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Master's Theses Graduate College
4-1978
A Survey of the Writings of the First Fifteen Women Presidents of the American Library Association
O. Mell Bushin
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Recommended Citation Bushin, O. Mell, "A Survey of the Writings of the First Fifteen Women Presidents of the American Library Association" (1978). Master's Theses. 2116. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2116
This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Survey of the Writings of the First Fifteen Women Presidents of the American Library Association
by
0. Mell Bushin, Jr.
A Project Report Submitted to the Facility of the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Specialist in Arts Degree
Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan A pril 1978
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In completing this project, I have received the helpful advice
of Western Michigan University School of Librarianship Professors
Jean E, Lowrie and Hardy Carroll and of the Director of Libraries,
Mr. Carl H. Sachtleben, each of whom served graciously on my project
committee.
0, Mell Busbin, Jr.
i i
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MASTERS THESIS 13-11,383
BUSBIN, 0. M ell, J r . A SURVEY OF THE WRITINGS OF THE FIRST FIFTEEN WOMEN PRESIDENTS OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.
Western Michigan University, Sp.A., 1978 Library Science
University Microfilms International,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... i i
LIST OF TABLES...... v i i i
Chapter
I . INTRODUCTION ...... 1
The Problem ...... 2
Statement of the Problem ...... 2
Limitations Imposed on the Problem ...... 2
Assumptions Related to the Problem...... 2
Definitions of Terms ...... 5
Academic Librarianship...... 5
ALA ...... 5
B o o k...... 5
Buildings and F a c ilit ie s ...... 5
C hildren's and Youth Departments ...... 6
C itation ...... 6
City Library-Oriented Jou rn al...... 6
Collection Building ...... 6
Finances and L egislation ...... 6
General Librarianship ...... 6
History of Library Development...... 7
J o u r n a l...... 7
Librarianship ...... 7
Library Associations ...... 7
i i i
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Library Education ...... 7
Library Services ...... 8
National Library-Oriented Journal ...... 8
Non-Library Oriented Journal ...... 8
Organization and Administration ...... 8
Planning Library Development ...... 9
Proceedings ...... 9
Public Librarianship ...... 9
Publicity and Public Relations ...... 9
Regional Librarianship ...... 10
Regional Library-Oriented Journal ...... 10
School Librarianship ...... 10
Special Librarianship ...... 11
State Librarianship ...... 11
State Library-Oriented Journal ...... 11
Technical Services ...... 11
United States Government Librarianship ...... 12
P r o c e d u re s ...... 12
Organization of the Study ...... 12
I I . REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND SUMMARY OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL D A T A ...... 14
Review of Professional L iteratu re ...... 15
Literature about Presidents of the American Library Association ...... 15
Literature about Women Librarians That Includes Some ALA P residents ...... 16
iv
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Literature about Specific Individuals Included in This Study ...... 18
Mary Wright Plummer, 1915-1916 ...... 19
Alice S. Tyler, 1920-1921 20
Linda A. Eastman, 1928-1929 21
Josephine A. Rathhone, 1931-1932 ...... 22
Gratia A. Countryman, 1933-193^ 23
Essae Martha Culver, 1940-19^1 ...... 2^
A lthea H. Warren, 1 9 ^ 3 - 1 9 ^ ...... 25
Mary U. Rothrock, 1 9 ^ 6 - 1 9 ^ 7 ...... 26
L o leta Dawson Fyan, 1951-1952 ...... 27
Flora Belle Ludington, 1953-195^ ...... 28
Lucile M. Morsch, 1957-1958 ...... 29
Frances Lander Spain, 1960-1961 ...... 30
Florrinell F. Morton, 1961-1962 ...... 31
Mary Virginia Gaver, I 966 -I 967 ...... 32
COMPARATIVE BIOGRAPHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL DATA .... 3^
I I I . BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF ALA WOMEN PRESIDENTS SURVEYED...... 52
Code for Type of Lihrarianship Intended ...... 52
Code for Subject Content...... 53
Code fo r Type of P u b lica tio n in Which Published . . 53
B ib lio g rap h ic Form ...... 53
Example of Code U s e ...... 5^
The Individual Bibliographies ...... 5^
Elmendorf, Theresa W est ...... 5^
v
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Plummer, Mary Wright ...... 56
Tyler, Alice S ...... 58
Eastman, Linda A, ...... 6l
Rathbone, Josephine Adams ...... 63
Countryman, Gratia A ...... 66
Culver, Essae M...... 68
R othrock, Mary U ...... 70
Ludington, Flora B ...... 72
Warren, Althea H ...... 74
Morsch, Lucile M...... 76
Fyan, Loleta Dawson ...... 79
Spain, Frances Lander ...... 80
Morton, Florrinell Francis ...... 82
Gaver, Mary V irginia ...... 85
IV. CITATION ANALYSES ...... 93
Subject Analyses of Citations ...... 97
Citation Analyses by Type of Librarianship Inten d ed ...... 99
Citation Analyses by Type of Publication ...... 102
V. CONCLUSIONS...... 112
Theresa West ELmendorf ...... 114
Maxy Wright Plum m er ...... 114
Alice S. Tyler ...... 114
Linda A. E astm an ...... 115
Josephine Adams Rathbone ...... 115
G ra tia A. C ountrym an ...... 116
v i
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A lthea H. W a rre n ......
Mary U. R o th ro c k ...... 11?
L o leta Dawson Fyan ...... 117
Flora Belle Ludington ......
Lucile M. Morsch ...... 1-*-®
Frances Lander Spain ...... ^-9
Florrinell Francis Morton ......
Mary V irg in ia G a v e r ...... H 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 121
v ii
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TaLle Page
1. Birthplaces and Places of Employment of ALA Women P re sid e n ts ...... 35
2. Birthplaces of ALA Women Presidents ...... 3^
3. Employment Places of ALA Women Presidents During Tenure ...... 37
4. Formal Education and Honorary Degrees of ALA Women P r e s i d e n t s ...... 38
5. Library Schools Attended by ALA Women P r e s i d e n t s ...... 41
6. Awards Bestowed Upon Women Presidents of ALA ..... 42
7. Types of Librarianship Practiced by Women Who Served as ALA P residents ...... 47
8. Types of Librarianship Practiced by ALA Women Presidents During T en u res ...... 48
9. Professional Association Presidencies Held by Women Prior to Tenures as American Library Association Presidents ...... 5^
10. Number o f C ita tio n s A ttrib u ta b le to Each ALA Woman P r e s i d e n t ...... 9&
11. Citation Analysis by Subjects Covered ...... 98
12. Subjects Treated in the Writings of ALA Women P r e s i d e n t s ...... 100
13. Citation Analysis by Type of Librarianship Intended. . 101
14. Types of Librarianship About Which ALA Women Presidents Wrote ...... 103
15. City and State Library-Oriented Journals Which Most Frequently Published Writings of ALA Women P r e s i d e n t s ...... 105
16. National Library-Oriented Journals Which Most Frequently Published Writings of Women Presidents . 106
v i i i
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17. Citation Analysis t>y Type of Publication ...... 108
18. Types of Publications for Which Women Presidents of ALA W rote ...... 109
19. Number of D iffe re n t L ib rary -O rien ted Jo u rn als in Which Writings of ALA Women Presidents Were P u b lis h e d ...... I l l
ix
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
When a professional association celebrates its one hundredth
anniversary, there is reason to believe its succession of presidents
is also worthy of celebration. The golden anniversary of the Ameri
can Library Association in 1976 came at a time when womanhood was
receiving long overdue recognition from American society in general
and the various professions in particular. One method of recogniz
ing and celebrating the women presidents of the American Library
Association is to survey their contributions to the literature of
their profession. Such a survey would provide not only an histori
cal record for the Association, it would also give perspective to
the role women have played in American library history. It would
provide token, even though belated recognition to those who perhaps
deserved more during their professional careers.
According to Shores,"- one of the leading historians of
the library profession, the charge of professional misdemeanor has
been leveled against the library profession for its suppression of
library history through procrastination. Although libraries are
charged with the preservation of records of civilization, they are
to a great extent lacking in some segments of man's past, one being
that of library history. If professional misdemeanor is a valid
■'"Louis Shores, "The Importance of Library History," in An American Library History Reader, comp, by John David Marshall (Hamden, Connecticut: Shoe String Press, 196l), pp. ^-5*
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indictment, such a survey as this could contribute toward the
removal of the charge.
The Problem
Statement of the Problem
This study was conducted to survey and analyze by subject
content, type of librarianship, and source of publication the
writings of the first fifteen women presidents of the American
Library Association.
The purposes of this study were viewed as being four-folds
1. to determine whether writings of women librarians published in professional library journals and books helped them attain their position of national leadership in the profession,
2. to determine the extent to which American Library Association women presidents contributed to professional literature in relation to their areas of practicing specialty within the library profession and in regard to services for special groups.
3. to determine whether the professional writings of women presidents of the American Library Association reflected an awareness of librarianship in general and/or areas of specialty other than their own within the profession,
4. to identify some major professional concerns of American Library Association women presidents as reflected persistently in their writings.
It was assumed by the researcher that these purposes would also
be valid in a similar survey of the professional writings of men
presidents of the American Library Association.
Limitations Imposed on the Problem
As indicated above, this survey of contributions to professional
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library-literature was limited to the writings of the first
fifteen women presidents of the American Library Association because
all other women presidents had served so recently that they were
continuing to make contributions to this literature. The one
exception was Allie Beth Martin who died during her very recent
term of office.
A bibliographical access lim itation was also imposed on the
study. Library Literature (Chicago: American Library Association,
193^- )> Bibliography of Library Economy (Chicago: American
Library Association, I 927) , and Cannonsf Bibliography of Library
Economy, 1876-1920: An Author Index with Citations (Metuchen, New
Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1976) were the three indexes used to locate
writings of the women involved in the survey. The researcher
realized many of the writings of these presidents of the American
Library Association were published in sources not indexed in the
above-mentioned sources; however, he felt those indexed in sources
directly related to library science probably had, and would continue
to have, a greater impact on the library profession.
A further lim itation was the exclusion of book reviews, letters
to editors, messages and reports made as professional association
responsibilities, inaugural and presidential addresses made to the
American Library Association, biographical sketches or tributes,
articles related to the affairs of the American Library Association
and its divisions or departments, reports on visits to foreign
countries, professional membership pleas, announcements of profes
sional events, and unpublished theses and dissertations.
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Assumptions Related to the Problem
Such a study as this can he justified if one assumes the
writings of women presidents of the American Library Association
reflected philosophy, practices, and concerns which contributed
significantly to the perpetuation and advancement of the library
profession. There are grounds for such an assumption since profes
sional publications, by their very nature, reflect philosophy,
practice, and concerns or combinations thereof. They are relied
on by practitioners as one method of keeping abreast of current
thinking and practice for their own professional development,
improvement, and advancement. Library education programs also make
use of professional publications in the process of instructing
prospective professionals. The researcher further assumed that
women presidents of the American Library Association gained some
national attention to their leadership potential through the influ
ence of their professional writings. For this reason a bibliography
of their contributions to the professional library-literature should
serve the library profession well. It was also assumed that writings
which have had the greatest impact on the library profession were
indexed in Library Literature and its predecessor Bibliography of
Library Economy, which during the course of this study was made more
useful by the 1976 publication of Gannons1 Bibliography of Library
Economy, 1876-1920 i An Author Index with Citations.
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D e fin itio n s of Terms
Academic Librarianship
This refers to an area of specialization within the library
profession concerned with libraries which are integral parts of
colleges and universities and are organized and administered to
meet the needs of students and faculty within them.
ALA
This is an abbreviation for the American Library Association
and is used freely throughout the subsequent sections of this paper.
Book
This term refers to "a bound set of printed sheets of paper, 2 usually between covers, forming a volume of some bulk." In this
paper the term book is used to include parts of books and monographs.
Monograph is subsequently defined.
Buildings and Facilities
This subject category refers to structures or sites belonging
to and/or used by libraries and any devices or features of such
structures which make for a more efficient or more economical care
o r use.
^Funk and Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary. (New York: Funk and W agnalls Company, 1963 )» P. 158*
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Children's and Youth Departments
This term refers to professional concerns, theory, and practice
related to providing public library services to children and young
a d u lts .
C ita tio n
This is "a reference to a description of a prior document which 3 relates to the document being written."-^
City Library-Oriented Journal
This term refers to a journal representing the professional
concerns and/or practices of a city library or a city library
association.
Collection Building
This term includes the philosophy and practice of selecting
materials for a library.
Finances and legislation
These terms refer to financial operations of libraries and/or
legal authority for public service provided by and through libraries.
General Librarianship
This term refers to professional aspects of librarianship as
-^Carter V. Good, ed., Dictionary of Education. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973). P. 98.
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they relate to libraries of all kinds in general.
History of Library Development
This is a systematically arranged, written account of events
affecting libraries, usually including an attempted explanation of
the relationships of the events and their significance.
Journal
This is a serial publication representing the concerns and
events of a profession or association in a learned way.
Librarianship
This term is defined as "a profession concerned with organizing
collections of books and related materials in libraries and with 4 placing these resources at the service of readers and other users."
Library Associations
These are groups of "librarians organized on a local, district,
state, national, or international basis for consideration of and
action on professional matters."^
Library Education
This term refers to "education or training of library personnel,
including professional and nonprofessional personnel and technical
a id e s .
^Ibid., p. 337. 5Ibid., p. 45. 6Ibid., p. 338.
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Library Services
These are special arrangements through which materials and
advisory efforts are provided individuals and selected groups by
libraries. Also included are activities performed by libraries to
bring together people, materials, and any accompanying equipment for
informational, recreational, and inspirational purposes.
National Library-Oriented Journal
This is a journal representing the professional concerns and/or
events of a group of librarians organized on the national level, or
one which is distributed nationwide and attempts to reflect the
nation-wide concerns of professional librarians.
Non-Library Oriented Journal
This is a journal which represents professional concerns and
activities of professions other than that of librarianship.
Organization and Administration
In relation to libraries this refers to "the process (or result)
of arranging interdependent elements into a functional or logical 7 whole," and "all those techniques and procedures employed in g operating" libraries "in accordance with established policies."
^Ibid., p. 401.
8I b i d . , p. 13 .
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Planning Library Development
This term refers to the act of carefully working out a sequence
of events for establishing and/or improving a library or libraries.
Proceedings
This term refers to "the published record of the action taken,
i Q or business transpired, at a meeting of an association or society"
by that association or society.
Public Librarianship
This refers to the area of specialization within the library
profession concerned with libraries which serve all residents of a
community, district, or region and receive all or part of their
financial support from public funds.
Publicity and Public Relations
This term includes "activities and materials designed to bring 11 public notice and attention" to libraries and any formal activities
for improving the relation of libraries with their special publics or
with the general public, 12
o Laurence E lliott Tomlinson, The Library Science Glossary. (Waco, Texas: Laurence E. Tomlinson, 19^2), p. 7^*
■^Good, op. cit., p. 339- ^Tbid., p. ^60.
12Ibid. 13Ibid., p. 339-
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Regional Librarianship
This is an area of specialization within the library profes
sion concerned with public libraries serving groups of communities,
or several counties, and supported in whole or in part by public
funds from the governmental units served and/or from states or
provinces. 13
Regional Library-Oriented Journal
This is a journal representing the professional concerns and/or
events of a group of librarians organized on the regional level, or
one which is concerned with items of interest mainly to librarians
of a particular region and which is distributed mainly within that
re g io n .
School Librarianship
This term refers to an area of specialization within the library
profession concerned with libraries in schools which serve as
instructional places "designed or adopted as places for study and
reading and for the custody, circulation, and administration of a
collection of books, manuscripts, and periodicals kept for the use
of the student body but not for sale; study carrels and audiovisual,
storage, and other service areas opening into and serving as adjuncts 14 to a particular library are considered parts of the library area."
13Ibid., p. 339. ^Ibid.
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Special Librarianship
This term refers to an area of specialization within the library
profession concerned with libraries "organized to make appropriate 15 information to a particular organization or limited group." J In
this paper the term excludes school libraries.
State Librarianship
The term refers to an area of specialization within the library
profession concerned with libraries "maintained by state funds for
the use of state officials and citizens of the state," and which
provide "service to public libraries, elementary and secondary
schools, colleges and universities, and state institutions of various
ty p e s." 17
State Library-Oriented Journal
This term refers to journals representing the professional con
cerns and/or events of a group of librarians organized on the state
level, or those which are concerned with items of interest mainly to
librarians of a particular state and are distributed mainly within
that state. They are usually state library association or state
library journals.
Technical Services
This term includes "services involving the operations and
-1 O techniques for acquiring, recording, and preserving materials."
15Ibid. l6Ibid. 17Ibid. l8Ibid., p. 530.
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United States Government Librarianship
In relation to this paper, this term refers to professional
concerns, activities, and practices related to the Library of
C ongress.
Procedures
After having identified the women presidents of ALA who were
retired from the library profession and who appeared no longer to be
contributing to library literature, the researcher sought biographical
and professional information about each of them. A review of profes
sional literature pertaining to ALA presidents was then made. Pub
lished writings of the women included in the study were identified
by using three indexes: Bibliography of Library Economy, Library
Literature, and Cannons * Bibliography of Library Economy, 1876-1920:
An Author Index with Citations. Writings identified through these
indexes were then located and analyzed in terms of subject content,
type of librarianship, and kind of publication in which the writing
appeared. A bibliography of the writings of each woman president was
then compiled, coded according to type of librarianship intended,
subject content, and kind of publication in which material appeared.
These bibliographies were arranged in chronological order. Con
clusions based on the purposes of the study were then drawn.
Organization of the Study
In Chapter I the researcher justified the survey and presented
some assumptions and lim itations imposed on the study. Chapter II
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presented a review of outstanding professional literature that
related to women presidents of the American Library Association. It
also contained biographical and professional information about the
women presidents selected for the study. In no sense was an attempt
made to be exhaustive. The information, much of which was presented
in graphic form, simply served as background information for the
chapters which followed. This chapter also included a summary of
the limited professional literature directly related to the study.
