CAREC PUBLICATIONS

13.1. NEWSLETTERS Epi Notes Caribbean Epidemiological Notes and Reports. In “Epi Notes” was a periodic newsletter highlighting certain 1989, in collaboration with the editor of the West Indian CAREC Surveillance Report (CSR) and the Caribbean health problems as the need arose. For example, when an Medical Journal and compiled by Dr C J Hospedales, Communicable Disease Feedback Report (CDFR) outbreak of yellow fever occurred in Santander, Colombia Caribbean Epidemiological Notes and Reports was In March 1975, CAREC, through its Epidemiology Unit, in 1979 and when CMCs had sports teams participating started. The objective of this column was to disseminate started a publication called CAREC Surveillance Report in another part of Colombia, an EPI Note was issued to technical information to practising physicians. It was also (CSR). The purpose of the CSR was to provide information provide information and advice on the outbreak. Another intended to provide updates and reviews on the occurrence on health conditions, disease surveillance and reports on issue was devoted to the “Transport of specimens” to the and causes of ill health, morbidity and mortality in the outbreaks of disease in a timely basis to health personnel CAREC Laboratory. Caribbean. in CAREC Member Countries (CMCs). The CSR was started three months after CAREC was established Fax Alert Updates Public Health Forum. Dr Franklin White started this and was printed by a commercial printer. By July 1975, The publication “Epi Notes” was temporarily suspended Forum in 1989 in the Caribbean Medical Journal with CAREC acquired its own printing facilities and printed not and was reactivated in October 2001 as “CAREC Fax agreement from the editor of the journal. only the CSR, but also other documents of the Centre. Alert Updates,” the first of which provided information on Initially, about 500 copies were printed but by 1978, 2300 “Laboratory Safety Guidelines for Handling Suspected Caribbean Laboratory Action News (CLAN). 1991. copies were printed, which grew to 3,000 copies. Anthrax Samples.” Other fax alerts included topics such This newsletter was designed to improve communication as “SARS” and “Dengue Fever in the Caribbean”. within the Laboratory Division and amongst regional The publication was monthly and usually, there was a main laboratories. It was distributed free to all CMC Government article written by CAREC staff or health personnel from In 1981, CAREC contracted a short-term consultant who, laboratories. other Caribbean countries. It also contained a Table of together with a PAHO/WHO Veterinary Officer, carried Notifiable Diseases, compiled from reports from CMCs. out a feasibility study to set up a Caribbean Zoonoses The “CAREC Info” newsletter started in 1992 in order to The CSR ceased publication in 1994 but it was re-issued Surveillances System. After visiting 15 countries, their improve communication within the Centre. in April 2002 on a quarterly basis. During this period, report was presented at the Caribbean Veterinary the Communicable Disease Feedback Report (CDFR) Medical Officers’ meeting in Jamaica. One outcome was In 1994 the Centre introduced two new bulletins, a Vector was produced. The distribution list for these publications the publication of a quarterly “Zoonoses Surveillance Control Bulletin and one on immunisation called the EPI included Chief Medical Officers, National Epidemiologists, Newsletter” starting in 1982. The printing of the News Bulletin. Surveillance Officers, Non-Communicable Disease Newsletter was done at CAREC under the editorship of Coordinators, Mortality Coders, Expanded Programme of Dr G A Ferdinand, Veterinary Public Health Medical officer In 1995, the Caribbean AIDS Telecommunication Immunisation Managers, AIDS Secretariat Coordinators, employed with the Ministry of Health and the Environment Information Network (CATIN) was formed to enhance the National Laboratories, Private Laboratories and PAHO of . sharing of information among National AIDS Programmes. Offices in Washington and the Region, and many others. The publication “AIDS Window” was produced and The publications subsequently became available on disseminated through this Network. CAREC/PAHO’s website.

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13. 2 BOOKS, MANUALS, DOCUMENTS

1991: A Physician’s Manual on Communicable Diseases.

