ':['he invention refers to pack­ Inq�iry simple door-holding device which may be in­ readily converted from one intended for use in No. 7'652.-For ing and shipping cases, and is intended espe­ manufacturers of smnll stantly converted into a buffer adapted for con­ dumping on horizontal surfaces to a cart well expenmental apparatus to order. cially to receive oy sters. The object is to I1f! tact with a wall when the door is swung open, suited for dumping into excavations. WANTED. - Ideas rec-arr'li patentable device for produce a case iu which the oysters may be and thus prevent injury to the door and water well paste or mucilage bottJe. Address Adhe­ conveniently carried, so that SANDIN G DEVICE FOR AUTO,l\IOBILES.­ 773, ice may be packed wall. sive. P. O. Box New York. around the vessel containing the oysters to pre­ A. L. Moss, Sandusky, Ohio. In the present . J'nquirv patent the object of the inventor is the pro­ 'So. 76:J3.;-For mannfHcturers of knit­ serve them while stored away or while beiug ��� �:��� ei�:�!�klng hosiery; also machinery ' for Machines and Mechanical Devices. vision of a new and improved sanding device i n shipped. The receptacle will contain a large U. S. more especially designed for automobiles and I hnve for �ale the quantity of oysters without subjecting them to MANFB'ACTURE OF' W ALL-COVERING'S.- and aU foreign rights of new similar vehicles to prevent the same from slip­ patent Improvements in Wa�er Tube Types of Boiler�. great pressure. '1 '. CLEARY. Schuylerville, N. Y. In this patent J. ping while traveling over wet or slippery Great economizer. M. Colman, Everett, Wash. ROOI<'-CLIMBER.-J. S. BAKER and C. F. the object of the inventor is the proviaion of streets or roadways. o. "6.J4o-li�or manufacturers of carding KETCH}JM, Cornisb, Ind. Tel'. This device is certain new and useful improvements in the in��!��i�e�, STEERING ME'CIIAN ISM.-W. K. CLEVE­ :URD ufacturers patent adapted to be attached to tbe feet to enable manufacture of wall-coverings, whereby a high­ of articles, St. Petersburg, dies, metal the wearer to walk or otherwise support him­ ly ornamental crushed plush or crushed velvet I,AND, Fla. In this steering stamping, screw machine work, hardware speCialties, mechanism the drive sbaft of the vehicle self upon shingle or other sloping wooden effect is produced in an exceedingly simple and con­ machinery tools and wood fibre products. Quadriga sists of a central section and two end sections 18 roofs. By mean s of this device the use of economical manner. Manufacturing Company, South Canal St., Chicago. coupled thereto by mean s of a universal joint. of wooden brackets or scaffolds may be dispensed M:ACHI�E FOR PRODUCING PLU SH EF­ �: No. ""6aa.-For manufacturers porce- A sleeve is carried on each end section and lat�l��� with for the purpose of supporting the wearer j,'ECTS ON WAI,L-COVERINGS.-'r. CLEARY . these sleeves are connected to the steering gear. W ANTED.-A man on sloping roofs, and thereby a great economy Schu ylerville, N. Y. In this invention the ain� of experience ; capable of running '1'he wheelS which are also carried on the end a factory that is manufacturing heavy of time and labor effected in the sbingling or of the inventor is to provide a new and im­ $2,�,OOO IDnchinery. sections can thus be moved to steer the Shou]d have to invest in the business which call repair of roofs. proved machine more especially designed for ve­ hicle. be shown to be profitat Ie. 'Ve dou't want the money GARMENT-I<'ASTENING.-J. BISCHOF, Bos­ producing a highly-ornamental plush effect on without the man. The expe-Tlenced man ii'< the first ton, Mass. In the use of many of the ordi­ wail-coverings in an exceedingly simple and A,essentia1. - Address Heavy Machinery, Box 117, Station nary hook-and-eye fastenings for garments and economical manner. This is a division of the Rail-ways and Their Accessories. Hartford, Conn. the like it frequently application for improvements in the manufac­ 'nquh'y of happens that the cloth RAILROAD-TIE.-FJ. S. BEGLER and H. No. 76.J6.-F'or manufactUrers soap- tnre of wall-coverings formerly filed by Mr. moulding presses. beneath the eye becomes worn by movable con­ \Yn'TMAC"fN, Cincinnati, Ohio. In constructing Inquiry No. tact therewith of the bill or other portion of Cleary. 7'65,),.-'V an ted, address of party a road the ties are placed in position on the dealing in elaterate bitumen. the hook, resulting sometimes in the eye be­ LAWN-MOWER.-J. N. BRYANT, Sparta, roadbed, the rails laid thereon , and the secur­ Inquiry No. 7658.-Fof manufacturers of ma- eoming detached from the cloth and in nearly 'T'enn. In this mower there is a longitudinal ing-plates are inserted into the ties, after which ��1n�rir ��gW���\�� ig���y of marble. sawing, turning all cases necessitating patching, both to re­ frame supported at about its center by an the keys driven into the plates through the s Inouiry 1\' 0. pair worn spots and to provide a reinforce arched frame portion having running wheels. A outErmost openings. The tie may be then filled 1'659.-Wflnted. nddress of Diamond Bell 00., manufacturers of Eagle Auto Bell. JANUARY 6, I 906. Scientific American

" Foot and (9867) J. E. W. asks : 1. If at the Bag mouth closure, T. &. Palmer ...... 808, 110 Power Balance, specific gravtty, F. M. Williams .. 808,421 equator a hole feet wide pierced the earth Baling press, P. J. W. Heldt...... 808,153 U ar Screw Cutting 2 through its center. and a ball a half inch in Banana shipping case, F. Schmitz ...... 808,313 St Barrel boop, T. E. Wbite ...... 80 8,496 diameter were dropped into the hole, I figure Barrel metal. H. Webrhabn ...... 80 8,327, 808,413 that in about nine and one half seconds, and Barrel or keg washers, barrel or keg roll- ing device for, F. P. Pfeil ...... 808,305 Lathes feet the ball would at a depth of about 1,440 Barrel, sectional metal, G. Klenk ...... 808,548 Send for Catalogue B. Battery. · See Thermo electric battery. . uerle8� MF(j. impinge against the east side of the hole, be­ SENECA FALLS CO. Bed bottom, J. Hoey...... 808.369 cause at that depth the earth would be re­ 695 Water Street, Bed corner fastening, metal, J. M. Adams 808, HINTS TO CORRESPONDEN S. 501 T Seneca Falls, N. Y., U. S. A. volving a little over one-tenth of an inch Beehives, super for, W. W. Dempsey ...... 808,144 Beer cooler, R. S. Wiesenfeld ...... 808, 131 Names must accompany all letters or ; and from that . no attentionand Address will be paid thereto. Tftis is for slower than at the surface Beer cooling and dispensing apparatus T our information and not for publication. point down to the center the continually de- D. Smith ...... ' . .. : 808.582 Bell or gong, electric, G. Dunton ...... 808.277 References to former articles or answers should give Engine and Foot Lathes creasing speed of revolution would cause the �J. date of paper and page or number of question. MACHINE SHOP OUTFITS, TOOLS AND Bell, pneumatic signal, J. H. Brady ...... 808. 137 not answered in rp.asonable time should b9 SUPPLIES. BEST MATERIALS. BEST ball to press continually against the east side. Belt sblfter, H. J. Hoegb ....•...... 808,088 Inquiriesrepeated ; correspondents will bear in ID}nd that WORK III ANSHIP. CATALOG UE FREE Supposing, now, that there were neither air Bill receipting machine, R. S. Hampton ... . 808,541 Bin, Hopkins & Canfield ...... 808,089 some answers require not a little research, and, SEBASTIAN LATHE CO., 120 Culvert St., Cincinnati. O. nor friction to retard the ball, would it ac­ though we eudea VOl' to reply to all either by Binder, loose l(laf, L. K. Thibodeaux... . 808,492 letter or in this department, each must quire the same velocity as if it could have Binders, locking device for loose leaf R. take B. Wilson ...... ' . . . . 80 8,267 his turn. fallen without touching the side ; and would Bind l'S, l cking device for loose leaf, G. Buyers wishing to purchase any article not adver­ THE(L IPPER(Up tised in our columns will bE' furnished with it rise again to the opposite surface of the T. D a1 ton. Sr ...... 808,347 rT Its Blind or shutter opener, G. E. J. K. Dixon 808,519 addressps of houses manufacturing or carrying triangular shape prevents earth ? A. 'l'he best experiments to determine & the sume. entanglin and gives threeClip times Blind slat antirattler, J. J. Hargraves .... 808,36.3 the easterly deviation of failing balls, accord· Blowpipe, oxyhydrogen. F. Jottrand ...... 808,382 SpeCial Written Information on matters of personal the capacYtpapersy of anyo otbeh .r for attaching t et er Boat collapsible or folding, H. Paine . ... 808,302 rather than general interest cannot be expected Best &: Cheapest. gAll StaUoners. ing to Prof. Young in his "College Astronomy,'· 0'. without remuneration. Boats from their falls at both ends simul­ CLIPPER lUFG. CO., showed from 160 trials. a deviation of 1.12 taneously, means for releasng, G. S. Scientific American Supplements referred to . . may be YX. 401 inches in a fall of into a mine. If A. Ranking ...... 808.575 , a had at the office. Price 10 cents each. 520 , West 124th St., New York, U.S.A. Boiler, J. E. Grace ...... 808.284 BRASS OR STEEL free samples and information write to us. Books referred to promptly supplied receipt lfor ball were dropped into a hole in the earth it Book ring with lock . Morden . 808,248 price. on of joints, L. M. . would in time come against the side of the Bottle. H. R. Lovejoy ...... 808,559 Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly Bottle, fraud preventive, A. K. Genella 808.280 marked or labeled. J. tube and roll down to the center of the earth Bottle, non-refillable. H. W. Lloyd ...... 808,462 and pass some distance beyond the center. How Bottle, non-refillable, H. L. Norman ...... 808,469 Bottle wrapper making W. S. 1. Why is twi­ far one can tell. since it depends entirely machine, Dich� (9865) W. asks : no mann ...... 80 , PAOnrHandTE Book on Patents,NT upon the degree of friction upon the sides of Bottles and other receptacles, nozzle stop· 8 348 l ight so much longer in England than in Spain Trade-MarksS etc., sent free. Patents procured throngh per for, T. W. Evans ...... 808,278 or North Africa ? Is it true that the periOd &: Co. , in the hole. It could not rise as far as it had Bottles, apparatus for applying stoppers Munn receive free notice the i to, of twilight increases as we approach the' poles, SOIENTIFIO AMERIOAN fallen. since it could not pass the center with Bowii:,·g !ile� ���fYli;'�; MUNN & CO., 361 N. Y. the full velocity due to free fall. 2. If the .p: ·w: and if so, what is the cause of the 'increase ? Broadway, Bracelet. W. Wallenthin ....• ...... ·E(i�;'�d�80S. :322,::: ��80 ·n323� on . . 8, BRANCHOFFICE :625FSt., Wa hingt , C earth were a hollow sphere inclosing vacuum, . A. Twilight lasts till the sun is about 18 deg. s D a Brake shoe, J. G. Johnston ...... 808,379 Bridge gate, J. Fowler ...... 808,531 below the horizon in the evening at any place. and a rock fell from the inner side, would it Bri l The sun in the torrid zone descends vertically not gradually assume a convolute course till qftit�' �� ���� 808,483 Buckle, W.����������� Griest...... ��'. �!�����...... �. 808,538 in setting. and the duration of twilight is it reached a point where its increasing mo­ The Buffing machine. J. M. SeJlmayer ...... 808,482 least iu this region of the earth. The sun Best for AUTOMOBILE mentum would equal the earth· s decreasing at­ Buggies and other vehicles, storm shield for, traction. and at that point begin to revolve in Laune Shelden ...... 808,2S8 traverses 18 deg. in 1 hour and 12 minutes, & Dry BatteryIS THE SPARKING Building block. T. H. Brown ...... S08,431 a circular orbit ? If so. at what depth would which consequently is the shortest duration Bundle carrying device, E. Frantzich...... 808,080 of twilight in the torrid zone all the year. The this occur ? A. If the earth were a hollow Button, shirt and collar, G. Schier ...... 808,312 Cabinet, J. M. Rbodes ...... 808,169 least angle with shell a rock which had become detached from path of the sun makes the Cable haulage and carrier transfer, T. Alex- the horizon in the northern hemisphere in the its Interior surface could not fall at all. A n Becko4 SpaCells $V�iirk Cell ' cabl� �;�cti�;; ·wh·e·ei;· body anywhere within. such a shell is equally 'i. " 'Ai�';�;'d�r:::::::: summer, and hence a longer time is required ' CO. Calcium, production of metallic, Borchers & ��·6�� .1. H. BUNNELL & attracted in all directions and has no weight. to bring the sun 18 deg. below the horizon. Electrical ManUfacturers NEW YORK Stockem ...... 808. 066 20 Park Place, This is usually demonstrated in text books of Can filling machine, D. W. Rathbone ...... 808,216 ilight then lasts about hours in latitude Tw 2 Can submergpr, cream, Kleiber ...... 808,093 mechanics. In such a sphere a ball faIling L. 40 deg. north. On the Arctic circle the sun at 3. Can tester. J. A. Diesel...... 808, 145 from either pole would go to the center direct Canopies, staff head for, W. J. Slyder ...... 