Chapter III was a chronologically arranged bibliography of the
writings coded according to type of librarianship intended, subject
content, and kind of publication in which material appeared. Chapter
IV was an analysis of the material presented in Chapter III. Chapter
V was devoted to conclusions based on the purposes of the study.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter I I
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND SUMMARY OF BIOGRAPHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL DATA
In this chapter an attempt was made to collect and assimilate
data about the following fifteen women who served as presidents of
the American Library Association for the terms of tenure indicated:
1911-1912 Theresa West Elmendorf 1915-1916 Mary Wright Plummer 1920-1921 Alice S. Tyler 1928-1929 Linda A. Eastman 1931-1932 Josephine A. Rathbone 1933-193^ Gratia A. Countryman 1940-1941 Essae Martha Culver 1943-1944 Althea H. Warren 1946-1947 Mary U. Rothrock 1951-1952 L o leta Dawson Fyan 1953-195^ Flora Belle Ludington 1957-1958 Lucile M. Morsch 196 0 -I96I Frances Lander Spain 1961 -1962 Florrinell F. Morton 1966-1967 Mary V irg in ia Gaver
The data collected were both biographical and professional with
an emphasis on the educational background and professional accomplish
ments of the women. In collecting the data the writer used general
biographical dictionaries and directories such as Current Biography
(New York: H, W. Wilson Company, 1940- ), Bulletin of Bibliography
(Boston: F. W, Faxon Company, 1897- )» National Cyclopedia of
American Biography (New York: James T. White and Company, 1892- ),
Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans
(Boston: Biographical Society, 1904- ), and Who's Who of American
Women (Chicago: Marquis, 1958- ), and professional literature
relating to outstanding librarians. 14
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As expected, all materials used from these sources were foot
noted except those materials taken from the general hiographical
dictionaries. This information was not footnoted, unless quoted
directly, because of the general availability of this miscellaneous
information. A more detailed discussion of the professional litera
ture used follows.
Review of Professional Literature
The professional literature reviewed for this study was divided
into the following three categories:
1. literature about presidents of the American Library Association,
2. literature about women librarians that included some ALA presidents,
3. literature about specific individuals included in this study.
Literature about Presidents of the American Library Association
The most comprehensive source to date related to the ALA
presidents is a 1952 master's thesis by Sparks1 in which he analyzed
the content of the presidential addresses made to the American
Library Association, 1876-1951* His study covered the first nine
women presidents included in this survey. Thirty-eight presidential
terms had been filled with men from 1876 u n til 1911 when Theresa
1Glaud Glenn Sparks, "Presidential Addresses Made to the American Library Association, 1876-1951* A Content Analysis" (unpublished MLS thesis, University of Texas, 1952), PP* 153~5^*
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West Elmendorf "became the first woman president. Several men served
more than one term during the infancy of the Association; however,
no woman has ever served more than one term, and since the election
of the first woman no man has served more than one term. From the
time of the first woman president's tenure to and including the
e le c tio n of Mary V irg in ia Gaver to serve th e I 966 -I 967 term, 26.8
per cent of the presidents had been women.
Literature about Women Librarians That Includes Some ALA Presidents
In her survey of three major biographies for recognition given 2 to women who were leaders in library services to children, Sasse
found Mary Wright Plummer listed in all three and Theresa West
Elmendorf listed in one. Both women, according to Sasse, were
leaders in the "classic success" of service to children.
During its 1971 Alumnus in Residence program, the University of
Michigan School of Library Science chose to acknowledge the major
role that women had played in the history of its program. Five of
their most distinguished women graduates were invited to return to
the campus for a two-day period. Each of the five participants was
asked to prepare a paper for publication on the general theme of
women in the library profession. Two of the alumnae mentioned
several of the ALA women presidents in their papers. Martha Boaz,
recognized as early leaders three of the women: Mary Wright Plummer,
Josephine Adams Rathbone, and Alice S. Tyler. She recognized Miss
^Margo Sasse, "The Children's Librarian in America," School Library Journal, XCVIII (January 15, 1973), 213-17.
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Plummer as being "especially interested in training for work with
children," and for having "included a children's room, the first of
its kind, in Pratt's new building in 1896."^ Also c ite d was Miss
Plummer's historically significant attendance at the International
Congress of Libraries at Paris in 1900, where she "aroused a great 4 deal of interest in libraries in the field of library education,"
Josephine Adams Rathbone was recognized as an outstanding teacher.
Alice S. Tyler was credited with a special talent in public rela
tions and as director of the Western Reserve Library School.-^ In
the category of "Some Southern Women Library Educators," Miss Boaz
named both Frances Lander Spain and Florrinell Morton. In her
category "Teachers," Mary Virginia Gaver was included. Althea n Warren was categorized by Miss Boaz as a "Second Career Teacher."
It is of interest to note that Miss Boaz wrote an entire book on
Miss Warren ten years before this publication. It was titled
Fervent and Full of Gifts; the Life of Althea Warren (New York;
Scarecrow Press, 1961 ).
In another paper, for the Alumnus in Residence program, titled
"Technical Services and Women," F. Bernice Field recognized Lucile
M. Morsch for her first thorough revision of the Library of Congress
descriptive cataloging rules appearing in 1949 anl also as a "prime
mover in the further revision of the descriptive cataloging rules,"
JWomen in the Library Profession; Leadership Roles and Contributions. (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan School of Library Science, 197l)> P. 2.
^Ibid. 5Ibid. 6Ibid., p. 4. 7Ibid., pp. 8-9 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. in the 1960:s. She labeled Miss Morsch as being "a vigorous and g innovative administrator."
Literature about Specific Individuals Included in This Study
In addition to the professional essays which have paid tribute
collectively to two or more of the women who have served in the ALA
presidency, many writers have written about them individually,
especially during times when they were seeking office, receiving
awards, or at their deaths. What follows are short summaries of
what has been written about them individually. They have been
arranged chronologically according to tenure of office.
Theresa West Elmendorf, 1911-1912
Theresa West Elmendorf, first woman elected to the ALA presi
dency, was also the first woman to serve as librarian of a large
public library. She directed the Milwaukee Public Library before
becoming the wife of H. L. Elmendorf, librarian of the Buffalo (New
York) Public Library. Following his death in 1906 she was made 9 assistant librarian there. Mrs. Elmendorf served as a co-worker
with Lutie Stearns in the early development of work with children
in the Milwaukee Public Library.She is credited with having
8Ibid., pp. 13-14.
^Josephine Adams Rathbone, "Pioneers of the Library Profession," Wilson Library B ulletin, XXIII (June 1949), 778.
"^Effie L. Power, Work with Children in Public Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1943 ), p. 18.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. excelled in book selection and library administration. Mrs.
Elmendorf "stressed the benefits of public school and public library 12 cooperation." In 1904 she served as editor for selection of ALA's
Catalog of Books for Small Libraries.13
Mary Wright Plummer, 1915-1916
As she was made a member of ALA's 75th A nniversary H all o f Fame
in 1951 > Mary Wright Plummer was cited for having fostered special
training for work with children and aroused much interest in
libraries in the field of education during her representation to the
International Congress of Libraries at Paris in 1900. She was also
credited with having included a children's room, the first of its
kind in the planning of Pratt's new building in 1896, and an art-
reference collection for general use in the Pratt Library."^ "Her
report on library training at the ALA conference in 1903 is a classic 15 and stamped her at once as the leader in library training." J Miss
Plummer served as director of Pratt Institute Free Library and
Library School before moving on to organize and administer a new
library school at the New York Public Library. In the words of
■^Mary Emogene H azeltin e, "Theresa West Elm endorf," ALA B u lle tin , XVI (October 1932), 775- 12 "A Library Hall of Fame for the 75th Anniversary," Library Journal, LXXVI (March 15, 1951), 468.
13Ib id . 1^Ibid., p. 470.
■'■■^"Mary Wright Plummer," Public L ibraries, XXI (October 1916 ), 355-
■^Anne Carroll Moore. "Mary Wright Plummer," Bulletin of Bibliography, XIV (January-April 1940), 2.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 20
W hite, Mary W right Plummer "went on . . . to le a d two lib r a r y schools 17 to positions of front rank." Her Hints to Small Libraries, which
went through four editions, was the first elementary treatise on
library procedures.^
Alice S. Tyler, 1920-1921
Alice Sarah Tyler, third ALA woman president, has served as the
subject for one unpublished thesis 19 and occupies a part of Emily 20 Danton's Pioneering Leaders in Librarianship. Miss Tyler's pro
fessional contributions lay in her "vision of the function of the
library as a social center and the value of pictures and other art 21 in the work of the library." As dean of Western Reserve University's
Library School, Miss Tyler led the school to ALA accreditation in 22 1927 as both a graduate and a junior undergraduate school.
According to her colleague and eventual successor to the deanship,
Miss Thirza Grant, Miss Tyler possessed "an almost uncanny ability
■^Carl M. White, A Historical Introduction to Library Education: Problems and Progress to 1951 (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1976), p. 85. 18 Rathbone, op. c it., p. 778.
1^Cora Ella Richardson, "Alice Sarah Tyler: A Biographical Study" (unpublished MS in LS thesis, Western Reserve University, 195l)» ^3 PP. o n Danton, Emily Miller, ed., Pioneering Leaders in Librarianship (Chicago: American Library Association, 1953 )1 PP- 188- 96 !
21I b id ., p. 9 .
^Danton, op. cit., pp. 193_9^.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to recognize new trends in the field of professional education and 23 to keep up with them."
Linda A. Eastman, 1928-1929
Linda A. Eastman, the fourth ALA woman president, has served
as the subject for two master's theses. One thesis presented the
pioneer library services inaugurated by Miss Eastman during her
forty-six years in the library profession. Among those pioneering
efforts at the Cleveland Public Library were: the establishment of
the Lewis Carroll Children's Room, work with the blind via recorded
knowledge, the divisional plan, adult education through languages
other than English, the Municipal Refersice Branch library for the
convenience of city officials, a business information bureau,
hospital services, travel information service, the administrative
practice of having department heads meet weekly, investigation of
processes of routines with a view of simplifying and unifying them
throughout the system, service to shut-ins, and the recognition and 24 instigation of publicity and exhibits. The other unpublished
thesis, "Linda Anne Eastman; Librarian" was written by Cecil Olsen
Phillips as part of the MS in LS degree requirements at Western
Reserve University in 1953- The writer of this paper was unable to
obtain a copy which was reported to be missing from the library
^Richardson, op. cit., p. 22. ph Alice Edwards Wright. "Linda A. Eastman; Pioneer in Librarianship" (unpublished MA thesis, Kent State University, 1952), pp. 23- 68 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 22
th e re . Most w rite rs agree th a t th e working re la tio n s h ip "between Miss
Eastman and her predecessor W. H. Brett was responsible for their
joint contributions toward the successful development of the pt? Cleveland Public Library and its diverse services. Both she
and Mr. Brett are credited with instigating a subject department
plan, later adopted by many other large public libraries, and plan
ning the beautiful and monumental central library building housing 27 the Cleveland Public Library.
Josephine A. Rathbone, 1931-1932
Josephine Adams Rathbone was one of the ALA women presidents
who spent most of her professional career in library education.
Having taught at Pratt Institute Library School before Mary Wright
Plummer l e f t th e re , she was appointed to succeed Mrs. Plummer and
remained until her retirement in 1938. As a teacher, her emphasis
was said to have been on principles rather than skills, and it was
reported that she was successful "in drawing self-expression out of
her pupils rather than by a satisfaction in pouring into patient ears
or in spreading before long-suffering eyes the wealth of information 28 she had at her command." In her election to the 75th Anniversary
^"Mr. B rett's Successor at Cleveland," Public Libraries, XXIV (January 1919), 9 . 26 Bernice Bollenbacher, "Saluting Linda A. Eastman on Birthday," Ohio Library Association B ulletin, XXX (October i 960 ), 8. 27 Raymond C. L indquist, "Linda A. Eastman," ALA B u lle tin , LVII (September 1963 )» 784.
^"Josephine Adams Rathbone—1864-1941," ALA B ulletin, XXXV (June 194-1), 367 - 68 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 23
Hall of Fame, she was cited as an "outstanding teacher who developed
her school along the lines of current social and intellectual
requirements and taught her students professional integrity and
practical vision." 297 Miss Rathhone was one of the first to recognize
the responsibility of the public library to the men in the military
service of the country, and as early as 1901 she talked about and 30 wrote about cooperation between libraries and schools. Carl White
wrote that she "left her imprint on the education of librarians," and
"gave what may be called the classic formulation of the attitude toward special librarianship during the twilight when library schools first met the problem and could not see it clearly. Her thesis was that, 'insofar as business libraries are libraries—that is, organized collections of books and other printed materials—the library school course trains for the work of collecting and organizing such libraries. "'31
Gratia A. Countryman, 1933-193^-
The sixth ALA woman president, Gratia A. Countryman, is credited
with suggesting the creation of a separate children's department of
the Minneapolis Public Library in I 892. Her idea of carrying books
to h o s p ita ls was new when she opened the H ospital Departm ent. In 32 1899 she assisted in setting up the Minnesota Library Commission.
Miss Countryman was responsible for state library laws of both
29 "A Library Hall of Fame for the 75th Anniversary," op. cit., P. ^71. on "Josephine Adams Rathbone," Library Journal, LXVI (June 1, 19^1), 509. 31 White, op. cit., p. 75-
-^Augusta Starr, "Gratia Countryman," Minnesota Libraries, XVII (September 1953)* 195-96.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Wisconsin and M innesota.^ According to Warren , ^ Gratia Countryman
opposed departmentalization of public libraries by subject, con
tending that a few well-paid department heads have a better chance
of becoming a cabinet of constructive and inspiring executives than
a larger number, where overlapping duties are likely to cause
friction and relations with the librarian and with each other can
not be so close or harmonious. For thirty years Miss Countryman was
with the Minneapolis Public Library, one of the large public librar
ies in the United States.
Essae Martha Culver, 1940-1941
In honor of Essae Martha Culver, first Southern woman to serve
as ALA president, the Louisiana Library Association established in
the early 1960's the Essae M. Culver Distinguished Service Award.
It is to be given only when merited and to a member of the Louisiana
Library Association whose professional achievements have been of
practical value to Louisiana Librarianship. 35 Miss Culver is
credited for having originated and pioneered the demonstration method
-^Bess Wilson, "The Human Side of a Library," ALA B ulletin, XXVIII (F ebruary 1934), 58.
•^Althea Warren, "Departmental Organization of a Public Library by Subject," in Current Issues in Library Administration, ed. by Carleton B. Joeckel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939)> p. 124.
35"Tribute to Essae Martha Culver," Louisiana Library Association B ulletin, XXV (Summer 1962 ), 65-
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of extending library service to rural areas, a development which
has greatly influenced library development both in this country and
abroad.^'7 In 1962 the Texas Library Association adopted at its
annual conference a resolution describing her as "the practical oQ planner, policy maker, and diplomat in promoting statewide service.'0
Althea H. Warren, 19^3-19^
The California Library Association honored its ALA woman
president, Althea H. Warren, by the publication of its Keepsake No.
3, titled Althea Warren, Librarian (Berkeley: California Library
Association, 1962 ) . This publication is a fragmentary selection from
her writings. During World War II Miss Warren organized and directed
the Victory Book Campaign to send books to service men overseas.
Over two million books were acquired and distributed to the armed
forces at home and abroad under her direction. 39 Miss Warren was
one of two ALA women presidents included in this survey who served in
special librarianship positions. She served as chief librarian for
Sears, Roebuck and Company before going into public librarianship.
She has been described as inspiring—able to encourage others to go
•^"Miss Culver to Retire; Miss Farrel Her Successor," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, XXV (Spring 1962 ), 19.
-^"Awards," Wilson Library B ulletin, XXXIV (September 19^9)»
■^"Tribute to Essae Martha Culver," loc. cit.
■^Eleanor H ill Morgan, "Althea Warren, 1886-1958," ALA B ulletin, LIB(April 1959), 321.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. forward to achieve the objectives envisaged for librarianship.
Miss Warren was one of three of the women presidents serving as the
librarian of a large city public library during her tenure. She
was librarian of the Los Angeles Public Library.
Mary U. Rothrock, 1946-1947
T ennessee's ALA woman p re sid e n t, Mary U. Rothrock, was in s tr u
mental in cutting across government boundaries in administering
country library service, wiping out unrealistic lines between city
and country folk. In 1933 she presented a regional library plan as
one of the South's pressing intellectual needs to the Conference of
Southern Leaders at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Through the framework and financial backing of the Tennessee Valley
Authority her plan was allowed to become a reality. This experience
led to an acceptance of the regional pattern of library administra
tion throughout the United States. For these accomplishments she
was chosen for the first Lippincott Award in 1938, being cited for
"her rare vision and intelligence shown in organizing a regional 41 library service and related adult education activities." Miss
Rothrock's professional career included the directorships of the
Lawson McGhee Public Library (Knoxville, Tennessee), the Tennessee
Valley Authority Library Services, and the Knox County (Tennessee)
Library which she reorganized. She was instrumental in the formation
40 Mabel R. G illis, "Althea Warren," California Library Bulletin, IX (December 194?), p. 47. 4 1 James W. K„ Johnson, "The Rothrock Story," Tennessee Librarian, VIII (October 1956), 73-7^.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27
of the Southeastern Library Association and served as first president 42 of that association and was later elected to serve another term.
Through her efforts a survey of the libraries of the Southeast in
th e 1940 ' s was initiated by the Tennessee Valley Library Council and 43 concluded by the Southeastern Library Association. J Miss Rothrock
was one of two librarians on the advisory committee of the Public
Library Inquiry made by the Social Sciences Research Council in the 44 late 1940's.
L o leta Dawson Fyan, 1951-1952
Michigan's Loleta Dawson Fyan was instrumental in obtaining
Federal aid to libraries, having served as chairman of the coordi- 45 nating committee for the Library Services Act in 1957* She was
the first trained, experienced Michigan state librarian. Prior to
her appointment to that position, and during the time she was presi
dent of the Michigan Library Association, she participated actively
in the passage of two library laws in 1937 which supplemented each
other and paved the way for her later success as Michigan state
librarian. Those laws were concerned with state aid grants for
public libraries and the establishment of a non-partisan State Board
4? Tielen M. Harris, "Mary Utopia Rothrock: A Tribute," Southeastern Librarian, VI (Spring 1956), 6.
^Ibid., p. 7. 44 Ibid., p. 8. 45 Mrs. Loleta Dawson Fyan Appointed State Librarian," Michigan Librarian, VII (June 194l), 16.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 28
for Libraries—responsible for state development and setting
standards for libraries and librarians in Michigan, determining
policies of the Michigan State Library and appointing a profes- 46 sionally trained librarian. In 1938-1939 she was on leave from
her position as head of the Wayne County (Michigan) Library, during
which time she organized and directed Extension, State Aid, and the
Traveling Libraries Division of the Michigan State Board of 47 L ib ra rie s . She was a member of th e L ib rary Advisory Committee to 48 the U. S. Commissioner of Education 195°-1958.
