Voluntary Action in New Commons Roger A
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Dahl and Charles E
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What Is Dynamic Governance?
What is Dynamic Governance? By Becky Bowen J.D. I attended a workshop on Dynamic Governance recently. While the concepts were not entirely unfamiliar to me, it wasn’t until I used them at a recent group facilitation that I noticed how big a difference they made in both the energy level and the satisfaction of the individual group members. What is Dynamic Governance? To answer that question, we need to take a look at what governance is. More than just the process of decision-making, governance is also the system by which decision-makers are determined and decisions are implemented. Back in high school we learned about our nation’s Constitution and the Bill of Rights that amended it. With all the political bickering that occurs over what is and is not a “constitutional right,” we sometimes forget that the Constitution is also the document by which our government was formed. It provides the structure for the three branches of government and the checks and balances system that has made for a pretty good system of law-making, law-enforcement, and law-interpretation. It also describes the system by which our Senators, Congressmen, President, Vice-President, and Supreme Court Justices take office. It isn’t so specific as to describe congressional rule-making procedure, but most of us are familiar enough with the voting process to know that in most cases, majority rules, and in some cases, a super-majority vote is required. How we run our town councils, non-profit boards, and other governance structures pretty much mirrors the government system just described. -
Muslim Community Organizations in the West History, Developments and Future Perspectives Islam in Der Gesellschaft
Islam in der Gesellschaft Mario Peucker Rauf Ceylan Editors Muslim Community Organizations in the West History, Developments and Future Perspectives Islam in der Gesellschaft Herausgegeben von R. Ceylan, Osnabrück, Deutschland N. Foroutan, Berlin, Deutschland A. Zick, Bielefeld, Deutschland Die neue Reihe Islam in der Gesellschaft publiziert theoretische wie empirische Forschungsarbeiten zu einem international wie national aktuellem Gegenstand. Der Islam als heterogene und vielfältige Religion, wie aber auch kulturelle und soziale Organisationsform, ist ein bedeutsamer Bestandteil von modernen Gesell- schaften. Er beeinflusst Gesellschaft, wird zum prägenden Moment und erzeugt Konflikte. Zugleich reagieren Gesellschaften auf den Islam und Menschen, die im angehören bzw. auf das, was sie unter dem Islam und Muslimen verstehen. Der Islam prägt Gesellschaft und Gesellschaft prägt Islam, weil und wenn er in Gesellschaft ist. Die damit verbundenen gesellschaftlichen Phänomene und Pro zesse der Veränderungen sind nicht nur ein zentraler Aspekt der Integrations- und Migrationsforschung. Viele Studien und wissenschaftliche Diskurse versuchen, den Islam in der Gesellschaft zu verorten und zu beschreiben. Diese Forschung soll in der Reihe Islam in der Gesellschaft zu Wort und Schrift kommen, sei es in Herausgeberbänden oder Monografien, in Konferenzbänden oder herausragenden Qualifikationsarbeiten. Die Beiträge richten sich an unterschiedliche Disziplinen, die zu einer inter- wie transdisziplinären Perspektive beitragen können: - Sozial wissenschaften, -
Types of Democracy the Democratic Form of Government Is An
Types of Democracy The democratic form of government is an institutional configuration that allows for popular participation through the electoral process. According to political scientist Robert Dahl, the democratic ideal is based on two principles: political participation and political contestation. Political participation requires that all the people who are eligible to vote can vote. Elections must be free, fair, and competitive. Once the votes have been cast and the winner announced, power must be peacefully transferred from one individual to another. These criteria are to be replicated on a local, state, and national level. A more robust conceptualization of democracy emphasizes what Dahl refers to as political contestation. Contestation refers to the ability of people to express their discontent through freedom of the speech and press. People should have the ability to meet and discuss their views on political issues without fear of persecution from the state. Democratic regimes that guarantee both electoral freedoms and civil rights are referred to as liberal democracies. In the subfield of Comparative Politics, there is a rich body of literature dealing specifically with the intricacies of the democratic form of government. These scholarly works draw distinctions between democratic regimes based on representative government, the institutional balance of power, and the electoral procedure. There are many shades of democracy, each of which has its own benefits and disadvantages. Types of Democracy The broadest differentiation that scholars make between democracies is based on the nature of representative government. There are two categories: direct democracy and representative democracy. We can identify examples of both in the world today. -
