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First Record of Acanthocheilonema Dracunculoides from Domestic Dogs in Namibia

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First Record of Acanthocheilonema Dracunculoides from Domestic Dogs in Namibia Short communication — Kort berig First record of Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides from domestic dogs in Namibia E V Schwana* and F G Schröterb were diagnosed on radiographic exami- ABSTRACT nation. Physical examination of Dog B Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides was diagnosed in 2 dogs from Windhoek, Namibia, by acid additionally revealed vomiting, hind leg phosphatase staining of microfilariae. This is the 1st record of A. dracunculoides in Namibia. lameness and a bilateral corneal oedema. Key words: acid phosphatase staining, Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides, dog, microfilariae, Cam’s Quick-stained thin blood films pre- Namibia. pared from peripheral blood obtained Schwan E V,Schröter F G First record of Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides from domestic from a pricked ear pinna of both animals dogs in Namibia. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association (2006) 77(4): 220–221 (En.). revealed the presence of isolated micro- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of filariae as well as a marked leukocytosis Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa. and eosinophilia. Additional blood sam- ples were collected from the cephalic vein of both animals into EDTA coated vac- Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides Cobbold, tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus have been uum tubes to conduct further analysis of 1870 (syn. Dipetalonema dracunculoides), identified as intermediate hosts15,17. microfilariae. Of each sample, a 2 m is a vector-borne nematode parasite Microfilariae ingested during blood feed- aliquot was screened for microfilariae (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) of the domes- ing transform into metacyclic (infective) by membrane filtration using 3.0 µm tic dog and some sylvatic carnivores L3-stages and eventually accumulate in Isopore® membrane filters (Millipore) (Proteles cristatus, aardwolf; Crocuta crocuta, the mouthparts of the respective arthro- stained with Giemsa3. Examination of the spotted hyaena; Vulpes vulpes, red fox). pods involved. Final hosts become infected Giemsa-stained membrane filters showed The parasite occurs in Europe, Asia and during blood feeding. The migrational the presence of unsheathed microfilariae. Africa28. In Africa it is known to be en- pattern and development within the final They varied in width from 4.7 µm to demic in Morocco20, Algeria24, Tunisia4,27, hosts are unknown. Similarly, the duration 5.6 µm at the widest part of the anterior Mali14,22, Niger21, Democratic Republic of of the prepatent and patent periods is end and varied in length from 218 to Congo9, Sudan2, Somalia12, Kenya15,16, unknown. Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides 243 µm. The microfilariae were eventually Tanzania26 and South Africa7, in which is regarded as largely apathogenic. How- identified by acid phosphatase staining as country it was first described by Cobbold ever, there are several reports from Spain, those of Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides, from an aardwolf. Acanthocheilonema where high prevalence rates of A. dracun- showing the typical somatic pattern of dracunculoides follows an indirect life culoides have been recorded, according to enzyme activity at the cephalic vesicle, cycle. In those carnivores, which act as which infected dogs occasionally present excretory pore, ‘Innenkörper’ (inner body) final hosts, the predilection site of the with dermal clinical signs and lesions and anal pore6,18,29 (Fig. 1). The animals male and female adult parasites is mainly ranging from pruritus, alopecia, erythema were treated with ivermectin (Ivomec the peritoneal cavity19. Infection is often to skin ulcers as well as other clinical signs Injection, Merial) at 200 µg/kg once subcu- discovered accidentally during intra- such as ataxy, incoordination, cachexia taneously but could not be followed up. abdominal surgical procedures. Males are and pleural effusion5,19,25. From a differ- Both animals had never left Namibian 15–32 mm long and 0.1–0.2 mm wide, ential diagnostic point of view, A. dracun- territory. whereas females are 30–60 mm long and culoides must always be considered in Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides has 0.1–0.3 mm wide8,10,11,19,23. The male connection with canine filarioses of other never before been reported from the spicules are unequal and measure 273– aetiologies and in particular cardiovascu- domestic dog or any sylvatic carnivore in 414 and 120–165 µm in length respec- lar dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria Namibia. Although the species is regarded tively6,10,11,28. Sexually mature females are immitis, colloquially known as heart- as largely apathogenic in dogs, there is viviparous, i.e. they