1991: Epidemiology for Public Health Inspectors.

1991: Manual for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Cholera (C. Ali, P. Prabhakar).

1991: Laboratory Manual for the rapid Diagnosis of Opportunistic Infections in AIDS Patients (D.J.M. Haldane, B. Hull, R. Peppard, C. Ali, R. Pierce, E. de Gourville. CAREC (PAHO/WHO) ISBN 976 8001 96 8.

1991: The Media and AIDS Prevention in the Caribbean. Proceedings of a Fig. 13.2. 1. Launch of the book “The Hunt for Caribbean Viruses”. (l to r) Ms Regional Workshop. (J. Narain, ed.) Avril Reid (Librarian), Dr Barbara Hull (Virologist), Dr Elisha Tikasingh (Author) and Dr James Hospedales (Director, CAREC).

1991: Manual on the Nursing Management of Persons with HIV/AIDS. (U. Reid, ed.).

1991: Studies on the Natural History of Yellow Fever in Trinidad. CAREC Monograph Series 1. CAREC. (E. Tikasingh, ed.)

1992: A Practical Manual on Sexually Transmitted Diseases for the Caribbean. CAREC (PAHO/WHO) revised version. 259 p. ISBN 967 8104 08 2.

1992: Catalogue of Haematophagous Arthropods in the Caribbean Region (S.C.Rawlins, E.S.Tikasingh and R. Martinez).

1992: Tobacco Health: Status in the Americas. (Contribution from the Sub-Region. B Theodore.Gandi and N. Collishaw. Country Collaborators: , B. Theodore-Gandi; Trinidad and Tobago, G. Beckles; Other Collaborators; Y. Fig.13.2.2. Launch of the “Pubic Health Surveillance” manual. Holder, C.J. Hospedales, F. White. PAHO Scientific Publication. No. 356. (l to r). Dr Rawle Edwards, Dr Roderick Doug Deen, Dr Barbara Hull, Dr Violet Washington., DC. Forsythe-Duke, Dr James Hospedales

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13. 3. PUBLICATIONS – IN PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS 1994: Guidelines for the Clinical management of HIV Infections in Adults and Children. J. Farley, T. Roach, A. St. John eds. CAREC . (Includes chapters in books and monographs, but abstracts and posters presented at scientific meetings are not included. CAREC staff are highlighted in bold print). 1999: Public Health Surveillance Manual: A Caribbean Communicable Disease Surveillance Manual for Public Health Action. CAREC/PAHO/WHO. Aitken, T.H.G., Worth, C.B., Williams, R. W., Davies, J.B. and Tikasingh, E. S. 1975. A review of the bloodsucking midges of Trinidad and Tobago. Journal of Entomology (B), 44: 101-144, 52 figures. 2000: The Hunt for Caribbean Viruses: The History of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory. E. Tikasingh. CAREC Monograph Series 2. CAREC Aldighieri, S., Eersel, M., Malatre, X. and Ooms, M. 2000. Le Surinam, un partenaire clef pour une cooperation régionale en Santé Publique dans les Guyanes. Médicine 2000: Celebrate the Past Imagine the Future: CAREC Highlights 1975-2000. Tropicale, 60 (4): 323 – 327. CAREC Monograph Series 3. CAREC. Ali, Z., Hull, B. and Lewis, M. 1986. Neonatal manifestation of congenital rubella following an outbreak in Trinidad. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 32: 79 – 82. 2003: Status and Trends: Analysis of the Caribbean HIV/AIDS Epidemic 1982 – 2002. Managing Editor: Camara, B., Lee, R., Caffe, S., Gatwood, J., Allen, Caroline. 1999. Review of rethinking health promotion: A global approach by Madeira, J.P., Boisson, E.V., Wagner, U., Cazal-Gamelsy R., O’Neil C. Theodore MadDonald. Critical Public Health, 9 (3): 258 – 259.