Flora Belle Ludington, 1953-1954
Flora Belle Ludington was the only ALA woman president in this
survey who, at the time of her presidential tenure, served as an
academic librarian. For almost thirty years she was librarian of
Mount Holyoke College. In the areas of library cooperation and
international relations Miss Ludington excelled. She served as
chairman of ALA's Board of International Relations, 1942-1944,
working mainly on postwar rehabilitation of European libraries and for
closer cooperation with libraries in Latin America. Upon receipt of
th e Joseph W. L ip p in c o tt Award f o r high achievement in 1957 , she was
praised for her "creative contributions to the advancement of the
46 "L o leta Dawson Fyan—Honorary Member," Michigan L ib ra r ia n , XXVII (December 1961 ), 10.
jtrp Mrs, L o le ta Dawson Fyan Appointed S ta te L ib ra ria n ," lo c . c i t . 48 "Loleta Dawson Fyan—Honorary Member," loc. cit.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 29
library profession," and as being one who had "demonstrated a
level of public and private statesmanship which should be both a
deep source of satisfaction to her and a continuing challenge to all 49 members of her profession." In 1954 at the invitation of the
American Heritage Foundation she represented the ALA on her v isit to
Munich and Berlin to observe the work of Radio Free Europe . ^
During June 1944-July 1946 she set up and directed the U. S.
Information Library in Bombay, India. 51 She participated actively
with other librarians and college presidents in establishing the
Hampshire Inter-Library Center which was located for a few years in 52 the library she administered.
Lucile M. Morsch, 1957-1958
Lucile M. Morsch was the one ALA woman president who, during
her tenure, was employed by the Library of Congress. One of her
first positions there was as head descriptive cataloger where she
organized and consolidated the library's cataloging procedures. In
receiving the Margaret Mann Award, she was cited for her work on the
Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library of Congress, which
^Margaret L. Johnson, "Flora Belle Ludington: A Biography and Bibliography," College and Research Libraries, XXV (September 1964), 376.
"^Dorothy B evis, "A N otable Alumna—F lo ra B. L udington," P a c ific Northwest Library Association Quarterly, XXL (January 1957)> So.
"FIora Ludington," Library Quarterly, XXIV (April 1954), 206.
-^Flora B. Ludington, "Hampshire Inter-Library Center," ALA Bulletin, XLVI (January 1952), 10.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30
made a significant contribution to the clarification, simplification,
and improvement of practical cataloging techniques in all
libraries.In her position as Deputy Chief Assistant Librarian of
the Library of Congress she was "concerned primarily with the
library's relationships with other libraries and scientific and
learned institutions in this country and abroad." Miss Morsch's
cataloging career began at the University of Iowa, from which she went
to become eventually head of the Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore
C ataloging D e p artm en t.^ The M elvil Dewey Medal was receiv ed by Miss
Morsch in 1966 for "creative professional achievement of a high
order, particularly in the fields of library management, library
training, cataloging and classification, and the tools and c6 techniques of librarianship.Miss Morsch edited the first volume
of Library Literature.
Frances Lander Spain, 1960-1961
Mrs. Spain began her professional library career as librarian
of the Winthrop Training School and head of the Library Science
Department there. She later served as assistant director of the
'^"Lucile Morsch," Curcent Biography Yearbook, 1957 (New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1957)» P* 377•
^Ibid., p. 378.
^"Personnel," Library of Congress Information Bulletin, XXIV (November 22, 1965 ), 619 .
-^"Library Receives Word of Death of Two Distinguished Librarians," Library of Congress Information Bulletin, XXXI (July 14, 1972), 315.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31
School of Library Science, University of Southern California in
Los Angeles. She was the first children's librarian to serve as ALA
president. At the New York Public Library where she held this
position, she appointed a children's librarian to work with blind
boys and girls, first such appointment in the country . ^ Mrs. Spain
served as editor of "Children's Books" for Saturday Review, 1954-1959•
The Children's Services Division of ALA honored her in I 96 I by
"a resolution saluting the attainments of Frances Lander Spain, distinguished as a children's librarian, college librarian, teacher, library school dean, administer of children's services, book reviewer, and editor. Her far-reaching influence is a vital part of the progress of librarianship in general and library work with children in particular."58
After retirement from the New York Public Library, Mrs. Spain
continued in junior college librarianship in Florida.
Florrinell F. Morton, 1961-1962
Florrinell F. Morton was Louisiana's second ALA woman president
and th e f i r s t winner of th e Essae M. Culver Award named fo r th e f i r s t .
Mrs. Morton, who spent most of her professional career as Director
of the Louisiana State University Library School, directed many
workshops which developed patterns of school library accreditation
and education for school librarianship. She was active regionally
and nationally in establishing standards for education for school
c)7 j "Mrs. Spain to Retire from NYPL j Augusta Baker Named Successor," Library Journal, LXXXVI (July 1961 ), 2^40.
■^"C. S. D. Honors Two Leaders in World of Children's Books," Top of the News, XVIII (October 1961 ), 70.
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e g librarianship. One of her Louisiana State University colleagues
wrote of her:
"Florrinell Morton's penetrating mind, and her special talent for analysis, synthesis, and clarification, together with a genuine concern for identifying major issues, have influenced the formulation of goals, plans, and ultimate action to improve the profession of librarianship."60
Upon th e r e c e ip t of the Beta Phi Mu Award she was c ite d fo r
"dedication, intelligence, graciousness, and high personal
integrity," and credited with being a teacher who "is recognized
nationally and internationally as a staunch supporter, an able 61 leader, and a spokesman of education for librarianship."
Mary Virginia Gaver, 1966-1967
The f if te e n th ALA woman p re sid e n t, Mary V irg in ia Gaver, was b e st
known for her contributions to library education and to the develop
ment of school libraries. She had a distinguished career as an
academic librarian and in writing and research. 62 She conducted,
during the late 1950's and early 1960 ’s, a research project
sponsored by the U. S. Office of Education, out of which grew her
59"pirst Essae M. Culver Award for Distinguished Service to Librarianship Awarded Florrinell F. Morton," Louisiana Library Association B ulletin, XXVIV (Spring 1966 ), 15.
^Shirley Stephenson, "SWLA Honors a VIP: Florrinell F. Morton," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, XXVI (Fall 1963 )> 115•
6 lIb id .
^Elizabeth Hodges, "The New ALA Officers," ALA B ulletin, LIX (July 1965). 65 ^.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Effectiveness of Centralized School Library Services and for which
she received the Rutgers University Research Council Award in
1962 .^ Eiss Gaver served as chairman of the advisory committees of
both the School Library Development Project and the Knapp School
Libraries Project. Each of these projects contributed significantly
to the development and improvement of school libraries in the United
States. Upon receiving the Putnam Award, she was cited for
"significant contributions to the profession of librarianship in the area of professional leadership in library develop ment and organization, research, children's and school library work, library education, and her professional and educational w riting."6^
Miss Gaver was the third person ever to receive the Putnam Award since
its inception in 1939* She served as the first editor for what has
now become a standard and necessary media selection aid for
elementary school libraries and children's departments of public
libraries, The Elementary School Library Collection, (New
Brunswick, New Jersey: Bro-Dart Foundation, 1965“ )• Through
several revisions she remained as editor and is still involved as one
of the assistants to her successor. In 1971 the New Jersey School
Media Association published Toward an Effective School Library by
Aliya Farid, an extensive essay based on the writings of Miss Gaver.^
^Ibid., p. 658 .
6k "ALA Awards and Citations for 1963—Herbert Putnam Honor Award," Library Journal, LXXXVIII (September 1, 1963 ). 3018.
^A liya Farid, Towards an Effective School Library (Emerson, New Jersey: New Jersey School Media Association, 197l)» 10, 8 pp.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3^
Miss Gaver was especially adept at delineating plans of action for
professional accomplishment in the school-library field.
COMPARATIVE BIOGRAPHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL DATA
Information presented in Table 1 shows that of the fifteen ALA
women presidents surveyed only four were employed during their
tenure of office in the same state where they were born. Linda
Eastman and Josephine Adams Rathbone were the two presidents who
practiced their profession solely in the states where they were born.
Eleven of the women practiced their profession in three or more
states during their careers. Frances Lander Spain was employed in
six different states during her career in librarianship.
The only discernible pattern one discovers from Table 2 is a
preponderance of midwestern states which have been the birth places
of ALA women presidents. Ten of the fifteen were born in the Midwest,
two in the South, one in the Southwest, one in the East, and one in
the Northeast. Illinois and Iowa were the only states which
produced two women presidents, while eleven other states produced one
each.
All ALA women presidents were employed in the United States when
elected. As is indicated in Chart 3> New York was the place of
employment of four of the women, followed by the states of
Louisiana and Ohio with two each. The majority of these women were
employed in the Eastern or Midwestern United States.
As is indicated in Table 4, Wellesley College was the alma mater
of more ALA women presidents than any other college or university.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. N.Y. Other Places of Carolina, New Jersey, I l l i n o i s York, Maryland F lo rid a ------Michigan, ’Wisconsin, Illinois, Texas Virginia, Georgia, New New York, Texas, Calif. L o u isian a New New York During Tenure Professional Employment C a lifo rn ia Tennessee New York New York California, South New New York New York Missouri Ohio Massachusetts Washington, D.C. Iowa, Louisiana, New New New York New New J e rs e y M ichigan M innesota Place of Employment T able 1 D.C. IllinoisI l l i n o i s Ohio Iowa Tennessee F lo rid a In d ia n a Texas Louisiana Iowa B irth p la c e W isconsin Iowa Kansas Louisiana New York, Oregon, Calif. M ichigan M innesota Birthplaces and Places of Employment of Presidents Women ALA Spain Warren RathboneR othrock New York C ulver Morton Countryman Plummer Eastman Ohio Elm endorf Fyan Ludington Morsch Gaver Washington, P re s id e n t 2. 7. 8. 9 . 5. 6. 3- 1 . 4 . 15. 13. 14. T yler 11. 12. 10.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. 36
T a b le 2
Birthplaces of ALA Women Presidents
P lace of R elativ e B irth Number Frequency
I l l i n o i s 2 13-3
Iowa 2 13-3
F lo rid a 1 6.6
Indiana 1 6.6
Kansas 1 6.6
Michigan 1 6.6
M innesota 1 6.6
New York 1 6.6
Ohio 1 6.6
Tennessee 1 6.6
Texas 1 6.6
Washington, D.C. 1 6.6
W isconsin 1 6.6
Totals 15 100.0
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Table 3
Employment Places of ALA Women Presidents During Tenure
P lace of R elativ e Employment Number Frequency
New York k 26.6
L ouisiana 2 13-3
Ohio 2 13-3
C a lifo rn ia 1 6.6
Massachus etts 1 6.6
Michigan 1 6.6
M innesota 1 6.6
New Je rse y 1 6.6
Tennessee 1 6.6
Washington, D.C. 1 6.6
T otals 15 100.0
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. O j 00 V Mills College Mt. Holyoke Colo Honorary Degree and Institution Awarding S ta te U. Is la n d U. ------MA, MA, U. of Michigan ------Doctor of Letters, La. ------Litt.D ., Pomona College MA, MA, Oberlin Litt.D College LL.D., ., Mt. Western Holyoke Reserve Col. U. Doctor of Letters,LL.D., Long LL.D., U Table for L. S. Education College or University ------Columbia University New New York State U. (Albany) Columbia University New New York State U. (Albany) U. o f C a lifo rn ia New York State U. (Albany) Formal Education and Honorary Degrees of Presidents Women ALA — — — — — — — — — College or University for General Education U. o f M ichigan ------Pomona C ollege Wellesley College Randolph-Macon College George Washington U. U. of C a lifo rn ia U. o f M ichigan Washington, M ills College Countryman C ulver Eastman Elm endorf Gaver FyanLudington Wellesley College Whitman College, U. of Western Reserve U. Morton West Texas State College PlummerRathbone Wellesley College *Columbia College . ■ . o 1 8. Morsch Iowa State U. Columbia University 3- 5. 6. 7. 4. 9. P re s id e n t 1 1 10.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. V jO vo Mills College Institute Awarding Honorary Degree and ------Litt.D., Technology for L. S. Education Emory U n iv e rsity New New York State U. (Albany) F lo rid a U. S ta o f te Chicago U. College or University **Armour Institute of Table 4—Continued ------College for or University General Education U. U. of Chicago U. o f W isconsin * = Predecessor of Columbia University ** = University Now of Illinois SpainT y ler Winthrop College Warren 13. 12. Rothrock14. Vanderbilt University 15. P re s id e n t
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. ^0
Three of the fifteen presidents studied there. Only one of the women
presidents, Frances Lander Spain, held an earned doctorate. It was
in library science and awarded by the University of Chicago. Six of
the presidents held honorary degrees. Of those six, the one who held
no earned degrees of any kind, Linda Eastman, was given three
honorary degrees. Two others, Essae Martha Culver and Mary Virginia
Gaver, were each given two honorary degrees. Mills College and Mt.
Holyoke College both awarded two of these honorary degrees. As seen
on Table 5> twelve of the fifteen women presidents attended library
schools, earning course credits, library science certificates, bache
lors degrees in library science, masters degrees in library science,
and one mentioned above earned the doctor of philosophy degree in
library science. Ten different library schools were attended by
the women. Columbia University and New York State University (Albany)
were each attended by four of the women. Eight other library schools
were attended by one each of the fifteen women.
Women presidents of ALA have been recipients of numerous awards
ranging in nature from scholastic achievement to stewardship, as is
indicated in Table 6. One of the women, Essae M. Culver, was
honored by having a L ouisiana s t a t e award named fo r h er. The f i r s t
recipient of the Essae M. Culver Award was another ALA president
from Louisiana, Florrinell Morton. The award is given in recognition 66 of distinguished service to librarianship.
66 "First Essae M. Culver Award for Distinguished Service to Librarianship Awarded Florrinell F„ Morton," loc. cit.
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Table 5
Library Schools Attended by ALA Women Presidents
Number R elativ e Library School A ttending Frequency
Armour I n s titu te 1 6.25
Chicago 1 6.25
Columbia 4 25.00
Emory 1 6.25
New York S ta te 4 25.00
Florida State 1 6.2 5
Western Reserve 1 6.25
George Washington 1 6. 25
U. of California 1 6. 25
U. of Wisconsin 1 6. 25
Totals *16 100.0 0
*Some presidents attended more than one library school, some attended none.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. T a b le 6
Awards Bestowed Upon Women P residents of ALA
Award R ecip ien ts
ALA '75 Anniversary Hall of Fame Tyler, Rathbone, Plummer
American Library Institute Tyler
B eta Phi Mu Award Morton
Carnegie Corporation Bronze Plaque Eastman
Essae M. Culver Award Morton
H erbert Putnam Honor Award Gaver
Joseph W. L ip p in c o tt Award Rothrock, Ludington, Culver
M argaret Mann Award Morsch
Melvin Dewey Award Morsch
Minneapolis, Minnesota Civic Countryman Service Honor Medal
Outstanding Women (One of 14 in Spain Professional, Cultural and Social Fields)
Phi Beta Kappa Warren, Gaver, Countryman
University (Louisiana) D istin g u ish ed S ervice Award Morton
University of Washington School Ludington of Librarianship Distinguished Alumna
University (Rutgers) Research Gaver Council Award
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For scholastic achievement, perhaps no other recognition is so
well-known as the Phi Beta Kappa key. Three of the women
presidents, Althea Warren, Mary Virginia Gaver, and Gratia
Countryman earned it.
In celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the American Library
Association, Library Journal compiled a Library Hall of Fame.
Listed among those so honored were three women presidents: Alice
Tyler, Josephine Rathbone, and Mary Wright Plummer. All elected to
the Hall of Fame were recognized for the outstanding leadership they
had provided for the library profession.
Women presidents have also been recipients of five different
awards given through the national awards program of ALA. The Joseph
W. Lippincott Award, established in 1937 an(l presented annually to a
librarian for distinguished service in the profession of librarian- 68 ship, has been presented to three of the women; Mary Rothrock,
Flora Belle Ludington, and Essae M. Culver. Miss Rothrock was the
first person ever to receive this award which is administered
through the ALA Awards Committee.
Mary Virginia Gaver was the recipient of the Herbert Putnam Honor
Fund Award, established in 1939 and "presented at intervals as a $500
grant-in-aid to an American librarian of outstanding ability for
6*7 '"A Library Hall of Fame for the 75th Anniversary," op. cit., pp. 466-72. 68 American Library Association, The ALA Yearbook: 1977; a Review of Library Events 1976 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1977)» p. 45.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. travel, writing, or other use that might improve his or her services 69 to the library profession or to society." The Putnam Award is
also administered through the Awards Committee of ALA.
Recipient of two awards related to her lihrarianship specialty
was Lucile M. Morsch. She received the Margaret Mann Citation in
1951» an annual award
"to a cataloger or classifier . . . for outstanding professional achievement in the areas of cataloging or classification, either through publication of significant professional literature, participation in professional cataloging associations, introduction of new techniques of recognized importance, or outstanding work in the area of teaching within the past five years."70
This award is administered by the Cataloging and Classification
Section, Resources and Technical Services Division. Miss Morsch
also received the Melvil Dewey Medal,
"a citation presented annually to an individual or a group for recent creative professional achievement of a high order, particularly in those fields in which Melvil Dewey was actively interested: notably, library management, library training, cataloging and classifi- cation, and the tools and techniques of librarianship."
The Melvil Dewey Medal is administered by the ALA Awards Committee.
The Beta Phi Mu Award, administered by the ALA Library Education
Division, was received by Florrinell Morton. Consisting of a cash
p riz e "o f $500 and a citation of achievement, presented to a library
school fa c u lty member or to an in d iv id u a l fo r d istin g u ish e d serv ic e
to education for librarianship," 72 it is donated by the national
6 %bid., p. 43. 7°Ibid., p. 45.
^Ibid., p. 46. 72Ibid., p. 42.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4-5
honorary library science fraternity, from which it derives its
name.
Three of the ALA women presidents received recognition from
sources outside the library profession for their professional
library service. The Carnegie Corporation of New York awarded Linda
Eastman a bronze plaque reading "in appreciation of the outstanding
nature of the help she has given to the cause of education." 73 The
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Council of Americanization awarded to Gratia
Countryman in 1931 its civic service medal, in recognition of her
work with the foreign-born. 74- Frances Lander Spain was chosen as one
of fourteen women in professional, cultural, and social fields as
being among the "outstanding women of 1960.:: She was cited for her
"pre-eminent attainments and the inspiration they offer to other
women in her profession." 75
In 1909 Alice Tyler was elected a member of the American
Library Institute, which consisted of one hundred persons chosen by
ALA "to contribute to library progress by conferring together."
Institutions of higher education have honored four ALA women
p re s id e n ts . F lo ra B elle Ludington was s e le c te d D istin g u ish ed Alumna
^Raymond C. Lindquist, "Linda A. Eastman," op. c it., p. 785*
^"Miss Countryman Retires," Library Journal, LXII (February 1 5 , 1937), 160 - 1 .