808.315 the summer solstice just touches the northern Regal Marine Engines Canopy, A. Pier ...... 808.476 and rise again to the opposite pole ; but if as E. . horizon. and daylight lasts through the 24 ft�,¥.,;.��I§p!�tf�r���.�?;�� Canvas tightener. J. Tanck ...... 808,122 w 5 in the case of the earth. the poles themselves Capsule cleaning device, O. E...... 808,299 hours. 'Hlere is no night. At the north pole gle C linde�s. in 1� 3 and h. p. Mueller had rotatory Car brake, C. H. Shaner...... 808,314 months, or from the K a d Pa a slight motion in space, would twilight is about 2]12 IJg�� 6yW� ���:�� h. ; l'\�o I Car brake beam, railway, G. L. Warren ... 80S.325 not the ball be gradually deflected into a cir­ Car coupling. Anson ...... S08.593 middle of January to March 22, when day be­ g .:?or �n � � :��a����; J. �y : I �a� ii': cular orbit ? A. A ball faIling along the polar Car door, grain, W. H. McMachen ...... 808,566 gins. Duration of twilight can be caleulated to read our free catalogue. Car platforms, folding door for, H. Witte .. 808.329 axis of the earth would not be deviated at all for any latitude at the sea level by trigonom­ REGAL G ASOLINE ENGINE CO. Car. railway. F. W. Chriswell...... 808.342 50 St., in the time required to fall from the surface to Car staKe, J. R. Wheeler...... 808,129 etry. At high altitudes above the sea twilight W. Pearl Cars, automatic coupling for railway, A.. A. (lOLDWATER, MI(lIl, the center of the earth, since the deviation is said to be of shorter duration than at lower of Rosengren ...... 808,310 the pole is very slow and very small. Cars. electric signal system for electric, E . altitudes. due probably to the clearness of the J. Adams ...... 808.182 air from dust. We have seen it stated that it ...... h ...... " ...... Cars with wheel frames, deviee for connect- is not more than twenty minutes at Quito. '" NEW BOOKS, ETC, ing the upper parts of, C. V. von Nolle 808,251 Garbon, making chlorids of, F. 3". Machalske 808,100 ng the volt­ 2. Is there any means of determini IOE BO..A.TS ! DYNAMO, MOTOR, AND SWITCHBOARD CIR­ Carpet stretcher and tacker, Tattrie & Schmidt ...... 808,123 age and amperage of a current after passing If you want to know bow to make an Ice ...... buy currs. By W. R. Bowker, C.ID. New Carriers, folding step for public, Felkner & coil ? Could you give Boat, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ through a Ruhmkorff's ME�T 1556. Complete working drawings York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Butler ...... 808.076 prQ"I!111�tely an idea of the voltage and am­ �nd a thorough description are publisbed. Carving machine, F. H. Richards ...... 808.478 ap o ur �� r 1904. 8vo. ; pp. 120. Price, $2.25 net. Casing spear, automatic rotary hydraulic, perage of a current which has passed through i �d(ro:: � J���::l: 36� ::: �� B The present work is not intended as a theo· H. G. Johnston ...... 808.378 a coil that yields a spark of six inches, and Casks, tilting support for, Miller. . & Law- retical textbook. but is intended as a practical rence ...... 808, 104 that is worked by seven Grove cells (ordinary . . handbook for electrical engineers and artisans. Castor, roller-bearing.. F. R. Wolfinger..... 808.500 size) ·1 A. The voltage required to force an THE BERKEFELD FILTER Cattle guard, W. Edwards ...... 808.522 The diagrams are conspicuous by their great Cattle guard and gate Felkner Butler .. 808.077 electric discharge through air has been ue- . & clarity. Cemf'nt fpnce posts and the like, mold for, is found a termined for various conditions. It J. J. Luck ...... 808.394 fg� o�� WI�:��e��vI:::ty':ti',;I� THE TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY DIAGRAM. Chair. See Folding chair. to be different between needle points from what �':.� er�h,[?���:d By Chenille twistng and receiviltg L. balls, It varies also with the by B ol ��al��co:g;i 'i:.,n��� Charles W. Berry. New York : John machine, it is between rJ acteri og sts all over the Brandt ...... 808.337 Between sharp points about v o Wiley Sons, 1905. 12mo. ; pp. 134. Chimney cap, C. "7. Eckhart ...... 808,075 size of the balls. fe� �ch'::f.; �;J'::t�'i.-"\hr:. y:� �e� t::a�t & Cigars to banding mechanisms, represented in a s park one in Price, $1.25. 20,000 volts are The Hlter giveR water small and large for feeding. W. C. Briggs ...... mechanism... 808,067 inch long. while for six inches about 72.000 e r e Students of thermodynamics will value · this ClaY-6crePll, N. Allen ...... 808,590 bOiling�l,!�'.'.��� 'ii�i�g �Wfnt,fe�� ��iiz:J's�� Clothes pin, F. H. Perry ...... 80 8,304 volts are required These voltages have been III to . water. Send for circulars treatise by an instructor in mecha nical engi­ Clutch. A. Lee ...... 808,289 FJ],TER CO. determin('d by experiments with alternating BERKEFELD neering at the MasSachusetts Institute of Clutch controller, magnetic, E. H. Anderson 80 8.226 Cedar Street, New York ______4 ______Coin detector, de Kleist ...... 808,24� curren t". \yith direct currents also many tests _ _ _ Technology. The subject is dealt with mathe­ !D. .. Collar and cuff, pyroxylin, J. Osborn ... 808,472 made, using batteries giving enOl·­ I A. e have been FOR matically with the aid of diagrams It will Collar, horse. E. G. Williams ...... 808.498 Collar, storm, F. Horak ...... 808,543 mous pressures. 3. \Vhen lamps are lighted GUNSMITHS, TOOL prove a valuable addition to too literature of Collars, cuffs, and thf' like,. apparatus.. for by electricity from alternate-current dynamos, MAKERS, EXPERI· the subject. making pyroxylin, J. A. Osborne ...... 808,473 how is it that the light appears constant and MENTAL & REPAIR Commutator motor. Arnold & ...... 808.064 CONCRETE. Edited by John Black. Lon­ Compass joint. H. Kern ...... La Cour 808,205 er ? I suppose commu· WORK, ETC. does not seem to flick don : John Dicks. New York: Indus­ Compass('s, alidade or indicator ships, continuous-current 9·in. s i Arbpcam ...... for.. ... 808,270 tators cannot be used with From to 13-1n. w ng. D. H. P. . .. . trial Publication Company. N. Container toP. J, R. Harbeck ...... 808,362 dynamos. In the alternate-current machine Arranaed for Steam or Foot Power, Velocipede 16mo. ; pp. 94. Price, 20 cents. Control system. emergency, F. E...... 808,271 does not the current enter the lamp alternate­ Controller, automatic level, NeuCase ...... 808,471 orSend Stand-up for Lathe Treadle. Catalog. L. ARTIFICIAL STONE, ETC. Edited by John Controlling system. T. von Zweigbergk .. .. 808.268 ly by opposite wires ? A. An alternating cur­ . W. F.&JNO. BARNES CO. Black. London : John Dicks. New Coop, chickpn, C. Hoskins...... 808,156 rent is the result of an alternating electromo­ Established 1872. Gores, machine for removing and cutting i 1999 Ruby St., ROCXPORD, lJ.t.. York: Industrial Publication Com­ material from, J, B. M. V. Rottinger ... 808.578 tive force. which is conceived to start from t. �e�� pany. N. D. 16mo.; pp. 92. Price, 20 Corn husker. G. Meader ...... 808,465 zero and rise to its highest point of voltage, ·�I! Corn husking machine, G. Vandegrift, Jr. 808.264 cents. L. then to fall through zero to a point as far Manufacturers shoDId investigate the Cotton chopper. Butler & Felkner ...... 808,069 "I''''iillllll' B. F. BARNES MACHINE TOOLS Cotton chopper. Felkner & Butler ...... 808.07R below zero as it rose above zero, after which 'l' HE DELUGE AND ITS CAUSE. By Isaac n it it returns to zero, thus making a cycle of before placingis orders. The Tool here Newton Vail. Pasadena, Cal. N. D. g��fJ: �hi�l�g� l A� ' illustratedmany othourer 2O-inch.sizes Drill, and we Cream ripener, T. L. ValeriusSt�i��k ...... ��: :::::::...... ::: �g�:���808,319 changes. The polarity of the current is re­ have to make a very 16mo. ; pp. 133. Cream ripeners and the like, cover for, T. versed while the FJ. �1. F. is below zero. 'l" he completeDrills. line. lncludlng Multiple Spin­ METALLURGIA DELL' ORO. By Emilio Cor- Valerius ...... , 80S.320 dle If interested In the latest CreamL. ripening apparatus. T. Valerius .. 808,321 fluctuation of lamps is not visible under such o L. re¥ ::s f O i tese. Milan : Ulrico Hoepli, 1904. Crupper attachment, C. H. Crandall ...... 808.514 more rapid �:l f ;tO �: ��v��   a current. because the changes are Cataloge:�� 8. 32mo. ; PP. 262. Cultivator attachment. G. W. Holmes ... . . 808.155 the eye can take note of. Th e shortest Currents for the ignition of explosive mix-. than B, F, BARNES CO. Rockford. III, METALLI PREZIOSI. By Antonio Linone. tures, apparatus for generating and util- interval of time the eye can note is about a European Branch ha ter i . 149 Queen Victoria St., London, E. C. Milan : Ulrico Hoepli, 1901. 32mo.; tenth of a second, while the alternating cur­ �foifo��� �� ..�I. ��� ��: , .. 808,554 pp. 315. Curtain fixture, W. E. Batchelder.f: ...... �: ..':':' . . 808,185 rent passes through 30 to 60 cycles per sec­ Curtain pole and shade roller hanger, M. A. ElJIott ...... 808.354 ond. A commutator can be used with a con­ g . . n. e . . . . i . tinuous-current dynamo whose voltage is not g::�:ti;: d!���;: �� u. 'D:rciri. :. ����:: too high and current is low enough. The trans­ INDEX OF INVENTIONS Dentifrice. G. W. Morse ...... �g�;�§�808.105 How Desk brackL't, A. R. Fergusson...... 808.602 current To Inc ternating re an al ase formation of a direct to For which Letters Patent of the Die stock, F. V. Anderson ...... 808.592 is usually made by a rotary converter or a Display card. E. E. Blakeslee . ... , ...... 808.596 United States were Issued Displny truck. ('onch, J. Bochnewetch ...... 808,229 motor dynamo. ",Ve furnish Sloane's "Elec- Your Business Dough raiser, Barnes & Edplman ...... 808,184 tl·ician's Handy Book,'· which discusses all for the Week Ending Drafting instrnmpnt, A. C. Cochran ...... 808.511 such matters. for by mail. Drill feed. J. G. Winger ...... 808.499 $3.50 carefully every , December 26, 1905 Driving mechanism. C. W. SponseL ...... 808.120 (9866) C. O. B. writes : I send you week, the Business Dry docks. bilge hlock for •.J. L. Crandall .. 808,072 M...... 808.481 EADand Personal Wants D A R NO T T ATE Drying apparatus, F. Schall'er... . this letter with inclosed salt formation. in the AN E A C " BE I " D Dust guard. Lauritzen Cook ...... 808,550 Rcolumn in the ,.. & . 808.398 hope that I may get some explanation, pub­ I Dyeing. indigo, H. Muller ...... [See note at end of Jist about copies of these patents. Egg beater. G. C. Parish ...... 808.613 lished or otherwise. as to its cause. A. You Scientific American Egg sbeller, L. V. Blue ...... 808.507 inclose a very nice crystal of common salt. t a r 808,117 This week it will be found Abdominal supporter or bandage, W. R. ��� t�r: �r�c:it�q·Ofs�i�� i�d�dt"a·���: which is known in chemistry as sodium ·p�o"tec� on page 14. Cartledge ...... 808,433 tive sbunt for. W. S. Horry ...... 808.371 chloride. If you will dissolve some table salt Some week you wlll be Acid, making guanyl dialkyl barbituric, B. Electric machines, end connection for dyna- R. Seifert ...... 808.407 mo, H. Jcannin ...... 808.241 in water and set the dish in a quiet place, such likely to find an inqniry .... �'. Adjustable table. C. H. Gardinier ...... 808,534 Electric motor, intrnni. ttent for something you direct current, crystals will begin to form as soon as the that Aerating device, liquid. W. M. Venable .. 808.411 C. M. Palmer ...... 808,R03 manufacture or deal in. . _ . Beck ...... 808,065 solution becomes saturated by the evaporation Alloy, silver. A. E. Hobson...... 808,453 Electric switch, R. H. ' A prompt reply may bring Alternator, . .T. Le Pontois .... 808,552 Electric switch, W. S. Horry ...... 808.364 is a I of water. The crystal of common salt Alternator, selfmagneto, exciting, L J. Pontois .. 808,555 Electric switch, W. . 808,392 an order. W...... L. Le 135 Electrical connection. Lathrop A. N. cube when it is formed without interference. G. Woolley ...... 808, detachahle, VVatch it C a refully AntomatcAnnunciator, lubricator, L. W. H...... 808,197 Lawrence. Jr ...... •...... 808,096. 808.097 of crystals form. and Sometimes little baskets Automatic switch, J. M. ComerDecker ...... 808.231 Electrical meter, H. W. Sayles ...... 808.115 float on the surface of the water, and are Automobile ck, Maxwell ...... 808,208 Electrolytic meter. A. R. Ellis ...... 808,232 japoweL.r R.transmission mechan- Elevators, etc.� device L.for detaching loads very beautiful when seen under a magnifying Automobiles,ism C. G. Simonds ...... 808,220 from. Mackrow & Cameron ...... •..... 808.291 of such experiments is for, uAf', ann-rest and glass, The repetition Awning box, E. T. Meakin ...... 808,294 Embalmers' bottle-sup- ... 01 port for. W. R. Sparkman ...... 808.485 very instructive Ilnd entertaining to the young Axle, car. W. A. McCormick ...... 808,3 Bag J. Rogers ...... 808.170 Emergency brake. W. M. Gooch ...... 808.2.14 , . people of a family. Ellison ...... , ...... 808,355 Enameling. J. H. Hines ...... 808.542 Bag holder, J. O. I 16 Scientific American. JANUARY 6, 1906.