Philanthropic Giving Through Municipalities in Israel - an Alternative Or A
Philanthropic Giving through Municipalities in Israel - an alternative or a threat to the future of philanthropy Avishag Rudich-Cohn Background Giving to municipalities in the United States dates back to the inception of modern philanthropy to the country as donations from individuals supported ‘‘public’’ institutions (Dubkin Hall, 1987). In Europe as well, the boundaries between philanthropy and local authorities were sometimes bleared as rulers and wealthy individuals have donated property for the public use of the municipality, built hospitals, handed out food, and set up different programs to assist the poor (Roberts, 1996). The evolvement of nonprofit sector separate from the state and the legal distinction between the government and nonprofit sectors emerged clearly only in the twentieth century (Dobkin Hall, 1987). When modern philanthropy is discussed it is diverged between giving to Individuals and giving to organizations. While the first is characterized as an older “out of date” form of charity, the main one is vis-à-vis civil society institutions (NPO”s and the like) as providing the financial infrastructure needed to convert civil society’s initiatives and ideas into social programs and organizations (Frumkin, 2006 pp. 374). The “pre-modern” arena of giving through municipalities still exists yet was hardly studied (Irvin & Carr, 2005). The work on the subject has focused mostly on the question why private philanthropy to government entities occurs and what 1 goods and services it funds yet another question should be asked - what can we learn from this arena on giving to government agencies and about the functions such giving fulfils. Israel is an interesting laboratory to examine such relationship of giving between philanthropy and government from several reasons- First, the country’s philanthropic culture is unique. -
Governance in Decentralized Networks
Governance in decentralized networks Risto Karjalainen* May 21, 2020 Abstract. Effective, legitimate and transparent governance is paramount for the long-term viability of decentralized networks. If the aim is to design such a governance model, it is useful to be aware of the history of decision making paradigms and the relevant previous research. Towards such ends, this paper is a survey of different governance models, the thinking behind such models, and new tools and structures which are made possible by decentralized blockchain technology. Governance mechanisms in the wider civil society are reviewed, including structures and processes in private and non-profit governance, open-source development, and self-managed organisations. The alternative ways to aggregate preferences, resolve conflicts, and manage resources in the decentralized space are explored, including the possibility of encoding governance rules as automatically executed computer programs where humans or other entities interact via a protocol. Keywords: Blockchain technology, decentralization, decentralized autonomous organizations, distributed ledger technology, governance, peer-to-peer networks, smart contracts. 1. Introduction This paper is a survey of governance models in decentralized networks, and specifically in networks which make use of blockchain technology. There are good reasons why governance in decentralized networks is a topic of considerable interest at present. Some of these reasons are ideological. We live in an era where detailed information about private individuals is being collected and traded, in many cases without the knowledge or consent of the individuals involved. Decentralized technology is seen as a tool which can help protect people against invasions of privacy. Decentralization can also be viewed as a reaction against the overreach by state and industry. -
THE RISE of COMPETITIVE AUTHORITARIANISM Steven Levitsky and Lucan A
Elections Without Democracy THE RISE OF COMPETITIVE AUTHORITARIANISM Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way Steven Levitsky is assistant professor of government and social studies at Harvard University. His Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press. Lucan A. Way is assistant professor of political science at Temple University and an academy scholar at the Academy for International and Area Studies at Harvard University. He is currently writing a book on the obstacles to authoritarian consolidation in the former Soviet Union. The post–Cold War world has been marked by the proliferation of hy- brid political regimes. In different ways, and to varying degrees, polities across much of Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbab- we), postcommunist Eurasia (Albania, Croatia, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine), Asia (Malaysia, Taiwan), and Latin America (Haiti, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru) combined democratic rules with authoritarian governance during the 1990s. Scholars often