^-5"Mrs. Spain to R etire from NYPL; Augusta Baker Named Successor," Library Journal, LXXXVI (July 1961 ) , 2440.
'“Scott, op. cit., p. 192.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 46
by the School of Librarianship of the University of Washington.
Florrinell Morton received from the president of Louisiana State
University in 1962 a Certificate of Appreciation in recognition of 77 distinguished service to the University. Mary Virginia Gaver 78 received the Rutgers University Research Council Award in 1962.
As is indicated by Table 7» eleven of the fifteen ALA women
presidents spent a part of their professional careers in public
librarianship; five were practicing public librarians during their
tenures as president. Six of the women had served as academic
librarians. Flora B. Ludington was the only one in the study who
practiced academic librarianship during her presidential tenure.
Lucile M. Morsch was the only president to be employed in a United
States government library during presidential tenure. Twelve of the
women served as lib r a r y educators, some f u l l tim e, some p a rt-tim e ,
some during summer sessio n s only. Table 8 shows th a t fo u r o f these
twelve served as heads, directors, or vice-directors of library-
education programs during their tenures of office. Three of the
women were serving as heads of public libraries in large cities
during their presidential tenures; Linda Eastman at the Cleveland
Public Library, Gratia Countryman at the Minneapolis Public Library,
and Althea Warren at the Los Angeles Public Library. The two women
serving as state librarians during their ALA presidencies were
Essae M. Culver (Louisiana) and Loleta Fyan (Michigan). Frances
77 1'"First Essae M. Culver Award for Distinguished Service to Librarianship Awarded Florrinell F. Morton," loc. cit. 78 Hodges, loc. cit.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L.S. o f O ffice ------Vice-Director S p ecial Director L.S. Director L.S. Academic U.S. Govt. Director L.S. S ta te S ta te Type Practiced Library Ed. P u b lic P u b lic P u b lic During Tenures 80 X X SS P u b lic X 12 X X X SS X X X X X SS X X SS X X PT X X SS 6 . 6 1 X U.S. Govt. Lib. Ed. 2 X 13-3 PT = Part Time only S p e c ial Table 7 6 X X P u b lic X X X 40 Academic Type of Librarianship 6 .6 XX School XX X X X X XX X X X X X 73.3 11 1 P u b lic 5 X X 33-3 S ta te Types of Librarianship Practiced by Who Served Women as Presidents ALA SS SS = Summer S essio n s only T o ta ls S pain T y ler X Warren R othrock X Countryman X Rathbone Morton Morsch C ulver Eastman Plummer Elm endorf Ludington Gaver Fyan Ldent ...... 8 7. 2 6 9 . 3- 5. 4 . 1 15- 13. 14. 1 1 1 2 Pel. Frequency 1 0 P res.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. 48
T a b le 8
Types of Librarianship Practiced hy ALA Women Presidents During Tenures
R elativ e Type Number Frequency
Public Librarian 5 33.3
Library School Directors 4 26.6
State Librarian 2 13.3
U.S. Government Librarian 1 6.6
Academic Librarian 1 6.6
Special Librarian 1 6.6
Library School Instructor 1 6.6
T otals 15 100.0
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Zj.9
Lander Spain was serving as Coordinator of Children's Services at the
New York Public Library during her tenure. Flora Belle Ludington was
librarian at Mt. Holyoke during her ALA presidency, Mary Rothrock
was supervisor of Tennessee Valley Authority Library Services, and
Theresa Elmendorf was employed in public librarianship at Buffalo,
New York. School librarianship had been practiced by only one
president during her professional career, and no woman practiced it
during her tenure.
Eleven, or 73-7^) of the first fifteen ALA women presidents had
served their state library associations prior to assuming the
national presidency as indicated in Table 9* Three of the women had
served as president of regional library associations, Mary Rothrock
having served as president of the Southeastern Library Association on
two occasions. Three served as president of the Association of
American Library Schools, two had served as president of the League
of Library Commissions, and one had served as president of its
successor, the American Association of State Librarians. Three of
the fifteen ALA women presidents had had experience as presidents
of other national, state, or regional library associations prior to
their assuming the ALA presidency.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Other Library-Related National Associations Classification, ALA Library Schools Library Schools L ib ra ria n s L ib ra ria n s American Association of American Association of Library Education Division, AL American Association of School Division of Cataloging and American Association of State League of Library Commissions X Association Regional Library T able 9 XXX X X X Association State Library American Literary Association Presidents X X XX Association Local Library Professional Association Presidencies Held PriorWomen “by to Tenures as Spain R othrock C ulver Rathbone Countryman Ludington Elmendorf X Morton X X Eastman X Fyan . Morsch . Gaver 8 7. 2. 6 9. 1 . 5. Ur. 3- 13. 12. 10. Plummer 11. P re s id e n ts
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission.
o f 7 46.6j£ Other Library-Related National Associations Library Schools American Association League of Library Commissions 3 2Q& Association Regional Library Table 9—Continued X X 73.3^ 11 Association State Library 3 2C$ Association Local Library T o ta ls Rel. Frequency 14. Tyler 15. Warren P re s id e n ts
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. Chapter III
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITINGS OF ALA WOMEN PRESIDENTS SURVEYED
The purpose of this chapter is to present a bibliography of the
professional writings of each of the fifteen ALA women presidents
included in this study. The "bibliographies of the writings are
presented chronologically according to tenure in the ALA presidency.
The citations within each hihliography are also arranged in
chronological order. In an attempt to make the "bibliographies more
useful, each citation was coded three ways:
1. A letter code was used to indicate the type of librarianship fo r which th e m aterial was intended.
2. A numerical code was used to indicate the subject content of the material.
3. Another letter code was used to indicate the type of publication in which the material appeared.
A more complete explanation of these codes is as follows:
Code for Type of Librarianship Intended
A = Academic Librarianship G = General (Librarianship in general) Pc = Public Librarianship (City, County, or Rural) Pr = Public Librarianship (Regional) PS = Public and School Librarianship (interrelationships between th e two types) Py = Public Librarianship (Children's and Youth Departments) S = School Librarianship Sp = Special Librarianship St = State Librarianship U = United States Government Librarianship (Library of Congress)
52
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Code for Subject Content
1 = Buildings and Facilities 2 = Collection Building 3 = Finances and Legislation b = History of Library Development 5 = Library Associations 6 = Library Education 7 = Organization and Administration 8 = Personnel and Recruitment 9 = Planning Library Development 10 = Publicity and Public Relations 11 = Library Services 12 = Technical Services
In some in sta n ce s more than one number was used when c ita tio n s
were related to more than one of the above subjects.
Code fo r Type of P u b lic a tio n in Which P u b lish ed
B = Books, Monographs, including parts of either JLs = City or State Library-Oriented Journal JLr = Regional Library-Oriented Journal JLn = National Library-Oriented Journal NL = Non-Library Oriented Journal P = Proceedings of Professional Association Conferences
B ib lio g rap h ic Form
The bibliographic form used in the bibliographies that make up
this chapter is a slight modification of that used by the H. W.
Wilson Company in Library Literature, its index to professional
library literature.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Example of Code Use
Pc-10, 11-JLn Plummer, Mary Wright. "Campaign of Library Publicity in the General Magazines," Public Libraries, 19*41-42, February 1914.
Pc = Public Librarianship (City, County, or Rural) 10 = Publicity and Public Relations 11 = Library Services JLn = National Library-Oriented Journal
The Individual Bibliographies
The individual bibliographies of writings follow. At the end of
each bibliography is a short summary of the citations included.
Elmendorf, Theresa West
Pc-ll-JLn "Usefulness of Libraries in Small Towns," Library Journal, 8:227-29, August 1883.
G-l-JLn "Report on Library Architecture," Library Journal, 19: Conference No. 9^-100, December 1894.
Pc-2-JLn "Improper Books: Methods Employed to Discover and Exclude Them," Library Journal, 20: Conference No.: 32, December 1895.
Pc-1, 7-JLn "The Milwaukee Library-Museum Building," Library Journal, 21:177-81, April 1896.
G-6 -JLn "Periodicals for the Staff," Public Libraries, 3:45, February 1898.
G-ll-JLn "Mutual Help Between Libraries," Public Libraries, 7s73-74, February 1902.
Py-2, 11-NL "Great Literature and Little Children," Chautaquan, 39*381, 1904.
G-2-B Catalog of Books for Small Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association, 1904.
Py-2, 11-JLn "Great Literature and Little Children," Saint Louis Public Library Bulletin, 2:138-41, 19057
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 55
G-8-JLn "The Things That Matter: An Attempt at a Study in Values," Public Libraries, 14:281-89, October 1909•
P y -ll-JL s "The Children's Right to Poetry," Wisconsin Library Bulletin, 7*119-20, October 1911.
G -ll-JL s "The Librarian's Place and Power," Wisconsin Library Bulletin, 7*120, October 1911.
PS-7, 11-JLs "School and Public Library Cooperation," New York Libraries, 3*55-56, January 1912.
Pc-2-JLs "The Great War: Some Books of Special Importance to Libraries in the Present Crisis," New York Libraries, 4:l49-51> August 1914.
PS-11-JLn "Buffalo's System of Public School and Public Library Co-operation," Bulletin of Bibliography, 9*38-40, April 19l5T
PS-2, 11-B Class-Room Libraries for Public Schools. 4th ed. Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Public Library, 1923.
G-2-B Poetry and Poets, a Readers' L ist. Chicago: American L ib rary A sso ciatio n , 1931*
Note: The first four publications by this president were written under her maiden name, Theresa West.
C ita tio n summary
No. citations: 17
Presidential Tenure: 1911-1912
Dates of First and Last Citations: August 1883-1931
Citations Dated before Tenure in Office: 10 o r 59%
Citations Dated During and After Tenure in O ffice : 7 o r 4l/2
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56
Plummer, Mary Wright
G-6 -JLn "The Columbia College School of Library Economy from a Student's Standpoint," Library Journal, 12:363-64, September-October 1887.
G-6 -JLn "Values of a School for Library Training," Library Journal, 16:40-44, February 1891.
G-7-JLn "Loan Systems," Library Journal, 18:242-46, Ju ly 1893.
Pc-7-B •Hints to Small Libraries. Brooklyn, New York: Pratt Institute Free Library, 1894.
G-12-JLn "Linotyping Library Catalogs," Library Journal, 19:26l, August 1894.
P y- 8, 11-JLn "Work with Children in Free Libraries," Library Jo u rn al, 22:679-86, November 1897.
G-6 -JLn "Periodicals for the Staff," Public Libraries, 3:97, March I 898.
G-6 -JLn "Pratt Institute Library School," Library Journal, 23* 60 - 63 , August 1898.
Py-ll-NL "What Can a Children's Department in a Library Do for Schools?" Journal of Education, 48: 94, July 28, 1898.
Pc-2, 11-JLn "The Photograph Collection of Pratt Institute Free Library," Library Journal, 25:7-8. January 19OO.
G-2-JLn "The Books Themselves," Library Journal, 26: Supplement 166 - 67 , 1901.
Pc-ll-JLn "The Library of the Future in 'Light and Leading, > 11 Library Journal, 26 :63 - 65 , February 1901.
G-6 -JLn "Training for Librarianship," Library Journal, 26:317-23, June 1901.
G-6 -JLn "Library Training," Library Journal, 27:889-91. October 1902.
G-6 -JLn "Library Training," Public Libraries, 7*339-401, November 1902.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 57
G-6-JLn "The Personal Reading of the Librarian," Library Journal, 28:5-7. January 1903.
G-6-JLn "The Pros and Cons of Training for Librarianship," Public Libraries, 8:208-20, May 1903.
G-6-JLn "The Evolution of the Library School Curriculum," ALA Bulletin, 2:203-05, September 1908.
G-6-JLn "Evolution of the Pratt Institute Library School Curriculum," ALA B ulletin, 2:207-10, September 1908.
P y -ll-JL n "P oetry in the C h ild re n 's Room," L ib rary Jo u rn a l, 35:463, October 1910.
G-6-JLs "Training for Librarianship," Wisconsin Library Bulletin, 5:46-47, June 1909.
Pc-10, 11- ■JLn "The Christm as Book E xhibit in L ib ra r ie s ," Library Journal, 36:4-9, January 1911.
G-6-JLn "The Beginnings of a Library School," Library Journal, 37:14-16, January 1912.
G-2-JLn "Some Features of a Bookseller's Equipment," Publishers' Weekly, 86:1788-91. June 1912.
G-6-JLn "Specialization and Grading in Library Schools," ALA Bulletin, 7:343-47, July 1913-
G-6-B "Training for Library Service." (in Munroe, Paul, ed., Munroe's A Cyclopedia of Education, Vol. 4, New York: Macmillan, 1913, PP. 14-18.)
Pc-10, 11- JLn "Campaign of Library Publicity in the General Magazines," Public Libraries, 19:41-42, February 1914.
G -ll-B The Seven Joys of Reading. White Plains, New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1916.
Py-8, l i - : ! "Work with Children in Free Libraries." (in Hazeltine, Alice I., ed., Library Work with Children. White Plains, New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1917, PP. •)
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 58
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 29
Presidential Tenure: 1915-1916
Dates of First and Last Citations: September-October 1887-1917
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 27 or 92%
Citations Dated During and After Tenure in O ffice: 2 o r ^
Tyler, Alice S.
Pc-12-JLn "Classification," Public LiLraries, 4:377-80, O ctober 1899*
Pc-12-JLn "A Modification of Subject Entries for Card Catalogs," Library Journal, 28:21-22, January 1903-
S t- 8, 11-JLn "Instructional Work of Library Commissions," PuLlic LiLraries, 10:60-61, FeLruary 1905 •
St-4, 5, 11-JLn "The League of Library Commissions," Library Journal, 30:274-77, May 1905.
Sp-7-JLn "Supervision of Libraries in Iowa State Institutions," Library Journal, 31:?4-75, February 1906.
Sp-7-JLn "Supervision of State Institution Libraries in Iowa," Public Libraries, 11:71, February 1906 .
S t-6 , 11-JLn "Iowa Summer Library School," Public Libraries, 11:132-33, March 1906.
Pc-7-JLn "Form of Library Organization for a Small Town Making a Library Beginning," Library Journal, 31:803-06, December 1906.
St-11, 12- JLn "The Library Commission, the Small Library and the Card Catalog," ALA Bulletin, 2:370-72, September 1908.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 59
Pc-12-JLs "A Modification of Subject Entries for Card Catalogs," Iowa Library Commission Quarterly, 3:48, 1910.
Pc-7, 11-JLn "Effect of the Commission Plan of City Govern ment on T'ublic Libraries, " Library Journal, 36:328-33> July 1911.
Pc-ll-JLs "An Experiment in Extension," Wisconsin Library Bulletin, 7:121-23, October 1911.
S t-4 , 5 , 11-JLs "The League of Library Commissions," Iowa Library Commission Quarterly, 5*H, 25, 1912.
Pc-7-NL "The Public Library in Commission-Governed Cities," National Municipal Review, 2:255- 59, April 1913.
Pc-7-JLn "The Public Library in Commission-Governed Cities," Library Journal, 38:403-05, July 1913.
Pc-7-JLs "The Public Library in Commission-Governed C ities," Iowa Library Commission Quarterly, 7:37-40, July-August-September 1913*
G-8-JLn "The Necessary Qualifications for a Librarian," Library Journal, 39:303, April 1914.
G-ll-JLn "The Widening Field and the Open Book," Iowa Library Commission Quarterly, 7:129-33, J anuary-F ebruary-March 1915■
Pc-7-JLs "Form of Library Organization for a Small Town Making a Library Beginning," North Carolina Library B u lle tin , 3*3-7, 191^*
Pc-7-JLs "Form of Library Organization for a Small Town Making a Library Beginning," Texas Libraries, 1:24-27, April 1916.
Pc-7-JLn "Form of Library Organization for a Small Town Making a Library Beginning," Library Journal, 41:444-45, June 1916.
G-6 -JLn "Western Reserve Library School," Library Journal, 47:303-04, April 1, 1922.
G-6 -JLn "Recruiting for Library Schools," ALA Bulletin, 16:127-29, July 1922.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 60
G-6-JLn "Education for Librarianship: As It Is and As It Might Be," Public Libraries, 29:389-90, October 1924.
G -ll-JL s "A New Year's Thought," Iowa Library Quarterly, 10:177, October-November-December 1927-
P c -ll-JL n "Goals in Library Development," Library Journal, 52:1065-67, November 15, 1927.
P c -ll-JL s "Library Extension: A National Responsibility," New York L ib r a r ie s , 11:193-97, Nay 1929.
P c -ll-P "The Library's Service in a Democracy," Southeastern Library Association Papers, 6:3-9, 1930.
P c -ll-J L s "The Library's Service in a Democracy," North Carolina Library Bulletin, 8:61-66, 1931•
Pc-4, 11-JLn "Rural Adult Education and the County Library," Libraries, 36 :62 -67, February 1931 ■
Pc-6-JLn "The Need for More Specialized Training for the County Librarian," ALA Bulletin, 25:525-26, September 1931•
G -ll-JL n "The Open Round Table, Librarians and Educators?" Library Journal, 58:703, September 1, 1933-
Py-6-JLn "Training for Library Work with Children," Library Journal, 59:823, November 1, 1934.
Sp-ll-NL "Pioneer Work in Hospital Libraries," Transactions (American Hospital Association), 38:620-23, 1936.
G-8-JLn "In Reply to 'The Weaker Sex?'" Library Journal, 63:294, April 15, 1938.
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 35
Presidential Tenure: 1920-1921
Dates of First and Last Citations: October 1899-April 1 5 , 1938
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 21 or 6 ($
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 61
Citations Dated During the After Tenure in Office: 14 or 4($
Eastman, Linda A.
PS-11-JLn "The Child, the School, and the Library," Library Journal, 21:134-39, April 1896.
P y -ll-JL n "Work for Children in Public Libraries," Library Journal, 22:686-88, 1897.
P y -ll-JL n "The Cleveland Children's Library League," Library Journal, 22:151-53, October 1897.
G-8, 11-JLn "Aims and Personal A ttitu d e s in L ib rary Work," Library Journal, 22: Conference No. 80-81, October 1897.
P y -ll-JL n "Methods of Work for Children: The Cleveland Library League," Public Libraries, 2:268 1897.
P y -ll-JL n "Methods of Work for Children: The Cleveland Library League," Library Journal, 22:686-88 November 1897.
PS-11-B "Work Between Libraries and Schools at Cleveland," U.S. Bureau of Education Report 1897-98, Pt. 1, pp. 675-76.
