ANNEX G Related Background Reading

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ANNEX G Related Background Reading ANNEX G Related Background Reading “Waiting on Providence " never did nor ever will be attended with satisfactory results – William Scarth Dixon The sentiment in the statement above was made by a man who is revered in the history of the Cleveland Bay Horse Society, William Scarth Dixon. He was a founder member of the Cleveland Bay Horse Society in 1884 being its first secretary and what he said was perhaps prophetic for the present times. Not waiting on providence is at the core of the Grading Register proposal. Contents 1. Dr Phillip Sponenberg DVM, Ph.D. - The CBHS has been asked not to publish this article in a PDF document format. It may be seen on the RBST website via the following link: http://www.rbst.org.uk/files/Graspingthe%20Nettle%20- %20Should%20we%20or%20Shouldn't%20we%20Part%201.pdf 2. Dr Ian Gill - The CBHS has been asked not to publish this via a PDF document format. It may be seen on the RBST website via the following link: http://www.rbst.org.uk/files/Grasping%20the%20Nettle%20- %20Should%20we%20or%20Shouldn't%20we%20Part2.pdf 3. Akhal-teke horses 4. Friesian horses 5. CBHS Stud Book selections SELECTED PAGES FROM THE WEBSITE OF THE Akhal-teke http://www.akhalteke.info/inbreeding-depression-1-51-en.html InbreedingDepression Inbreeding depression is reduced fitness in a given population as a result of the breeding of related individuals. Breeding between closely related individuals, called inbreeding, results in more recessive deleterious traits manifesting themselves The more closely related the breeding pair is, the more homozygous deleterious genes the offspring may have, resulting in very unfit individuals. Another mechanism responsible is over dominance of heterozygous alleles leading to a reduction in the fitness of a population with many homozygous genotypes, even if they are not deleterious. Currently it is not known which of the two mechanisms is more important. In general, populations with more genetic variation do not suffer from inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is often the result of a population bottleneck Natural selection cannot effectively remove all deleterious recessive genes from a population for several reasons first, deleterious genes arise constantly through mutation within a population second, in a population where inbreeding occurs frequently, most offspring will have some deleterious traits, so few will be more fit for survival than the others. It should be noted, though, that different deleterious traits are extremely unlikely to equally affect reproduction. An especially disadvantageous recessive trait expressed in a homozygous recessive individual is likely to eliminate itself, naturally limiting the expression of its phenotype.third, recessive deleterious alleles will be "masked" by heterozygosity, and so heterozygotes will not be selected against.Introducing new genes from a different population can reverse inbreeding depression. Different populations have different deleterious traits, and therefore will not result in homozygosity in most loci in the offspring. This is known as outbreeding enhancement, practiced by conservation managers and zoo captive breeders to prevent homozygosity. However, intermixing two different populations may give rise to unfit polygenic traits in outbreeding depression.Inbreeding depression is expressed in a variety of results, some of them are:significant reduction of lifespansdecreased fertility and fecundityfluctuating asymmetries and morphological variation disease susceptibility decrease in size At least one population of horses bred with a closed studbook is known, which has been and still is going through a severe inbreeding depression, including several lethal and semi-lethal recessives having surfaced, as well as grave problems to general health and fertility. In fact, all of the above mentioned results are being experienced by this breed. This is the Friesian horse, with a current breeding population of some 8,000 to 10,000 individuals, a general COI of 17%, one major bottleneck around 1900 (3 registered sires left) and breeding practice which includes color-breeding, show breeding, popular sires and severe culling towards visual and performance traits. These days there are roughly 100 foals per year suffering from dwarfism and from hydrocephalus (often enough killing the birthing mares as well) in the Netherlands alone, with a significant higher amount of mares suffering from a variety of fertility- related issues, such as e.g. retention of the placenta, low rates of mares taking or lower semen quality. Additionally the breed is susceptible to a higher and severer incidence of colics and quite some skin and allergy-related issues.The Friesian breed management is at long last reacting to these problems, though the measures have been found out to be not efficient enough. Inbreeding is discouraged, with COI data being rendered to the breeders upon registration of the foals, a moderate opening of the studbook towards horses formerly rejected as