End gate and . shovel board, G .. M. Luscombe 808,395 , Hoisting and conveying apparatus, Miller & Energy through space, apparatus for the 75h e uHAMMOND" Dlckinson ...... 808,246 .....•...... 808,594 H i a , t bl transmission of, A. Artom It" t AnDV" l O S6�er ���'i��1� ...�� : �. . �: .. ... 808,196 ED�ille. See Explosive �ngine. for Alt�siall :"md Ordinarv \Vater ���.��� � Engine cylinders, radiators, etc., air-cooling "ys" n Prospl'ctin::.rills a.nd Hoisting bucket turni�g. means, G. E. Tit- Well Dr ...... construction for, W. B. Swan . . .. ; .... 808,490 PlacerWplls ; M Tt:stillgi eral tor j)rt:dgers ; comb ...... 808,493 and Gas ; . . .. Engine frames, machine for facing pedestal DeepContractor's Drilling- for oil HoldbaCk fastening, 0. C. Davis ...... 808,601 legs of -locomotive, G. T. Moore ...... 80 8,563 Bl st Hole Drilling, Hook. See Fish hook. Envelop fastl::;nel', E. B. Stimpson ...... 808,489 River and lhrhora Explomtiol.l. Horn, C. H. Foster ...... 808,53(1 Our j�ntnlo�"S fire .•...... 808,546 etc. fl,'(! t.m::t... Hor·se·detaeher, C. H. Bach ...... 808,595' EllvelQP, mailing, E. U. Kimbark books Oil these sllbJeds. Excavator, A. N. Cross ...... 808,345 Horseshoe, .T. W. Cole ...... 808,436 Exploding mine charges, apparatus for, C. KEYSTONE VtELL WORKS Hose clamp, Gergersen & Parr ...... 808,444 I. Dodson ...... ' ...... 808,275 Beaver Falls, Pa. Hose coupling, H. A. �chroeder ...... 808,219 Explosive engine, vertical, A. Winton ...... 808,423 Hos·e spidel', C. M. Bowman ...... • 808,508 Eyeglasses, S. Ward ...... 808,412 Hub, metal wheel, J. J. Burns ...... 808,192 Fabric spreading machine, C. Wiebke ..•... 808,130 Hydrocarbon burner, B. Q. P. Foss ...... 808,529 I;"an, 1-1. �e'vner ...... 808,610 Ice creeper, J. D. Holt ...... 808,370 Fall, rotary, Slear & Arnold ...... 808, 174 Igniting combustible mixtures, L. J. Le Feed watf�r heater, F. 1-1. Trevithick ...... 808,178 Pontois ...... 808,553 Feed water h�ater, C. Kieren ...... 808,385 Every gas t'ugine Ignition device, L. J. Le Pontois ...... 808,551 wries fur hiS curren t, Fence post, G. I. Griggs ...... 808,539 Induction meter, A. ,T. F'rager...... 808.532 troubies :Ire. (}ur 808,460 Fertilizer distributer, C. S. Tarkington ..... 808,491 Splll'ker Insect trap, G. Laube ...... Fertilizer distributer and seed planter, D. troubles . Instep support, G. 1-1. Cummings ...... 808,515 W. · Strickland ..., ...... , ...... 808,262 No Insulator, third raB, S. B. Stewart, Jr ..... 808,222 Filaments from viscose, etc., apparatus for tic1es ' Internal combustion engine, E. S. Palmbla . 808,210 producing or forming, C. A. Ernst . .... 808,149 Chicago Internal combustion heat engine, J. L. Bo- Co., Filaments from viscose, etc., formillg, C. A. Mfg. 98 gert ...... 808,336 Ernst ...... 808,148 Jock strap, W. F. Ware ...... 808,495 File for papers or car'ds, E. W. Woodruff... 808,225 Journal bearing, G. N. Sceets ...... 808, 172 FIre extinguisher, automate, H. W. Martin 808,101 Journal bearings, lubricating, W. Lahey ... 808,388 Fire fighter's apparatus, W. W. Thompson .. 808,587 All I,angunges ill any !Style of Type ou one Journal box, ,T . S. Patten ...... 808,573 .. 808,292 Fire tube boiler, E. Eberhardt...... 808,353 I MOTSINGER AUTO-SPARKER and the saine .iU acbine. .J ournal box dust guard, G. L. Mansfield..... �' Irearm, H. M. Putnam ...... 808,214 s arts nd runs Keyboard for stringed instruments, G. P. � � Any paper may be used on tbe Ralllmond. Firearm, G. Luger ...... 808,463 width Buchanan ...... 808,510 . . Gas Engines WIthout Batt ede�. . . . h 808, 099 FIreplace, 'r. A. Hill ...... 808,154 VJ�IBrLITY is NO'I' a NEW FEATURE wit the Knitting machine, E. Lippitt ...... 808,102 , e Knitting machine, dial, Stafford Holt .... 808,121 Fish catching apparatus, L. P. Mattie ..... I HAM�10ND. It HAS B�EN a VISIBLE WRl'rER & Fish hook, H. A. Homan ...... 808,239 h :1����f ��e:t� �\:�I�� n�l!. Knitting machInes, electric stop motion for, fo�f��� No twist�f motIOn 1Il our drive. No belt for 20 years. WAS THE ORIG IN A L. Fish hook, .J. 'r. HaInes...... 808,285 A. L. Patterson ...... ' ... . 808,475 ce o COMPANY Fluid elevating apparatus, G. Reiter...... 808,218 ��ha�;���� foer �:b�' an� ri THE HAMMOND TYPEW�ITER. Ladder, .mobile step, J. S. Padon ...... 808,252 b�:t: �� 808,124 Fluids and other materials, device for con- te::lte aud dust-proof. New York Sales O lfice. 167 Broadway Ladder, step, J. S. Tilley ...... trolling the flow of, L. Dion ...... 808,351 �I�s:l�:��n r Lamp bl'acl\:et, H. Salsbury ...... 808,480 MOTSINGER DEVICE CO. 808,085 Folding chair, adustable, W. ':S. Lewis ...... 808,098 d on Ind.,MFG. Lump, electric glow, G. Ie Hartung ...... Foot, artificial, F. W. Merrick ...... 8Q8,296 14 .Main Street, P n et , U. S. A. Lamp globes and shades, set screw for, T. l . .. Freight and baggage loader, J. McGann ... . 8u8,166 e Wizard Repeating , G. Luson ...... 808,290 :F'ruit cutter, and pi-Her, IC T.· Lynn ...... 808,464 Lamp, incandescent gas, H. B. Cox ...... 808,513 Furniture .handle, G. Frank ...... 808,533 Lamp shade holder, electric, Joseph & Ehr- F�use, ;T. E. GraybHl ...... 808,200 BARKER MOTORS LIQUID PISTOL €n reich ...... 808,381 Game apparatus, J. L. E. Pel I...... 808,111 Will stop the most "ieious dog (or La mps, fuel saving attachment for incan- Game apparatus,. H. E. Le Jeune ...... 808,207 Reliable.-·1 U to 10 H. P-·Economlcal mnn) without permunent injury. Per­ descent, L. Rabinoff ...... 808,215 of �. Gas genera tor, H. A. Hartman ...... 808,365 fectly safe to curry without danger n Latch ,attachment, door, J. S. Johnson ... 808,376 Gas Ol' gasolel1e engine, J. Palmer ...... 808,572 Their perfect oper1'�tion and reli­ leakage. Fires Imd rech!t l!sby pulli g t e tr gger. Loads Lead hydrate, makIng, G. D. Coleman .... . 808,141 ,& . . . Gas prodHcer, ..E ..Korting ...., ...... 808,244 ability are due to common sense a y r h i s Leaded light, W. 'r. & A. A. Gibbs .. .. . 808,445 f���n:. lW���le;!: r::i� , �b:,i:-e�ub�::��v���� ae. ntu. . .. Gas regulator or governor, G. Reasner .... . 808,403 mechanical ideas and good construc­ �:�;i ��l�t��, Lettcl'ill£" guide, Wilson & Maeulen . .... 808,442 Gate and means for supporting, operating, tion. While low in pric , they are Level, Hunter & Callaban ...... 808,372 Parker, Stearns & Co., 226 South St., Dept. G , New York . . and fastening .the ·same, G. B. Gould ... 808,283 made of best materials withe careful Lifting jack, F. Gardisky ...... • 808,535 attention to details. Gear, speed cbanglng, C. G. Simonds ., . .... 808,221 Lighter, automatic, A. R. Weisz ...... 808,128 Gear, transmission, B. H. Pomeroy ...... 808, 306 MIETZ Liquid separator, centrifugal, C. M. Ketch7 THE &. WEISS . . GIUbS, clamp for carrying plate , J. Hunter .. 808,202 C. L BARKER. NORWALK, CONN. am ...... 808,092 Glass drawing rna.chine, . G. H. Harvey, re- Si" � Loading device, B. A. Foust ...... 808,357 �� p .. . . issue ...... 12,427 �lH. OIL Locking device, S. W. Bonsall ...... 808,188 Glass furnace, J. A. Frank ...... 808,358 e byE NGINES Locomotive pedestals, locking wedge bolts el . . . .. Grader. road, W. Alcorn ...... 808, 332 �Fstifl���. f::!'f����s���Ii'e�� J��t on, G. W. Wear ...... 808,127 Grain separator, L. H. LivihgstOll ...... 808,557 E�:onolTlicaland !\lostReliable Power Loom 'electric stop motion mechanism, .T. B. on the market. .. . . 808,416 808,418 Grate, W. C. Engel ...... 808, 523 wa ou Whitney ...... to Grate, forced draft, A. D. Southam ...... 808,119 WORLD'S ofi��:;i�l: :g fOh�i;:�: � (.�:� Looms. trailing filling end clearer for, Dra- 'YSAINTow ep''Wire Rope i S d o i . . . 808,146 Grease cups, making, E. A. Thiem ...... 808,177 li.:xposition, 1900. Gold l\led:ds, Pan per & Northrop ...... Grindstone banging and centering device, J. LOVIS FAIR Ameriean Exposition, 1901, Charles­ Lumber unloading mechanism, J. M. Fer- H. Norrell ...... 808.570 ton Exposition, o1902. Gold Medal riss, .fr...... 808,527 Gun, C. A. 'I.'. Sjogren ...... 808, 118 �1;'!�';f:�!iS��� s� �L���,i8tf�.� Mail delivering crane, C. E. Teeter ...... 808,317 Gun barrel, 0. Johnson ...... 808. 20�l MOST 'RFUL WIRE ROPE 1�g;� Mail distributing ruck, Thomas & Creech . . 808,318 Gun, magazine, E. A. McKeen ...... 808,107 A UGU8T lllJETZ Mandrel, lathe, G .•J. Reed . . " ...... �08,257 CO St., 808,136 Guns', wrought. metal forearm for tubular &BASCOM 1l0PE 1�8·13S Mott New York, U.S.A.. Match ligbter, Barnum & Harris ...... , ...... 808,375 Bf\ODE�ICK. Matrices, standa 'dizng or measuring ma- magazine, T. C. Johnson ...... ST.LOUI5 MO C:l.talogue Dept. 24.. l Hammel', power, F. P. Polaski ...... 808,256 chine for, F. H. Pierpont ...... 808,112 Harvester, beet. L. Gettelmann...... 808,281 Ma ttress, wire, J. R. Cardwell ...... 808,340 Used by forty of the c e H k . leadin.,. Measuring device for corsets, E. P.' Follett 808,233 Automobile and boat b,:;::.r:It.?Ua���fat�;, b�l. 'L��d�� . .US . Genuine motor Measuring instrument. E. Schattner ...... 808.259 ��� : .. ��U1� The manufacturers. SuI tab1 e for Mechanical movement, E. M. Patten ...... 808,253 Armstrong's any a-as or ga�oline engine us­ Mechanical movement, F. H. Richards ..... 808,404. Hea�:� ��t��r'Fnd Hit.oCbv' �::l;:i g,�: ::etc:······apparatus �J�:ng ing make and break or jump Medicines or other substances, holder for; �� i{ l V. & C. Ddskell ...... 808,520 �� I� s. i�� � � .. :: 808,479 spark !gnition. . Heating pipes,. rods', or similar bodies,. G. H. STOCKS Metal matrices, separating the galvanoplaFJ:- EVERY BATTERY GUARANTEED ,...... 808,331 Benjamin ...... 808, ) 86 and tic ,leposits from, E. Albert . ... D IES to give satisfaction or purcbase Metals, galvanizing, G. L. Meaker. 808,103 c o e e � 808,187 �: �::::::::::::::: � A kn wled ed t(! .b th .best. DUferent sizes and money refunded. Metallurgical furnace, G. H. Benjamin . ... capaCitIes. WrIte c o ...... ,. 808,150 �t��::Hinge, t·spring, :J: �\�d Van Wagoner::: a Pomeroy ... �g808�;��. 126 for atal g Meter, G. H. Fristoe ... . g IGNITBR CO ...... WITHERBBB ...... , .. 808,326 Holst and similar apparatus, Y. J. Darling' THB ARnST RONO M PO. CO., Bridgeport, Conn. Milk can, H. Wehrbahn Thames St. • • NEW YORK ...... 808,125 ...... 21·31 MIne door, A. C. Urban ton ...... 808,273 1 Nmv. Yo,rk .Off

DURING 1906 ARTICLES WILL BE PUB� ALSO DURING 1906 ARTICLES WILL BE IJC!' LISHED SHOWING PUBLISHED ON I, How curtains may be made at home ; The kitchen and how it should be planned (a series) ; ,I How furniture may be covered by the woman of the house ; Historical places in America ; I.. � How the amateur may decorate the room with home�made The house of the Colonial period ; , stencils ; Gateways to estates ; I How a water garden may be laid out and built ; A Sheraton Sideboard ;n a New England Home How the house of a bygone day may be remodeled and � The use of statuary for garden decoration. converted into a modernhome. A MINIATURE ENGRAVING I ::a:'_ , 0 The magazine is beautifully printed on heavy coated paper, and is elaborately illustrated by handsome engravings made from photographs taken especially for _ _ ::II:' 'jJ this publication. The colored covers change monthly (see reduced black and white specimens above). AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS :Jr:'I::IC' , should have a place in every home. Send $3.00 to-day and receive the beautiful November and December issues without charge. Single copies, 25 cents, � .� postpam. 01' they can be obtained from any · newsstand. . !l' MUNN & COMPANY, Publishers, SCIENTIFIC . AMIj:RJCAN OFFICE, 361 BROADWAY, NEW YOR.K �. . "I " !I" " �'!I" " !I���" " '����9�!I�'���!I'���'�!I���" '" ""I Scientific �A:NUARY 6, 1906. American