2005: Leading causes of death and mortality rates (counts and rates) in CAREC Anatol, T., Holder, Y. A multi-variate analysis of childhood abdominal pain in Trinidad. Member Countries, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000. CAREC/PAHO/WHO. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), 40: 99 – 103. ISBN 976-8114-24-4. Anatol, T., Holder, Y. 1995. A scoring system for use in the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in childhood. West Indian Medical Journal, 44: 67 – 69. 2008: Framework for Evaluating and Auditing Communicable Disease Surveillance Systems in CAREC Member Countries. CAREC/PAHO/WHO. Andall-Brereton, G.M., Hosein, F., Salas, R.A., Mohammed, W., Monteil, M.A., Goleski, ISBN 978-976-8114-29-7. V., Severini, A., Carrington, C.V.F., Quesnel, S.M.M., Boodram, L.L., Boisson, E., Akpaka, P. and Paul, R.C. 2011. Human papilloma genotypes and their prevalence in a 2008: Regional Communicable Disease Surveillance System for CAREC Member cohort of women in Trinidad. Rev. Panam Salud Publica, 29 (4): 220 – 226. Countries: Policy Guidelines. CAREC/PAHO/WHO. ISBN 978-976-8114-31-0. Ashley, D., Fox, K., Figueroa, J.P. and Hull, B. 1989. Polio immunization and serological status in children and adolescents in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal, 38 (1): 23 – 29. 2008: HIV/STI Surveillance for CAREC Member Countries: A Training Manual. CAREC/PAHO/WHO. ISBN 978-976-8114-32-7. Baboolal, S. and Rawlins, S.C. 2002. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in school children in Trinidad. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 96: 1 – 5. 2010: Caribbean Guidelines for the Prevention, Treatment, Care and Control of Tuberculosis and TB/HIV. CAREC/PAHO/WHO, CHART, CNTC, I-TECH, Baird, J.K., Tiwari, T., Martin, G.J., Tamminga, C.L., Prout, T.M., Tjaden, J., Bravet, P.P., Institut Pasteur Guadeloupe. ISBN 978-92-75-13085-8. Rawlins, S.C., Ferrel, M., Carucci, D. and Hoffman, S.L., 2002. Chloroquine for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Guyana. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 96 (4): 339 – 348.

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Barrera. R., Torres, N., Freier, J., Navarro, J.C., Garcia, C., Salas, R.A. and Weaver, S. Boisson, E.V. and Trotman, C., 2009. HIV seroprevalence among male prison inmates 2002. Characterization of enzootic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in western in the six countries of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) in the Venezuela. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 1 (3): 219 – 299. Caribbean. West Indian Medical Journal, 58 (2): 106 – 111.

Bartholomew, C.F., Nathan, M.B. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1978. The failure of EV Boisson, M Imana, P Roberts. (2012) Cricket World Cup: A stress test for the diethylcarbamazine in the treatment of Mansonella ozzardi infections. Transactions of the surveillance system in the Caribbean. West Indian Med J. Vol 61 (1): 85-90. Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 72: 423 – 424. Brachman, P., Berkelman, R., Burke, D., Genshiemer, K., Hospedales, J., Kimball, A., Bassett, D.C.J. and Hamilton, P.J.S. 1980. The surveillance of streptococcal disease in Rodier, G. and St. John, R. 2001. Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global the Caribbean. pp 805-810. In S.E. Reid and J.B. Zabriskie, eds. Streptococcal Disease Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System. A Program Review. P. Brachman, and the Immune Response. Academic Press. O’Maonaigh, Miller, eds. Inst. of Medicine, National Academic. Press.