P y -ll-JL n "The Library and the Children: An Account of the Children's Work in the Cleveland Public Library," Library Journal, 23:142-44, April 1898.
Py-1, 8-JLn "The Children’s Room and the Children's Librarian," Public Libraries, 3*^17-24, December I 898.
Pc-2-JLn "Lists Helpful to the Librarians of Small Libraries," Public Libraries, 9*66-68, February 1904.
G -l-JLn "Library Equipment," Public Libraries, 16:344, October 1911.
Py-1, 8-B "The Children's Room and the Children's Librarian." (in Hazeltine, Alice I., ed., Library Work with Children. White Plains, New York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1917, PP. 159-65.)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission 62
Pc-1, 7-JLn "Cleveland's New 'Reading Factories,"' Library Journal, 46:747-48, September 15 , 1921.
Pc-3-JLn "The C leveland Bond Is s u e ," L ib rary Jo u rn a l, 46:933-34, November 15, 1921.
Pc-11-ML "Here We Are!" Modern Hospital, 18:359-60, April 1922.
Pc-7, 11-B Branch Libraries and Other Distributing Agencies. Chicago: American Library Association, 1923.
P c-l-JL n "Cleveland's New Public Library," Library Journal, 50:491-92, June 1, 1925.
P c-l-JL n "Some Features of the New Cleveland Library," L ib rary Jo u rn a l, 50:943-48, November 15, 1925.
G-l-B Furniture, Fixtures, and Equipment. Chicago: American Library Association, 1927.
P c -ll-P "Some Phases of the Development and Work of One American Public Library." (in Library Association. Proceedings of the Fiftieth Annual Conference, 1927. Bp. 149-58.)
Pc-11-NL "The Library as an Informal School," Journal of Adult Education, 1:290-92, 1929.
P y -ll-B "Looking Backward and Forward." (in American Library Association. Committee on Library Work with Children. Children's Library Yearbook, No. 1. Chicago: American Library Association, 1929, PP. 1-2.)
Pc-11-NL "Part of the Library in Adult Education," Journal of the American Association of University Women, 22:68-71, January 1929.
G-5-JLs "What th e American L ib rary A ssociation Expects of the Southwestern Association," Texas L ib rary A sso ciatio n News N otes, 5 No. 1: 3-5, 1929.
Pc-7-JLn "The Divisional System of the Cleveland Public Library," Special Libraries, 22:150, May- June 1931.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 63
Pc-11-JLn "The Part of the City Library in the Vocational Guidance of Adults," ALA Bulletin, 26:10-16, January 1932.
Pc-3-JLn "Ohio Libraries Left without Income," Library Journal, 57:2^7. March 1, 1932.
Pc-11-P "The Place of the Library in Adult Education." (in National Education Association of the United States. Proceedings of the Seventy- Third Annual Meeting Held in Denver, C olorado, June 20 to J u ly 5> 1935* 73: 31~ 32, 1935.)
Pc-ll-NL "Substitute for Life," Journal of Adult Education, 9:189-90, April 1937.
C ita tio n summary
No. Citations: 29
Presidential Tenure: 1928-1929
Dates of First and Last Citations: April 1896-1937
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 20 or 69$
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in Office: 9 or 31%
Rathbone, Josephine Adams
G-2, 12-JLn "Some Bibliographical Schemes," Public Libraries, 2:178-79. May 1897.
S-ll-JLn "Instruction in the Use of Reference Books and Libraries in High Schools," Library Journal 23* Conference No. 87-91. August 1898.
Ps-11 JLn "Co-operation between Libraries and Schools: An Historical Sketch," Library Journal 26:187-91, April 1901.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 64
G-6-JLn "Fiction Course in the Pratt Institute Library School," Public Libraries, 7:72- 73, February 1902.
G - ll, 12- JLn "The Classification of Fiction," Lihrary Journal, 27:121-24, March 1902.
St-4-JL n "The Modern Lihrary Movement," Public Libraries, 13:197-201, June 1908.
P c-8, 11- JLn "The Opportunity of the Library Assistant," Public Libraries, 14:333-38, November 1909.
Py-2, 11- ■JLs "Histories for Children," North Carolina Library B ulletin, 1:120-21, March 1912.
G-6 -JLn "A Projected Normal Course at Pratt Institute School of Library Science," ALA Bulletin, 6:297-300, July 1912.
S-4, 7-B "School Libraries." (in Monroe, Paul, ed., Monroe's A Cyclopedia of Education, Volume 4, New York: Macmillan, 1913> PP* 14-18.)
G-6 -JLn "Library School Work at Pratt Institute," ALA Bulletin, 7:182-83, July 1913.
A-8- J ln "What C ollege L ib ra ria n s Can Do fo r L ib rary Schools," ALA Bulletin, 7019-20, July 1913-
G-8-JLn "Some P o in ts in th e Code of P ro fe ssio n a l Etiquette," ALA Bulletin, 8:14-15, January 1914.
G-8-JLn "Salaries of Library School Graduates," Library Journal, 39:188-90, March 1914.
G-8-JLn "Requests Sent to One Library School," Public Libraries, 20:116-18, March 1915-
G-12-JLn "The Proposed Code fo r C la s s if ie r s —A D iscu ssio n ," ALA B ulletin, 9:254-57, May 1915.
G-8-JLn "Some Aspects of Our Personal Life," Public Libraries, 21:5306, February 1916 .
Sp-6 -JLn "Library School Course on Training for Business Libraries," Library Journal, 43:61, January 1918.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 65
G-6-JLn "Views of Library School Directors," Puhlic Libraries, 23:13-14, January 1918.
Pc-6-JLn "The Training of Assistants for Lending Department Work," ALA B ulletin, 13:173_75> June 23-27, 1919-
G-8-JLn "Recruiting for Librarianship," Library Journal, 45:450, May 15, 1920.
A-8-JLn "To College Librarians," Public Libraries, 26:192-93, April 1921.
G-6-JLn "The Pratt Institute School of Library Science," Library Journal, 46:935-36, November 15, 1921.
G-8-JLn "Standardization in Library Service," Public Libraries, 27:585-90, December 1922.
G-8-JLn "Pratt Graduates in Library Work," Library Journal, 54:169-70, February 15, 1929-
G-7-B Shelf Department. Chicago: American Library Association, 1930.
G-8-JLn "How to Find and Select Librarians," ALA Bulletin, 24:499, August 193°.
G-8, 11-JLs "A Postscript," Pennsylvania Library Notes, 13: 255-57, January 1933*
G -ll-JL n "A Study in Reading," ALA B ulletin, 27:501-05, November 1933*
G-8-JLn "Library School Graduates and the Depression," Library Journal, 60:240-41, March 15, 1935=
G-6-JLn "First Offshoot of the School of Library Economy," Library Service News, 6:30-31, June 1937.
G-8-JLn "The Situation in 1937," Library Journal, 63:256, April 1, 1938.
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 32
Presidential Tenure: 1931-1932
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 66
Dates of First and Last Citations: May- 1897-April 1, 1938
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 27 o r 84.*$
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in O ffice : 5 or 15-6%
Countryman, Gratia A.
Pc-2, 11-JLn "Shall Public Libraries Buy Literature for the Benefit of the Foreign Population?" Library Journal, 23s229-31» June 1898.
Pc-2, 11-JLn "How Far Should the Selection of Books for Branches Be Uniform?" Library Journal, 23*. Conference No. 101-102, August I 898.
S t-ll-J L n "Lines of Work Which a S ta te L ib rary Commission Can Profitably Undertake," Library Journal, 25: Conference No. 51-5^. August 1900.
G-8, 11-JLn "Opportunities," Library Journal, 26: Conference No. 52-5^i August 1901.
Pc-3, 4-JLn "State Aid to Libraries," Library Journal, 29s Conference No. 148-152, December 1904.
Pc-ll-JLs "The Library as a Social Center," Minneapolis L ib rary Notes and News, 1 No. 5 !3~5. 1905-
Pc-3, 4-JLn "State Aid to Libraries," Public Libraries, 10: 55-60, February 1905.
St-ll-JLn "Traveling Libraries as a First Step in Developing Libraries," Library Journal, 30; Conference No. 56-58, September 19 05.
Pc-ll-JLn "The Library as a Social Center," Public Libraries, 11:5-7. January 1906 .
G-8-B Librarianship. (Vocations Open to Women, Bulletin No. 1, Extra Series.) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1913• Pp» 18-19.
Pc-ll-JLs "Community Studies," Minnesota Public Library Commission News and Notes, 4:53 ~ 5 k , December 1913*
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. P c -ll-J L s "Whence and W hither: An A p p raisal," Minnesota Public Library Commission Library Notes and News, 5s^4-47, December 1916.
G-8-B Library Work as a Profession. (Bulletin No. 13) Minneapolis, Minnesota: Minneapolis Woman's Occupational Bureau, 1923.
Pc-7-JLn "Problems of Departmental Organization," Library Journal, 50:213-14, March 1, 1925.
PS-7, 11-JLs "County Library Administration of Country School Libraries," Illinois Libraries, 11:18-20, January 1929.
PS-7, 11-JLs "Public Library Administration of School Libraries," Illinois Libraries, 11:14-17, January 1929.
Pc-7-JLs "The County Library," Ontario Library Review, 16:9-10, August 1931.
PS-7, 11-JLs "Administering the Public Library and the School Library as a Single Unit," South Dakota Library B ulletin, 17:69~73» December 1931-
Pc-7, 8-JLn "An Experiment in Job Analysis and Its Results," ALA B ulletin, 26:138-39, March 1932.
Pc-10, 11-JLn "Publicity inl932," ALA Bulletin, 26:607-08, August 1932.
Pc-ll-JLs "Facing the Future," Library Notes and News, 10:193-94, September 1933*
G-5-JLs "Early History of the Minnesota Library Association, 1891-1900," Minnesota Libraries, 13:322-26, September 1942.
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 22
Presidential Tenure: 1933-1934
Dates of First and Last Citations: June 1898-September 1942
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 20 or 91%
permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 68
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in O ffice: 2 o r 9^
Culver, Essae M.
G-2, 11-JLs "Special Material in Libraries," California Library News Notes, 14:154, 1919*
Pc-2, 11-JLs "Phonograph Records," News Notes of California Libraries, 14:154-55, April 1919-
P c -ll-J L s "The County L ib ra ria n as a Community Booking Agent," Library Occurrent, 6:100-01, July 1921.
Pc-7, 11-JLn "A County Librarian at Work," ALA Bulletin, 19: 35^-57, July 1925.
S t-7 , 11-P "The Functions of State Supported Library Agencies," Southeastern Library Association Papers, 5:12-14, I 928.
S t-7-JL n "Louisiana Today," Library Journal, 57*369“74, April 15, 1932.
S t-7 , 9, 11-JLn "State Planning in Louisiana," Library Journal, 60:381-83, May 1, 1935.
P c-6 -JLn "Special Training for County Librarianship," Library Journal, 60:747-48, October 1, 1935*
A -ll-JL n "University Extension Programs and Libraries— Enduring Values," ALA B ulletin, 31*903-05, October 15, 1937*
Pr-7, 11-JLn "L ouisiana P a rish L ib ra rie s and What Funds Have Aided Them," ALA B ulletin, 33*P1H> October 15, 1939*
S t-7 , 11-JLs "Awake at the Wheel," Michigan Librarian, 6:3-6, 19, March 1940.
P c -ll-J L s "Deeds—Not Words," Louisiana Library Association B ulletin, 4:3~5> December 1940.
G -ll-JL n "Seeing the Library Word as a Whole," ALA Bulletin, 35*8, January 1941.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 69
G-5-JLs "Regional and the National Points of View," Colorado Lihrary Association Bulletin, 22; 21-24, October 1948.
S t, Pr-8- ■JLs "Recruiting for the State and Parish Libraries," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 12:16-17, November 1948.
S t-4-JL s "Foreword," Louisiana Library Association B u lle tin , 13:34, Spring 1950*
S t-7-JL s "Courage Is an Asset," Alabama Librarian, 1:11- 13, June 1950.
S t-4 , 5, 7, 11-JLs "The Louisiana State Library," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 16:18-20, Winter 1953.
S t-4 , 5 , 7, 11-JLs "The Louisiana State Library," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 16:41-48, Spring 1953*
G-10-JLs "History of the Citizens' Library Movement," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 17:18-23, Winter 1954. (Co-authored with Nantelle M. Gittinger)
Pc-3-JL s "Federal Aid to Libraries," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 20:177-78, Fall 1957-
Pc-4, 11' -JLn "Award-Winning Library," Library Journal, 84: 400-01, February 1, 1959■
S t—4, 10 -JLs "Honor Where Honor Is Due," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 25sl5-l6+, Spring 1962 .
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 23
Presidential Tenure: 1940-1941
Dates of First and Last Citations: 1919- Spring 1962
Citations Dates Before Tenure in Office: 10 or 43.5^
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 70
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in Office: 13 or 5 6. 5%
Rothrock, Mary U.
Pc-2-JLn "Censorship of Fiction in the Public Library," L ib rary Jo u rn a l, 48:^5^-56, May 15, 1923*
G-4, 8, 11-JLn "Library Development in the Southeast," ALA Bulletin, 17:116-19, July 1923.
PS-11-P "The Relation between Schools and Public Library in Provision of School Library Service," Southeastern Library Association Papers, 5:19-25,1928.
P S -ll-JL s "The Relation between Schools and Public Library in Provision of School Library Service," North Carolina Library Bulletin, 7"-130-35, 1929.
G -ll-JL n "Miss Rothrock's Address: New Library Responsibilities in the Light of Trends in Government, Social Conditions, and Education," ALA B ulletin, 28:516-18, September 1934.
G-9-JLn "The Tennessee Library Plan," Library Journal, 60:373-75, March 1, 1935-
Pr-7-JL n "Miss Rothrock's Address: Patterns for Regional Library Planning," ALA Bulletin, 29:614-18, September 1935*
P c -ll-B "The Library in Relation to Adult Education." (in Wilson, Louis I., ed., The Role of the Library in Adult Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937, PP- 15- 29.)
Pc-11-NL "Objectives of Rural Library Service," Rural America, 15:6-9, September 1937*
Pc-2, 11-JLn "Tomorrow's Rural Libraries," ALA B ulletin, 31* 961-64, December 1937.
Sp-6-P "Library Internship in the Tennessee Valley Authority," Southeastern Library Association Papers and Proceedings, 10:33-36, 1938.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 71
Pc-2, 11-NL "Library Service," Adult Education Bulletin (Bureau of School Service, College of Education, University of Kentucky), 10:131- 46, June 1938.
G-2, 11-JLn "Educational Films," ALA Bulletin, 32:980-81, October 15, 1938.
Pc-ll-JLn "From Mary U. Rothrock to the A.L.A. 'Adult Education Specialist, ALA Bulletin, 34: 143-44, February 1940.
G-2, 11-JLn "Libraries and Educational Films," ALA Bulletin, 34:169-73+, March 1940.
Pr-7, 11-JLn "A Regional Library in the Tennessee Valley," ALA B ulletin, 35s658-64, December 1941. (Go-authored with Helen M. Harris)
S-ll-JLn "Libraries and Regional Development," Library Quarterly, 12:666-74, July 1942.
Pc-ll-B "Library Service to the Rural Community." (in Carnovsky, Leon and Lowell, Martin, eds. The Library in the Community. Chicago: American Library Association, 1944, pp. 110-1 8.)
G-5, 11-P "Libraries and the South Today." (in South eastern Library Association. Twelfth Biennial Conference,ence, Papers rane and Proceedings, pp . 5 3 -6 1 T
Pc-2, 11-JLs "Man's Need and the Library," Massachusetts Library Association Bulletin, 37*1+» January 1947.
Pr-5, 7, 11-JLr "Regionalism and Public Libraries," Mountain Plains Library Quarterly, 1:13-15» Winter 1957. (Co-authored with Helen M. H arris)
C ita tio n summary
No, c ita tio n s : 21
Presidential Tenure: 1946-1947
Dates of First and Last Citations: May 15, 1923-Winter 1957
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 72
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 18 or 8 5 .? f o
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in Office: 3 or 14.35&
Ludington, F lo ra E.
A-7, 11-JLs "Standards Reached hy the Smaller College Libraries of the Pacific Coast," News Notes of California Libraries, 23:4-6, January 1928.
A -ll-JL n "College Librarians in the Middle Nest," Libraries, 34:417, October 1929.
A -ll-JL n "Preparing College Women for Leisure; Influencing Outside Reading through Personal Contact," Library Journal, 59*56-58, January 15, 1934.
A-2-JLn "College Library Book Selection," Library Journal, 60:8-12, January 1, 1935*
A -ll-JL n "Miss Ludington's Address to Junior College Libraries Round Table," ALA Bulletin, 29: 625-29, September 1935.
A-2-JLn "C onsideration of a C ollege L ib rary Book L i s t ," ALA B ulletin, 30:156-60, March 1936.
A-8-JLn "A Glance at Salaries in College and University Libraries," ALA Bulletin, 34*113-14, 123-24, February 1940,
A-2-JLn "Evaluating the Adequacy of the Book Collection," College and Research Libraries, 1:305-13» September 1940.
A-12-JLn "The New Code and the College Library," College and Research Libraries, 3*121-28, March 1942.
G-2-JLn "Propaganda in Pamphlets," ALA B ulletin, 36 : 296 , April 1942.
G -ll-JL n "Public Opinion and Postwar Planning: the Library's Part," Library Journal, 68:345-47. May 1, 1943.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73
G-ll-JLn "Books and the Sword—Symbols of Our Time," ALA B ulletin, 37:l47~52, May I 943.
G-ll-NL "Rebuilding War-Wrecked Libraries," American F e d e ra tio n is t, 51*30* March 1945•
A -ll-JL n "Towards a Better College Library," Stechert- H afner Book News, 4:93-94. March 1950.
G -ll-JL s "Strengthening the Forces for Peace," Massachusetts Library Association Bulletin, 41:37-39, July 1951.
A -ll-JL n "Hampshire Inter-Library Center," ALA B ulletin, 46:10-12, January 1952.
G-2-JLn "Book Preservation," ALA B ulletin, 47:425-26, October 1953*
G -ll-JL s "Essentials of Cooperation," South Dakota Library B u lle tin , 39:66-71, October-December 1953*
A -ll-JL n "Interlibrary Cooperation," Libraries, 7:1-2, December 1953*
G -ll-JL n "Our Common Interests and Purposes," Pacific Northwest Library Association Quarterly, 18:80-83, January 195^-
G -ll-JL n "The American Contribution to Foreign Library Establishment and Rehabilitation," Library Quarterly, 24:192-204, April 195^-
G-5-JLn "Association Responsibilities for Publishing," L ib rary T rends, 3:258-68, January 1955*
A-2 -JLn "'Outside Look' at AAUP," Publishers' Weekly, 169:2739-40, June 25, 1956.
