OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.
Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication Parasitological findings and antiparasitic treatment of captive Jaguarundis Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Carnivora: Felidae) in a conservation center in Brazil
Nárjara Veras Grossmann, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Rebecca Martns Cardoso & Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe
26 June 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 7 | Pages: 11916–11919 10.11609/jot.3394.10.7.11916-11919
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Threatened Taxa Parasitological and antparasitc treatment ofJournal captve Jaguarundisof Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2018 | 10(7): 11916–11919Grossmann et al.
Parasitological findings and antiparasitic treatment of captive Jaguarundis Herpailurus yagouaroundi
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) (Carnivora: Felidae) in a conservation center in Brazil Short Communication Short ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Nárjara Veras Grossmann 1, Anderson Silva de Sousa 2, Rebecca Martns Cardoso 3 & Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe 4 OPEN ACCESS
1,3 “No Extncton” (NEX) Conservaton Center and Environmental Analyst at the Insttuto Brasília Ambiental - IBRAM, Fazenda Duas Pontes - BR 70, Km 34, s/n - Zona Rural, Corumbá de Goiás - GO, 72960-000, Brazil 2 Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Tocantns, 104 Sul, Rua SE-11 - Lote-23 Conj. 03 Centro - Palmas-TO, CEP. 77.020-026l, Brazil 4 Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, Jabotcabal, São Paulo, CEP 14884-900, Brazil 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected]
Abstract: Ex situ management of wildlife provides a possibility for Herpailurus yagouaroundi, popularly known as species maintenance, research development and environmental Jaguarundi, is a small feline of the Neotropics. It was educaton. But as captve facilites are usually much smaller than the area occupied by a species in the natural habitat, cleaning might be originally recorded from southern Texas in the United insufcient, domestc species such as cats might be in close proximity, States, where it is now believed to be extnct, to the and wild animals in captvity are inevitably stressed, animals kept in these facilites are more at risk of acquiring parasitc infectons. outskirts of Buenos Aires in Argentna (Caso 2013). This Therefore, an appropriate prophylactc protocol and consequent ant- species occurs in a variety of biomes, including tropical parasitc therapy of afected animals are fundamental for any wildlife forests, wetlands and savannas (Caso 2013). Its diet conservaton center. This report describes the procedures adopted in a conservaton center for wild felines in which four adult Jaguarundis consists largely of small mammals, and to a smaller were diagnosed with severe infecton with gastrointestnal parasites extent of birds and reptles (Oliveira 1998; Guerrero et and fea infestaton. Two animals died and based on the necropsy al. 2002; Tófoli 2009). In contrast to most other wild fndings and fecal examinatons, infectons with Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara cat were diagnosed, as well as severe infestatons with cats, the jaguarundi has a diurnal actvity patern (Mafei Ctenocephalides felis felis feas, all common parasites of domestc et al. 2007; Caso 2013). cats. We discuss the applied therapy and the adopted environmental Jaguarundis are not considered threatened according management, along with the importance of regular health assessments and a preventve medicine program for this species in captvity. to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and were only recently included as vulnerable in the Brazilian list Keywords: Ancylostoma, captvity, Ctenocephalides, Toxocara, wild of Endangered species. The naturally low density of this felines. species in the wild and the potental efects of habitat loss and habitat fragmentaton call for intensifed
DOI: htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3394.10.7.11916-11919
Editor: Ulrike Streicher, Cascades Raptor Center, Eugene, USA. Date of publicaton: 26 June 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3394 | Received 04 March 2017 | Final received 03 April 2018 | Finally accepted 20 May 2018
Citaton: Grossmann, N.V., A.S. de Sousa, R.M. Cardoso & E.G.L. Hoppe (2018). Parasitological fndings and antparasitc treatment of captve Jaguarundis Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Carnivora: Felidae) in a conservaton center in Brazil. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(7): 11916–11919; htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3394.10.7.11916- 11919
Copyright: © Grossmann et al. 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, reproduc- ton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.