Bassett, D.C. J., and Narain J.P. 1988. Changing Patterns of HIV transmission in the Bratt, D.E. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1990. Blastocystis hominis in two children in one family. Caribbean countries. (Comments on Dr. Alexander Langmuir’s article on AIDS Projections West Indian Medical Journal, 39: 57 – 58. in the United States) Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 22 (3): Bratt, D.E. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1992. Visceral larva migrans in seven members of one Bassett, D.C.J. and Narain, J.P. 1989. Changing pattern of HIV Transmission in the family in Trinidad. Tropical & Geographical Medicine, 44: 109 – 112. Caribbean. pp.134 – 137. In F.R. Zacharias, ed. AIDS – Profile of an epidemic. PAHO Scientific Publication No. 511. Brault, A.C., Power, A.N., Medina, G., Wang, E., Kang, W., Salas, R.A., Siger, J. and Weaver, S., 2001. Potential source of the 1995 epidemic. Venezuelan equine encephalitis Beckles, G., Miller, G.J., Alexis, S.D., Byam, N.T.A. and Price, S.G.L. 1982. Serum subtype IC. Journal of Virology, 76 (13) 5823 – 5832. lipoproteins and susceptibility of men of Indian descent to coronary heart disease: The St. James survey, Trinidad. The Lancet, July 24. Brown, C.M., Cann, J.W., Simons, G., Fankhauser, B.L., Thomas, W., Parahar, U.D. and Lewis, M.J. 2008. Outbreak of Norwalk virus in a Caribbean island resort: application of Beckles, G.L.A, Miller, G.J., Alexis, S.D., et al. 1985. Obesity in women in an urban molecular diagnostics to ascertain the vehicle of infection. Epidemiol. Infect., 126: 425 – Trinidadian community. Prevalence and associated characteristics. International Journal 432. of Obesity, 9:127 – 135. Cameron, E.S., Labastide, W.B., Wilson, V., Holder, Y., Charles, W. and Reid, H.F.M. Beckles, G.L., Miller, G.J., Kirkwood, B.R., Alexis, S.D., Carson, D.C. and Byam, N.T. 1990. Immunophenotypic and HLA studies in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 1986. High total and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults of Indian descent in Trinidad, W.I. Leukemia. 4: 615 – 619. Trinidad, unexplained by coronary risk factors. Lancet, June 7: 1298 – 1300. Campbell, C., George, A., Salas, R.A., Doon Williams, R. and Chadee, D. 2007. Best Plummer, W., Rawlins, S.C., McDougall, L., Pinto - Pereira, L.M. 2002. Prevalence Seroprevalence of dengue in Trinidad using rapid test kits: a cord blood survey. Acta of malaria, risk factors and treatment seeking behaviours in three mining-affiliated Tropica, 101: 153 – 158. communities of Guyana, South America. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67: 32. Campione, J., Ruben, M., Vaughan, H. and Morris-Glasgow, V. 2003. 20 years of dengue virus isolates from the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre. West Indian Medical Boisson, E.V. and Rodrigues L. 2002. Factors associated with HIV infection are not the Journal, 52(3): same for all women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56: 103 – 108.

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Castle, T., Amador, M., Rawlins, S.C., Figueroa, J.P. and Reiter, P. 1999. Absence of Chadee, D.D. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1982. Occurrence of Phaetobanus cajennensis impact of aerial malathion treatment on Aedes aegypti during a dengue outbreak in (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Trinidad. Journal of Medical Entomology, 19(2): 211. Kingston, Jamaica. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 5 (2): 100 – 105. Chadee, D. D. and Tikasingh, E. S. 1985. The distribution of Haemagogus (H) equinus Castor, D., Prabhakar, P., Furlonge, C., Rao, A., Brown, A., Camara, B., Weiss, H., and (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Trinidad and Tobago. Mosquito Systematics, 17 (1): Jolly, P.E. 2002. Determinants of Gonorhoea infection among STD Clinic attenders in 32 – 35. Trinidad-I: Socio-demographic factors, knowledge, risk perception and history of STD. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 13: 39 – 45. Chadee, D.D. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1985. Laboratory observations on the life history of Culex (Melanoconium) caudelli (Dyar and Knab) in Trinidad, W.I. Journal of the Florida Castor, D., Prabhakar, P., Furlonge, C., Rao, A., Brown, A., Camara, B., Weiss, H. and Anti-mosquito Control Association, 56(2): 90 – 93. Jolly, P.E. 2002. Determinants of Gonorrhoea Infection among STD Clinic Attenders in Trinidad-I: Socio-demographic factors, knowledge, risk perception and history of STD. Chadee, D.D. and Tikasingh, E.S., 1986. The eggs of Culex (Carrollia) urichii (Conquillett) International Journal of STD & AIDS, 13: 46 – 51. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Trinidad, W.I. Mosquito Systematics, 18 (3): 285 – 288.