treated these regimes as incomplete or transi- tional forms of democracy. Yet in many cases these expectations (or hopes) proved overly optimistic. Particularly in Africa and the former Soviet Union, many regimes have either remained hybrid or moved in an authoritarian direction. It may therefore be time to stop thinking of these cases in terms of transitions to democracy and to begin thinking about the specific types of regimes they actually are. In recent years, many scholars have pointed to the importance of hybrid regimes. Indeed, recent academic writings have produced a vari- ety of labels for mixed cases, including not only “hybrid regime” but also “semidemocracy,” “virtual democracy,” “electoral democracy,” “pseudodemocracy,” “illiberal democracy,” “semi-authoritarianism,” “soft authoritarianism,” “electoral authoritarianism,” and Freedom House’s “Partly Free.”1 Yet much of this literature suffers from two important weaknesses. -
Measuring Polyarchy Across the Globe, 1900–2017
St Comp Int Dev https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-018-9268-z Measuring Polyarchy Across the Globe, 1900–2017 Jan Teorell1 & Michael Coppedge2 & Staffan Lindberg3 & Svend-Erik Skaaning 4 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract This paper presents a new measure polyarchy for a global sample of 182 countries from 1900 to 2017 based on the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) data, deriving from an expert survey of more than 3000 country experts from around the world, with on average 5 experts rating each indicator. By measuring the five compo- nents of Elected Officials, Clean Elections, Associational Autonomy, Inclusive Citi- zenship, and Freedom of Expression and Alternative Sources of Information separately, we anchor this new index directly in Dahl’s(1971) extremely influential theoretical framework. The paper describes how the five polyarchy components were measured and provides the rationale for how to aggregate them to the polyarchy scale. We find Previous versions of this paper were presented at the APSA Annual Meeting in Washington, DC, August 28- 31, 2014, at the Carlos III-Juan March Institute of Social Sciences, Madrid, November 28, 2014, and at the European University Institute, Fiesole, January 20, 2016. Any remaining omissions are the sole responsibility of the authors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-018- 9268-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jan Teorell [email protected] Michael Coppedge [email protected] Staffan Lindberg [email protected] -
Rethinking Populism: Peak Democracy, Liquid Identity and The
European Journal of Social Theory 1–21 ª The Author(s) 2018 Rethinking Populism: Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Peak democracy, liquid DOI: 10.1177/1368431017754057 identity and the performance journals.sagepub.com/home/est of sovereignty Ingolfur Blu¨hdorn WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Felix Butzlaff WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Abstract Despite the burgeoning literature on right-wing populism, there is still considerable uncertainty about its causes, its impact on liberal democracies and about promising counter-strategies. Inspired by recent suggestions that (1) the emancipatory left has made a significant contribution to the proliferation of the populist right; and (2) populist movements, rather than challenging the established socio-political order, in fact stabilize and further entrench its logic, this article argues that an adequate understanding of the populist phenomenon necessitates a radical shift of perspective: beyond the democratic and emancipatory norms, which still govern most of the relevant literature. Approaching its subject matter via democratic theory and modernization theory, it undertakes a reassessment of the triangular relationship between modernity, democracy and popu- lism. It finds that the latter is not helpfully conceptualized as anti-modernist or anti- democratic but should, instead, be regarded as a predictable feature of the form of politics distinctive of today’s third modernity. Keywords liquid identity, peak democracy, politics of exclusion, second-order emancipation, simulative politics, third modernity Corresponding author: Ingolfur Blu¨hdorn, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, Vienna 1020, Austria. Email: [email protected] 2 European Journal of Social Theory XX(X) Towards a shift of perspective The ongoing tide of right-wing populism rapidly and profoundly is remoulding the political culture of Western liberal democracies. -
PPP Interior
