Park51 : L'instrumentalisation D'un Projet D'édifice Urbain Érigé En Symbole Politique

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Park51 : L'instrumentalisation D'un Projet D'édifice Urbain Érigé En Symbole Politique UNIVERSITÉ LYON 2 INSTITUT D’ÉTUDES POLITIQUES DE LYON PARK51 : L’INSTRUMENTALISATION D’UN PROJET D’ÉDIFICE URBAIN ÉRIGÉ EN SYMBOLE POLITIQUE JACQUELIN Coline Mémoire de séminaire : Mots et symboles en politique Année universitaire 2011/2012 Sous la direction de : Monsieur Denis BARBET Mémoire soutenu le 6 Septembre 2011 Jury de Soutenance : Messieurs Denis Barbet et Vincent Michelot Table des matières Remerciements . 5 Introduction . 6 Partie première : pourquoi la « polémique park51 » ? un projet ambitieux dans un contexte historique et politique particulier . 11 I – Juillet 2009 : vers la concrétisation d’un projet . 11 A. Une volonté affichée de promouvoir le dialogue interculturel au sein d’un établissement aux multiples activités . 11 B. L’évolution du projet . 12 C. De la légitimité juridique et institutionnelle du projet Park51 . 17 II – Apres l’urss et le déclin du communisme, la construction d’un nouvel ennemi pour les états-unis : l’islam . 21 A. Les Etats-Unis en crise d’identité : la construction d’un « autre » comme ennemi facilite la définition d’un « soi » . 21 B. Le contexte de la « Guerre contre la Terreur » suite aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001 : une politique de « containment » voire de « roll back » face à l’Islam ? . 23 C. Le rapprochement fait entre l’Islam et les terroristes des attaques du 11 septembre 2001 conduit à une analogie entre Islam et terrorisme . 25 III – Un débat ancré dans un contexte politique particulier . 31 A. Mai 2010 : le début de la polémique et la naissance d’une chef de file de l’opposition au projet . 31 B. Une polémique relayée par les importants réseaux « anti-Obama » dans le cadre d’un processus de dé-crédibilisation du Président . 34 C. Les élections de mi-mandat à l’automne 2010 : l’instrumentalisation du projet à des fins électorales . 39 Partie seconde : les éléments de la construction d’un symbole politique . 47 I – La symbolique du « 11-septembre » : comment une date est devenue le référent mémoriel d’un évènement . 47 A. Les attentats du 11 septembre 2001 au World Trade Center : la preuve de la véracité du « Choc des Civilisations » de Samuel Huntington ? . 47 B. Le « 11-Septembre » : un jour, un mois, « pas d’année »…, une date à forte connotation mémorielle . 50 C. « Ground Zero » : la sacralisation du site des attentats . 54 II – Entre relecture de l’histoire et instrumentalisation du passé . 58 A. Le 11 septembre 2001 comme nouveau « Pearl Harbor » . 58 B. La réappropriation du passé par des acteurs aux argumentaires radicalement opposés : l’exemple de la Shoah . 61 C. La construction d’un climat de peur qui rappelle la période du Maccarthysme . 65 III – Le processus discursif : un élément omniprésent et puissant dans la construction de la portée symbolique du projet . 70 A. La récurrence du terme « musulmans modérés », ou l’expression latente d’une connotation péjorative de l’adjectif « musulman » . 70 B. L’utilisation de la rhétorique des croisades contre les « barbares » . 71 C. De la « Cordoba House » au projet Park51 : une « Méga mosquée » à « Ground Zero » ou un « centre communautaire » dans le Lower Manhattan ? Un enjeu de dénomination central au sein du débat . 74 Conclusion . 79 Annexes . 82 Annexe n°1 . 82 Annexe n°2 . 83 Annexe n°3 . 97 Annexe n°4 . 98 Annexe n°5 . 99 Annexe n°6 . 101 Annexe n°7 . 104 Annexe n°8 . 108 Annexe n°9 . 108 Annexe n°10 . 109 Annexe n°11 . 111 Annexe n°12 . 113 Bibliographie . 115 *Articles de revues, périodiques . 115 *Articles en ligne . 116 *Forums Internet . 125 *Images . 126 *Ouvrages . 126 *Sites Internet, Blogs . 127 *Vidéos, emissions de radios . 128 Résumé et mots-clés . 131 Remerciements Remerciements En premier lieu, je remercie Monsieur Denis Barbet, mon directeur de recherche, pour l’apport des cours du séminaire « Mots et Symboles en Politique », ainsi que pour sa disponibilité, son soutien et ses conseils. Je remercie également Monsieur Vincent Michelot pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de soutenance, ainsi que pour sa disponibilité, son soutien et ses conseils. Je voudrais remercier Monsieur Julien Fragnon pour ses conseils de lecture. Je remercie également chaleureusement l’ensemble de mes camarades de séminaire pour la bonne ambiance et l’esprit d’entraide qui y régnaient ; pour leurs conseils et leur soutien. Je souhaite remercier tout particulièrement Johan, sans qui ce mémoire ne serait pas ce qu’il est. Merci de me supporter au quotidien, me rassurer, me conseiller, m’écouter…, merci pour l’intérêt que tu as montré pour mon travail, et merci de croire en moi. Je tiens à remercier précieusement mes trois camarades de promotion et amies, Anaïs Chatagnon, Doriane Dessolins et Stéphanie Lakehal pour - outre leurs précieux conseils - leur soutien indéfectible et leur écoute ; ce mémoire leur