Chadee, D.D. and Rawlins, S.C. 1997. Dermatobia hominis myiasis in humans in Trinidad Chadee, D.D. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1989. Diel biting activity of Culex (Melancoconion) and Tobago. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 91: 57. caudelli in Trinidad, West Indies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3: 231 – 237.

Chadee, D.D., Rawlins, S.C., Naraysingh, V., Ariyanayagam, D.C., Teelucksingh, S. and Chadee, D.D. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1989. Observations on the seasonal incidence and Gaxotte, P. 1996. Ivermectin treatment of Mansonellosis in Blanchisseusse, Trinidad, W.I. diel oviposition periodicity of Haemagogus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Trinidad, Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 90 (6): 645 – 649. W.I., Part I Haemagogus janthinomys. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 83: 507 – 516. Chadee, D.D., Tilluckdharry, C.C., Rawlins, S.C., Doon, R. and Nathan, M.B., 1995. Mass chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine for the control of Bancroftian filariasis: a Chadee, D.D. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1990. Observations on the seasonal incidence and twelve-year follow-up in northern Trinidad, including observation on Mansonella ozzardi. diel oviposition periodicity of Haemagogus mosquitoes in Trinidad, W.I. II. Haemagogus American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 62(2): 174 – 76. equinus Theobald. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 84 : 267 – 275.

Chadee D.D., Tilluckdharry, C.C., Doon, R., Rawlins, S.C., Naraynsingh, V., Ariyanayagam, Chadee, D.D., Tikasingh, E.S., 1991. Seasonal incidence and diel oviposition periodicity D.C., and Gaxotte, P. (1996). Ivermectin treatment of mansonellosis in Blanchisseuse, of Haemagogus mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Trinidad, W.I. Part III. Haemagogus Trinidad, West Indies. Annals Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 90 (6): 645 – 649. celeste (Dyan and Nunez-Tovar) and Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Dyan and Shannon). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 85: 543 – 550.

Chadee, D.D., Tilluckdharry, C.C., Rawlins, S.C., Doon, R. and Nathan, M.B., 1995. Chadee, D.D. and Tikasingh, E.S. 1992. Distribution and seasonality of Culex Mass chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine for the control of Bancroftian filariasis: a (Melanonconion) caudelli a vector of arboviruses in Trinidad. Medical & Veterinary twelve-year follow-up in northern Trinidad, including observation on Mansonella ozzardi. Entomology, 6: 149 – 153. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 62(2): 174 –176. Cherian, B.P., Singh, N., Charles, W. and Prabhakar, P. 1999. Extended spectrum beta Chadee DD, Shivnauth D, Rawlins S.C., and Chen, A.A. 2007. Climate, mosquito lactamase producing Salmonella enteritidis in Trinidad and Tobago. Emerging Infectious indices and the epidemiology of dengue fever in Trinidad (2002-2004). Annals of Tropical Diseases, 5 (1): 181 – 182. Medicine & Parasitology, 101: (1): 69 – 77.