breeding animals has taken place with Appendix sections I and II and data about horses spreading dwarfism is given to the breeders. It is noteworthy that inspite of the lethality of several of these defects and inspite of the quite severe culling in evidence among this breed (far surpassing that of e.g. the Akhal Teke), there is no noteworthy amount of purging evident. Another population with closely maintained statistical records, the English Thoroughbred, has also been found to be adversely influenced by COI exceeding 10%. Recent research has found that different species and different breeds within one species do not react in the same manner to inbreeding. Factors in this regard are the genetic health status of the breed founders, the amount of diversity being cut off within a set time, abrupt changes in selection and culling methods, change of breeding criteria or likelihood to evolve mutations. A further factor is how steadily and how fast inbreeding coefficients are rising within a breed. If the genetic load encompasses more medium-import deleterious recessives instead of lethal ones, then there is no or only a very low purging effect to be found, a lack which also furthers inbreeding depression. As to the Akhal Teke, the close observer already is able to discern the telltale signs, such as a continueing reduction of lifespans, an ever rising amount of barren mares, aborted, deadborn or weakborn foals, poor semen quality in older sires, lately also in younger studs, as well as of course the rising amount of lethal recessives cropping up among the breed. Due to the habit of mostly linebreeding, instead of close inbreeding, the general COI of the breed is better than that of e.g. the Friesian. However, the AVK is much worse and lessening each generation by several points. There are currently no horses with an AVK above 55% and a growing fastly amount of horses with one under 35%, this after barely 10 to 12 registered generations! This constitutes a loss of diversity not expressed by simple COI data, but one which nevertheless has the same effects and it is a quite enormous loss. The Turkoman horses were breeds of enormous diversity, having existed up to the 1900 bottleneck in huge numbers (herds of 100,000 horses among one tribe only were not unheard of), a huge amount of landrace strains and free interbreeding within these breeds and strains. Whole chunks of this vast genepool were destroyed at the same time, even the surviving 650-700 horses which entered the first studbook were not used completely, large portions of that small group did not make it into the modern genepool at all. It needs to be remembered that during this crucial survival phase the breed was culled on size and on race results, even though there should have been no culling at all. The overall COI is rising currently in a curve rather than in a linear manner, aided by the opinion of many breeders, that linebreeding is no inbreeding, and little to no awareness of these problems among western breeders. Already there are quite a few horses having COIs of 10+%. Omertà - or the Conspiracy of Silence. The expression "conspiracy of silence" relates to a condition or matter which is known to exist, but by tacit communal unspoken consensus is not talked about or acknowledged. Conditions considered shameful or disadvantageous by society or a certain group of people result in avoidance of recognition of some problem in order to officially bury or hide it and thus prevent accusations, investigations or liability. A conspiracy of silence in some field has effects at many levels: those who are directly suffering, or causing others to suffer, perpetuate their cycle of harm and suffering, those who have suffered have their suffering extended by being having their condition ignored or minimized, and are not considered seriously or redressed appropriately, lessons that might be learned for the future are not learned, conditions are exacerbated or even this way allowed to become entrenched in the first place. Conspiracy of silence is a well-known and much executed behaviour among many if not most modern breeders. Unlike breeders of former times, who had to present animals well able to perform and had no problem with destroying those individuals which were showing faults or defects, especially as their livelihood usually depended on their good name in this respect, many if not most modern breeders are more or less hobbyists or - if themselves professionals - selling mainly to hobbyists. Unless they are selling directly to the meat market that is. These hobby breeders usually feel that the name of their breeding is riding on the health state of their animals, or indeed often considerable amounts of money invested are riding on the trust customers and fellow breeders place in them or they do not wish to start over rsp. are unable to buy new breeding stock. In view of the fact that since roughly 100 to 150 years ago studbooks of most pet breeds are closed as a rule and in view of the advent of pure showbreeding also among many if not most pet animal species, decisive and relentless culling has become more necessary than ever.