doit beaucoup ! Merci à mes deux autres tiers, ma sœur Prune, et mon frère Antoine, pour leur soutien et tout ce qu’ils ont fait pour moi. Un clin d’œil particulier à mon frère à qui j’ai beaucoup pensé en rédigeant cette partie sur le « 11-Septembre » dans la mémoire collective (« Tu es né un 11 septembre ?! Mon pauvre ! »…) ; je crois que tu vas devoir encore supporter ces réflexions un bout de temps ! Merci à ma mère, mon père, Philippe, Catherine, Françoise, mes grands-parents et tous les autres…pour leur aide et leur soutien. Et enfin, merci à mes amis d’avoir cru en moi, merci pour leur soutien, leurs encouragements et l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à mon travail malgré nos domaines d’études/de travail si divers. Merci et pardon à tous ceux que je n’ai pas cités mais je me rattraperai de vive voix, il faut que je laisse place au mémoire ! Jacquelin Coline - 2011 5 PARK51 : L’INSTRUMENTALISATION D’UN PROJET D’ÉDIFICE URBAIN ÉRIGÉ EN SYMBOLE POLITIQUE Introduction Au cours du deuxième semestre 2009 naît à New-York le projet de la « Maison Cordoba », qui deviendra quelques mois plus tard le projet Park 51. L’idée est de construire dans le quartier du Lower Manhattan un centre interculturel en lieu et place d’un bâtiment désaffecté partiellement détruit lors des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 au World Trade Center. Ce projet naît du partenariat entrepris par un homme d’affaire, Sharif El-Gamal, qui a acheté le site en juillet 2009, et un couple formé par Daisy Khan, la présidente de l’O.N.G. ASMA (American Society for Muslim Advancement) qui œuvre pour le dialogue et la compréhension entre les musulmans d’Amérique et le reste de la population, et son mari Feysal Abdul Rauf, l’imam soufi de la mosquée New-Yorkaise Masjid Al-Farah et Président de l’organisation « Cordoba Initiative » qui officie dans le domaine du dialogue interculturel et inter-cultuel au niveau international. Mais ce qui n’est à priori qu’un projet d’édifice urbain et culturel se retrouve soudain en mai 2010, dix mois après sa naissance, au cœur d’une vive polémique, un des éléments du débat portant sur le fait que, outre de nombreuses autres activités, il est prévu que le centre comprenne une salle de prière musulmane. D’autre part, on lui reproche sa trop grande proximité avec ce qu’on nomme singulièrement le site de « Ground Zero ». En réalité, ce projet est souvent présenté dans des discours politiques, des médias etc. - bien qu’à tort -, comme une « mosquée », « à » « Ground Zero ». Ainsi, on remarque d’emblée que le débat intègre des confusions rhétoriques et des éléments faisant partie de la symbolique ancrée dans la mémoire collective ; c’est pourquoi j’ai décidé d’en faire mon sujet de mémoire tant il y a, à mon sens, d’éléments se rapportant aux mots et aux symboles dans le domaine du et de la politique, au sein de cette polémique. Ce qui m’a frappée et interpellée, c’est qu’il n’est pas rare que des éléments au caractère religieux provoquent des débats mais ce projet en particulier a déchaîné les passions pendant plusieurs mois au Etats-Unis ; j’ai alors souhaité tenter de comprendre pourquoi, et si cela n’était du qu’à une problématique liée à la question de l’Islam aux États-Unis, ou s’il n’y avait pas d’autres éléments d’explication et d’autres enjeux qui rentraient en compte. Comme pour chaque débat, il m’a semblé essentiel de s’intéresser au contexte politique et historique dans lequel celui-ci prenait place, aux réelles motivations des différents acteurs de la polémique et aux enjeux que celle-ci représentait pour chacun, ainsi qu’à la forme de la polémique elle-même, sa construction, son évolution… Dès lors, l’objet de ce mémoire n’est pas de se demander s’il y a effectivement une montée de l’islamophobie aux États-Unis qui pourrait expliquer le rejet virulent de ce projet par une partie de la population Américaine, mais de tenter de démontrer en quoi la polémique qui existe autour du projet de centre interculturel Park51 est la conséquence de l’instrumentalisation d’un élément, utilisé comme un symbole par une pluralité d’acteurs, dont les processus discursifs ont pour but la construction d’une peur, au nom d’intérêts dépassant la seule question interreligieuse. L’angle sous lequel j’ai choisi d’analyser la polémique autour de ce projet m’a alors amenée à cette problématique : en quoi la polémique autour du projet Park51 est-elle le fruit de l’instrumentalisation d’un projet d’édifice urbain érigé en symbole politique ? En effet, mon travail a comme axe central d’essayer de saisir les enjeux de cette polémique, non 6 Jacquelin Coline - 2011 Introduction pas d’exposer comme un catalogue les arguments favorables et défavorables au projet, mais de tenter de comprendre pourquoi cette polémique est née, s’est développée et a évolué, autrement dit de saisir les raisons, les enjeux, les différentes causes du débat, puisque je vais tenter de montrer que celui-ci est complexe et loin d’être mono-causal.
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