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Chingang, L.C., Bischof, U., Andall-Brereton, G. and Razum, O. 2005. Have a Pap Everard, C.O.R., Fraser-Chanpong, C.M., Bhagwandin, L.J., Ali, S. and Budhlall, A.G., smear! Doctors, their clients, and opportunistic cervical cancer screening. International 1979. Leptospirosis in patients from Grenada, West Indies. Transactions of the Royal Journal of STD and AIDS, 16: 233 – 236. Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 73 (3): 303 – 305.

Cleghorn, F., Bartholomew, C. 1992. AIDS: An African Aspect. Ed. by A. Olufemi Williams. Everard, C.O.R., James, A.C. and Da Breo, S. 1979. Ten years of rabies surveillance in CRC Press. Grenada. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 13: (4) 342 – 353.

Dahl-Regis, M., Frederickson, C., et al. 2006. Malaria – Great Exuma, Bahamas, May- Everard, C.O.R., Fraser-Chanpong, G.M., Bhagwandin, L.J., Ali, S. and Budhlall, June. MMWR. A.G.D. 1979. Leptospirosis in patients from Grenada, West Indies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 74(3): 303 – 304. Diggory, H. P., Landrigan, P.J., Latimer, K. P., Ellington, A. C., Kimbrough, R.D., Liddle, J.A., Cline, R.E., and Smrek, A. L. 1977. Fatal parathion poisoning caused by Everard. C. O. R. and Fraser-Chanpong, G.M. 1979. Serological evidence of leptospirosis contamination of flour in international commerce. American journal of Epidemiology, in Caribbean school children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & 106(2): 145 – 153. Hygiene, 73 (5): 591– 593.

Doug Deen, R., Hospedales, J., Laurent, E.C. Yellow Fever in Trinidad and Tobago Everard, C.O.R. 1982. WHO Guidelines for the Control of leptospirosis. (Faine, S.ed.) 1978 – 1980: Epidemiological Aspects. pp. 40-44. In E.S. Tikasingh (ed.) Studies on the WHO, Geneva. Natural History of Yellow Fever in Trinidad. CAREC Monograph Series: No. 1. Caribbean Epidemiology Centre, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Everard, C.O.R., Fraser-Chanpong, G.M., Hayes, R., Bhagwandin, L. and Butcher, L.V. 1982. A survey for leptospirosis in febrile patients mainly from hospitals and clinics Edwards, C.N., Nicholson, G.D. and Everard, C.O.R. 1982. Thrombocytopenia in Trinidad. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 76: 487 leptospirosis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 31: 827 – 829. – 492

Ellis, D.S., Race, M.W., Simpson, D.I. and Varma, M.G. 1979. The ultra structures of Everard, C.O.R., Fraser-Chanpong, G.M., Bhagwandin, L.J., Race, M.W., and James, dengue type 1 virus in the Aedes pseudoscutellaris mosquito cell line. Transactions of the A.C. 1983. Leptospirosis in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada. Journal of Wildlife Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 73 (1): 108 –110. Diseases, 19 (3):192 – 199.

Everard, C.O.R. and Boos, H.E. 1975. Aspects of the ecology of Tupinambis .Everard, C.O.R., Hayes, R.J, and Fraser-Chan Pong, G.M. 1985. A serosurvey for nigropunctatus. Journal of The Trinidad Field Naturalists’ Club, 1975: 16 – 21. leptospirosis in Trinidad among urban and rural dwellers and persons occupationally at risk. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 79: 96 – 105. Everard, C.O.R. 1975. Endoparasites of some amphibia, reptiles and small mammals from Trinidad. Journal of The Trinidad Field Naturalists’ Club, 1975: 72 – 79. Falk, W., Buchan, K., Down, M., Garson, J., Hill, E., Nosal, M., Tarrant, M., Westbury, R., and White, F.M.M. 1989. The epidemiology of mumps in Southern Alberta, 1980-82. Everard, C. O.R., Tota, B., Bassett, D. and Ali, C., 1979. Salmonella in wildlife from American Journal of Epidemiology, 130: 736 – 749. Trinidad and Grenada, West Indies. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 15: 213 – 219. Figueroa, J.P., Ashley, D., King, D. and Hull, B. 1989. An outbreak of acute flaccid Everard, C.O.R., Cazabon, E.P., Dreesen, D.W. and Sulzer, C.R. 1979. Leptospirosis paralysis in Jamaica associated with echovirus type 22. Journal of Medical Virology, 29: in dogs and cats on the island of Trinidad, West Indies. International Journal Zoonoses, 315 – 319. 6:33 – 40.