Recommended publications
  • Thoroughbred Horses
    Thoroughbred Horses Visit Funny Cide at the KHP Hall of Champions! A long time ago, man tamed the horse. People used horses to farm and to ride. Today, people also race horses. The most popular breed for horse racing is the Thoroughbred. The Thoroughbred is the only horse that can compete in the Kentucky Derby. * This educational packet is intended for third, fourth, and fifth graders. It may be complete in small groups or individually. ! Name:_______________________________ Date:________________________________ The Life Cycle of a Thoroughbred Racehorse Racehorses are born on farms. 1 Baby horses are called foals. ! ! Mother horses are called Mares. Foals live with their mothers. Father horses are called Stallions. 2 ! ! When foals are about six months old they are weaned, meaning separated from their mothers. 3 Weanlings live in a herd made of up horses their age. ! ! When horses turn one year old, they are called yearlings. At this point, boy horses are called colts, and girl horses are called fillies. 4 ! ! 5 Horses start racing at two years old. ! ! Racehorses retire on farms after (hopefully) long careers. Some racehorses become pleasure horses, while others are bred to produce more 6 racehorses. ! ! What about horses? Where do horses live? Horses live in barns and outside. In a barn, a horse lives in a stall. Outside, a horse lives in a pasture. ! White Prince A Rare White Thoroughbred Visit him at the KHP! ! ! What do horses eat? Horses eat a lot during the day. From the time they are born, until they are about 5 months old, foals need to drink their mother’s milk.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Choice Choose the Answer That Best Completes Each Statement Or Question
    Name Date Hour 9 The Horse Industry Multiple Choice Choose the answer that best completes each statement or question. _______ 1. The horse was first domesticated in Europe and Asia about ____ . A. 1,000 years ago B. 3,000 years ago C. 5,000 years ago D. 8,000 years ago _______ 2. Horses were brought to the New World by Spanish explorers in the ____ . A. 15th century B. 16th century C. 17th century D. 18th century _______ 3. Horses are measured in terms of hands with a hand being ____ . A. two inches B. four inches C. six inches D. eight inches _______ 4. Ponies are shorter than horses and can be anywhere from 8 to ____ . A. 10 hands high B. 12.2 hands high C. 14.2 hands high D. 16 hands high _______ 5. Which horse breed is considered the oldest purebred horse in the world? A. Arabian B. Appaloosa C. Thoroughbred D. Quarter Horse Introduction to Agriscience | Unit 9 Test CIMC 1 _______ 6. Which horse breed has as one of its characteristics a distinctive spotted coat? A. Arabian B. Appaloosa C. Thoroughbred D. Quarter Horse _______ 7. Which horse breed was developed in the United States and got its name because of its great speed at short distances? A. Arabian B. Appaloosa C. Thoroughbred D. Quarter Horse _______ 8. Which horse breed was developed in the deserts of the Middle East? A. Arabian B. Appaloosa C. Thoroughbred D. Quarter Horse _______ 9. Which horse breed has a head characterized by a dished profile, prominent eye, large nostrils, and small muzzle? A.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Breeds Quiz Answers 1. What County In
    Irish Breeds Quiz Answers 1. What county in Ireland does the Connemara Pony originate from? County Galway 2. Traditionally, for what purpose was the Irish Cob bred? To pull a cart / wagon To travel long distances To be suitable for children To be strong and sturdy 3. List three typical traits of the Irish Draught: 1. Versatile 2. Intelligent 3. Kind / willing nature Strong and sturdy, pulling / staying power / hardy 4. What are the two main composite breeds of the Irish Sport Horse? 1. Irish Draught 2. Thoroughbred 5. What is the smallest Irish native breed? Kerry Bog Pony 6. What three horse breeds can be included in a horse’s pedigree for it to qualify as a Traditional Irish Horse? Connemara Pony, Irish Draught, Thoroughbred 7. List three typical traits of the Connemara Pony: 1. Sure footed 2. Hardy 3. Calm / willing / kind temperament Staying power / intelligent / sound / athletic / versatile 8. Name one typical conformation trait of the Irish Cob: Stout, powerful, wide / short back, wide chest / good bone 9. For what activities were the Irish Draught originally bred? Farm work / pulling machinery, riding, hunting, driving 10. For what activities are Irish Draughts bred for today? Leisure / riding horses / allrounders, competition, cross breeding 11. What traits make the Irish Sport Horse so well suited to Equestrian sport today? Athleticism, jumping ability, courage, intelligence, soundness, kind temperament 12. What are the two main reasons for producing Kerry Bog Ponies? 1. To pull machinery 2. As riding ponies for children Companion ponies Showing .