Funding: None.
Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank the head and all the staf of the NEX - No Extncton Wildlife Sanctuary.
11916 Parasitological and antparasitc treatment of captve Jaguarundis Grossmann et al. monitoring of this species (Almeida et al. 2013). Species that are difcult to study in the wild can greatly beneft from research developed in captvity. Ensuring that these animals receive the best veterinary care and husbandry, captve individuals can be used in educatonal programs, be founder animals for wildlife reintroducton projects or serve for genetc re- enforcement of wild populatons (Kleiman 2010). The present study describes the occurrence of parasitc infectons in a captve populaton of Herpailurus yagouaroundi at the “No extncton” (NEX) Conservaton Center and the procedures consequently adopted at this © Nárjara Veras Grossmann center. Image 1. Visual inspecton of deceased female Jaguarundi. Intense fea infestaton can be observed especially in the ventral area of the neck. Material and Methods The NEX Center is classifed as a conservaton center for Neotropical felines, in accordance with Brazilian legislaton (Registry number 232423). It is located at the A necropsy was performed the following day outskirts of the naton’s capital, holds most of the feline including internal and external examinaton for parasites. species of Brazil, and is constantly receiving animals The gastrointestnal tract was removed, divided into from and exchanging animals with the environmental stomach, small intestne and large intestne, and each authority of Brazil. part was individually dissected. The contents of each In 2010 two adult Jaguarundis (one male and one secton were removed and washed under running female) were brought to the NEX center from a wild water in a steel 150 mesh sieve. Internal parasites were animal rescue center in Manaus in Northern Brazil. They preserved in Raillet & Henry soluton and identfed using underwent a 30-day long quarantne that included one specifc taxonomic keys (Rep 1963; Vicente et al. 1997). parasitological and hematological screening. In April Severe fea infestaton was observed. Fleas were kept in 2011, a second pair arrived from a rescue center in Pará, 70% ethanol and identfed with the use of appropriate also in northern Brazil. The same quarantne procedures taxonomic keys (Guimarães et al. 2001) (Image 1). were implemented for this pair. In additon, fecal samples were collected from the The Jaguarundi enclosures include separate feeding remaining Jaguarundis. They were analyzed using and sleeping areas, places to hide and trunks and ropes Sheather´s sucrose fotaton method (Dryden et al. 2005) for environmental enrichment. The foor is covered and then by the MacMaster (Gordon & Whitlock 1939). with black soil. The Jaguarundis are fed once a day with a mixture of beef or pork and domestc cat food. Results Occasionally, the animals are fed live chickens. The The ectoparasites were identfed as Ctenocephalides enclosures are cleaned daily with manual removal of felis felis and were concentrated in the ventral areas of feces and washing of sleeping chambers with water the neck and chest and the inguinal area. Large amounts and soap. Once a week the furniture and toys are also of fea dirt were observed all over the fur and skin. washed with water and soap. The necropsy did not show any macroscopic Three months afer its arrival the male from Pará alteratons of the cardiovascular, respiratory and died. Due to the advanced state of decompositon of reproductve systems. A large number of parasites was the carcass at the tme of necropsy, the fndings were found in the gastrointestnal tract, many stll atached inconclusive and are not presented in this report. During to the mucosa. Two nematode species were identfed: the second semester of 2011, the female that had been Ancylostoma caninum, with an intensity of 35 specimens paired with the male from Pará died as well. Prior to (34% males, 46% females and 20% juveniles); and their death both animals were lethargic and emaciated. Toxocara cat, with an intensity of 227 parasites (35% The second pair also showed lethargy and weight loss, males, 40% females, and 25% juvenile forms). however, less pronounced, and mucous feces as well In the fecal samples from both the remaining as signs of dehydraton such as faccid skin, prolonged Jaguarundis, eggs resembling those of Ancylostoma were capillary fll tme and sunken eyes. found. The incidence in the female was 14,200 eggs per
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2018 | 10(7): 11916–11919 11917 Parasitological and antparasitc treatment of captve Jaguarundis Grossmann et al.