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Figueroa, J., Carpenter, H. and Hospedales, J. 1994. A survey of hepatitis B among Fulhorst, C.F., Bowen, D., Salas, R.A., Duno, G., Utrera, A., Ksiazek, T.G., De Manzione, health-care workers in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal, 43: 2 – 6. N.C, De Miller, E., Masquesz, C. and Peters, C.J., Tesh, R. 2000. Natural rodent host associations of Gunarito and Pirital viruses (Family Arenaviridae) in Central Venezuela. Fillit, H. Read, S.E., Brandis, and Reid, H.M. 1979. Immunologic studies in progressive American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 61 (2). 325 – 330. glomerulonephritis patients in Trinidad. In Pathogenic Streptococci. T. Parker, ed. Chertsey, Surrey: Readbrooks. Fulhorst, C., Milazzo, M.L., Duno, G. and Salas, R. 2002. Experimental infection of the Sigmodon alstoni cotton rat with Cano Delgadito virus, a South American Hantavirus. Fillit, H., Read, S., Sherman, R., Reid, H., Zabriskie, H.B. and van de Rijn. 1980. American Journal Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67 (1): 107 – 111. Immunologic studies in progressive glomerulonephritis. pp. 595-606. In S.E. Reid and J.B. Zabriskie, eds. Streptococcal Disease and the Immune Response. Academic Press. Gonzalez, A.A., Chadee, D.D. and Rawlins, S.C. 1998. Single doses of Ivermectin to control mansonellosis in Trinidad; a four-year follow-up study. Transactions of the Royal Fishbein, M., Trafimo, D., Francis, C., Helquist, M, Eustace, M.A., Ooms, M., Middlestadt, Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 92: 570 – 571. S.E. 1993. AIDS knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices (KABP) in two Caribbean countries: A comport analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 9: 687 – 702. Gonzalez, A.A., Chadee, D.D. and Rawlins, S.C., 1999. Ivermectin treatment of Mansonellosis. West Indian Medical Journal, 48 (4): 231 – 234. Fordham, Von Reyn, C., Prabhakar, P. et al. 1996. International Epidemiology of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infections in AIDS. Guille, E.E., Simmons-Barrow, R.S., de Miranda, J.C., Hull, B. and de Vries, C. 1979. An outbreak of dengue in . Suriname Medical Bulletin, 3 (3): 119 – 127. Foster, C., Rotimi, C., Fraser, H., Subndarum, C., Liao, Y., Gibson, E., Holder, Y., Hoyos, M., and Mellanson-King, R. 1993. Hypertension, diabetes and obesity in Barbados: Hamilton, P.J. 1979. Dengue fever in the Windward and Leeward Islands 1977 – 1978. In findings from a recent population-based survey.Ethnicity and Disease, 3(4): 404. Dengue in the Caribbean 1977. PAHO Scientific Publication, NO. 375: 71 – 74.