THETHETHE NEWNEWNEW “PUBLIC”“PUBLIC”“PUBLIC” The Globalization of Public Participation THE NEW "PUBLIC" The Globalization of Public Participation Carl Bruch Editor Environmental Law Institute® Copyright© 2002 The New "Public": The Globalization of Public Participation Copyright© 2002 Environmental Law Instititute®, Washington, DC. All rights reserved. ISBN No. 1-58576-C41-2. ELI Project No. 0127 An electronic retrievable copy (PDF file) may be obtained for no cost from the Environmental Law Institute Web site <www.eli.org>, click on “Publi- cations” then “2002 Research Reports to locate the file. [Note: ELI Terms of Use will apply and are available on site.] (Environmental Law Institute®, The Environmental Forum®, and ELR®—the Environmental Law Reporter® are registered trademarks of the Environmental Law Institute.) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS any individuals and organizations have con- Partnership has sought to promote public involvement tributed to this volume. It has truly been a at the regional and international levels. Mcollaborative effort. ELI expresses its respect We also wish to thank and acknowledge the indi- and gratitude to all who played a role in producing The viduals who submitted photos for inclusion on the cover New “Public”: The Globalization of Public Participation. of this volume. Special thanks go to: Ali Ahmad, ELI wishes to acknowledge the contributions of all Michelle Allen, Lea Anderson, Jennifer Balch, Luca of the authors. They spent significant amounts of time Bernasconi, Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder, Brad and energy -
Rethinking Populism: Peak Democracy, Liquid
Article European Journal of Social Theory 2019, Vol. 22(2) 191–211 Rethinking Populism: ª The Author(s) 2018 Peak democracy, liquid Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/1368431017754057 identity and the performance journals.sagepub.com/home/est of sovereignty Ingolfur Blu¨hdorn WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Felix Butzlaff WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Abstract Despite the burgeoning literature on right-wing populism, there is still considerable uncertainty about its causes, its impact on liberal democracies and about promising counter-strategies. Inspired by recent suggestions that (1) the emancipatory left has made a significant contribution to the proliferation of the populist right; and (2) populist movements, rather than challenging the established socio-political order, in fact stabilize and further entrench its logic, this article argues that an adequate understanding of the populist phenomenon necessitates a radical shift of perspective: beyond the democratic and emancipatory norms, which still govern most of the relevant literature. Approaching its subject matter via democratic theory and modernization theory, it undertakes a reassessment of the triangular relationship between modernity, democracy and popu- lism. It finds that the latter is not helpfully conceptualized as anti-modernist or anti- democratic but should, instead, be regarded as a predictable feature of the form of politics distinctive of today’s third modernity. Keywords liquid identity, peak democracy, politics of exclusion, second-order emancipation, simulative politics, third modernity Corresponding author: Ingolfur Blu¨hdorn, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, Vienna 1020, Austria. Email: [email protected] 192 European Journal of Social Theory 22(2) Towards a shift of perspective The ongoing tide of right-wing populism rapidly and profoundly is remoulding the political culture of Western liberal democracies. -
E/2021/NGO/XX Economic and Social Council
United Nations E/2021/NGO/XX Economic and Social Distr.: General July 2021 Council Original: English and French 2021 session 13 July 2021 – 16 July 2021 Agenda item 5 ECOSOC High-level Segment Statement submitted by organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council * The Secretary-General has received the following statements, which are being circulated in accordance with paragraphs 30 and 31 of Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31. Table of Contents1 1. Abshar Atefeha Charity Institute, Chant du Guépard dans le Désert, Charitable Institute for Protecting Social Victims, The, Disability Association of Tavana, Ertegha Keyfiat Zendegi Iranian Charitable Institute, Iranian Thalassemia Society, Family Health Association of Iran, Iran Autism Association, Jameh Ehyagaran Teb Sonnati Va Salamat Iranian, Maryam Ghasemi Educational Charity Institute, Network of Women's Non-governmental Organizations in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Organization for Defending Victims of Violence,Peivande Gole Narges Organization, Rahbord Peimayesh Research & Educational Services Cooperative, Society for Protection of Street & Working Children, Society of Iranian Women Advocating Sustainable Development of Environment, The Association of Citizens Civil Rights Protection "Manshour-e Parseh" 2. ACT Alliance-Action by Churches Together, Anglican Consultative Council, Commission of the Churches on International Affairs of the World Council of Churches, Lutheran World Federation, Presbyterian Church (USA), United Methodist Church - General Board of Church and Society 3. Adolescent Health and Information Projects, European Health Psychology Society, Institute for Multicultural Counseling and Education Services, Inc., International Committee For Peace And Reconciliation, International Council of Psychologists, International Federation of Business * The present statements are issued without formal editing.