A-2-JLn "The Increased Cost of Books," Library Journal, 84:151, January 15, 1959-
G-2-JLs "The Fiske Report: Its Implications for Book Selection," Massachusetts Library Association Bulletin, 50:1-6, Spring i 960 .
G-6-JLs "The Librarian's Reading—Personal and Profes sional," Illinois Libraries, 44:35^-58, May 1962.
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74
C ita tio n summary
No. C ita tio n s: 26
Presidential Tenure: 1953-1954
Dates of First and Last Citations: January 1928-May 1962
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 16 or 61 .5^
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in Office: 10 or 3 8. 5%
Warren, Althea H.
Pc-11-JLn "The Library's Part in Reconstruction," Public Libraries, 24:151-53> May 1919-
P y -ll-JL n "A 'Library Project' in Sixth Grade," Libraries, 28:474-75, October 1923.
Pc-3, 10-JLn "Increasing the Appropriation for the Public Library," Wilson Bulletin, 2:266-67, June 1924.
G-2-JLs "Style in Present-Day Children's Books," News Notes of California Libraries, 21:97-100, April 1926.
G-2-P "Modern Tendencies to Outline," California Library Association and Pacific Northwest Library Association Proceedings, 1:151-56, 1927.
P y -ll-JL n "First Year's Experiment in a High-School Reading Club," Libraries, 32:515-16, November 1927.
Pc-4-JLn "Public Libraries in California," ALA Bulletin, 24:318-22, September 1930.
P c-l-P "Desk Contracts in a Public Library." (in Institute for Librarians, University of Southern California. Proceedings of the Institute for Librarians and the Sixth D istrict California Library Association Business Meeting, 1935, PP- 22-25.)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 75
P y -ll-P "Library Services to Girls and. Boys in Their Teens in the Los Angeles Public Library," Pacific Northwest Library Association Proceedings, 26:50-52, 1935•
G-6-P "Read without Weeping," Pacific Northwest Library Association Proceedings, 26:23-28, 1935-
Pc-2-JL r "Pamphlet Age Returns," Pacific Bindery Talk, 9:141-44, April 1937.
Pc-11-NL "Serving Public Servants," Journal of Adult Education, 9:442-43, October 1937.
Pc-7-B "Administration of the Public Library of Medium Size." (in Joeckel, Carleton B., ed. Current Issues in Library Administration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939. pp. 181-97.)
G-10, 11-B "Courtesy in Library Service." (in Herbert, Clara W., ed. Personnel Administration in Public Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association, 1939. PP. 97-101.) (Co-authored with Lora A. Roden)
Pc-7-B "Departmental Organization of a Public Library by Subject." (in Joeckel, Carleton B., ed. Current Issues in Library Administration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939. pp. 111-34.)
Py-6-JLn "Three Days of In-Service Training for Children's Libraries," ALA B ulletin, 33s 260+-, A pril 1939.
G-10-JLn "One Reason Why Every S ta ff Member Has a Stake in Good Relations with the Public," ALA Bulletin, 33:P158-l62, October 15, 1939.
G-2-JLn "Books of 1939." Pacific Bindery Talk, 12:62-65, December 1939-
G-8-JLn "Vocation without Regrets," Wilson Library B ulletin, 18:25-27+, September 1943.
G -ll-JL s "Libraries in the Nation," Texas Library Association News Notes, 20:19-24, July 1944.
G -ll-JL r "Dynamics of the Future," Pacific Northwest Library Association Quarterly, 9*7-9, October 1944.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 76
Pc-l-JLn "Library Building Is in the Air," Lihrary Jo u rn al, 69 :1076-77, December 15, 19^•
G-8-JLs "The Satisfactions of Lihrarianship," Lihrary News B ulletin, 16:288-90, January 19^8.
Pc-7, 11-JLs "The Right Public Lihrary for Reference Service," Michigan Librarian, 15:15-17, December 19^9-
Pc-4-JL s "The P u b lic L ib rary Movement in C a lifo rn ia ," California Library Bulletin, 11:147-^8+-, June 1950.
G-2-JLn "Writers of California," Library Journal, 78: 1053-56, June 15, 1953.
Pc-ll-JLn "The Needs of Readers," Library Trends, 3:100-08, October 195^.
C ita tio n summary
No, c ita tio n s : 27
Presidential Tenure: 19^3-19^
Dates of First and Last Citations: May 1919-O ctober 195^
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 18 or 66.7$
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in O ffice: 9 33*3^
Morsch, Lucile M.
G-2, 11-B Library Literature, 1921-1932. Chicago: American Library Association, 193^•
G-8-B "B iographical D irecto ry of th e Members of the A.L.A. Catalog Section," ALA Cataloging and Classification Yearbook, 6:129-97, 1937.
G-2-B Check List of New Jersey Imprints, 178^-1800. (American Imprints Inventory, No. 9) [Mimeographed] 1939 H istorical Records Survey, Baltimore.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77
Pc-12-B Catalog Department Manual. Baltimore, Maryland! Enoch Pratt Feee Lihrary, 1940.
G-12-JLn "Cataloging and Classification and the Needs for Popular Service," Lihrary Journal, 65:561- 64, July 1940.
G-12-B "Simplified Cataloging." (in American Lihrary Association, Division of Cataloging and Classification. Cataloging and Classification Yearbook, No. 10. Chicago: American Lihrary Association, 1941, pp. 25-32.)
G-12-JLn "Simplified Cataloging," ALA Bulletin, 35s P52-55, September 1941.
G-12-JLn "The Challenge of Cataloging," Lihrary Journal, 67:57-60, January 15, 1942.
G-12-JLn "The New Edition of the A.L.A. Catalog Rules," College and Research Libraries, 3:117-21, March 1942.
U-12-JLn "Simplified Descriptive Cataloging at the Lihrary of Congress," ALA Bulletin, 36:403, June 19^2. (Co-authored with Herman H. Henkle)
G-12-JLs "Cataloging Is Pun," Ontario Lihrary Review, 26: 68-72, Fall 1942.
G-12-JLn "Discussions of New Rules for Descriptive Cataloging," Lihrary of Congress Information Bulletin, 7:5, March 9- 15, 1948.
U-12-JLn "Study o f Adapting Cooperative Copy; a Memorandum to the Librarian of Congress," Lihrary of Congress Cataloging Service Bulletin, 17: 1-5, May 1948.
U-12-JLn "Study on the Establishing of Personal Names for the Catalog," Lihrary of Congress Cataloging Service Bulletin, 17:6-8, May 1948.
U-12-JLn "Study on the Establishing of Personal Names for the Catalog," Lihrary of Congress Information Bulletin, 7:6-8, June 1-7, 1948.
U-12-JLn "Cataloging Arrearages in the Lihrary of Congress," Journal of Cataloging and Classification, 7:101-03, Fall 1951.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 78
U-l-JLn "Children's Books and the Library of Congress," Library of Congress Information Bulletin, 11:9-10, June 16, 1952.
G-12-JLn "Printed Cards for Phonorecords," Music Library Association Notes, 10:197-98, March 1953*
G-12-JLn "Cooperation and Centralization," Library Trends, 2:342- 5 5 , October 1953.
G-7, 12-JLn "Scientific Management in Cataloging," Library Trends, 2:470-83, January 1954.
G-10-JLs "Cultural Diplomacy and the Librarian," Ih C. Libraries, 31:34-40, July i 960 .
A, S p -ll-B "Academic and Research Libraries in the United States." (in White, Carl M., ed., Bases of Modern Librarianship. New York: Macmillan Company, 1964, pp. 42-54.)
Pc-4, 11-B "Foundations of the American Public Library." (in White, Carl M., ed., Bases of Modern Librarianship. New York: Macmillan, 1964, pp. 29-41.)
U-12-JLr "Cataloging at the Library of Congress: A Look into the Future," Southeastern Librarian, 14:245-51, Winter 1964.
U-12-JLn "An Incubus and a Hindrance," Library Resources and Technical Services, 11:409-14, Fall 1967.
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 25
Presidential Tenure: 1957-1958
Dates of First and Last Citations: 1934- F a ll 1967
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 20 or 8 Ofo
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in O ffice: 5 or 2($S
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 79
Fyan, Loleta Dawson
Pc-10-JLn "The Detroit County Library Exhibit," Library Journal, ^7*757-60, 1922.
Pc-7-JLs "The County Library in Michigan," Michigan Library Bulletin, 14:15-17, November- December 1923.
Pc-2, 11-JLs "Effective County Library Service from the Viewpoint of a County Librarian," Michigan Library Bulletin, 16:22-25, November- December 1925-
Pc, Pr-7-JLn "Trends in Government That Affect County and Regional Libraries," ALA Bulletin, 27:693“ 99> December 15, 1933-
Pc-7-JLn "Two Steps Forward and One Step Back," Library Jo u rn a l, 64:636-39* September 1, 1939*
Pc-ll-JLs "Library Service to Rural Communities," Ontario Library Review, 25:234-36, August 1941.
Pc-9* 11-JLn "Library Planning—On State and Local Levels," ALA Bulletin, 38:38, February 1944.
Pc-ll-JLn "Planning for Rural America," ALA Bulletin, 38:218-20, June 1944. (Co-authored with Julia Wright M errill)
Pc-ll-JLn "Library Service for All People," ALA Bulletin, 38:452, November 1944.
St-3, 9* 11-B "Michigan's Postwar Plan for Library Extension." (in Joeckel, Carleton B., ed. Library Extension; Problems and Solutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946, pp. 171- 84.)
Pc-10-JLn "Some Standards for Library Demonstrations," ALA Bulletin. 44:111-12, April 1950.
St-7-JLn "The Michigan State Library—An Account of Water Damage and Salvage Operations," ALA B ulletin, 45:164-66, May 1951.
St-ll-B "Your State Library Belongs to You." (in Stefferud, Alfred, ed. The Wonderful World of Books. Boston: Houghton M ifflin Company, 1952, pp. 263 - 65 .)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 80
Pc-3-JLn "The Administration of Grants-in-Aid," Library Trends, 4:412-21, April 1956.
Pc-3-JLn "The Lihrary Services Act; the Role of PLD in Implementation," Public Libraries, 10:86- 88+, December 1956.
Pc-3-JL n "Progress and Policies under the Library Services Act," Library Quarterly, 27:235-48, October 1957.
Pc-3-JL n "Progress and Prospects under the Library Services Act," ALA B ulletin, 51:761-63, November 1957.
S t- ll-J L n "State Libraries—President's Report," ALA B u lle tin , 55:907-09> November 19 6 l .
Pc-7-JL s "The Trustee for Today's Libraries," North Carolina Libraries, 20:52-55> Winter 1962 .
St-7, 11-JLs "Standards for State Librarians," Ohio Library Association Bulletin, 3^:6-7 + i July 1964,
Note: The first three publications by this president were published under her maiden name, L o leta Dawson.
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 20
Presidential Tenure: 1951-1952
Dates of First and Last Citations: 1922- J u ly 1964
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 11 o r
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in O ffice : 9 o r ^ 5%
Spain, Frances Lander
S-7, 11-B "The Application of School-Library Standards." (in National Society for the Study of Education. Forty-second Yearbook; Part 2, The Library in General Education. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1943» PP. 269-92.)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 81
S-4-NL "High School Libraries in the South," High School Journal, 28:86-104, March 1945.
S-4-B "High School Libraries in the South." (in Ryan, W. G. and others, eds., Secondary Education in the South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1947, pp. 95-114.)
G-4-JLn "Libraries of South Carolina: Their Origin and Early History, 17OO-I83O," Library Quarterly, 17:28-42, January 1947.
Ac-8-P "Faculty Status of Librarians in Colleges and Universities in the South." (in Southeastern Library Association. Thirteenth Biennial Conference, Papers and Proceedings, 1948, pp. 45-53.)
PS-2, 11-B "A Mid-Century Look at Children's Books." (in Simmons C ollege, School of L ib rary Science. Books and Publishing, Volume 2. Boston: Simmons C ollege, 1955, PP* 41-55.)
PS-2-JLn "The Selection and Acquisition of Books for Children," Library Trends, 3:455-61, April 1955.
PS-2-JLn "Another Editor Reports," Top of the News, 12:49, October 1955-
PS-7, 11-NL "The School and the Public Library," Annals, American Academy o f P o litic a l and S ocial Sciences, 302:52-59> November 1955. (Co-authored with Frances Henne)
PS-2, 11-B Reading without Boundaries. New York: New York Public Library, 195^”
PS-2, 11-JLs "Reading without Boundaries," New York Public Library B ulletin, 60:531-^38, November- December 1958.
PS-11-NL "Helping the Child to Read," Saturday Review, 40:63-64, November 15, 1957.
PS-2, 11-B Contents of the Basket and Other Papers on Children's Books and Reading. New York: New York Public Library, I 90O.
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 82
PS-2, 11-P "Literature Books for Children." (in Catholic Library Association. Thirty-sixth Annual Conference, Proceedings, I960, pp. 138-42.)
C ita tio n summary
No. C ita tio n s: 14
Presidential Tenure: 1961-1962
Dates of First and Last Citations: 1943- 1960
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 12 or 8 5 . 7#
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in Office: 2 or 14.5$
Morton, Florrinell Francis
S-12-JLn "Cataloging and the School Library," Reading and the School Library, 2:95~98t-, March-April 1936.
G-5-JLs "Library Clubs," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 1:5-8, June 1938.
G-5-JLs "The President Looks at the Louisiana Library Association," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 5*2-5, September 1941.
G-8-JLs "The Veteran and Librarianship," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 9*7~9» November 1945.
G-8-JLn "Let's Tell the World about Librarianship," Wilson Library Bulletin, 21:149+, October 1946.
G-6-JLs "The First Five Hundred and Four," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 10:39-41, January 1947.
G-6-JLs "Professional Library Education in the Southwest," Texas Library Association News Notes, 23* 63-64+, July 19^7^
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 83
S-7, 11-JLs "Being a School Lihrarian; or, You Can't Do It Alone," Texas Lihrary Association News Notes, 24:94-97, October 1948.
G-6 , 8-JLs "The Role of the Lihrary Education Agency in Recruitment," Louisiana Lihrary Association B ulletin, 12:3-7, November 1948.
G-6 -JLs "Five Decades of Lihrary Education in the South," Louisiana Lihrary Association Bulletin, 14:5-12, Winter 1951.
S-6 -JLn "Evolving Standards," Lihrary Journal, 77:683-86, April 15, 1952.
S-6 -JLn "Training for School Librarianship," Lihrary Trends, 1:357-71, January 1953*
G-6 -JLn "Admission to M aster's Degree Programs of Applicants with Previous Professional and Advanced Graduate Study; a Summary of Policies," Association of American Lihrary Schools Newsletter, 6:6-13, July 1954.
G-6 -JLs "Twenty-Five Years in the Life of a Lihrary School; Louisiana State University Lihrary School, 1931-1955," Louisiana Lihrary Association Bulletin, 18:126-42, Fall 1955*
G-6 , 12-JLn "Induction Training of Cataiogers," Journal of Cataloging and Classification, 12:142-52, Ju ly 19567
S-6 -JLs "The Graduate Lihrary School and School Librarian ship," Ohio Lihrary Association Bulletin, 28:2-4, January 1958.
G-8-JLs "P ersonnel—Key to Perform ance; a R eport of the Lihrary Conference," Louisiana Lihrary Association Bulletin, 22:119-20, Winter 1959.
G—11—JLs "Books, Libraries, and Civilization," Louisiana Lihrary Association Bulletin, 23:99-101, F a ll i 960 .
G-6 -B "Ideals in the Preparation of Librarians." (in Kansas State Teachers College of Emporia, Bulletin of Information, 1961, pp. 11-21.)
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8**
G-6-JLs "Construction Ahead—In Lihrary Education," Alabama Librarian, 12:58-60, July 1961.
G-6-JLn "Accreditation in Library Education," ALA B ulletin, 55*876-79, November 1961 .
G-6, 8-JLs "Today's Libraries—And Today's Librarians," Iowa Library Quarterly, 19:37-^1> January 1962 .
G-6, 8-JLs "The Making of the Librarian," Pennsylvania Library Association Bulletin, 17:6-12, W inter 1962 .
G -ll-JL s "Understanding the World through Books," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 25:131-33+, Winter 1962 .
G-6-JLr "From Where We S tand," S outheastern L ib ra ria n , 12:11-19, Spring 1962.
Pc-7-JL s "Interested in Libraries," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 25*5-6+,Spring 1962 .
G-8-JLs "Librarians for the Sixties," Hawaii Library Association Journal, 18:1-5, Spring 19o2.
G-6-JLn "Undergraduate Programs and A rticulation," ALA Bulletin, 58:315-19, April 1962 .
Pc-4, 11-JLs "Public Library Service in Missouri: a Critique," Missouri Library Association Quarterly, 23:105-09+, December 1962 .
G -ll-JL s "Understanding the World through Books," Tennessee Librarian, 15*75-80, April 1963 .
G-6-JLs "Development of the Louisiana Library Association Scholarship," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 27*119+, Fall 19#*.
G-6-JLs "Standards for Library Education," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 27*101-03, F a ll I 96T.
G-6-JLs "Library Education in Louisiana," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 30*157-62, W inter 1968.
G-6-JLs "Does Louisiana Need Another Library School?" Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 31 * 65 +, Summer 1988.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 85
G-6-JLn "Library Education for the Seventies," Catholic Lihrary World, ^1:285-92, January 1970.
Note: The first three publications by this president were written under her maiden name, Florrinell Francis.
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 35
Presidential Tenure: 1961-1962
Dates of First and Last Citations: March- April 1936-January 1970
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 18 or 51 . ^
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in Office: 17 or k 8 . 6 f o
Gaver, Mary Virginia
S-6-JLn "Virginia Experiment," Library Journal, 6l:6l9- 20, September 1, 1936.
S-2, 11-JLn "Co-ordination of Library and Curriculum," Reading and the School Library, 3:173~76, May-June 1937.
S-^i 5~JLs "Highlights of the New Jersey School Library Association, 1937-19^5," New Jersey School Library Quarterly, 1:9+, May 19^5•
S-2-JLn "Promotes Science in Libraries," Library Journal, 72:783-86+, May 15, 19^7.
S-6-JL s "Latest Development in Education for School Librarianship," New J ersey School Librarian, 7: ^+, Winter 1952.
G-7-JLn "New Jersey's Problem," Library Journal, 80:715, April 1, 1955.