Foster, J.E., Bennet, S., Vaughan, H., Vorndam V., McMillan, O. and Carrington, C.V.F. Hamilton, P.J. and Diggory, H.P. 1979. The Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC). 2003: Molecular evolution and phylogeny of dengue type 4 virus in the Caribbean. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organisation, 13 (2): 187 – 194. Virology, 306: 126 – 134. Hamilton, P.J.S. and Persaud, V. 1980. Cancer among Black populations in the Caribbean. Francis, C. 1992. HIV/AIDS Counselling for Caribbean. In Lamptey P. et al. (eds.). The Proceedings of the International Conference on Cancer among Black Populations. Handbook for AIDS Prevention in the Caribbean. Family Health International, Research Rosewell Park, Buffalo. Harbour, J. Shipp., A.P., Waller, D.K. and Higgins, P.G. 1980. Triangle Park. The excretion of faecal viruses during the first year of life. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 33: 774 – 778. Francis, C. and O’Neil, C. 1992. A Strategy for Supporting the use of Condoms by Sexually Active Youth: The Early Caribbean Experience. In Bond (ed) A Portfolio of AIDS/ Helmick, C.G, D’Souza, A.J. and Goddard, N. 1986. An outbreak of severe BCG axillary STD Behavioural Interventions. PAHO/WHO, Washington. lymphadenitis in . 1982 – 1983. West Indian Medical Journal, 35: 12 – 17.

Fulhorst, C.F., Bowen, M.D., Salas, R.A., Duno, G., Utrera, A., Ksiazek, T.G., Manzion, Heslop-Thomas C, Bailey, W, Amarakoon, D, Chen, A, Rawlins, SC et al. (2007). N., Miller, E., Vasquez, C., Peters, C.J. and Tesh, R. 1999. Natural rodent host association Vulnerability to dengue fever in Jamaica.. pp 398 – 415. In N. Leary, C. Conde, J. Kulkarnit, of Guanarito and Pirital viruses (family Avenaviridae) in Central Venezuela. American A. Nyong, J. Pulhin J. (Eds). Climate Change and Vulnerability. 428pp. Earthscan: Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 61 (2): 325 – 330. London.

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Rawlins, S.C., Eliason, D.A., Moore, C.G and Campos, E.G., 1988. Effects of Dengue Rawlins, S.C., Tikasingh, E.S., Baboolal, S., Hector, O., Hopson, P., Halliday, J. and 1 infection in Aedes albopictus on its susceptibility to malathion. Journal of the American Jones, T.R. 1993. Significant changes in gastrointestinal tract parasitic infections in Mosquito Control Association, 4 (3): 372 – 373. children of St. Kitts over the 9 year period 1982 – 1991. West Indian Medical Journal, 42: 18 – 21. Rawlins, S.C., Lammie, P., Tiwari, T., Pons, P., Chadee, D.D., Oostburg, B.F.J. and Baboolal, S. 2000. Lymphatic filariasis in the Caribbean Region: the opportunity for its Rawlins, S.C., Tiwari, T., Chadee, D.D., Validum, L., Alexander, H. and Nazeer, R. elimination and certification. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 7 (5) : 319 – 323. 2001. American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guyana, South America. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 95 (3): 245 – 251. Rawlins, S.C., Martinez, R. and Nimblett, A. 1993. Consumption of Aedes aegypti larvae by mosquito fish Poecilia reticulata (guppies) and factors which affect the productivity of Read, S.E., Poon-King, T., Reid, H.F.M., and Zabriskie, J.B. 1980. HLA and streptococcal the carnivorous fish in drum environments.Journal Florida Mosquito Control Association, sequelae. pp. 347 – 354. In S.E. Read and J.B. Zabriskie, eds. Streptococcal Disease 64: 157 – 159. and the Immune Response. Academic Press.

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Read, S.E., Reid, H.F.M., Fischetti, V.A., Poon-King, T., Ramkissoon, R., McDowell, M. Reid, H.F.M., Read, S.E., Poon King, T. and Zabriskie, J.B. 1980. Lymphocyte response and Zabriskie, J.B. 1986. Serial studies on the cellular immune Response to streptococcal to streptococcal antigens in rheumatic fever patients in Trinidad. pp. 681 – 694. In S.E. antigens in acute and convalescent rheumatic fever patients in Trinidad. Journal of Clinical Read and J.B. Zabriskie, eds. Streptococcal Diseases and the Immune Response. Immunology, 6 (6): Academic Press.

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