Mine skips, cages, lifts, and the like, safety device for, J. Wilshir ...... , ...... 808,328 Mold, E. F. Nevins ...... , ...... , ...... 808,167 Molding, A. M. Hewlet. t.. .,...... 808,368 Molding apparatus, A. M. & M. J. Hewlett 808, 367 Motor. See Commutator motor. nil . Clean Motor, D. Anderson , ..., ...... , ...... 808,269 �ouse wnn Hydro%one Motor governing device, Koerner ...... 808,549 C. . Multirate meter, W. C, Fish . . . , ...... ,.,. 808,279 Over 55 Companies Musical instrument, E." G. James ...... 808,374 Cures Must distributing apparatus, E. T, Meakin . 808,397 operating Non-freezing tank, O. J. Fabian ...... 808,441 Oil cake cooling and drying apparatus, A. Thurman Patents W. French ...... , ...... , ....,.,. 808,081 Ore concentrating appal'a tUB,X. St. Pierre . 808,584 in America, Ore grinding, crushing, washing, and separ- and as many more in roai ating apparatus, combined, R. Stanley . 808,488 Sore Th .. Harmless Antiseptic. Ores, roasting, H. Haas . " ...... 808,361 Canada, England, A Organic compounds by oxidation,. . manufac- ture of, W. Lang ...... ••...... 808,095 and Europe. Endorsed by the medical profession. Packing, metallic, E. J. Fuller ...... , .... 808,082 Send ten cents to pay postage on Packing, piston rod, C. L. Cook .,. . ... , .. 808,512 Paper machine press roll, E. Burke ...... 808,338 FREE CATAI.OGUE free trial bottle. Sold by Lead­ Paving compositions, apparatus for mixing,. ing Druggists. Not genuine unless G. W. Crichfield ...... " ...... 808,599 Pea hulling macbine. E. H. McMurry .. . ,. 808,568 Compressel! Air House Cleaning CO. bears my signature : . label Peanut picker, Ferguson & BenthaJl .. . . 808,442 .... . ST. LOUIS, U. S. A. Pen reservoir attachment, H. R. Chubb . .. 808,272 · Penholder, F. B. McDonald . . , ...... 808,469 Manufacturers of the Celebrated Thurman direct- Penholder, E. E. Blakeslee . &>8,504, 808,505, 808.597 connected Gasolene Driven Air ConI pressors Pencil tip, J. S. McConnell ...... " .,., .. 808,300 for Mines, Pneumatic Tools, Etc. in my coin Perforating machine, G. H. Davis . . . . , ..... 808,274 card, which Phonograph repeating mechanism, C. J. you will get, return sus­ Kurtz ...... , ...... , ...., .. ,.808, 387 or U,63 •• penders, I Dept. Prince St N. Y. Photographic ... shutters, apparatus to be used make t h i s in measuring the speed at, A. Kershaw 808 384 and offer so t t on Rational Treat· ' ha Write for free booklet Piano actions, pianissimo device for, C. G. ment of Disease. Bothner ...... 808.190 Save Time Money Yi� y��� d��::� ...... Piano pedal, D. C. Greene . . . ,.,•...... , .. 808,449 PrO/ilreseivebusiness men use th Piano players, key striking lever for, F. P, BATES TryID hIm f1r.t. Smith ...... , .... , . , ...., ...., , . , .. 808,484 p Pile driver, A. E. Williams ." .. ... ,.,... 808,132 Hand Numbering. Machine New Rochelle, Pillow, O. F, Reich ...... 808,217 . . . . . It print-Pliers, differential, J. L. Knight ...... 808.206 Booklet 48 now. to Plow, A. A. Frey . , ...... •, ... , ...... 80 8,359 Guaranteed. Attacbed any faucet. . BATES MFG. CO., 31 Union Sq., New York Plow, W. S. Graham . . . . " ...... 808,605 . For polishing, sharpening and grinding. CHICAGO-3M \V:1bash Avenue Potato digger, J. F. Shetl'eriy. ,.,... : ..... 808,615 Runs aU kinds of light machines like . . F!"lctory,Or�nge, N. J. washing aud sewing'machines. Largest Power transmitting mechanism, E. Thomson 808,263 and most powerful water motor. Outfit Power transmitting mechanism, W. R. May 808' 560 includes emery wheel. buffiug wheel. Printing press addressing attachment, J. P. wooden pulley, and polishing material...... Money refunded if not satisfactory­ Bryan ...... - 808,191 none C.O.D. Order now, or write imme· Printing press inking apparatus, C. P. Cott- f(}1' rell ...... , , ...... 808,344 dlately free booklet. Printing press,. .. traveling. cyJinder,. J. T. MORTON MFG. COMPANY, Dept. C, King ...... 808,455 are no veatep fntell('ctually 130 Fulton Street, New York. Printing surfaces, mechanism for preparing, tJIUli y ur JueJnory. My COllrse simpltl, B. A. Brooks, reissue·...... 12,426 Whitewash Your FactoryCost 'npxpellsive. Incr�ases' busiuess ��lpacity, sociill \ at Lowest r t Printing with indigo, M. von Gallols. , ..... 808, 443 standing, gives nn atert. ead.yo memory for names, beeM and busil1t:!sR With a r t\'!,o 8��d�rl��;:'��n�:�;!! Propelling mechanism, boat, P. E. Crowe . . 808,346 Pr gress Univer­ details. DeveloJ.ls will, conve sation, speaking, etc. My booklet, ow to Remember," sent free Pulley mechanism, reverSible, Ricks & SUrel 808,309 sal Spraying Machine. "H . One can apply white­ Chlcngo . . 808,6] 4 man o ])]CKSON SCHOOL OF ME:JIORY, 700 Kimball Uall, Pulp and paper machinery, H. Parker ... . wash, calcimine or cold RECIPROCATING AUTOMATIC DRILL Pump. self balancing centrIfugal, E. E . Kretzschmar . , .. , ...... , .... , ....,. 808,608 water paint to 1,000 square feet of factory wall in ten Punching bag, Finney & Lantz , . . . . , .... 808, 528 hours, and do better Punching machine, W. Sparks ...... 808,408 • 1 . . . . work than with a brush. Punching tool, T. McGrath ...... 808,470 . .. . . It is also adapted for BOOK FREE Drills Puzzle, J. S, NIcholson ...... 808,209 INVESTORS' . UsefulDrills for drilling holesII where Braces, Breast " . . . . spreading disinfectants, os h e Radiator, steam condenser, and the like, F. �,� or Hand are inconvenient. Maximized Power and insect pests � .'jJ:.�� A';. �� Fr i Cata.[ogue tells all-free. Lamplough . , .., ...... , .....,. 808,389 destroying 6absolutelyr Free.n Tbis��o��l' !'��n"e�a�Is 1<,.��1< Minimized ict on. and diseases on trees, volume rartistlcally ield, Rail fastening for plastic ties and making GOODELL-PRATT COMPANY, Greenf Mass. vegetables and other printed-beautifully illustrated. Contains no same, H. E. Percival . . . . . , ...... , .... 808,401 :::;;:-;;��i!!i!il'ifP . . .,' plants , extinguishing advertising. Tells how to invest with safety Rail joint, Barton & Lamoreaux . . . , ...... 808,503 fires ts only $16.50 and lasts andbank. pr Ofit. Write for it to-day-menLloning Rail joint, J. W. & E. J. Enrlght.. ., .. ,.,.. 808,524 , etc. This machine c s Let a lifetime. It pays for itself the first year. Write CLAP,K, Suite 11, Me Sell Rail jOint, C. J. Shea . . " ...... 808,580 BARNARD & . for detailed description. 21) Broad St .. New York City. YOUR PA TEN T Railway, G. Sell ...... 808, 116 o Railway, pleasure, C. B. Stahl ...... , .... 808.487 Dayton Supply Co., Dayton, Ohio. k i . f.k "i��lnlnffi P� Railway rail, S. R. Fry. , ...... , .... " .. 808,151 m�fe� if e i': Railway rail joint, H. C. Brewster et al . ., 808,509 Railway electric. B. A. Karr. , . . . 808,159 yea' B',experienceIf Patent Sales .Ignal. .. Patentexclusive ly. you have a Railway signallng, S. D. Strohm . ... . , .... 808,223 THE IDEAL A Quick Trial Balance for sale, call on or Railway switch, L. L, Lake " ...... 808,459 write Railway switch and Signal mechani.sm, C. M. WILLIAM E. HOYT Hurst ...... , ...... , .. , ..... 808,157 N MOWER GRINDER Pntent Sales SpeeiaUst . .. LAW Railway switch operating device, street, A. This machine will grind a lawn 290 (), Broadway, N. "l:�. City .1. Molina . . . .., ...... , .., ..... " .. 808,298 mower perfectly in 15 minutes. and Railway system, electriC, W. G. Keeler . . . . 808,545 is destined to revo­ NEW YORK 8VHOOL OF Railways, contact shoe for third rail elec- lutionize the whole ...... G AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERS tric, W. B. Potter ...... 808,213 bU�lness. r eatl y Ram, bydraullc. A. H. Francfort ...... 808, 604 iniproved over old Razor, safety, W. M. Kellum ...... , ...., . 808,287 models, and is now IncorporatedStreet, Ne w York City . 141 We�t 56th Reeling machine, Wyckotl' & Wilkes. , . . , .. 808,424 perfection. Ener­ Refrigerator, J. Dick ...... 808,349 ge'tic men and boys PROF. UnderCHAS. the personal direction of . milk" $10 E. LUCKE, ll. E., Ph.D. Registers, holder for hotel, J. G. . 808,181 per day Sebool of Engineers, Columbia University WIlliams. hi Riding frame for Implements, A, Q. Plum, Iiusing it 011 it. NotmAl'­ng .. . k"e the e s i U e O o mer ... , ..." ...... 808,574 keto Ps:�t1t� �� ��� �� ��c:�d e�eC:y e Ring. See Book. ring. a � d t O ar�:l �f ��7Ci; If 0 r prices, etc., So writes also laboratories compJetely and special y equipped to Road making, C. Butterfield. . ,., ...... 808,339 an omp n J. address the manu­ one of the teach c o ent parts of automobiles. Roasting furnace, F. Marcy ...... 808,293 E. . . . facturers. biggest Rock drill of the percussion type, J obnson 8PECLPlY NERS. ROOT BROS. CO.. Plymonth, Obio Wagon & Pearson ...... ,., ...... 808,377 THE �8tl;;i;:nJn'fi.Bits , Make .. Rope socket, ratchet swivel, E. Double ... ,. 808, 199 Rotary motor, high speed, P. Phlllppon .... 808,255 in the Sad Iron, A. T. Beach .,..... " ...... , ..... 808,428 world. Saddle, harness, W. L. Kellerman ...... 808,160 MOTOR CYCLES Sanding machine, E. Tyden .,..... ". , ..., 808, 180 For HOlDe, Store and Street Sash opener and fastener, H. B. Synar . .. . 808,586 We also manufacture Table Lamps, Saw, C. King . . , ...... , ...... , ..... 808,547 From $40 up Wall Lamps, Chandeliers, Street Scale, computing.A. M.. A. Dees .... 808,516 to 808,518 Lamps, Etc. Candle Power 100 Scale, weighing, H. Greenberg ...... 808,448 seven hours ONE CEl'oiT. No Send for List �o. Scale, weighing, P. Lewltz . . ,.,.,...... ,.,.. . 808,609 Wicks. No :5moke. No Odor. 102 Containing t safe. THEY SELL Screw press, continnous, J. F. Bussells . . . . 808, 193 Absolu ely AT SIGH'r. 70 Machines -' Exclusive territory to good agents. tirWrite for Seal or closure, bottle, C. E. McManus . . .. 808,567 ca.talogue and prices. Sealing apparatus, bottle, G. H. Gillette . . 808,536 Chisago S la Light C!l.DepiG, Chicago Seed measuring and packaging machine, J. HARRY R. (jEER. 1015 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. .. CO" E. W, Tracy . . . , ...... , .. 808,588 00 o r Sewing looped fabriCS, machine for, O. $185 Lange ...... ,.,.. , ...... ,. 808,390 Sewing machine. bobbin. ... ejector, P. Anschutz 808,502 HAr m 'hI" ;" '� Sewing machine shuttle, K. Mischke ...... 808,164 = � " o r:: Shade fastening, F, Wellert. ,." .., ...... 808,414 Balance can be made easy -there's Shade guide, window, E. C. Jordan ...... 808,242 no need of its dragging along for a means . I Automobile Knowledge Sharpener, lawn mower, J. Chesbro . . , .. 808,434 I Sharpening . . I week, delaying business, wasting machine knife, J. A, Stansbury 808,260 I , T . 808,612 r Shears, tension device for, E. J. Newton .. WALl f Your SUBAre SIIJUnSdescribed from thefOR technical time. Ninety'nine times out o 100 the cause t Sheet perforating machine, H. Ie Sandell . . 808,311 Money in Pocke . is some little mistake in addition which the Shelf rOd, adjustable, M. F. Miller . . , ... 808,611 standpoint in the foUowing Scientific .. . . I We are the only school that. provides complete, Sblngllng apparatus, house, G. Sampson . , 808,171 practical, money-earn'ing and money-sav'ing tralning Sboe filling apparatus, W. B. Arnold . . , .., 808,227 American Supplements. by nlail in operating. repairing, constructing and de­ Sboes, filling, A. Thoma, . . . , ...... 808,224 signing every of motor vehicle and motor boat. Sbow window, G. T, Hadley ...... , ..... 808,201 kind courses for owners, shop and fa.'c., Shredding machine, M. F. Williams ...... • 808,133 We have special Each SUfJ,lementnamed costs 10 ceats STAddingA NDARD Machine tory employees, chauffe urs, motor-boat and motor-cycle Sbutfer bar, J. W. Tripp...... , ...... 808,410 users , and others. Shuttle, F. Ott ...... ,.,...... , ...... ,. 808,474 by mail : would have prevented, because it is always There are only two ways of learning al1ything. Sign for wire fences, G. L. Goetz . . , .... , .. 808,447 Signaling apparatus circuit, accurate the first time. One is slowly and tediously to gain the experience electriC, F. B. COMMERCIAL lIJSES OF PEAT. Herzog et a!. .., ...... , .. , .