    [Show full text]
  • List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
    List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Barriers to Enforcing a Code of Ethics for Thoroughbred Auctions in the United States Catharine Altier
    Brooklyn Law Review Volume 72 | Issue 3 Article 4 2007 Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Barriers to Enforcing a Code of Ethics for Thoroughbred Auctions in the United States Catharine Altier Follow this and additional works at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr Recommended Citation Catharine Altier, Putting the Cart Before the Horse: Barriers to Enforcing a Code of Ethics for Thoroughbred Auctions in the United States, 72 Brook. L. Rev. (2007). Available at: https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol72/iss3/4 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at BrooklynWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brooklyn Law Review by an authorized editor of BrooklynWorks. NOTES Putting the Cart Before the Horse BARRIERS TO ENFORCING A CODE OF ETHICS FOR THOROUGHBRED AUCTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES I. INTRODUCTION In today’s thoroughbred racing world, sometimes what you see is not at all what you get. Even veteran horsemen will admit that “[t]here is a fine line between the showmanship of showing a horse at its fullest and fraud.”1 Most surprisingly, this deception often begins long before a thoroughbred has even run its first race. Sales practices that may appear fraudulent to horse racing outsiders are tolerated, or even accepted as customary practice, at thoroughbred auctions.2 For example, before being sold, horses are sometimes injected with steroids to make their chests appear stronger.3 Agents, hired to bid for prospective owners, have been caught defrauding their principals by colluding with sellers and accepting undisclosed commissions.4 Sellers even use agents to bid on their own 1 Joe Drape, No Gift Horses Here, So Look in Their Mouths, N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue Horse Genetics DIRECTOR’S Message
    CENTER FOR EQUINE HEALTH SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE • UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS SUMMER 2020 Special Issue Horse Genetics DIRECTOR’S Message s an equine genetics researcher, I am particularly excited to share A this special issue of the Horse Report with you. Inside, you will find a roadmap to many of the currently available equine genetic tests, including the AQHA “five-panel” test, and more. The equine genome sequence was published in 2009, the result of a years- long collaborative effort by the international equine research community. This resource drastically changed how researchers approach equine genetics and accelerated the rate of discovery. Increased availability and affordability allowed the application of advanced molecular tools to equine diseases and traits. As a result, genetic tests are available in a variety of breeds. Most available tests are for simple, Mendelian diseases and traits – those caused by a single gene or locus. Complex diseases and traits likely involve more than one gene and may be influenced by environmental effects. The 2018 release of a new equine genome sequence assembly, coupled with cost reductions that make whole-genome sequencing possible for large numbers of horses, are enabling research in these areas. As an equine geneticist and veterinarian, I am especially interested in applying whole genome sequencing and advanced diagnostic tools to equine precision medicine. This highly individualized approach will focus on early detection and prevention of disease, taking into account both genetic information and environmental factors. The idea is to target individuals based on their clinical condition as well as their unique body chemistry and genetics.