since diferent immunological paths are used to react to internal and external parasites, it might be difcult for a host to actvate both pathways simultaneously (Jolles et al. 2008; Vaumourin et al. 2015). In wild feline species there are no reports comparing mult-parasites and single parasite infectons; however, in domestc cats, those who present ectoparasite infestaton are more likely to host internal parasites (Beugnet et al. 2014). Both Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara cat have been previously described for Puma yagouaroundi. Toxocara cat was described by Noronha (2002), and © Nárjara Veras Grossmann Ancylostoma caninum by Vieira et al. (2008). These Image 2. Eggs suggestve of Ancylostoma observed in fecal sample reports either describe parasite specimen from (x400 magnifcaton) helminthological collectons or found in roadkill, and thus do not provide any clinical informaton. Other nematode species detected in Puma yaguaroundi gram, and for the male 10,300 eggs per gram (Image 2). include Molineus felineus (Vicente et al. 1997), The animals were treated with a tablet containing 50mg Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma bidens, Oncicola of praziquantel, 144.0mg of pyrantel pamoate, 150mg of oncicola, Oncicola paracampanulata, Toxocara febantel and 0.06mg of ivermectn (Top Dog®, Ourofno mistax, Echinococcus oligarthrus, Aelurostrongylus Saúde Animal, Brazil), which was given orally. A second obstrusus, Toxascaris leonina (Vieira et al. 2008), dose was administered 15 days afer the frst dose. Fecal and Angiostrongylus felineus (Vieira et al. 2013). As samples were collected two weeks afer the second for ectoparasites, Ctenocephalides felis felis has also dose. The exams were all negatve. been previously described in this species as well as Concurrently, several strategies to control the fea Adoratopsylla antquorum antquorum, Rhopalopsyllus infestaton were adopted. Jaguarundis were treated lutzi lutzi (Pinto et al. 2009), and Rhopalopsyllus saevus with fpronil (Frontline TopSpot®, Sanof, Brazil); a (Villalobos-Cuevas et al. 2016). liquid applied directly on the dorsal part of the neck. In the wild, most parasites cause litle harm, but Animals in nearby enclosures were also prophylactcally the stress of life in captvity increases the challenge for treated with fpronil. The Jaguarundis returned to the animals whenever they face parasitological infectons quarantne unit while their housing was cleaned. The (Ziman et al. 2004). Aside from stress, close proximity enclosures, toys and furniture were thoroughly washed to other animals and humans and intense management with water, soap and sodium hypochloride 5%. Lime routnes (including the entry of keepers to clean, feed or was mixed with the soil covering the foor to destroy enrich the environment), can lead to a greater exposure free-living stages. Only afer a 30-day vacaton period to parasites. A survey of small wild felines kept in the animals returned to this enclosure. New infestatons various facilites in Brazil detected high infestaton levels were not observed in the following months. with Ctenocephalides in Jaguarundi (Adania et al. 1998) All employees were advised on the role of fomites indicatng that this is a common problem. The feas were in transmitng diseases and were instructed to not use probably introduced to Jaguarundis in captvity by feral the same footwear when moving between diferent domestc animals atracted by food remains. Rendón- enclosures. Since Toxocara is a zoonosis, instructons Franco et al. (2013) detected signs of cross transmission were also handed out on personal hygiene measures. of Toxocara cat and Trichuris campanula in captve Jaguarundis and feral domestc cats, adding evidence Discussion to Jaguarundi´s vulnerability of parasites associated to Mult-parasitc infectons are usually detrimental to domestc fauna. On top of this Jaguarundis ofen show an animal’s health; each parasite species might have its signs of chronic stress in captvity, such as stereotypies own destructve efect on the host and worsen an already and apathy even during environmental enrichment negatve clinical situaton (Vaumourin et al. 2015). sessions. The small size of the enclosures with Experiments have shown that the introducton insufcient cleaning results in high levels of pathogen of a novel parasite can lead to changes in parasite contaminaton. The combinaton of these facts can and resistance aferwards (Petney & Andrews 1998). Also, in our cases has been fatal to Jaguarundis.