G-2-JLs "Book Reviewing by and for Young People," New Jersey School Librarian, 11:17-19, Fall 1955.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 86
S -ll-J L s "A Librarian's View of the White House Conference on Education," Virginia Librarian, J - . l O - l l , April 195°•
G~7, 9-JLn "New Jersey Plans for Library Development," Wilson Library Bulletin, 31s375-80, January 1957* ( Co-authored w ith J a n e t Zimmerman McKinley)
S-2, 11-JLn "Library Service in Agricultural Schools," School Libraries, 6:10-11, January 19, 1957.
S-6-JLn "Preparing for Tomorrow," ALA B ulletin, 51*267- 73, April 1957.
S-2-JLn "The School Library Market," Publishers' Weekly, 171:26-28, June 17, 1957.
S-7, 11-B Every Child Needs a School Library. Chicago: American Library Association, 1958.
S-7, 11-JLn "Every Day in a School Library," New Jersey School Librarian, 13*3“^ > Winter 1958.
P S -ll-JL n "School and Public Library Relationships," ALA Bulletin, 53*111, February 1959.
S-8-NL "Personnel for Secondary-School Libraries," National Association of Secondary-School Principals Bulletin, k j i79-91 > November 1959.
S-7, 11-B Effectiveness of Centralized Library Service in Elementary Schools (Phase I). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers, The State University, School of Library Service, 1960 .
S-7, 11-B "Every Child Needs a School Library." (in Marshall, J. D., ed. Of, By, and For Librarians. Hamden, Connecticut: Shoe String Press, i 960 , pp. 1^1-5^.)
S-7, 9-11-JBn "Are You Ready? Implementing the New AASL Standards," Wilson Library Bulletin, 3^* 362 - 63 , January i 960 .
S-7-JLn "Flash! Nine States Selected!" School Librarian, 9:15-17, January i 960 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 87
S-7, 9“WL "Needed: More and Better Elementary School Libraries," Journal of American Association of University Women, 53*96-100, January 1960 .
S-3, 9-JLn "What NDEA Has Done for School Libraries—An Informal Report," Library Journal, 85: 317- 20, January 15 , i 960 .
S-3, 9, 11-JLn "Implementing New Standards," ALA Bulletin, 54: 130-32, February i 960 .
S-2-JLn "Their Consuming Interest in the Trade Books," Publishers' Weekly, 177:46-47, February 8, 19Z0.
S-7, 11-B Ten Steps in School Library Development. Chicago: American Library Association, 1961 .
S-2-JLn "The Science Collection—New Evidence to Consider," Library Journal, 86:828-31, February 15, 1961.
G-6-JLn "Evaluation of Undergraduate Library Education Programs," Journal of Education for Librarian ship, 1:200-05, Spring 1961.
PS-2, 11-JLn "Role of a Professional Association in Developing Services for Children," Pakistan Library Review, 3*9-14, June 1961 .
S-7, 11-JLn "Effectiveness of Centralized Library Service in Elementary Schools (Phase i)," Library Quarterly, 31*245-56, July 1961 .
S-ll-B The Accessibility of Learning Materials: a Rating Scale. East Brunswick, New Jersey: SSH P ress, 1962 .
S-2-B Evaluating Library Resources for Elementary School Libraries. New Brunswick, New Jersey: SSH Press, 1962 . (Co-authored with Marion Scott)
S-2-JLn "Building Collections—The Creative Elementary School Library," Wilson Library Bulletin, 36:378-80, January 1962 .
S-7, 8, 11-JLn "Research on Elementary School Libraries," ALA B u lle tin . 56 ill7-24+, February 1962 .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 88
S-6-NL "Education of the Librarian for the Modem School," School Life, 44:32-37, July 1962.
S-7, 9 -JLn "School Libraries and International Development," Pakistan Library Review, 4:53-56, September-December 1962 .
S-7, 11-JLn "Ten Steps in School Library Development," School Libraries, 12:27, October 1962 .
S -3-H -JL n "Dream Gome True—A Guest E d ito r ia l," L ib rary Journal, 87:4378, December 15, 1962.
S-7-11-B Effectiveness of Centralized Library Service in Elementary Schools. 2d edition. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University P re ss, 1963 *
S-3, 7, 9-B "Implementation of Standards for School Library Program s." (in The Bowker Annual of Library and Books Trade Information, 1963 . New York: R. R. Bowker, 1963 , PP« 120-21.)
S-6-B "Implications for Library Education in Broadened Programs for School Librarians." (in Mahar, Mary H., ed., School Library as a Materials Center. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Education, 1963 , PP- 73—79•)
S-7, 11-B Patterns of Development in Elementary School Libraries Today. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1963 .
S-9, 11-B School Libraries of Puerto Rico: a Survey and Plan for Development. Mimeographed 1963. ("Co-authored with Gonzalo Velazquez)
S -ll-JL n "Documents of Change," School Libraries, 12:31- 34, January 1963 .
S-8-JLn "Parent Volunteers or Citizen Support?" School Libraries, 13:23-27, October 1963 .
S-ll-N L "What Research Says About the Teaching of Reading and the Library," Reading Teacher, 17:184-91, December 1963 .
G-9-B Libraries for the People of New J ersey, or Knowledge for A ll. New Brunswick, New Jersey: New Jersey Library Association, Library Development Committee, 1964. (Co-authored with Lowell A. Martin)
with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 89
S-7, 9, 11-JLn "What Next in School Libraries?" ALA B ulletin, 58:123-27, February 1964.
S-7, 11-JLn "Research on Effectiveness of Elementary School Libraries," Library Trends, 13:103-16, Ju ly 1964.
G-9-JLs "Libraries for the People of New Jersey, Final Report of the Library Development Committee," New Jersey Libraries, pp. 5~6, December 1964.
PS-2-B Elementary School Library Collection: A Guide to Books and Other Media, Phases 1, 2, 3» New Brunswick, New Jersey: Bro-Dart Foundation, 1965 - •
S-3, 9-JLn "The Knapp School Libraries P roject," ALA B ulletin, 59:806-09, October 1965 .
S-7, 11-JLs "Current Trends in School Libraries," New Jersey Libraries, pp. 33—34, December 1965.
S-6 , 11-JLn "Teacher Education and School Libraries," ALA Bulletin, 60:63-72, January 1966 .
S-2-JLn "The Making of the Catalog," Library Journal, 91:1606-13, March 15, 1966 .
G-9-JLs "The National Inventory and State Planning in Louisiana," Louisiana Library Association Bulletin, 29:9-13, Spring 1966 .
S-ll-N L "School Libraries Today," Senior Scholastic, 88: Supplement 1-3, May 20, 19(26 .
S-7, 11-JLs "Treasure Hunters," Louisiana Library Association B ulletin, 29:58-62, Summer 19^6.
S-2-JLn "Schools and Scholarly Books," Publishers' Weekly, 190:44-46, July 4, 1966 .
G-7, 9-JLn "The New Jersey Plan," ALA B ulletin, 60:1138- 42, December 1966 .
S-7, 11'-NL "Secondary Library Services: A Search for Essentials," Teachers College Record, 68 : 200-10, December 19(26 . (Ao-authored with Milbrey L. Jones)
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 90
"Professional Responsibility for Book Selection: the Ideal and the Practical, or T his I s a Whole New B all Game." (in American Book P u b lish e rs C ouncil. The Changing Nature and Sign of the School Library Market. Are New Marketing Techniques Needed? Buck Hill Falls Report, pp. 64-70.)
G-8-JLs "Librarians 1977—in the Wings or Center Stage?" Arizona Librarian, 24:34f, Spring 1967-
S -ll-JL n "The School Library; An Intellectual Force?" Library Journal, 92:1989-91, May 15, 1967.
G-8-JLs "Librarians 1977—in the Wings or Center Stage?" Wyoming Library Roundup, 22:4-11, June 1967-
G-8-JLs "Librarians 1977—in the Wings or Center Stage?" Idaho Librarian, 19:87-94, July 1967.
S-7, 8-JLn "Library Supervisors and Manpower," ALA B ulletin, 62:141-45, February 1968.
S -2 -ll-JL s "Does Your Library Have All the N. Y. Times Services?" New Jersey Libraries, 1:3”5 W inter 1968.
G-2-B Background Readings in Building Library Collections. Metuchan, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1969. 2 volumes.
G-8-B "Manpower f o r L ib rary O ccupations— 1967-I 969 , a Report of Slow Progress." (in The Bowker Annual of Library and Book Trade Information, 1969. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1969, PP. 148-51.)
G -ll-B Research Paper; Gathering Library M aterial; Organizing and Preparing the Manuscript. 4th ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1969. (C o-authored w ith Lucyle Hook)
A -ll-JL n "The Librarian in the Academic Community—A New Breed?" Wilson Library Bulletin, 43: 540- 44, February 1969.
S-7, 11-JLn "Significant Research Studies for Practicing Librarians—Is Anyone Listening?" Wilson Library Bulletin, 43:764-72, April 1969.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 91
G-7, 9, ll-B State-Wide LiLrary Planning; The New Jersey Example; a Symposium on th e Occasion of the Dedication of the New Building of the Graduate School of Library Service, Rutgers, April 10, 19^9. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 19&9•
S-3, 7, 11-JLs "Emerging Media Centers," New J ersey Libraries, 2:25-30. Fall 1969.
G-2-JLn "A Readability Graph for Librarians, Part II," School Libraries, 19:23-25, Fall 1969.
S-5-JLn "Can Library and Education Groups Meet Jointly?" Wilson Library Bulletin, 44:921-22, May 1970.
S-7, 11-JLn "Services in Secondary School Media Centers: A Second Appraisal," School Libraries, 20: 15-21, Fall 1970.
S-7, ll- B Services of Secondary School Media Centers. Chicago: American Library Association, 1971.
S-7, ll- B Survey of the Educational Media Services of Calgary Public Schools. Edmonton, Alberta: U. of Alberta, School of Library Science, 1971. (Co-authored with several others)
G-6, 8-JLn "The Educational Third Dimension: Continuing Education to Meet the Personalized Criteria of Librarians," Library Trends, 20:118-43, Ju ly 1971.
S-1J-, ll- B "School Libraries in the United States." (in Lowrie, Jean E., ed., School Libraries: International Developments. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1972, pp. 228-42.
S-2, 11-JLn "Humanities Programs Today," School Libraries, 21:14-39, Winter 1972.
G-8, JLn "Women in Publishing and Librarianship," A ntiquarian Bookman, 52:1819-20, November 26 , 1973.
S-2-JLn "Report in Progress: Dreamers and Educational Media Selection Centers," Wilson Library Bulletin, 48:652-59, April 1974.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 92
S-7-JLn "The Responsibilities of Supervision," Catholic Library World, ^7:13-l^i July-August 1975*
C ita tio n summary
No. c ita tio n s : 85
Presidential Tenure: 1966-1967
Dates of First and Last Citations: September, 1936-July-August 1975
Citations Dated Before Tenure in Office: 52 or 6l .2 f o
Citations Dated During and Following Tenure in Office: 33 or 38.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter IV
CITATION ANALYSES
In this chapter the professional writings of ALA women presi
dents have heen analyzed by subject content, type of librarianship
for which intended, and source of publication. Only those writings
indexed in Library Literature, Bibliography of Library Economy, and
Cannons1 Bibliography of Library Economy, 1876-1920: An Author Index
with Citations were included in this survey. In order to focus on
writings of major significance and relevance to the continued
advancement of the library profession, the researcher excluded from
this analysis the following types of writings by the ALA women
presidents: book reviews, letters to editors, messages and reports
made as professional association responsibilities, inaugural and
presidential addresses made to the American Library Association,
biographical sketches or tributes, items related directly to the
ALA and its divisions or departments, reports on visits to foreign
countries, professional membership pleas, announcements of profes
sional events, and unpublished theses and dissertations.
Subjects used as categories for analyzing the professional
writings of ALA women presidents evolved following several trial-run
content analyses of the total output of the women surveyed by the
researcher. It was felt that the general terms which eventually
evolved paralleled courses or major parts of courses taught in many
library schools, and that they would be more manageable in a survey
93
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9k
of this type than would he the many different specific terms
related to each of the hroad subjects which have heen selected. The
twelve terms which evolved and proved to he workable within the
framework established by the researcher were:
buildings and facilities, collection building, finances and legislation, history of library development, library associations, library education, organization and administration, personnel and recruitment, planning for library development, publicity and public relations, library services, and technical services.
A precedent for using such broad subject categories for citation
analyses purposes had already been set by LaBorie and Halperin in
a study of citation patterns in library science dissertations.^ In
the analyses of citations by subject content, citations were often
times placed in more than one of the twelve subject categories.
For an analysis of the citations by type of librarianship for
which intended, the researcher chose the universally accepted terms:
academic, public, school, special, state, U. S. government. The term
general was used to categorize the content of citations which dealt
with libraries in general. In cases where two types of librarianship,
such as school and public, were treated in the same citation the
citation was included in both categories. Each of these types of
librarianship was defined in Chapter I of this paper.
For purposes of analyzing the citations by type of publication
the following terms were used: (l) non-library oriented journal,
"''Tim LaBorie and Michael Halperin, "Citation Patterns in Library Science Dissertations," Journal of Education for Librarianship, XVL (Spring 1976), 271-83.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 95
(2) city or state library-oriented journal, ( 3) regional library-
oriented journal, (^) national library-oriented journal, ( 5 ) books,
monographs, or parts, and (6) proceedings. Each of these terms was
also defined in Chapter I of this paper. The significance of the
non-library oriented journal category was considered to be minimal by
the researcher. Few non-library oriented journals were indexed in
the indexes used for this survey. No doubt many of the ALA women
presidents surveyed had contributed to some other non-library
oriented journals, but these were accessible only through indexes
other than those used for this survey. One can easily justify
including the category in this survey on the assumption that those
journals indexed have received and will continue to receive greater
attention from the library profession merely because they have been
indexed in library-1iterature indexes.
As shown in Table 10 the total number of citations attributable
to th e ALA women p re sid e n ts surveyed was W-0. The average number of
citations per president was twenty-nine. The median number was
twenty-six. All five of the women who served as full-time library
educators ranked in the top five when the total number of citations
for each was compared. Linda Eastman, a public librarian, tied with
library educator Mary Wright Plummer for fifth place. Mary Virginia
Gaver, with eighty-five or 19.3 Per cent of the total citations, had
more than twice as many as did Florrinell F. Morton, vfho had the next
highest number. Since these five library educators spent the greatest
portions of their professional careers in library education, it may
be assumed the "publish or perish" maxim was an influential factor.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 96
T a b le 10
Number of Citations Attributable to Each ALA Woman P re sid e n t
Number o f R e la tiv e P re sid e n t C ita tio n s Frequency
Gaver 85 19.3
Morton 35 8
T yler 35 8
Rathbone 32 7.3
Plummer 29 6.6
Eastman 29 6 .6
Warren 27 6.1
Ludington 26 5-9
Morsch 25 5 .7
Culver 23 5-2
Countryman 22 5
Rothrock 21 4 .8
Fyan 20 4 .5
Elmendorf 17 3-9
Spain 14 3 .2
T o tals 440 100
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97
The president with the smallest number of citations, Frances Lander
Spain, was the only one of the fifteen surveyed with an earned
d o c to ra te .
Subject Analyses of Citations
Many of the citations were placed in more than one of the
established subject categories. Percentages established were based
on a total of 440 citations. Table 11 was used to show a citation
analysis by subjects covered for each ALA woman president surveyed.
Essae Martha Culver had citations classified in ten of the twelve
established subject categories. This was the broadest coverage of
all. Two other presidents, Althea Warren and Mary Virginia Gaver,
were attributed with citations related to nine each of the twelve
subjects. The president with citations related to the smallest
number, five, of the subjects was Frances Lander Spain. The average
number of subject categories on which the fifteen presidents wrote
was 7.4 and the mean for them was seven subjects.
The six subjects most often related to the citations were
library services, organization and administration, collection
building, library education, personnel and recruitment, and technical
services. One hundred ninety-four, or 44 per cent, of the citations
were related to services; eighty-five, or 19 per cent, to organization
and administration; sixty-five, or 14.8 per cent, to collection
building; sixty-five, or 14.8 per cent, to library education;
fifty-two, or 11.8 per cent, to personnel and recruitment; and
twenty-nine, or 6.6 per cent, to technical services. The six subjects
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 98
Table 11
Citation Analysis by Subjects Covered*
ft 0 (Q O rH -P 1-1 us 0 -p > (Q (1) 0) i> U/rt\ UJlit •r-} 0 o 0 0 0 M P •H •H 93 .H+* rrirO &D -P rHr* $ CO M • l—1 d) o •H ft ft" m 1—J r> r"\KJ Q r-
P resid en t Orgai H ist, B ld g s. & Fac o ft ft ft P lan, ft m E h Eh < | | P er.
1 . Elmendorf 2 7 l 2 1 9 6 2. Plummer 3 15 2 2 2 9 1 7 3. Tyler 3 2 6 10 3 16 4 7 4 . Eastman 7 l 2 1 3 3 17 7 5 . Rathbone 2 2 8 2 14 7 3 7 6 . Countryman 2 2 2 1 6 4 1 14 8 7. Culver 2 1 5 3 1 9 2 1 2 14 10 8. Warren 2 5 1 2 2 3 2 3 10 9 9 . Rothrock 6 1 2 1 3 1 1 17 8 10. Fyan 5 7 2 2 9 6 11. Ludington 8 1 1 1 1 14 1 7 12. Morsch 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 18 8 13- Spain 7 3 2 1 8 5 14. Morton 1 2 22 2 7 5 2 7 15- Gaver 19 6 2 2 8 31 10 15 41 9
T o ta ls 12 65 17 22 14 65 84 52 19 11 194 29
of citations 14.8 14.8 11.8 44 6.6 in each category 2 .7 3-9 5 3 .2 19 4 .3 2.5
No. writing 4 6 10 8 10 14 4 6 6 about ea. subj. 13 15 15
* Many citation analyses resulted in their being placed in more than one of the twelve subject categories. **Based on a total of 440 citations.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 99
least often treated were publicity and public relations, with eleven
or 2.5 per cent; buildings and facilities, with twelve or 2.7 per
cent; library associations, with fourteen or 3*2 per cent; finances
and legislation, with seventeen or 3-9 per cent; planning for library
development, with nineteen or 4.3 per cent; and history of library
development, with twenty-two or 5 per cen t.
As is indicated in Table 12, all of the ALA women presidents
surveyed wrote about two of the twelve subjects, library services and
organization and administration. Fourteen of the women wrote about
personnel and recruitment; thirteen wrote about collection building,
and ten wrote about history of the development of libraries and ten
also wrote about library education. The subjects treated by the
smallest number of the presidents were buildings and facilities,
and planning for library development. Only four of the fifteen
women wrote about these two least often treated subjects.