•.. 808,087 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 132 yourself; the other (and better) way is to take ad­ 4. The Standard has less than half the parts Signaling device, F. F, Coggin , .. " .... ,.,. 808,435 vantage of the experience of others. The article enumerates the principal peat -is less than half the weigl,t-Iess than one· Signaling system, M. W. Hamblin ...... , 808,451 Though we offer you the long, hard-learned, . . bogs and states their financial possibilities. Signallng system, electric, Otwell & Melvin 808,571 quarter the keys, and sells I>t $185.00, less thorough experience of experts who have done Silk filaments, apparatus for lusterlng and GERMAN BRIQ,UET'I'ING 1UA CHIN­ SCIENTIFIC than half the price formerly asked Adding prominent work in the development of the new finishing, E. Pobl ...... , 808,402 EKY IN AMERICA, for vehicle, we offer this experience in such form that ...... AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1411. A valu­ Machines that print their work. Skirt supporter, J. M. Roberts ...... , .... 808 576' to teach it to you will take only a few minntes and Sled, traction, J. McGillis ...... 808,565 able economic report. Our Simple Keyboard explains it all­ cost only a few cents each.day-thefew minutes and hreech loading, P. T. Godsal. . . 808,282 A N W ELECTRICAL "ROCESS SnapSmall hook, arm, Lapsley Sallee ...... ,. 808,391 E only 19 keys-just ten figure keys- 12-3-4· the few cents that you ordinarily waste. & . . FOR THE MANUFAC'I'URE OF Spade or shovel, J. Reed ...... , 808,168 Our instruction has . been prepared and is con­ W. . PEAT FUEL. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 5-6-7-8,g,O-as compared with a confusing, f Spark arrester, F. H, Trevlthick...,.,.... , .. 808,179 ducted by well-known men, o long experience and SUPPLEMENT 1 4 92. The paper fully des­ mistake·breeding bank of keys on the oldkind s. Spark arrester; S. Amick . .. " ...... , 808,591 proved ability both in automobile engtneering and ... CrIbes the Bessey process, correspondence instruction.. It is strongly endorsed Spinning ring support, M, H. Maloney ...•. 808 396 · Spittoon, J. Boisvert ...... , .... 808 42 9 The Standard Must Sell Itself by prominent manufa cturers, club and association L. : LIGNITE, PEAT, AND COAL DUSoT Splice bar and guard rail, combined, W. T. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ offi cials, racing men, trade-paper ed'itors, and others FUEL. Now iu.t try the machine-that', all we a.k, young ...... ,.,." ... , ...... , .. 808,425 M·ENT ·1426. whose stauding iu the aUIOmobile field lends au­ A careful consideration of and there , not the slightest obligation to buy. Sprayer, double acting, F. S. Carothers . . . 808,194 German methods. If the machine will pay for itself and earn sleady thority to what they say. ., 808,113 Spring stretching device, R. P. Raschick .. profits for you afterward. you'll take it, won't In the automobile industry, the demand for com­ Stacker, hay, E, Will ...... , ...... ,. 808,266 MOOR CULTIVATIO N AND PEAT J. you� Well, just put the machine in operation peb:>nt men is so great that ability, no matter how Stage and scatl'old attachment, adjustable INDUS'I'RY IN GERJUANY. SCIEN­ acquired, is cOM�idered above " pull " and length of safety swinging, F. Lehmann .. , .... ,.,.80 8,161 TIFIC AMERiCAN SUPPLEMENT 1481. An in your own office and figure it out on its per .. service. This makes it easy for an ambitious man Stamping or tablet making machine, G. excellent.critical review. formanee. Then say '1"11 buy" or 'Don't ISchwarzbeck .. . , ...... , ..... , .... 808,406 want it" - whichever economy dictateJ. to qualify quickly for good wages and prompt ad­ COK E AND BRI­ Steam engine and air. ..compressor, combined, DOM ES·T ic This coupon for your convenience. vancement. Q,TE'I" I'ES FROM RETORT For further information, send us your name on C. Fero. S,\ .., ...... , .... 808,526 COKE 0 V ENS. By R. M. Atwater, Steam generator, W. L. Jones . . . . , ...... 808,286 The Standard Adding Machine Co. the accompanying coupon. This wilfcost you only SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1211. Steam generator disincrnstant, A. . .Jacob. . 808,240 a motnent of time and a postage stamp. which will 406 Spring Ave., St. Loui., Mo. Steam purifier, . .. . A valuable monograph by an expert. he well spent for interestIng and convincing litera­ D. L, McCorklndale . . ,. 808,564 Steam shovel, O. Hetlesaeter .. , ...... 808,452 Thiscou ture. ·THE WHI'I'E MINERAL PRI<: SS pon for the signatu Steam trap, Bletso ., ..,." ...,...... ".80 8,506 SCIENTIFIC re of e ployers W. FOR BRIQ,UE'I'TING. O-With � or employees . the distin ·FILL OUT TEAII. QPP MAIL TO.DAY ' Stencil cutting machine, T, W, Remmers .. 808,308 AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1224. An article ct uncle n n : ••••• ••••••� no o�ligat g' at am creat , Stereotype plate casting apparatus, Caps & ion of any :� • i' f I in describing and illustrating an American I WI l test Vining ...... 808,070 Adding Machin a Standard : THE CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL (,f AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING : briquetting machine, e In' actual oper ...... 808,333 0- to this ation as a Suite 1868 Flatiron Bulldlng, New York City Stirrup, F. H. Audley ...... business. JlPlied : : Stock, drinking font Ilve, Lewis & PI""",len d me Please sANY Street a d ...... Stove, F. Hammond ... , ...... , ...., 808,607 Address • • . . . W. · City ...... state...... • Strainer and cut-orr,: drain · pipe, E. 361 Bro dw y NEW YOR.K = State : Piper . , ...... , .., ...... 808,477 ...... • Or write for u ar without send ng·c up n. . . . . ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••circ l i o o Street cleaner, H. Duke ...... " .... 808,352 18 Scientific ADlerlcan JANUARY 6, 1906.

Stump puller, J. J. Milne .•...... •...••... 808,247 THE POSTAL TYPEWRITER co.'s Superheater, independently fire<1, J. E. Bell. 808,228 ReliE;i:hle Motors Swinging gate, T. B. Walston ..••.•.....•• 808,324 ! Marine FACTORY AT NORWALK. CONN. Swltcb Clips, making, W. J. Rickey •..•..• 808,258 Tacbometer, D. Haskins ...•.....•.....•. 808,237 IS Euulpped to. do Experimental Work. C. Tank heater and feed cooker, W. S. GrlfI!ths 808,360 Tool Making and Manufacturing. In­ Tap, beer, M. J. Cbaplln...... 808,341 ....entlons Developeej. Very t Work Bes Tap for beer barrels, M. J. Chaplin .•...... 808,195 GU3ranteecj Corresponeien(e Sollclteej Telegraph transmitter, & ...•.•. 808,366 @r� on.ieo 'f Hayes Gill � Telepbone attachment, P. Kammerer ..••.•. 808,454 Buckboard Telephone service, recording apparatus for ;:I measured, J. A. Kenny ••.....•..•••••• 808,383 Telephony, 1. Kltsee .....••..••...•...•..•; 808,386 Telepbony, A. G. Davis .•..•.....•.808,438, 808,600 ' e u t Textile machinery, faller for stop motion t� t �r:: h� a� �o�; q ! �faft! mechanisms for, J. B. Whitney, Turnkind� ! in the :world.It��� Upsi ImpossibiiitynJde �Down lor! �plates to t i a 808,419, 808,420, 808,617 �� s��: ;� - e : Tbermo electric battery, A. Heil. •...... •.. 808,086 �fe�i Thread holding device, Rowley Rubira .• 808,114 �storage� battery� �= as often� ��h:�!rl�� 88 desired. Suitable & for every gas and gasoline ignition. Shipped Threshing machine. Whiting & Johnson ..... 808;497 fully charged to any part of the world. Write Threshing machine feeder, C. S. Sherwood .• 808,173 for descriptive pamphlet and trade prices. Tire cover, J. C. Dufour ...... •.....•.• 808,074 THE RO YAl, BATTERY VO. Tire, cushioned, C. W. Adsit .•....•...... • 808,426 148 Chambers St., New York City Tires, clamping device for pneumatic, H. Reliability is absolutely the first consideration K. Raymond et al...... 808,307 Toilet and manicure case, J. J. M. Dawson. 808, 143 in a Marine Motor. Tongue support, J. Cell ...... PO�TABLB CONC�BTB F. 808,071 Fay & Bowen Motors have an unequaled re­ Tool bandle, G. E·. Wood ...... 808,330 Tool rack, J. W. Danhour ...•...•...... cord for reliability in numberless endurance 808, 142 R.emarkable Little for $400 Toothpicks and similar articles, holder for, A Car and heavy weather tests. Block Machine C. F. Hamel ...... 808,606 Maximum power ratio 40 to 1. Simplicity, durability, power and flexibility Toy, J. C. Krejcl. •...... Ambitious young men can start 808,458 More than twice that of any automobile. fine business, immediately profit&.- Trace carrier, J. B. Miller ...... 808,297 Has no equal for hill climbing or through sand and mud. No crank required for starting. Traction engine, N. Briney .•...... 808,230 l F. Numerous speeds forward and reverse. Send fo r free catalogue of Reliable Motors and per b l'iI����Yc�:r'f'g::is to make, sell Transom lifter, R. King ...... 808,456 for 18 cents. One man can make Trap. See Insect trap.W. Engine mounted on frame above elliptic springs. fe ctly built boats. No more noise or vibration than a Touring Car. l r day. Whole ontflt Traveling case and sales table, combination, " �st� ¥���of.e Ten·inch clearance from ground. Pay & Bowen Engine Company N. M. Barr ...... • 808,427 o Sand, water and Portland cement n Ck Fan mounted. in fropt of e ne. 80 Lake Street Geneva, N. Y., U. S. A. �ln'l'�elit1r.required. ���;;�� �n��� � w�he� . Oiling done from seat by handnl!i pump, Trolley barp for electric railways,�.o.�s.��: : J.: : : M: : il-:: �g�:��� Conventional shape of hood and back. THE PETTYJOHN CO. ·ler, Jr. . .•...•...•...... _ .... 808,163 Rear construction except motor enclosed and dustproof. T 615 N. 6th St., erre Haute, Ind. Trol!ey head, electriC, Cherry & Clive ...•.. 808, 139 Unequaled economy - 35 miles to one gallon of gasolene Trolley pole, Osburn & Coad ...... 808, 109 an d one·third pint of oil. Let UsSendYou One Trolley pole controllers, valve governor" for, Active agents desired. for unassigned territory. M. O. Dolson ...... • 808, 198 Dean Boiler Our COMBINATION BLUE PRINT Write for Catalog and Proposition. TnbeW want Cleaner you to test the merits· of the Trolley wbeel, electriC, J. Miller, Jr •..•... 808,162 in your boilers. under your personal AND DRAUGHTING TABLE Truck, elevating, T. Podmore ...... •..... 808,212 'XALTHArt COMPANY FILE Truck for motor propulsion and the like, car, rtPO. r h o The top can be adjusted to various General Offices and Factory Wa tham, Mass., U.S.A, �� ft::��li'rhe!�: �e�7!l��"fJa� N;el�tb�� �&l ule�� W. S. Adams .•...... 808,062 . heights and tilted to any angle. We Members A. L.l A. M. Truck, tender, H. E. Drew ...... • ..... 808,440 carry a full line of all styles of .; Trunk, I. MendeL ...... •...... 808,295 Draughting Tables. Blue Print Tubing making apparatus, N. Foster .•..... 808,356 Frames. Electrotype Cabinets. etc. Turbine, elastic fiuid, O. Kolb ...... 808,094 Send for Catalo£Ue Turbine, elastic fluid, Wood & Bnrlingbam .. 808,134 Turbine, -elastic fluid, M. A. Green ...... 808, 152 WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.-ITS PRO- it 1l0ELDEL CO. of the Dean Cleaner have reached : tbat Is positively FRITZ .t lIIF1l, Turbine, elastic fiuid, J. W. Cloud ...... 808,343 gress and Present Condl tlon are well discussed In ScrEN- the best device In market for the removal of 97 Alabama St., IlrandJtaplds, 1llleh. Twisting and winding mecbanism, C. H. i������W��U��Ll:��;S1\1;�� ·I:t�/: U��· frolDb oiler tubes. thWritee ns about It .. scale McCall •...... •.... 808,106 ri 10 by mall. THE WM. PIERCE CO. Twisting macbine, P. Hardman ...... 808,084 1329 1431. P ce cents each, Munn &, WashinlttonB. Street. Huflido. THE STERLING AIR HEATING Typewriter ribbons, shifting mechanism for, Co., ooi Broadway, New York City. and all newsdealers. 319 N. Y. Jones & Taylor ...... 808,158 Typewriting macblne, A. T. Brown ...... •.. 80 8,598 Umbrella rib, M. G. McGuire ...... 808,249 Valve, automatic free discharge, A. Lee .... 