11918 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2018 | 10(7): 11916–11919 Parasitological and antparasitc treatment of captve Jaguarundis Grossmann et al.
Therefore, the sanitary management procedures 2239–2250. Kleiman, D.G., K.V. Thompson & C.K. Baer (2010). Wild Mammals have to be modifed to avoid new infestatons. in Captvity: Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management. 2nd Parasitological monitoring programs should be Editon. University of Chicago Press, USA, 656pp. adopted by zoos and sanctuaries. Regular examinatons Mafei, L., A. Noss & C. Fiorello (2007). The Jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) in the Kaa-iya Del Gran Chaco Natonal Park, Santa allow the detecton and prevent the development of Cruz, Bolivia. Mastozoología Neotropical 14(2): 263–266. parasitc infectons as severe as the ones presented Noronha, D., J.J. Vicente & R.M. Magalhães-Pinto (2002). A survey of here. Such examinatons are also important to guide new host records for nematodes from mammals deposited in the Helminthological Collecton of the Oswaldo Cruz Insttute (CHIOC). the veterinarian in developing appropriate antparasitc Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 19: 945–949; htp://doi.org/10.1590/ strategies. Enclosure management is also an important S0101-81752002000300032 measure to avoid situatons that facilitate infecton Oliveira, T.G. (1998). Herpailurus yaguaroundi. Mammalian Species 578: 1–6; htp://doi.org/10.2307/3504500 and transmission of parasites. Routne facility wide Petney, T.N. & R.H. Andrews (1998). Multparasite communites parasitological screening and therapy, if needed, should in animals and humans: frequency, structure and pathogenic be done and animals found to have co-infestatons of signifcance. Internatonal Journal for Parasitology 28: 377–393. Pinto, I. De S., J.R. Botelho, L.P. Costa, Y.L.R. Leite & P.M. Linardi several parasites must be given special atenton with (2009). Siphonaptera Associated with Wild Mammals from the regards to the treatment. Efectve and safe treatment Central Atlantc Forest Biodiversity Corridor in Southeastern Brazil. approaches need to be tested, especially for species Journal of Medical Entomology 46(5): 1146–1151; htp://doi. org/10.1603/033.046.0523 rare in captvity such as the Jaguarundi. In our case no Rendón-Franco, E., E. Romero-Callejas, C. Villanueva-García, D. sick individuals or positve parasitological fndings were Osorio-Sarabia & C.I. Muñoz-García (2013). Cross transmission of gastrointestnal nematodes between captve neotropical felids and reported afer the proposed changes were applied at feral cats. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 44(4): 936–940. the sanctuary. Rep, B.H. (1963). On the polyxenia of the Ancylostomatdae and the validity of the characters used for their diferentatons. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 15: 173–218. 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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2018 | 10(7): 11916–11919 11919 OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of artcles in any medium, reproducton, and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
June 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 7 | Pages: 11831–11998 Date of Publicaton: 26 June 2018 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2018.10.7.11831-11998
Artcle A frst report and additonal descripton of the assassin bug Neostaccia plebeja (Stål) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) from India with comparatve Associaton of grassland birds with Saccharum-Imperata patch in a notes on Staccia diluta Stål from Assam, India northeastern tea estate of Bangladesh -- Balasaheb V. Sarode, Swapnil S. Boyane & Hemant. V. Ghate, Pp. 11948– -- Muntasir Akash, Tania Khan & Sayam U. Chowdhury, Pp. 11831–11843 11954