produce L1-stages, worm. This paper represents the 1st re- some evidence reported from Spain that known as microfilariae, which eventu- cord of A. dracunculoides in Namibia. The suggests that occasionally the parasite ally appear in the peripheral blood. parasite was encountered in 2 domestic may not be as innocuous as generally Microfilariae are unsheathed and mea- dogs. assumed5,19,25. Dermal clinical signs inter- sure 185–276 µm (length) by 4.2–6 µm An 8-year-old St. Bernard bitch (Dog A) preted as a result of A. dracunculoides (width)6,8,10,11,13,19,23,28. So far, the louse and a crossbred male dog of unknown infection improved following treatment fly Hippobosca longipennis and the hard age (Dog B) of different ownership were with ivermectin at a dose rate of 50 µg/kg presented to the Windhoek Veterinary administered subcutaneously or per os25. aDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Clinic in Windhoek, Namibia, with Whether the clinical signs or part of them Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa. inappetence and poor appetite. Physical recorded in Dog A and Dog B are a sequel bFormerly Windhoek Veterinary Clinic–Tierklinik, PO Box examination of Dog A revealed a slightly of the filarial infection diagnosed, cannot 5030, Windhoek, Namibia elevated rectal temperature of 39.6 °C, be answered considering the scarce clini- *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] marked weight loss, inappetance and cal information available and the fact that Received: October 2005. Accepted: October 2006. ascites. Cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly the animals were not followed up. 220 0038-2809 Tydskr.S.Afr.vet.Ver. (2006) 77(4): 220–221 Helminthology 37: 235–240 16. Nelson G S, Heisch R B, Furlong M 1962 Studies in filariasis in East Africa II. Filarial infections in man, animals and mosquitoes on the Kenya coast. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56: 202–217 17. Olmeda-García A S, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J A, Rojo-Vázquez F A 1993 Experimental transmission of Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold 1870) by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille 1806). Veterinary Parasitology 47: 339–342 18. Ortega-Mora L M, Gomez-Bautista M, Rojo-Vázquez F A 1989 The acid phos- phatase activity and morphological charac- teristics of Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870) microfilariae. Veterinary Parasitology 33: 187–190 19. Ortega-Mora L M, Rojo-Vázquez F A 1988 Sobre la presencia de Dipetalonema dracun- culoides (Cobbold, 1870) en el perro en España. Revista Ibérica de Parasitología 48: 187–188 20. Pandey V S, Dakkak A, Elmamoune M 1987 Parasites of stray dogs in the Rabat region, Morocco. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 81: 53–55 Fig. 1: Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides microfilaria showing acid phosphatase activity 21. Railliet A, Henry A 1911 Filaire à embryons at the cephalic vesicle (CV), excretory pore (E), ‘Innenkörper’ (IK) and anal pore (A). sanguicoles de l’Hyaena crocuta Erxleben [Discussion]. Bulletin de la Société de ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS generic type of entozoon from the aardwolf Pathologie Exotique 5: 630–631 22. Railliet A, Henry A, Langeron M 1912 Le The senior author would like to acknowl- (Proteles); with remarks on its affinities, especially in reference to the question of genre Acanthocheilonema Cobbold, et les edge Mrs A. Lourens from the library of parthenogenesis. Proceedings of the Zoologi- filaires péritonéales des carnivores. Bulletin the Faculty of Veterinary Science for her cal Society of London: 9–14 de la Société de PathologieExotique 5: 392–395 relentless effort in obtaining articles from 8. Fraga de Azevedo J 1943 On the presence of 23. Rao MAN 1938 Dipetalonema dracunculoides overseas. Dipetalonema dracunculoides (Cobbold 1870) (Cobbold, 1870). The Indian Journal of Veteri- among dogs in Portugal. Contribution to nary Science and Animal Husbandry 8: 127– the study of its morphology. Anais do Insti- 130 REFERENCES tuto de Medicina Tropical 1: 105–114 24. Rioche M 1960 Présence de Dipetalonema 1. Balbo T,Abate O 1972 Histochemical differ- 9. Gedoelst L 1916 Notes sur la faune parasi- dracunculoides (Cobbold, 1870) chez le chien entiation of microfilariae of Dirofilaria taire du Congo Belge. Revue Zoologique dans la Région d’Algier. Archives de l’Institut immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Dipetalonema Africaine 5: 1–90 Pasteur d’Algerie 38: 386–398 sp. Parassitologia 14: 239–244 10. Jansen J, Peeters M E, Boersema J H, 25. Rodríguez J F 1990 Dirofilariasis canina y 2. Baylis H A 1929 A manual of helminthology CremersHJWM1988 Dipetalonema otras parasitosis filariales. Incidencia, diag- medical and veterinary. Baillière, Tindall and dracunculoides (Cobbold 1870) (Nematoda: nóstico, tratamiento y prevención. Pequeños Cox, London Onchocercidae) bij een geïmporteerde Animales 2: 91–111 3. Bell D 1967 Membrane filters and micro- hond. Tijdschrift
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