    [Show full text]
  • Electronic Supplementary Material - Appendices
    1 Electronic Supplementary Material - Appendices 2 Appendix 1. Full breed list, listed alphabetically. Breeds searched (* denotes those identified with inherited disorders) # Breed # Breed # Breed # Breed 1 Ab Abyssinian 31 BF Black Forest 61 Dul Dülmen Pony 91 HP Highland Pony* 2 Ak Akhal Teke 32 Boe Boer 62 DD Dutch Draft 92 Hok Hokkaido 3 Al Albanian 33 Bre Breton* 63 DW Dutch Warmblood 93 Hol Holsteiner* 4 Alt Altai 34 Buc Buckskin 64 EB East Bulgarian 94 Huc Hucul 5 ACD American Cream Draft 35 Bud Budyonny 65 Egy Egyptian 95 HW Hungarian Warmblood 6 ACW American Creme and White 36 By Byelorussian Harness 66 EP Eriskay Pony 96 Ice Icelandic* 7 AWP American Walking Pony 37 Cam Camargue* 67 EN Estonian Native 97 Io Iomud 8 And Andalusian* 38 Camp Campolina 68 ExP Exmoor Pony 98 ID Irish Draught 9 Anv Andravida 39 Can Canadian 69 Fae Faeroes Pony 99 Jin Jinzhou 10 A-K Anglo-Kabarda 40 Car Carthusian 70 Fa Falabella* 100 Jut Jutland 11 Ap Appaloosa* 41 Cas Caspian 71 FP Fell Pony* 101 Kab Kabarda 12 Arp Araappaloosa 42 Cay Cayuse 72 Fin Finnhorse* 102 Kar Karabair 13 A Arabian / Arab* 43 Ch Cheju 73 Fl Fleuve 103 Kara Karabakh 14 Ard Ardennes 44 CC Chilean Corralero 74 Fo Fouta 104 Kaz Kazakh 15 AC Argentine Criollo 45 CP Chincoteague Pony 75 Fr Frederiksborg 105 KPB Kerry Bog Pony 16 Ast Asturian 46 CB Cleveland Bay 76 Fb Freiberger* 106 KM Kiger Mustang 17 AB Australian Brumby 47 Cly Clydesdale* 77 FS French Saddlebred 107 KP Kirdi Pony 18 ASH Australian Stock Horse 48 CN Cob Normand* 78 FT French Trotter 108 KF Kisber Felver 19 Az Azteca
    [Show full text]
  • Equestrian Complex of the President of Turkmenistan
    Equestrian Complex of the President of Turkmenistan Divine horses, equine aristocrats, fabled steeds and effulgent diamonds - such flowery epithets have been lavished upon that unique equine breed - the Akhal-Teke. Prized by Alexander the Great, Darius the Great, Genghis Khan, Roman emperors, Marco Polo, and many others, the Akhal-Tekes have served people for over 3,000 years. These are one of the most beautiful, elegant and proud horses in the world. Its endurance and resistance to heat are second to none. The Akhal-Tekes come from the Kara-Kum Desert in Turkmenistan. It is a place for the toughest people and equines. The Turkmens would never have survived without the Akhal-Teke, and vice versa. Turkmens were the first desert people to produce a horse ideal for the tough desert conditions. Akhal-Teke horses are thought to be one of the oldest surviving horse breeds. Today's Akhal-Teke is a race, sports and endurance horse, and a riveting circus performer. The Akhal-Teke takes its name from a Turmen tribe Teke living in the Akhal oasis. The Turkmen horse-breeders have been perfecting the appearance and muscular system of the thoroughbred racers for ages in concordance with traditions and customs of their ancestors. Traditions of selection and feeding, reproduction and training of horses were handed over from generation to generation. A Turkmen has never separated himself from a horse. A horse was a family member; it was cherished and valued higher than one’s own life. A profile of Yanardag, a stallion known for its beautiful appearance and great racing qualities, is in the center of the State Emblem of Turkmenistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial D-Loop Sequence Variation and Maternal Lineage in the Endangered Cleveland Bay Horse
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.19.104273; this version posted May 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Mitochondrial D-loop sequence variation and maternal lineage in the endangered Cleveland Bay horse A.C. Dell1,2*, M.C. Curry1, K.M. Yarnell3, G.R. Starbuck3 and P. B. Wilson2,3* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Way, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS 2 Rare Breeds Survival Trust, Stoneleigh Park, Stoneleigh, Warwickshire CV8 2LG 3 School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Brackenhurst Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Ln, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, NG25 0QF * Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.19.104273; this version posted May 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Genetic diversity and maternal ancestry line relationships amongst a sample of 96 Cleveland Bay horses were investigated using a 479bp length of mitochondrial D- loop sequence. The analysis yielded at total of 11 haplotypes with 27 variable positions, all of which have been described in previous equine mitochondrial DNA d- loop studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America Performance Award Rules Eff