Communicatons First defnitve record of a whip scorpion Labochirus tauricornis (Pocock, 1900) from Goa, India: with notes on its morphometry and pedipalp Assessment on the impacts of human-tger confict and community-based micro-morphology conservaton in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India -- Manoj Ramakant Borkar, Pp. 11955–11962 -- Sandeep Chouksey & Somesh Singh, Pp. 11844–11849 Distributon and populaton status of Kingiodendron pinnatum Mapping the confict of raptor conservaton and recreatonal shootng in the (Angiosperms: Fabaceae) an endemic and endangered legume tree in Batumi Botleneck, Republic of Georgia southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India -- Anna Sándor & Brandon P. Anthony, Pp. 11850–11862 -- P.A. Jose, Siju Tom Kuruvila & N.M. Binoy, Pp. 11963–11968
Length-weight relatonship and conditon factor of Bangana dero (Hamilton, Polytrias indica (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): the name, species identty 1822) (Actnopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from northeastern region and its distributon in India of India -- Vatsavaya S. Raju & V. Sampath Kumar, Pp. 11969–11972 -- Kamlesh Kumar Yadav & Rani Dhanze, Pp. 11863–11868 Notes An annotated checklist of the birds of upper Chenab catchment, Jammu & Kashmir, India Fish fauna of Nandur-Madhmeshwar wetland, Maharashtra, India -- Neeraj Sharma, Suresh Kumar Rana, Pankaj Raina, Raja Amir & Muzafar -- Prashant Wagh, Sudhakar Kurhade, Shrikant Jadhav & Deepa Jaiswal, Ahmed Kichloo, Pp. 11869–11894 Pp. 11973–11979
Floristc enumeraton of Torna Fort (Western Ghats, India): a storehouse of Biology and distributon of the Clouded Apollo Parnassius mnemosyne endemic plants (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), a rare buterfy in the -- Mayur D. Nandikar, Priyanka T. Giranje & Durga C. Jadhav, Pp. 11895–11915 Republic of Mordovia, Russia -- A.B. Ruchin, Pp. 11980–11983 Short Communicatons New Lycaenid buterfy records from Jammu & Kashmir, India Parasitological fndings and antparasitc treatment of captve Jaguarundis -- Shakha Sharma & Neeraj Sharma, Pp. 11984–11987 Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Carnivora: Felidae) in a conservaton center in Brazil First record of a trogid beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae) from -- Nárjara Veras Grossmann, Anderson Silva de Sousa, Rebecca Martns the Western Ghats, India Cardoso & Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe, Pp. 11916–11919 -- Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate & S.S. Patole, Pp. 11988–11991
Pathological and immunohistochemical studies on hemangiosarcoma in Notes on the taxonomy and distributon of the Bengal Morning Glory tgers Panthera tgris and lions Panthera leo Ipomoea rubens Choisy (Convolvulaceae) in India -- N. Jayasree, Ch. Srilatha, N. Sailaja, R. Venu & W.L.N.V. Varaprasad, Pp. -- J. Swamy & Pragada Venkata Ramana, Pp. 11992–11994 11920–11924 Macrofungus Nitschkia macrospora Teng (Ascomycetes: Nitschkiaceae), a Do Black-naped Hares Lepus nigricollis (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae) new report to India have synanthropic associaton with wind farms? -- K.J. Nandan Patel, M. Krishnappa & V. Krishna, Pp. 11995–11996 -- V. Anoop, P.R. Arun & Rajah Jayapal, Pp. 11925–11927 Miscellaneous A frst confrmed record of the Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica (Mammalia: Rodenta: Hystricidae) in the United Arab Emirates Natonal Biodiversity Authority -- Maral K. Chreiki, Mark D. Steer, Sami Ullah Majeed, Swamit Kakembo & Member Steve Ross, Pp. 11928–11933
A taxonomic study of six species of the genus Junonia Hübner, [1819] (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the northwestern Himalayan region in India -- Deepika Mehra, Jagbir Singh Kirt & Avtar Kaur Sidhu, Pp. 11934–11947 Publisher & Host
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