808,461 YOUR CHO/CE- Stove. Range or TA KE RADAttached to anyIATO e R Valve, controlling, Voorbees & Trab ...... 808,494 But the easy way to clean your auto. carriage, wagon or sleigh is with the ::.m;c:r !il1,! �::I'irafJ ,t,!:f Valve, emergency brake, G. H. Hill ...... 808.238 , pense. Ins e � Valve for gas engines, rotary, F. M. Seeley. 808,579 ur s continuous circulation, Valve, gate, H. Millbolland ...... 808,561 ARDREY VEHICLE WASHER warm floors, comfort and health. Write Patented August and ...• 15, 1905 for description terms. Agents Valve gear, steam engine, E. Bauthiere 808,334 ful Vapor burner, H. F. Smitb ...... 808,581 wanted.l Sells easily, always satisfies. . No cold hands. No soiled clothing. Cleans in half the time. Saves three-quarters 5TE�LlNO AI� �ADlATO� Vehicle brake, D. Grubb ...... •. 808,450 CO. the work. Made of solid brass. Fits any ordinary hose. Sponge always clean. 1m· ' Ave" Vebiclc running gear, S. N. Burdsall .•..... 808,068 No. 58 Wabash Chicago possible to scratch or injure finest finish. Prepaid $ 3. Send to-day. Booklet FREE. Vebicle, wbeeled, A. Stechbarth ...... ••.• 808,409 Velocipede, F. M. Thompson .....•...... 808,616 ARDREY VE.HICLE. WA S HER COMPANY Vessels, constructing, E. Molloy ...... •.. 808,467 . Wagon, lumber, D. W. Strickland ...... •.. 808,261 131 C Main Street, Rochester, N. Y. PRESS YOUR TROUSERS WHILE YOU SLEEP Wagon rack, hay, J. VogeL ...... 808,265 Wall finisblng process, H. H. Hahn...... 808,236 by UllDc Ihe Waablng macbine, D. Stuck ...•..•...••.. 808,175 Wasbing machine, T. E. Jones .•...... 808,380 Washing macblne, Dyke Alderman ..•..• 808,521 Perfect n c n & Pants Presser ;�:�� fr�� l� 'k �e!to�������:: : Civil DRAfngiWINGne eINSTRUMENTS.ring and MATERIALSSurveyors' AND InSUPPLIESstrument s "Crease," taket out the Watcb barrel, J. Thalbofer .•...••.:::.••..••• :: ::: 808,��;gg�176 d Puts 111 the "Bag." b CWTH, DRAWING . Keeps trousera in perfect order by plaeing them in Water gate, L. P. PekruL •....•..••..••.. 808,254 We are the largest hou 'SWh vE1-YN':J' G reSi on retiring;by morning they wIll have that �Mi'S� o� t&f/it fti\ii(ilfs p Water beater, R. Beaumont .•....••..•..••• 808,335 �g-i�l��" :J:&� 'Well-pressed, fnsh appearance, with .. regular S. Olive Street. St. Louis. Mo. Water beater, electriC, J. Erie . • .•...... 808,525 A. ALOE CO.. 515 utanot'S" mease, no matter how wet, baggy or out of shape. P...... Write for Catalog. "Sent Free." CorrespondellCeSolicited. The COlt Is .ved many thneI..year, and &mvldes a Water meter, electriC, R. H. Milton . 808,562 continuouilly neat appearance. Thls Is the day of the Water purifying and filtering apparatus, L. good dre8Ser. Send • Perfect Panta PreSBel', for Dion ...... •...... , 808,350 use It 60 days, money returned if unsatisfactory. Water supply for urban .and· otber buildings, Circular and information on 1'equest. full system of, W. P. Groom ...... 808,083 PlaIn Wood, Mahogany Stain. Japanned Trim ••• $3.50 Water tube boiler, J. P. Davies ...... •.... 808,437 Hard Wood Veneered Boards, Natural Finish Weatber strip, W. H. Taylor •...... 808,316, (Oxidized Copper Trim) . . .. ••. . .. . •• . • • • •• ••$5.00 Weigbt registering mechanism, W. A. Ken- . . . nedy ...... • . . . • .. 808,091: PfllftCTPANTS PRfSSfR(0., 697 A Rookerv, Chicago,llJ.. Wheel. See Cable traction wbeel. . . For sale by : New York, Lewis &: Conger; Ban. Franclsco, .Palace Hardware 00. Boston, Wm. H. RlobardSOtl& Co. ; Pittsburg, J. B. Xael'Cber ; Josepb Home & Co. ; Wbeel rim, E. Scbmltz...... 808,405 ,ManhaUFle1d&Co. ;DenTfll',Gana Clothing Co. ;B1rm1ngham,J. Blach&Son s. Wblst apparatus, duplicate, C. E. Buzby ... 808,432 � Winding macblne, C. Moriggl...... 808,468 Winding macbine stop motion, F. W. Sum- ner ...... •...... •. 808,585 Winding mecbanlsm tension device, J. B. . Whitney ...... •...... • ..... 808,415 Window glass fastener, J. H. Iblson .•..... 808,544 Window screen, Irwin & Dulry.....•...... 808,090 Window screen, R. Parsons ...... •...... 808,400 Window screen, adjustable, .B. C. Rockwell. 808,577 �������. Window ventilator, J. Meeks ...... 808,466 Windows. shutters. and L.tbe like, mechanism for operating · casement, R. C. ·Spen- t7O§ V �p cer, Jr. .•....•..••...... •.... 808,486 b.o� Principles o� �p Wire loom shuttle, H. A. Bond...... 808,480 Wood boring implement, J. Lund ...... • 808,245 BY SUBSCRIBING Wrench, B. F. Nedrow ...... •..•...••....• 808,250 Wrencb, J. J. Fetzer...... •..••..••...•..• 808,603 �O� Home DecoratIonBY Yoke neck, F. J. Drum •••••...... •• 808,2 6 FOR THE �AOP center, 7 'fI� JOY WHEELER DOW t\ i1 t(AU�. �Vf/ DESIGNS. A Series of Monthly Papers in . Automobile tonneau, R. A. LesUe •.....••..• 37,763 Badge, O. A. Quayle •...... •..•...... 87,757 American Homes Electric ligbt shade, M. E. Bates ••...... 37,762 �� t\Ai1�OP Game apparatus dial, J. Forsbeim ...... 37,761 t(� a.nd Gardens Hammock valance, I. E. Palmer ...... 37,765 AV�. �Vfl Ice cream cornucopia, K. Yakusbyi ...... 37,759 . Medicinal tablet and pelloid box, F. H. Put- nam •...... ••...... •.... 87,760 Mirrots, brushes, and similar articles, back for, G. H. Berry .•....•.•.•..••...... 37,758 R. DOW is contributing AMERI- .�� to �OP Ring, O. A. Quayle ...... •. . • . 37,755, 37,756 t(1A� M CAN HOMES AND GARDENS a .�.Q�. Type plate, printing, J. • • .•• . . ••. 37,764 series of monthly papers on in· or Morley l(. teriar household decoration. under the A. �1 comprehensive title of .. Principles of �·Q· TRADE MARKS. Home Decoration. ' Absinthe, Charles Jacquin et Cle ••.••..••..•• The papers are richly illustrated and W 48,322 Accordions, Lyon & Healy ...... •....•48 ,419, 48,420 are written in the keenly critical spirit for · · . ..••...... �1A 1\l Alcohol, C. H. Graves & Sons 48,327 which Mr. Dow is weli known. They Ol\ �QW Baking powder, Consumers Supply Co ...•... 48,341· tZl. l�. 'admirably summarize the whole subject Beverage, non·alcohol1c tonic, Wiseola Co. ... 48,358 of household decoration. and abound Q ...... • . . 48,313 � � Bitters, Lange, Schenck & Co O with admirable hints and suggestions. Bitters, Theobald & Son Co ...... 48,3 18, 48,320 A. l\. The photographs published with the arti- Bitters, i1�rve, Aschenbach & Miller ....� ..•. 48,411 t(A11� cles are supposed to emphasize some �.Q�. Bluing, A. Pfromm ...... 48,422 l\ principle of decoration. showing what is ;Boiler compounds, Arrow Boiler Compound .O. admimble and what is to be carefully . Co...... 48,410 Boots and aboes, leatber, Regal Shoe Co . .... 48,351 t((A ,� avoided. �.Q�. The July issue was a general introduc· Boots and shoes, leatber, Walker & Wbltman 48,361 Boots and sboes, leatber, Vtz Dunn ...... 48,434 .Ol\. tion of the subject. together with exam· & Brandy, C. H. Graves Sons ...... •...... 48,328 pIes of one or two typical English living �.Q�. & £(A1 I� Candy, Reymer Brotbers...... 48,352 rooms. The August issue treats of the & Candy, American Confectionery Go . . ... ". .... 48,364 VI.O l\. subject of Halls. Subjects to follow will Cards, pl!lying, United States . Playing Card relate to the Dining Room. the Drawing .Q...... I� � � Co...... _ . . .48,357, 48,386 Room, etc. Cartons, Hinde & Dauch: Paper Co ...... 48,402 AA. Ol\. Every one who is interested in home � Cartridges, Selby Smelting and · Lead Co ....• 48,379 l t(1 \l. decoration will be interested. in and re· �. �. Chemical preparations, certain named, Pre· ceive "valuable sugzestions from this series servallne Mfg. Co. . •..•.•••...... • 48,480 Cigarettes, P. Strause...... 48,383 A.Ol\'fI� by Mr. Dow. � n H. AN t( �I IIf! Cigars, Febsenfeld Cigar Co ... _ ...... 48,427 D .U�. Cigars, Juan F. Portuondo Cigar Mfg. Co . .. 48,428 Cocktails, P. J. Boulln Liquor Co •...•...... 48,332 Cordial, Kamp Distilling Co...... 48,375 cientific American Cordials, S. Hocbstadter ...... •..•...4 8,309, 48,345 �O� American Homes �t\Ai1OP Creme de menthe, Cbarles Jacquin et Cie .... 48,321 V Disinfectants and antiseptics, Bellevue Chem- upplement ���. and Gardens �VfI ical Co...... ••..••..••... 48,486 A.'fI� A Dyestulr, Cassella Color Co...... 48,412 PUBLISHED BY Electric batteries, Leclanche Battery Co ..... 48,384 \l t\ i1 Evaporating and distilling apparatus, Wbeel- . £(.U. MUNN & COMPANY �V/l er Condenser Engin""rlng Co...... 48,409 Combined Rates $7.00 a Year Ai1 & 361 Broadway, New York t\ Firearms, Webley & Scott Revolver & Arms A'fI��...... •..•...... •. .48,404, 48,405 t( • U �VfI• FilesCo. aud rasps, G. H ..Ba>nett Co...... 48,371 25 cents per Copy, $3 per Year & 361 Fuses, electric safety, D. Fuse .... 48,439 Broadway , New York 1/. � & W. Co nUNN & CO., V. � • Fuses, inclosed electriC, Johns-P"att Co ..... 48,403 Gin, Henry Kroger & Co ••..•...•...... 48,308 ".C::>."t2."t2."t2. "t2."t2• .a. Gin, H. Kahn ...... 48,330 � Glass, cut and engraved, G. Hawkes Co. 48,400 T. . & Gloves, J. Adler Co .•• ••._ • •.••••••..••.• G ..������ . & " 48,389 JANUARY 6, I906. Scientific Alllerican

: . . ;85 i �------I Grea.se cups, Lunkcnheimel' Co. .., ', ...... 48, ...;..---,....------, l u l . . .. 48.421 t}�j�Ifr,:�Od�s�r��f��s���e1·�1�;J:!��:l����;e,p���iO��erg��u��h:��,Jin���l(��11;;PJ�I���,�.1Z���: l i\:�\��l ��;Ili��T f� 1l(l'\ !{ �: a(i�<,�' i,'� (i,' �l� �if��". ', ', 4H,:!5G TELEPHON E "' Hats and C<'J.}J8, .T. 8allllil'ls' & Bro ...... , .. .. -:lH,:n7 �"lechulli(�al, Steam and Chil Engineering. ·· Architecture, .ll ccbul'imH u t Heat storing deviees, Thf'l'mulite Co ...... Drawing, Stru(·tural r t' ing, 'l 'extil�s, etc. "A Kalamazoo Knives, poeket and ven, B. 'Veek...... I NEE R S Direct ta f ou" Laces, shoe, IT. L. H111('1' ...... 48,��:!344g� ENG American SchoolU of Correspondence, Chicago, Ill. You save from 20% Lamp glasses and globes, l\facbeth-b'vans S ' ' ',', ', ,', . 48,392 to 40 % by buying a Lilli���!It� l�): St�·l;l�;'·.',', ,',',',', ',', ' ', .��,:�� i:: 48,420 A e n 6 a Kalamazoo Stove or Lubrieullts, antiseptic" Russell & Lawrie ... 48,443 BE FACTORY vV �:;ti��-:-���; 6r����� �!: $ i�OciO% g� ri�i,,� :�� & 48,442 amlnation will oe held the a.boveposition at the l\fachillc hlades 01' knivi.:' s, Loriug Coes Co. LET US ESTI MATEYOU ONIt N for direct from the Mal:u;;chino, Charh;s .Jacquin ('t Cie ...... 48,340 WRITE FOR A Y ARTICLE Navy Yard, BrooklYlJ, N. Y . . Januarv 10, 19G6. j1"or fur ' YOU WANT ther information apply Commandant. Navy YardJ at lowest Meat extracts, Valentine's 11(':1t .Juice Co ... 48,360 MANUFACTURED to Meat juice, preparations of, ' Valelltine's Meat STAMPINGS. _ MODELS. EXPER. WORK Brooklyn, N. Y. - prices. Juice Co...... 48,35IJ WR�TE FOR FREE BOOKLET 1\ioreover, you �ledical eOIDVOllll(l, S. H. I'J. TIa vden ...... 48,441 THE CLOBE MACHINE &. STAMPINC CO. y e get a stove 4R,42IJ PA ���ti�� ��i�3I��b�t �h���� or Jl edicinal prf�paratiollS, L-eslie E.� Keeley C� : 970 H�mllton St., Cleveland, O. W.H Y Y P t�i�n� ran)2;e not excel­ Medicines, proprietary, L. M. Kuzunas ...... 4�,41� er Just five. mlr: utes from N. Y. ? Successful experimen� led by any in the 1Iedicinps, . tonic, S. B. Hartman ...... 48.440 _____ tal work ; specm] machinery designed and built 011 con- . tract. Get our estimate. J. R. ENGELMAN world. We guar­ Metals, alltifl'iction, E. S. Shimer ...... 48,380 I Men and bOY1'l wanted learn PLUl\:IBING TRADE� :MFG. CO., 74. Hudson Street, Jersey City, N. J., near Penn­ antee quality under a Milk SE'pal'ato!', Aktiebolaget Salt�nius 'Verk- pays $5 a day after completo ting course vf practical in- sylvanIa Depot. $20,000 bank bond. st 48,3:38 struction at borneor in our schools. Graduates ad- �ail ��rtShil�g ' '�(;Irip'o'siti'o'l;: ' DJ:. · ·.T,' · 'i)��'l���' mitted Union and Master Plumbers' AEisociation. �:::;,...;;;:..-=,::::;;�;::�::;:��=::;;:.:;:�:;;;;:::::==;�;:;;: We Ship On PI'flY Co...... 48.:;43 Positionsto secured. CO Y NE BROS. CO. PI, UMBING ; Needles, sewing, C. Ii' . Boker ...... 