    Cleveland Bay Horse Society of North America Performance Award Rules Eff. December 01, 2018 Note: Rule changes in bold text The Cleveland Bay horse excels at many disciplines. The Performance Awards Program (hereafter referred to as PA) was developed to recognize Cleveland Bay purebreds and partbreds/sporthorses competing in those various disciplines. While the awards are modest, the rewards benefit both the breed with public exposure, and competitors for their sportsmanship. This program will continue to evolve and expand as the breed and membership grows. Contact any PA committee member with comments and suggestions. DISCIPLINE CATEGORIES o Breed (classes open only to Cleveland Bays and Cleveland Bay partbreds/sporthorses, whether in-hand, ridden, or driven, including classes where unregistered horses are allowed to compete alongside their registered counterparts). Points earned in breed show classes, as described above, are only applied to Breed or Versatility discipline categories. Exception: Individual Breed Classes (IBC) at US Dressage Federation competitions may be applied to either Breed or In Hand category. The following categories are available for those showing in classes/competitions open to any breed: o In Hand (conformation classes to include but not necessarily limited to -- dressage, hunter, driving,) o Dressage (Intro Level and higher) o Hunter/Jumper (hunter classes, jumper classes, sidesaddle, etc., but must include at least one score from a class over fences minimum height 2 feet (60 cm) or hunter hack minimum height
    [Show full text]
  • About Irish Horses
    Playland Farm, LLC About Irish Draught and Sport Horses About Irish Draught and Sport Horses The Irish Draught breed has had over a century of selected breeding in creating the sound, sensible, and athletic horse that is known around the world today. The Irish Draught (pronounced "draft") breed is more versatile and lighter than the typical European heavier drafts due to the infusion of both Spanish and Thoroughbred blood. In the early 20th century, the Irish farmer needed a horse that was strong, docile, athletic, and easy to keep. The horses were required to be able to work the land during the week, jump and gallop Saturday during the fox-hunt, and pull a carriage to church on Sunday. Today the versatile Irish Draught horse is characterized as a horse with great soundness, durability, and stamina. The Irish Draught Sport Horse is a refinement of the already light warm-blooded Irish Draught horse typically with the Thoroughbred horse. The cross has been a successful cross coupling the speed, intelligence, and heart of the Thoroughbred with the calm and sensible temperament, incredible jumping ability, and soundness of the Irish Draught. The popular Irish Sport Horse cross is usually ¾ TB and ¼ Irish Draught in order to receive the preferred degree of refinement. This cross takes two generations to breed from the purebred Irish Draught, and is questioned by some breeders, in regards to having enough Irish blood to possess the wonderful Irish traits. Playland Farm has created an ultra-refined Irish Sport Horse within one generation of breeding Irish stock, that still possess' a high degree of Irish blood and virtues.
    [Show full text]
  • “ the Horse Nation Continues to Inspire, and Native Artists Continue
    .... Travels Through the Horse Culture By Emil HEr many HorsEs hese words opened the exhibition of dance to the songs emulate a trotting horse. “ The Horse Nation A Song for the Horse Nation at the It’s truly a beautiful sight watching a dance National Museum of the Ameri- floor filled with men, women and children continues to inspire, can Indian’s George Gustav Heye dressed in their colorful regalia dancing to the Center in New York City in No- rhythm of the trot songs. I can only imagine and Native artists vember 2009. As I have worked on how a warrior felt sitting on the back of a T an expanded version of the exhibit for the Mall raided enemy horse as he paraded through continue to celebrate Museum in D.C. this October, I’ve had the op- camp. What a sense of pride and honor he portunity to experience the direct inspiration of must have felt. These songs transport you the horse in our the Horse Nation throughout Indian Country. back to another time. The Osage people have another tradition OSagE in which a horse plays a prominent role. The songs, our stories and I think of the horse-stealing songs sung at the ceremony is called “Paying for the Drum.” It annual I’n-Lon-Schka or ceremonial dance of is held when a young man has been selected our works of art.” the Osage. These songs tell of raiding enemy to fill the role of the drum keeper for one horses. Sometimes the songs are also called of the three Osage districts.
    [Show full text]