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Baseline Report Series: 6 Baseline Report Series: 6. The Chalk of the Colne and Lee River Catchments Groundwater Systems and Water Quality Commissioned Report CR/03/69N Science Group: Air, Land & Water Technical Report NC/99/74/6 The Natural Quality of Groundwater in England and Wales A joint programme of research by the British Geological Survey and the Environment Agency BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Commissioned Report CR/03/69N ENVIRONMENT AGENCY Science Group: Air, Land & Water Technical Report NC/99/74/6 This report is the result of a study jointly funded by the British Baseline Report Series: Geological Survey’s National Groundwater Survey and the 6. The Chalk of the Colne and Lee Environment Agency Science Group. No part of this work may be River Catchments reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a retrieval system of any nature, without the prior permission of the copyright proprietors. P Shand, R Tyler-Whittle, T Besien, D W Peach, All rights are reserved by the copyright A R Lawrence & H O Lewis proprietors. Disclaimer Contributors The officers, servants or agents of both the British Geological Survey and the Environment Agency accept no R Hargreaves (GIS), M Barron (Cross section), C J Milne liability whatsoever for loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of (database) the information, or reliance on the views contained herein. Environment Agency Dissemination status Internal: Release to Regions External: Public Domain Project No. NC/99/74 ©Environment Agency, 2003 Statement of use This document forms one of a series of reports describing the baseline chemistry of selected reference aquifers in England and Wales. Cover illustration River Colne at Bushy Mill Lane. Key words Baseline, Chalk, York, water quality, hydrogeochemistry, UK aquifer. Bibliographic Reference Environment Agency Project Manager: Shand, P, Tyler-Whittle, Besien, T, , Peach, D W, Lawrence, A R & H O Dr Rob Ward / Jonathan Smith Lewis 2003 Baseline Report Series 6: Science Group: Air, Land & Water The Chalk of the Colne and Lee River Catchments. British Geological Survey British Geological Survey Project Manager: Commissioned Report No. CR/03/69N Dr Paul Shand Groundwater Systems & Water Quality Programme ©Environment Agency 2003 ©NERC 2003 Environment Agency Science Group, Solihull 2004 British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham 2004 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENVIRONMENT AGENCY The full range of Survey publications is available from BGS The Environment Agency is a non-departmental public body with Sales Desk at the Survey headquarters, Keyworth, Nottingham. particular responsibilities for aspects of environmental regulation The more popular maps and books may be purchased from and management in England and Wales. In discharging these BGS-approved stockists and agents and over the counter at the responsibilities the Agency carries out projects both alone and in Bookshop, Gallert 37, Natural History Museum, (Earth collaboration with others. Galleries), Cromwell Road, London. Sales. Sales Desks are also located at the BGS London Information Office, and at Agency reports and documents are published through a variety of Murchison House, Edinburgh. The London Information Office routes. Agency Science Group (Air, Land & Water) publications are maintains a reference collection of the BGS publications obtainable from the address below, Research and Development including maps for consultation. Some BGS books and reports project reports can be obtained from: Environment Agency R&D may also be obtained from the Stationery Office Publications Dissemination Centre, c/o WRc, Frankland Rd, Swindon, Wilts, SN5 Centre or from the Stationery Office bookshops and agents. 8YF Tel 01793 865138 Fax 01793 514562 WWW http://www.wrcplc.co.uk/rdbookshop and other documents are sold The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of maps, which lists through the Stationery Office, The Publications Centre, PO Box 276, published material and contains index maps for several of the London SW8 5DT Tel 0207 873 0011 BGS series. Environment Agency Science Group: Air, Land & Water The British Geological Survey carries out the geological Olton Court, 10 Warwick Rd survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an Olton, Solihull, B92 7HX agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of Tel 0121 708 5885 Fax 0121 708 4637 the surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research Email [email protected] projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Environment Agency Department for International Development and other agencies. General Enquiry Line 0845 9333 111 The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. Environment Agency Regional Offices Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Anglian 0115 936 3100 Telex 378173 BGSKEY