48,365 SCHOOLS, 2R9 'l'enth Avenue. New York. Chicago, Ills., ..... Cincmnati. O. fj�reecatalog. 360 i NewspapeJ', trade, Dayid \Villiums Co .. . 48,860 DAYS APPROVAL I New-spape!', ,Y eekly, \Y. C. & F. P. Churcb . . 48,407 and We Pay the Freight. Oil, olive. I.' . H. Sari ...... 48,378 Oils Corliss Engine., Brewers' the Kalamazoo for internal and exterllal U8P, KiCkapoo and_ Ho�tJers Machinery. Vnn'ER If you do not find exact­ ...... 48,445 • THE Indian MrfiicillP Co. . .L� � MFG .. O. 89!J Clinton St ., Milwaukee, Wis. . . [."J�l.1OJ.:.1Lm ly as represented, the trial does not Oiled clothing, A . .T. 'rower Co .. . . .4S,BU6.. 48. 337 . cost you a cent. It will pay YOll to in· I Orange curac�(}. Charles Jacquin (>t Cie ...... 4R,339 ...... & EXPERIMENTAL WORK. I Organs, IIamllton Organ Co ...... 48,416 Inventions deveioped. Special .\Jachinery. vestigate. : Organs, cabinet, ,V. 'V . Kimhall Co ...... 48,-4:_m MODELS E. Frankfort Street. New York. Send Postal for Catalog No. I Packillg, Garlocl{ Paeking Co ...... -18,306 V_ BAILLARD. 24 Paint Bnd varnish r'_'movers, Gould & Cutler PAG Kala mazoos aY& shipp ed prompt­ ...... 48,4H5 E ELE All Corporation ...... Expert Manufacturers Write for it.C TWeRI C will also ly , blacked. polished and 11 Paper and envelops, writing, G. B. Hurd & RUBBER Fine Jobbing Work __ _ seu?- you our special plan by readyfor use 1 . 48 39 . you can secureB any ---- wp-leh O . PARKER, STEARNS SUTTON. 228.229 O South St .. New York KF ' &. R Phot��'raPhi� ' �\;l;);IY: article in OUT big catalogue No. absolutelyE •• •• p�il;';: �Ii'd ·tii��: 'S��ie't� 26 FREE.E Kalamazoo Stove Co Mfrs O e Julins Andrae &; Son8 Co. , 104 W.Water St Milwaukee, Wis. Kalamazoo. Mich. PUlp� In'��t��:���,�:m�'I' P�il; '(�;)�'::::::::::::::: :�:i��� EX PERI1UKNTAL WORK Sci.:lntificallv ., �ll our cook�tOvc8 andrangt'llare fitted with 1 . .. . 4S;41a and accurately executed. Models and small machinery patent oven tlWr'mom!'terwhich 1naktl,,'l Pulp cana cli::�ans{,J'8, R. B. Donaldson .. . STF;NJH CKE VOLKM E R, . . . 48 366 perfected. & 61 Fulton Street. baking ea�y. Ra.2ol's, Challenge Cutlery Corp ...... ' Telephone 0055 John. ERIES Remedips for blood diReascs of the ruu('ous ------_.- 8ATT sl1l'faet"s, Hio Chemical Co...... 48 , 424 ReIDf'dy for eertn in named discases !1'inlav' MODEL WORKS ALLE KINDS . _ . . . . G . . : :: 48.414 A IJicks & Co ...... 17.9 E. MA DISON STCHICA GO IL L R WRITE FOR CATA LOGUE'OF MODEL SUPP'LI STO Remt'dy for diseases of the blood, A. n. TA BL ISHEQ /867 ES' TAUH E WillARDTO STORAGE. BAnE.�Y CO . qEVE.LAND 0 . J:CHICAGO Scutt ...... 4'8,399 -�----MODELS Remedy for diRf'3s('s of the blood and skin Mqdels & Exper. Work, i-;eurs, D�eR.''l'ools., Small Machy., Dr. Peter 11�ahl'lley & Sons Co ...... : 48.444 SCIent. Insts. M. P. Schel], 506::\11581OnSt ., San Ifranc'isco. S i t i Rock and rye. Charles .Taequin ('t eie ...... 48,323 Pl:i��f��;T ki �1 a  �rth� :l!�r. Saws, "R. C. Atkins & Co ...... 48,:]70 !ct Sewing mac-hines, Abraham & Strans ...... 48.363 Hatch chickens No experitmce necessary So simple H. child can use it. GLOBEOur INOUB large new IllustratedAT CatalogueOR ofS: In· Sewing llHlchines and attachments, Ahraham cubators and Brooders and Poultry Infor· Write for information. 48,062 mailed free. Write to-day. Address BADGER FIRE }:X TIl\"GUI8I1ER CO. Skil'*' �f.ra;\�Hl�I�;'·& 'B�'� :::::::::::::::::::: 48,:l72 Portland St., Boston, Maf!!s. Soda, washing, Aldell Speare's Sons Co ..... 48,426 MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK. C. C. SHOEMAKER SI) Steel, CrueihlC' Steel Compuny of America, mlectrical and Mechanical Instruments. Hmall :}-lach'y Box aGl Freeport, Ills. 48 :]04 t Steel, Singer, Nimick & Co ...... : . � EDWARD KLEINSCHMIDT. 82 W. Broadway, New York R,ADIUM .. AND THE RADIO-ACTIVE Steel. Park Steel Co...... 48,349. 48!�: ���350 . I .. 48; 368 Substance� . .80 better or clearer scientific account has �4tef']. Cl'ucih10 Sh'el Company of Amrrica . and been publIshed than that contained in HCIENTnnc Tamales, pnchiladas, frijoles, and chili eon -,-- FootSena jor ta7nguePower ana pri,ce,'!Lathes cubator AMERIC.AN SUPPLEMENT 14-29. The p:lper presents carne, Spanish-AnlPl"iean Food Co ...... 48 B82 C' Sta ndard CYPHERS In ____ _c_a _rrOIl.,�am;"S��I:H.h�ne Tool {� o., Rat:nia, Ohio '\. ..' guaranteedto ba.tch woreand hea.lthier chicks than any all that IS at present known about radium and the radio- T�pioea, pI'Ppared, "Thitman Groeery Co. ... . 48; 387 _H _ e e i e & . ___ h e Co., Tmtel's for mortal' or plastf."r compounds, i; ;:� :n���8 trCj�ur!':���1o;!� a��:e�:e� B�l:;� :gl �:o����;��:w �?t� ::I��' �?sd��fe�l�...... 48 4:33 e h en ...... ' � Write nearest ffiol.o ���C: �fi Toch Bl'oth0rR ...... ' PUMP neighbors interested in poultry. Tires, bandagps, t'PIHlil' sh('pts, lllasteI's. and. t,1�io�1th �� �lr� ;[,����� CYPHERS INCUBATOR CO., Buffalo,N. Y . WANTED. minute. at. 5 ft.. lift, _ patehps, Conti1lpnt31 C�aont('houe Co . .... 48,342 capable of handLing 12,(·00 gallons per Boaton, Chioago, Now York, K�as�ty��a. � FranOiSCo. CLEAN KITCHEN . . . for pumping' water from a lake an adjacent cranberry -���-8rO"i!��'�'U!.��!6-���Sin* TonieR, Rio Chemif'al Co ...... 48,423 bo�. Address, statin!1; price. tomake and condition of A UmbrellaR, • H. Rieh & Son...... 48,:m3 'and a great saving in wall paper Wr pump, W. I, . DAMON, e y U y Bryantville, llIass. ����� a�d ��:;CI�� �t� n: · .j;';lki;l�:::::::::::: :�:g?� Electrical Engineering thgCan �t��!�be easily attachedi�::� to �j�any �::�;��,Varnish Rtains. Glidden Val'msh Co ...... 48,401 and Experimental Work of Every Description raIwe in 20 minutes 'rakes the Veterinary remeuy, D. Binkley ...... 4S ,4i17 We have every facility for producing first-dass work . .. smoke, steam, g'rease, smell and "Tater and stain proofing- liqul'd, Tueh Bros 48,4:-�2 promptly. Our factory is equipped with modern ,ma� dampness from the kitchen up 1Vaters, aerated, A. C. Schuyler ...... 48,;]54 CATAl,.;NOGUEDFOR I chinery throughout...... E: the chimney. Made of polished 48,301 . OP W' hisky, A. BrpslalleI' Co ...... w.C & D. M 0 G £: Y. C. F. S !ilPLITDORF ...... E iron, nickel trim. Price, for 4 or 6 48,:Wa _ L "\VhiRk,v. Colhnl'n, Rirks & Co ...... -[ BAYO NNE: CITY. N.J. .• . Hood agents walltt.\d. T Dept. 17·27 Vandewater St N. Y. City lid range, $7.50. \VhiRky, .Jessp .:\loon' Hnnt Co ...... 48,alO ,� Engineering •. .• ...... •..•••. 48,311 I The PhoonixFu rnace Co 214 Wood St PIttsburg. Pa. "\Vhisky, Kirsch Bros. & C,o \VhiE;ky, Lanf!. Sellplwk & Co ...... 48, a12 'VhisliY, 'Villiam H. Le(l & Co ...... 4 8.:U4 48,H15 "\Yhisky, L. & A. lSeharff...... 48,316; 48,:.11 7 \Vhisky, B. !i'ischel' ...... 48,:�24 ""'hisky, ,T, & A. Freiherg...... •...... 48,H25 "Thisky, Goodman Bros...... 48. H2{1 . . iLlU����'n" B;'�)�: &; Cl;: : : : : : : : : : : :: !�: g�r THE ANNUAL AUTOMOBILE NUMBER "Thisky,�����:: Sbea-Bocquel'az Co ...... •..•...... 4R. 83B \Vhisky, Taylor & 'Villiams ...... 48,:1:35 "\Vhisky, National Distilling Co ...... 48, a48 OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be Whisky, Colburn Birks & Co ...... •..•... 48,:�67 ,,'rhisky, Kamp Distilling Co ...... •...... 48.H74 "\Vhisky, �fanard Distilling Co ...... •.... 48,:17(; published on January l3, 1906. It will contain 40 ����1!����n . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: !�;N�� "Thisky,:t��: MontanaAi: Liquor��: Co ...... •.... 48,a9a pages. It will have a colored cover. It will cost vYhisky, C. Mundy ...... 48,:394 "\YhisIQ', T. Pepper's SOIlS ...... • .... 48, a9G only Ten Cents, and will be found on every news stand. "''''hisky. J. S. Perrine & Son ...... •...... 4,s.:m7 "ThiRky, ;r. Rauber & Co • ••.••.•..•.•.••..• 48, :_WS "''''hisky. "T lll . H. HolmeR Co ...... 48. 406 1Vhish:y, JpssP -Moore Hunt Co ••.••..•....•.. 48.417 Whisky ••r. M. Davis ...... 48,4:18 ",Tire doth. nptting. and fencing, woven, Clinton Wire Cloth Co .....•...... 48,302

LABELS NO MORE IRONINO "Art," f'Jr cigars, J. }<�. vVilcux & Co ...... 12,572 "B. & O. Central, H for eigat's, J'. Markovitz. 12,570 TROUSERS "Ren'R Brillant Beer," for beer, �. Bpnjamin Son ...... 12,077 Newly patented Trouser Presl'ler.ap­ "Colombo Bitt(ll's," for medicillP, Dr. C. De plied when they are hung up, restores FeliCl� ...... 12,;')74 creases perfecrJy. 1'wo spring steel "Fernet Hh.·C':t," for bitters, Clla8. .Tacquin blades 26 in, long-,are curved to exert et Cie...... 12,575 a powerful clamping pressure. "Forjada," for. tea, C. F. Posbel'gh & Co .... 12,578 Price 35 ce�ts. postage prepaid to "Germ rnake," for pancake flour, Barrows ally addrel'-s. Milling Co...... 12,579 G. E. PROCTOR CO MPANY 'Hot Stuff," for a tonie and 1'f'lish, S. ""T. 140 Nassau New York Noggl(� 1Vholesnle & Mfg. Co ...... 12,[)76 St. "Hubtip." fnT' lacings for boots and .shoes, i E LEe T RIC A L MOTORS THEIR "Ma;�tt��> }�:� �� ���'.�: '�i};�i'd�o'l; Construction at Home. SCIENTIIHC AMER- ICAN S(TP- "Paris Antiseptic Dental Plaster,'B�" ';)�for: :::::: anti- j�:g¥3 . PI,B}IF:NTS '�)9, 74;J, 1'(;1, ti11. Price 10 cents spptie plastpr, 'V. Chn1'ch ...... 12,5Sa n any, 361 Broadway, New 'V. 12,586 ______t�� �7�� Polio," for furniture po1i8h, 'V. 'Yates _ Brt;�:d J{�e_-- e ------' � - _ I "POSnl'l' Bros. _Ex('ilaiter Dandruff Cure," for hail' tonic, Posncl' Brothers ...... 12,581 "R� 'Steinecke Co.," for cigars, R. Steinecke LE PAGE'S MUCILAGE Co. . , ...... T •••• 12,57] gumming to clog necJ;;: of Dottle -No "Select Pack California Moorpark Apricots," sedUllent-wlll not spOll nor discolor the fo)' dded fruit, Castle Bros ...... 12,580 finest papers. F'u1l 2 oz. bottle retiuis at "Snow-Ball li' l'f'ezel'," for iee cream fr'eezel's, 5c., or sent Py mail for IDe. ; also tlal1- Richmond C'edal' \,yorks...... 12,584 PlDtS, PUlts and quarts. "Swamp Chill and Fevpl' Cnl'e," for medieine, ISPage's Photo Paste, Morris Morton Drug Co ...... 12,582 2oz. size retails5c. ; by mail. IOc. "Tr'.le to Nature," for linoleum, P. O. Jud- son & Co...... 12,587 E oz.PA bottleGfS or tube,Gl 10c.UE; by"!��!: maU,12c. RUSSI4' CEMENT CO •• 189 Essex Ave., Gloucester, lIlass. PRINTS. "Bairam, ".for cigarettes, S. Aml1'gyros...... 1,ti2i"i "Jayne's Sanative Pills are the best at al1 times," for pills, Dr. D. ,l ayne & SOIl . .. 1,52] "Mecca," for cigarettes, So Anal'gyros ...... 1,52G "Murad,'- for eigal'ettef'. S. Anal'gyJ'os ...... 1,524 "StUI' Bathtub Enamd," for an enampI, Gers- tendorfpJ' Bros. . .. 1 ,528 "�rhp Edelweiss Girl," for beer, P. SelHWll- Among its many interesting and instructive articles will be of re C 1,52a "Th� ��� ;11�� F?�od" Show," for ' tl��l;': those on Runabouts, Air-cooled Cars, Light and Heavy Water­ 'Vashhnrll-CroRhy Co...... 1,fi22 "Turkish Trophif.�s," for eigal'pttes, S. AlHll'- cooled Cars, Automobile Novelt ies. Only new models and gyl'OS ...... 1,527 . new mechanical contrivances will be described. The number TRADE MAI'lKS DESIGNS A printed copy of the specitieation and drawing will be lavishly illustrated. Order from your newsdealer or from COPYRIGHTS &C. of . any patent in th(� foregoing list, or any patent in 1863, Anyone sending a sketch and description may print issued since will be furnished from quicldy ascertain our opinion free whether an this office for 10 ('ents, provided the name and invention is probably patentable. CommunicR� number of thp patent desired and the date bIOI 361 MUNN CO., 361 Broadway, New York City tions strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patent. -l;iven. Address MunIl & Co., Broadway, New & se o e r t York. i!;l:�;'8 t��g��� Uu ;� �gc�; ie�':ive Ca.nadian patents may ncnv be ohtained by the in� special notice,�!�:� without charge, in the ventors for an�7 of thp inventions named in the fOl'e­ I going list. F'nr tprm:o:: and further partieulars I address Ml1nn & Co., R61 Broadway, New York.