Citation Analyses by Type of Librarianship Intended
Table 13 was used to present a graphic display of the analyses
of citations by type of librarianship intended for the writings of
each ALA woman president surveyed. Josephine Adams Rathbone was the
only woman president with citations related to six of the seven types
included in this survey. Lucille M. Morsch had citations related to
five of the seven types; six other women had citations related to
four of the seven types; three others had citations related to three
of the seven types; and four others had citations related to two
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 100
Table 12
Subjects Treated in the Writings of ALA Women Presidents
No. P re s id e n ts Percentage of Subject with Citations Women P re sid e n ts
Organization and Administration 15 100
Library Services 15 100
Personnel and Recruitment 14 93.3
Collection Building 13 86.6
History of Library Development 10 66.6
Library Education 10 66.6
Library Associations 8 53-3
Finances and Legislation 6 40
Publicity and Public Relations 6 40
Technical Services 6 40
Buildings and Facilities 4 26,6
Planning for Library Development 4 26.6
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 101
Table 13
Citation Analysis by Type of librarianship Intended* ' 1 ! i
P re sid e n t Total, of Types S p ecial About Which W ritten Academic School U. S. Government S ta te G eneral P u b lic r
1 . ELmendorf 10 3 7 3 2. Plummer 9 20 2 3- T yler 19 3 5 8 4 4 . Eastman 25 2 4 3 5. Rathbone 2 4 3 1 l 22 6 6. Countryman 16 3 2 4 4 7. Culver 1 8 11 4 4 8. Warren 16 11 2 4 9. Rothrock 13 3 1 6 10. Fyan 16 5 2 11. Ludington 14 12 2 12. Morsch 1 2 1 8 14 5 13. Spain 1 9 12 1 4 14. Morton 2 5 28 3 15. Gaver 1 3 66 18 4
T o tals 20 152 97 6 24 8 159
**% o f T otal 4 .5 22 1 .4 5.5 1.8 36.1 C ita tio n s 3^.5
* Many citation analyses resulted in their being placed in more than one type of librarianship. **Based on a total of 440 different citations.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 102
types of librarianship. For all fifteen women the average numher of
types of lihrarianship represented by their citations was 3-5; the
mean fo r the group was fo u r.
One hundred fifty-nine, or 36 .1 per cent, of the total citations
were related to libraries in general. The second type of lihrarian
ship most often related to the citations was public librarianship,
w ith 152, or 34.5 per cent; followed by school librarianship with
97, or 22 per cent; state librarianship with 24, or 5-5 Per cent;
academic librarianship with 20, or 4.5 per cent; U. S. government
librarianship with 8, o r 1 .8 per cent; and special librarianship
w ith 6 , or 1.4 per cent. The greatest preponderance of citations by
any woman president for a particular type of librarianship was sixty-
six by Mary Virginia Gaver for school librarianship, followed by
twenty-eight for librarianship in general by Florrinell F. Morton
and twenty-five for public librarianship by Linda Eastman.
As indicated in Table 14 more of the presidents surveyed wrote
materials intended for public librarianship and librarianship in
general than for any other types of librarianship. These two types
had contributions by fourteen women each. Only one of the presidents
wrote for U. S. government librarianship, while eight had citations
related to school librarianship, six to academic librarianship,
five to state librarianship, and four to special librarianship.
Citation Analyses by Type of Publication
The 440 different citations identified and analyzed in this
survey were published in six different types of publications. They
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 103
Table 14
Types of Librarianship About Which ALA Women Presidents Wrote
No. P resid en ts Percentage of Type of Librarianship with Related Citations Women P resid en ts
Academic 6 40
P u b lic 14 93.3
School 8 53.3
S pecial 4 26.6
S ta te 5 33.3
U. S. Government 1 6.6
General 14 93-3
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 104
appeared in seventeen different non-library-oriented journals, in
thirty-nine different city and state library-oriented journals, in
twenty-five different national library-oriented journals, four
different regional library-oriented journals, fifty-three different
books, monographs, or parts, and thirteen published proceedings of
professional associations conferences. Of the seventeen different
non-library-oriented journals only two, Journal of the American
Association of University Women and Journal of Adult Education,
published materials by two of the fifteen women presidents, all
others published one each. As is indicated in Table 15, the six
state library-oriented journals which most often published the
writings of these fifteen presidents were Louisiana Library
Association Bulletin, Iowa Library Quarterly, Mews Notes of
California Libraries, New York Libraries, North Carolina Libraries,
and Wisconsin Library Bulletin. These six state library-oriented
journals published 48.5 Per cent of all the citations published in
the thirty-nine different city and state library-oriented journals
included in this survey. The Louisiana Library Association Bulletin
published 25.3 per cent of the total citations appearing in all city
and state library-oriented journals. Three women presidents had
publications in each of the top state library-oriented journals,
except North Carolina Libraries which published the materials from
four of the women.
As shown in Table 16, eight out of a total of twenty-six
different national library-oriented journals published 87*5 Per cent
of the 240 different citations appearing in such journals. Library
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. j j o i— 6.1 4 4 4 25.3 51.5 100 R e la tiv e Frequency 6 54 5.1 4 4 25 51 99 C ita tio n s T o tal No. 3 3 3 3 3 4 ** Table 15 Contributing No. P re s id e n ts o f P Women re ALA s id e n ts T o ta ls *City and State Library-Oriented Journals Which Most Frequently Published Writings Jo u rn al Iowa Library Quarterly Wisconsin Library OBulletin thers News NotesNews of California Libraries Louisiana Library Assn. Bulletin New New York Libraries North Carolina Libraries * The researcher realized some city and state library-oriented journals were not indexed in indexes used. ** This information appeared insignificant to the study.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. o ON 2.1 3-8 3-3 3-3 2.1 25 35.^ 12.5 12.5 100 R e la tiv e Frequency 8 9 5 85 60 30 30 2^0 C ita tio n s T o tal No. 7 9 2 * 3 5 1 8 5 13 1^ Table 16 Contributing of Presidents Women No. Presidents National Library-Oriented Journals Which Most Frequently Published Writings T o tals Jo u rn al ALA BALA ulletin Public Libraries School Libraries Library Journal O thers Library Trends Wilson Library Bulletin * This information appeared insignificant to the study. Library QuarterlyPublishers' Weekly
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. 107
Journal published eighty-five, or 35*4 per cent; ALA Bulletin
published sixty, or twenty-five per cent; Public Libraries published
thirty, or 12.5 Per cent; Library Trends published nine, or 3*8 per
cent; School Libraries and Wilson Library Bulletin each published
eight, or 3.3 per cent, and Library Quarterly and Publishers' Weekly
each published five, or 2.1 per cent. Of the top eight national
library-oriented journals, all except School Libraries are concerned
with librarianship in general. It should be noted that even though
School Libraries ranked fifth, only one president, Mary Virginia
Gaver, wrote for it.
Of the 440 citations analyzed eighty-four per cent appeared in
journals, thirteen per cent appeared in books, monographs or parts,
and three per cent appeared in published proceedings of professional
association conferences. This information is presented in Table 17.
As is indicated by Table 18, only two of the fifteen women,
Althea Warren and Mary Rothrock, published their writings in all six
types of publications categorized in this survey. One hundred one,
or twenty-three per cent, of the 440 total citations appeared in city
or state library-oriented journals, while 240, or fifty-five per cent,
of them appeared in national library-oriented journals. All the
women presidents had publications in city and state library-oriented
journals and in national library-oriented journals. Twelve of the
women had publications in books, monographs, or parts of the same;
five had publications in regional library-oriented journals, and
nine in non-library oriented journals.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 108
T a b le 17
Citation Analysis by Type of Publication
Number of R elativ e Kind of Publication C ita tio n s Frequency
Jo u rn a ls 370 84
Books, Monographs and 57 P a rts 13
Proceedings 13 3
T otals 440 100
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 109
T a b le 18
Types of Publications for Which Women Presidents of ALA Wrote ...... ^ ...... City/State Lib.-Oriented Jr. ^ Books, Monographs, or Parts Total No. Citations Proceedings Regional Lib.-Oriented Jr. National Lib.-Oriented Jr. P resid e n ts Non-Library-Qriented Journal r | 1
1 . Elmendorf 1 5 8 3 17 2. Plummer 1 1 23 4 29 3. T yler 2 10 22 1 35 4. Eastman 4 l 17 5 2 29 5. Rathbone 3 27 2 32 6. Countryman 9 11 2 22 7. Culver 14 8 1 23 8. Warren 1 5 3 11 3 4 27 9. Rotbrock 2 2 l 11 2 3 21 10. Fyan 5 13 2 20 11. Ludington 1 5 2 18 26 12. Morsch 2 1 15 7 25 13. Spain 3 1 3 5 2 14 14. Morton 24 1 9 1 35 15. Gaver 6 14 44 21 85
T o tals 21 101 8 240 57 13 440
R elativ e 4 .8 23 2 55 13 3 Frequency
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The number of different library-oriented journals in which the
writings of these ALA women presidents were published is shown in
Table 19. Mary Virginia Gaver had articles in more different
journals than did any others in the study. She had articles in
twenty-one different journals. She was followed by Essae Martha
Culver and Flora Ludington who had publications in fourteen each.
Each woman president wrote for an average of 4.1 city or state
library-oriented journals, .47 regional library-oriented journals,
5.2 national library-oriented journals, or an average of 9-7
different library-oriented journals.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 111 6 5 6 8 8 6 5 9 4 21 10 14 12 18 14 9 .7 146 T otal No. D iff e re n t Library-Oriented Journals 3 2 8 8 4 4 3 3 7 3 4 3 9 5 78 5 .2 12 O rien ted National Library- Table 19 .47 7 2 2 1 1 1 Oriented Regional Library- ALA Women Presidents Women ALA Were Published 3 6 3 2 3 9 1 6 9 1 1 5 4 61 4.1 O rien ted Number of Different Library-Oriented Journals in Which Writings of City/State Library- T y ler Culver 6 ELmendorf Countryman Spain Rathbone Plummer T o ta ls Average Rothrock Morsch 2 Morton Gaver Ludington . . 2. 3 . 7. 4 . Eastman5 . 8. Warren 1 6 9. 14. P re s id e n t 11. 12. 10. Fyan 13. 15.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without perm ission. Chapter V
CONCLUSIONS
The importance of this study was viewed hy the researcher to he
four-fold. The first purpose was to determine if the writings of the
women included in the study had helped these women attain their
position of national leadership in the profession. It was concluded
hy the researcher that their writings did perhaps assist them hy
bringing their names and their work to the attention of other librar
ians; however, it was concluded that their leadership was recognized
because of at least four other factors. Those factors were as
follow s:
1. the occupational mobility which characterized most of the women during their professional careers and led to their increased exposure within the library profession,
2. the influence the women must have had as library school instructors on neophyte librarians,
3- the demonstrations of their leadership capabilities while serving as presidents of local, regional, state, and national professional associations other than the ALA presidency,
the highly responsible positions held by each before election to the ALA presidency.
Another purpose of this survey was to determine whether the
women who served as ALA presidents contributed to professional
literature in relation to their areas of practicing specialty within
the library profession and/or in regard to services for special
groups. The researcher concluded that all the women contributed to
professional library literature in relation to their own areas of
112
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 113
practicing specialty within the library profession, usually to a
greater extent than they did to other areas of specialty. In regard
to services for special groups, library educators and public librar
ians among the ALA women presidents were, on the whole, moderately
concerned with services to children through the children's department
and services to schools through cooperation with school and/or school
l i b r a r i e s .
A third purpose of this survey was to determine the extent to
which ALA women presidents were aware of librarianship in general and/
or areas of specialty within the profession other than their own. No
president wrote about all seven types of librarianship used for
analysis purposes in this survey; however, all but one wrote about
librarianship in general and about public librarianship. Those who
devoted most of their professional careers to library education
usually wrote more than did others about librarianship in general.
The researcher interpreted this to be a reflection of a sympathetic
understanding of problems, principles, and practices of all types of
libraries. Special, United States government, academic, and state
librarianship respectively, received only meager attention in the
total writings of these women presidents.
The fourth purpose of this survey was to identify some major
professional concerns of ALA women presidents as reflected persis
tently in their writings, These are presented below for each of the
presidents in chronological order according to their presidential
te n u re s .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 114
Theresa West Elmendorf
The two subjects most often treated by Mrs. Elmendorf were
services and collection building as they related to public libraries.
She emphasized services to children and stressed library cooperation,
especially between schools and public libraries. Her concern for
quality literature was reflected in the role she played in compiling
bibliographies of best books and in her statements concerning values
she felt one might obtain from books.
Mary W right Plummer
Library education and library services to children were the
topics most often treated by Mrs. Plummer in her writings. She
stressed the need for library educators to teach principles and to
induce library-school students to think. Her writings about library
schools reflected an intent on leaving an historical record for the
profession. She gave much attention to the professional education
necessary for effective work with children, especially in public
l i b r a r i e s .
Alice S. Tyler
Miss Tyler's major emphases were on the organization and
administration of the public library and services provided by both
public and state libraries. She often wrote about roles of library
commissions in training librarians. Cooperation between library
commissions from the different states received much attention from
her. She viewed the library as a democratic institution for all
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 115
classes in the community, with a role to play in adult education and
self-education. Demonstrations of library services as effective
publicity devices were emphasized by her.
Linda A. Eastman
The writings of Linda Eastman indicated that she truly
believed in public libraries providing services for all groups of
citizens in a city. One of these groups, children, received much
attention from her. She often wrote of subject departmentalization
as an organizational pattern in public libraries. Buildings and
facilities for libraries also received emphasis in her writings.
She stressed cooperation between school and public libraries and the
importance of the role of the public library in adult education.
Josephine Adams Rathbone
Mrs. Rathbone's major emphases centered on personnel, recruit
ment, and library education as the topics related to libraries in
general. She stressed the responsibility of all librarians toward
recruitment. Often she expressed her opinion that type of librarian-
ship specialization, within one year of library education, was neither
possible nor desirable. She felt one should specialize before
attending library school. Values she felt readers might gain from
literature were often stressed, especially in regard to fiction.
Cooperation between schools and public libraries often received
attention in her professional writings.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 116
Gratia A. Countryman
Miss Countryman viewed the libraxy as a social center or
agency and the librarian as a social worker. Services by public
libraries to children, foreigners, and the working class received
much attention in her writings. She often wrote of the county-
library concept. It was her belief that school libraries should be
organized and administered by the public library for the sake of
economy. She stressed the need for job analysis to effect efficiency
and economy of operations. Librarianship as a profession received
much attention in her professional writings.
Essae Martha Culver
From Essae M. Culver, state and public librarianship received
much attention. Services and organization and administration as
they related to state librarianship, along with the history of the
development of state libraries, were often topics of her professional
writings. The history of the Louisiana Library Commission often
appeared in her writings. She stressed the need for a state plan for
library development and the importance of communicating with the
public for support. The role of the county library was viewed by her
to be that of recreational center for the county, and she stressed
the importance of the county-1ibrary concept.
Althea H. Warren
The topics most often treated by AltheaH. Warren related mainly
to public librarianship. She was concerned with improving relations
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. with the library public and stated that success and enjoyment of
library work were dependent upon such improvements. Advantages and
disadvantages of the different types of departmental organization
within public libraries often received attention from her. She also
wrote often of the personal qualities which make good librarians.
Her concern for children's services in public libraries was reflected
in her professional writings many times.
Mary U. Rothrock
Miss Rothrock stressed the need for library resources in
regional development. She constantly advocated the regional library
program for efficiency and economy of operations. The concept of
the public library as an educational institution received much
a tte n tio n in her- w rilin g s, ££ did h .* r plea for a spirit and practice
of cooperation between libraries. She often wrote of the use of the
film by public libraries. Rural librarianship was also stressed in
her writings.
L o leta Dawson Fyan
Mrs. Fyan's writings reflected concern for library services,
organization and administration, and finances and legislation in
relation to county and state libraries. She wrote many times about
the Library Services Act, describing the Act and plans for receiving
the greatest benefits from it. Much of her effort was directed
toward describing ways to ensure successful county library programs.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 118
Flora Belle Ludington
The major concerns of Flora Belle Ludington were library
services and collection building in relation to academic librarian
ship. She stressed interlibrary cooperation of academic libraries
on a regional basis, often describing the benefits of such coopera
tion to the private liberal-arts college library where she served as
librarian. Many of her professional writings were concerned with
the development of quality academic-library book collections.
Standards for academic libraries also received some attention in her
publications.
Lucile M. Morsch
Liit-vile M. Morsch wrote m ainly in the a re a o f te c h n ic a l se rv ic e s
as they pertained to libraries in general and to the Library of
Congress in particular. She served as spokeswoman for sharing with
professional librarians the happenings in the cataloging section of
the Library of Congress. Her writings often reflected the need for
simplified card catalogs and scientific management in cataloging.
She wrote of the need to return to cataloging as an art, saying it
had become too much of a science. The contributions she made to
Library of Congress cataloging rules were major. Her scholarly
book chapters, in a book edited by Carl M. White, Bases of Modern
L ib ra ria n sh ip (New Yorks Macmillan Company, 1964), on academic and
research libraries and public libraries deserve the attention of
neophyte librarians.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 119
Frances Lander Spain
Collection "building in "both school libraries and children's
departments of public libraries received the major emphasis in
Frances Lander Spain's professional writings. She stressed the
necessity of providing children with quality literature and often
cited values children might receive from both the text and illus
trations. The history of school libraries in the South was the topic
of several of her publications. She also gave attention to coop
eration between school and public libraries and to school library
sta n d a rd s.
Florrineil Francis Morton
Library education, with an emphasis on accreditation, and
library personnel and recruitment were the topics most often treated
in the professional writings of Florrineil Morton. She stressed
quality library-education programs for preparing school librarians.
The history of library-school and library-education programs in the
South received much emphasis from her. She was often concerned with
librarianship as a profession and with selective recruitment of
students into librarianship.
Mary V irg in ia Gaver
School librarianship received the undivided attention of Miss
Gaver in her professional writings. The four areas receiving most
attention were library services, organization and administration,
collection building, and planning for library development.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 120
Consistently, she espoused her strong belief in the need for school
librarians to be prepared for an understanding and knowledge of
librarianship as a whole, in addition to their specific school-
librarianship preparation. As a library educator concerned with
school librarianship preparation, she often voiced suspicion of any
program of library education which did not provide a general or basic
core of professional education. Miss Gaver was one of the most
outstanding spokeswomen for school librarianship of her time.
It is apparent that the women were mainly concerned with
library services, organization and administration, collection
building, and library education.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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