G Kingfisher House, Fax 0115 936 3200 Goldhay Way, Orton Goldhay, Peterborough PE2 5ZR e-mail: [email protected] www.bgs.ac.uk Tel 01733 371811 Fax 01733 231840 Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA Midlands 0131 667 1000 Telex 727343 SEISED G Sapphire East, 550 Streetsbrook Road, Solihull, West Midlands Fax 0131 668 2683 B91 1QT Tel 0121 711 2324 Fax 0121 711 5824 London Information Office at the Natural History Museum, Earth Galleries, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, North East SW7 2DE Rivers House, 21 Park Square South, Leeds LS1 2QG 0207 589 4090 Fax 0207 584 8270 Tel 0113 244 0191 Fax 0113 246 1889 0207 938 9056/57 North West St Just, 30 Pennsylvania Road, Exeter EX4 6BX Richard Fairclough House, Knutsford Road, Warrington WA4 1HG 01392 278312 Fax 01392 437505 Tel 01925 653999 Fax 01925 415961 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 20 College Gardens, South West Belfast BT9 6BS Manley House, Kestrel Way, Exeter EX2 7LQ 01232 666595 Fax 01232 662835 Tel 01392 444000 Fax 01392 444238 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Southern Oxfordshire OX10 8BB Guildbourne House, Chatsworth Rd, Worthing, Sussex BN11 1LD 01491 838800 Fax 01491 692345 Tel 01903 832000 Fax 01903 821832 email: [email protected] Thames Parent Body Kings Meadow House, Kings Meadow Road, Reading RG1 8DQ Natural Environment Research Council Tel 0118 953 5000 Fax 0118 950 0388 Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU Environment Agency Wales 01793 411500 Telex 444293 ENVRE G 29 Newport Road, Cardiff CF24 0TP Fax 01793 411501 Tel 01222 770088 Fax 01222 798555 Contents FOREWORD v BACKGROUND TO THE BASELINE PROJECT vi 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. PERSPECTIVE 2 3. BACKGROUND TO UNDERSTANDING BASELINE QUALITY 5 3.1 Introduction 5 3.2 Geology 6 3.3 Hydrogeology 9 3.4 Aquifer mineralogy 12 3.5 Rainfall chemistry 14 3.6 Landuse in the area 15 4. DATA AND INTERPRETATION 17 4.1 Project sampling programme 17 4.2 Other data 17 4.3 Problems in obtaining representative samples 17 4.4 Data handling 18 5. HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 19 5.1 Introduction 19 5.2 Water types and physicochemical characteristics 19 5.3 Major elements 22 5.4 Minor and trace elements 26 5.5 Pollution indicators 27 6. GEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS AND REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 29 6.1 Introduction 29 6.2 Chemical evolution along flowlines 29 6.3 Temporal variations 36 6.4 Depth variations 38 6.5 Age of the groundwater 43 6.6 Regional variations 44 7. BASELINE CHEMISTRY OF THE AQUIFER 49 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 52 9. REFERENCES 53 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 55 i List of Figures Figure 2.1 Map of the study area showing topography, main towns and cities (shaded). The outcrop area of the Chalk is shown in red.....................................................................2 Figure 2.2 The River Misbourne (Tributary of the Colne) north of Denham, Buckinghamshire. .3 Figure 3.1 Geological map of the study area. Black line represent line of cross section shown on Figure 3.3......................................................................................................................5 Figure 3.2 Geological map of the study area showing distribution of superficial deposits. Rivers are shown in blue and the outline of chalk outcrop in red. ...........................................7 Figure 3.3 Simplified geological cross section trending north to south through the study area. Line of section is shown on Figure 3.1.........................................................................8 Figure 3.4 Hydrogeological map showing groundwater level contours, sample sites considered in this report and a potential flowline where new samples were collected for this study. Rivers shown as blue lines..........................................................................................12 Figure 3.5 SEM photomicrograph of the Chalk showing round coccolithic fragments and calcite platelets (Field of view approximately 5 µm).............................................................13 Figure 3.6 Diagrammatic sketch of chalk showing important chemical interactions at the microscopic scale (stippled region indicates matrix and clear area represents a fracture). The solid phase comprises mainly coccolithic fragments (1), foraminifera and other microfossils, and pyrite (black, (1)). Congruent and incongruent reactions occur on fracture surfaces forming mineral coatings or dissolution which may locally enhance porosity (2). Exchange of solutes between the fracture and matrix waters may occur (3). Ion-exchange reactions occur on clay mineral surfaces (4). The precipitation of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides on fracture surfaces may also modify diffusional
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