S�i¢ntifi� Jlm¢ri�an. N E . " �I�t!i ���� ���:Z�: N...... r r.. � ..rfl!A T A _ n � / n �fi3I a two·cylinder gasolinc engine superior til) DOone�cy1inde'''nengines ''T; BUygas power. �.sCosts Less to Buy o,-Less to Run. Quickly. easily�nu No vibration.- Can be mounted on any 'wagon at small cust-portable, srn.� �ll � �evo]utionj2ing U� and started. tlOnary or tractIOn. MentIOn this paper. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. THE T.EMPLE PUMI> CO., Mfrs., MC8&her & 15th Sts., 4JhtcaKo. THIS IS OUR FIFTY·SECOND YEAR. 20 Scientific American JANUARY 6, 1906. " Superb HOLIDAY OIFTS for Oentlemen " "A=C e A=C" O\OLD GALVA N IZING. ANTI- AN E . J'��sfc��ii;la�� AM�RICAN PROCESS. NO ROYALTIES. C C R ��J'o!":� t.:f�f 'i�� ����n������� ANTI=CANCER. 5AMPLE5ANDI NFORMATION ON APPLICATION. Jew Tork Belting and $2.00 10s. 6d. Registered Mull NICKEAND L Postpaid Electro-Plating Imported Briar Improved 1906 model ApDaratus ana Material. Packing Co. Sterling Silver now 011 the market. THE No advance in price Hanson & VanWinkle Vulcanite Co., LIMITED till after holidays. N"f"u·arli. N".J. 92 William St.• �. Y. 7 out of 10 Saliva Cannot Possibly Canal Manufacturers of High Grade Orders from 3() & 32Chicago. S. St. Old Customers Enter Stem NOT A COMPETITOR WITH CHEAP PIPES $1000 Illustrated book fu ll of matter important to Guarantee Against Burnt Tongue smokers free on application Do not send stamps for postage Glue Rubber Belting THE "A-C" PIPE CO .. S07 TiInes Bldg., Broadway 6. 42d St., New York What do you think of Dennison's Diaphragms, Dredging Sleeves, newway-glue ,paste and mucilage in airtight tubes ! Pull out the pin Emery Wheels ; Air Brake, and squeeze out j ust what yon re: quire. Apply direct from the tube Steam, Suction and Garden with the metal spreader. Put the STEAM HAMMERS p i n back and we guarantee you Hose, etc. , Mats, Matting, will findthe contentsj ust as good ALL TV PES AN D SIZES next time, next year, next genera ... Interlocking Rubber Tiling. tion. Dennison'S Patent Pin Tube FRO M 250 TO "12,000_ is used exclusively for Also manufacturers of moulded GEN ERAL RO LLI NG MILL

and special rubber goods of MACHINERV, SH EET AN D every description. PLAT E SH EARS, GALVA N- IZI NG PLANTS, CO RRU- Write jor catalog ue. GATI NG MACH INER V_ SEN D FO R CATALOG UE_ Dennison's Adhesives are not Chambers St., New York ealeIfatyour dealer's,a Patent Pin Tubefor 91-93 Glue, Paste or Mucilage will be ofmailerl on receipt of cents. Please ERIE FOUNDRY CO. address Dept. at our10 nearest store.. To INVE.STIGATE. ERIE, PA . 26 Dennison Manufacturing Company, 'The mechanical Iv corred The Tee Makers. DORYEA, invm:ia ly is Boston,26 Franklin St. New York 15 John b St. to purchase. nuryea� Philadelphia, 1007Chestnut St_ Chicago are different is the reason. 128 Franklin St. St; Louis, 413 North 40th St Patented features mal,,,, them for Comfort and Economy Supreme. Send for leatlet It Tells tile Reason Why.

DURYEA POWER CO •• 44-84 Aeyrud St .• Reading, Pa. Good

First Point : The Smith Premier typewriter has a complete key-board­ CHARStationaries, Port.ables,TE HOlSlers. t-'URllJP­ ers. Sa wing and Boat Outfits, Combined a key fo r every character. No lost with Dynamos. Ga!Ololine, Gas, Ke1."osene. time, no wasted energy, no mistakes Send jor Oatalogue. or misplaced letters. Each key writes State Power Needs. one letter on the line. CHARTER GAS ENGINE CO., Box 148. STERLING. ILL. THE SMITH PREMIER TYPEWRITER COMPANY varieties at lOwe�H pnces. Best ltaUroad AilTrack and 'Vagon or Stock Scales made. Syracuse, N. Y. BranchStores Everywhere Slightly Used � s Also 1000 useful artICles, including Safe�, Sewmg llachines, BicyCles, '1'ools. etc. �ave Money .. Lists lj'ree. CHICAGO SCALE Co•• Chicago, Ill., TYPEWRI TERS '8 G al AT LESS THAN HALF PRICE Thousands of machines, all leading makes, in use only long enough to insure smooth running adjustment. to W:eare the largest handlers sligbtly-used What Is Daus 'Ti p-Top? ty$10pewr $p5.Iters In the world and offer guaranteedof rare TO PU,OVE that Daus' "Tip.Top " is bargains such as no other house can approach. h e R s es r k n iOOb ���� :_�:;f: � �'t We have in our possession a piece of our tin !� i!s ;e te a �d eopies SPECIAL �� ?rom typewrItten orig-inaJ, we will taken from a residence at Edgewater Park, N. J . . cbg('��!'U��Ht 1�Wse�ilt�l$lt)!:���� snip complete duplicator, cap size, price while they last, $4i>. put on in 1855, in active service for 'thirty-five witbout depoLilit, on tell (10) Machines shipped for your examination and years and never painted but once. The sample is approval to any point in United �tates. le�� just as good to-day as it was when put on. This rent trade�it:: dl�co�!·Ount ot Net We aU makes oj machines at $3.00 a month and up. ss� per cent. 01" $5 sample and all the evidence can be shown to any b a one who wishes proof as to the dmability of FRE_E �:n,,��?t��Yb!��a?nu,;: ifo��i �".f ��ti1 TheFelix A. B. Dau8 Duplicator Co., Daus Bldg . 111 John St., �ew York see It. Wnte today before our big /clearing �'::sale " Taylor Old Style " tin. closes. Spec1al offerto agents. If you are investing money in a building which BIG DISCOUNT ON TYPEWRITER SUPPLIES. may be jeopardized by a bad roof. write for "A Guide to Good Roofs >? and other literature about ROCKWELL-BARNES COMPANY "Taylor Old.Style " tin. 559 BALDWIN BUILDING� CHICAGO, 'L.�.

N. & G. TAYLOR COMPANY ESTABLISHED 181.0 H4Usch �Lomb Phil::1delphia Fasten your papers together se­ curely by using- WaSh­ Microscopes burne's Patent Adjustable This is an invitation to send fO'i our illustrated catalog of l\Iicroscopes if vou are It " PAPER interested in best instruments for least (he .ft. FASTENERS money, those that are used in the leading "0 laboratories everywhere and by individual The "0. K." has the adYantage of B pterc- workers who know the best. h t ds tt!� t�;:t�!; �'��h a T�:; a������ _ It will save more than its cost some, compact, strot��i:ds;i';:ng, always re d y for use, . n re- Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. this vVinter because it cuts one­ ea;�f:.:;! g ���deOtnO��:;�n:i::se,m MANUFACTURERS third from your coal bills and o�i:��Ot� �t;k. d ut s b n s ROCH ESTER. thoroughly heats rooms your fur­ � t� N. V. A� nfl st�t��n�':'�� ;'lli�� :t Ji��:! : th�h. ex­ for ox of NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON nace now fails to heat without trude.sorted Send 10 ('('nis b fifty as­ SAN FRANCISCO FRAN KFORT A-M GERMANY tra expense. Saves the heat which sizes. Booklet free. ordinarily goes out of the chimney. JAltIES V. WASJlBURNE, Mfr. Requires no further attention when 210 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, N.Y. once installed, and every house­ holder who heats by furnace or TheWonder Gasoline Motors boiler should ask their dealer Something New and Up-to-date about the NEW ERA. or write for More powtr for less money than any other full particulars to machine on the marliet. No WILnOT CASTLE CO. Have relZularWASTE 'pbone correspondents TIME in a bunch valves, gears, etc., to get out of your for quick and easy refer­ order.H. P. Jump Spark. Our" WIN 17'2­ ence. Get the marine outfit is a C Ga.s line 'utomatic Telephone Card NER." Sohd.or rElversing pro­ I. H. . � peller. Our prkes will surprise Index you. Write to-day. Marine or will be found the very best and tbe most which can be s�tionary outfits to suit any re­ economical for use in EngInes attached to qUIrements up to 5 H. P. 'phone 'l'be R. Cornwell Co., N. Y. minute. M. 406 S. Salina St., SYRACUSE, Blacksmith Shops, Repair Shops, Small Machine o Shops, Private Work Shops. Experimental Rpace 19r ��� Plants, Manual Training and Indus- names of h n d 170 trial Schools, Private g���8o�� a' l��iK c:�� �l. e ��rd� Water Supply, etc. are quickly removed and are out of Stereopticons and MOVln\}Picture Machines es c Suitable also for all kinds of pumping. They sight. except when you want them. are strong, SImple, highly efficient and Cards plainly Indexed. Pull out tire timely s;-.;j�c��� lh�� tt��:�or lett," you E��ertainm.ents. Men with smallC�': capitalJ:';�h i;��� maketrrf��� money easy to operate. 'I'hey are economic .fueland BACKUS want. When through. let go gIVing publIc exhi clevekp the maximum of horse powerof at the and it returns to its place automaticaJ]y. bitions. Illustratedcatalogueiree. minimum cost. 'l'hey require but little reom GAS GASOLINE ENGINE Rplendid advertisill� scheme to give to cllst9mers. McALLISTER, 49 and no piping. Vanety of sizes and styles : &. Name and business printed on both sides, in quantities. N�:��';�r.�I���N yOl'k. 11orizontal-fi, 8, 10, 12, 1�) Horse Price 50 Cents, sent postpaid. PO""Ter. Vcrtical�2, Horse Power. Simple, Economical, Durable You shonld know more 3,about a;. the H. C." AUTOMATIC CARD INDEX CO. engines bef' re investing. Do not, .'therefore.1. Suitable for all kinds 01 work buy an engine any kind before seeing our �ePt. _�-.!�7__ 33 �leecker St" _"tlca._�_!. of BACKUS WATER MOTOR, cheapest power known · catalog_ \V l"lteto.day. ,"YewjIl mail it promptly. Perhaps Yousomet Whin dntg abo 10 ut aKnow particular International Harvester Company of America Write for circular and prices Tool, or Tools. This 950 page, (Incorporated) 7 (J Monroe Street, Cbicago, III. •• I cloth. bound Tool Catalogue BACKUS WATER MOTOR CO., Newark, N. J U.S.A. Motion Picture No, tells you all you need MACIDNES and FILMS 2"l e a �ttn�;Tu�ri��ori� dft ���I� 1� STEREOPTICONS and SLIDES will be sent toyour I address post------�------­ For Public Entertainments, in paid tor $1.00 wbich you wIll get back the first pur­ Theatres. Halls, Show Tents. etc. chase frc)myou make from $10.00us. Write for it to-day_ Catalogue No. 9 Free

Deafness Oured at Home KLEINE OPTICAL CO .• 52 State St., Chicago, III. MONTGOMERY & CO. Don 't waste your time and money in experiments. My method cures 105 Pulton St • �_ Y. City and aE head noises to stay cured. Absolute and positive proofs sent on tion. No pain . no loss of time. The method is my own and cannot be elsewhere, it has been tried and fonnd true. it cures. 'iii< AHYTHIN�." .Write today for my book, "Deafness its Cause and Cure." PREE. Address UtA, :-";; DI. L y 1!'.C8·H·BI ESLy.aC� rYr.tl. HAVE·A·T r"lCAGO'IL�U'S'A GUY DUFFORD POWELL, M.D. 865 Bank Bldg., Peoria, ",. I11tJE HOT-8J� Ii 1I 11> to 21 Sonth ()(lnton Street.