! ! ! !

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The Iowa Policy Project 20 E. Market Street • Iowa City, Iowa 52245 (319) 338-0773 www.iowapolicyproject.org!

Authors and Acknowledgments ! Karen Mossberger is the Frank and June Sackton Professor in the School of Public Affairs at and director of the Center on Technology, Data and Society. Her research interests include digital inequality, digital government, local government, and the impacts of technology use. She is the author or co-author of 5 books, including "Digital Cities: The Internet and the Geography of Opportunity" (2012, Oxford, with Caroline Tolbert and William Franko), and “Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Participation and Society” (2008, MIT Press, with Caroline Tolbert and Ramona S. McNeal). Her research has been funded by the National Science Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, among others, and has been honored with awards from the American Association, the American Society for , and Public Administration Review. She was elected a fellow in the National Academy of Public Administration in 2016.

Caroline Tolbert is Professor of Political Science at the University of Iowa. Her research and teaching weaves together a concern with opportunity and inequality, elections and representation, technology policy, and state and local policy. Her work is driven by a theoretical and normative interest in strengthening American democracy and improving local economies, with an emphasis on fostering participation. She has contributed to many subfields including digital politics; campaigns, voting and elections; election reform; public opinion; direct democracy and race & politics. Tolbert has published more than 50 peer reviewed journal articles and 9 books (two of which are co-edited). She is the coauthor of Accessible Elections: How the States can Help Americans Vote (Oxford, 2020) on absentee/mail voting, early voting and same-day registration and Why Iowa? How Caucuses and Sequential Elections Improve the Presidential Nominating Process (Chicago, 2011). With Karen Mossberger she has authored three books on the internet, economic opportunity and political participation including Digital Cities (2012), Digital Citizenship (2008) and Virtual Inequality: Beyond the (2003). She was ranked in the top 400 most cited political science faculty from Ph.D. granting institutions in terms of citations, top 25 most cited in age cohort, and top 40 women political scientists (any age) in 2018. [“The political science 400: With citation counts by cohort, gender, and subfield,” PS: Political Science.] Her research has been funded by the National Science Foundation, Democracy Fund, MacArthur Foundation, HUD, Smith Richardson Foundation, Godaddy Corporation and others.Tolbert has taught graduate level statistics and research design courses for nearly two decades. She earned a Ph.D. from the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Scott LaCombe just completed his doctorate degree in political science at the University of Iowa and will be starting a tenure track teaching position at Smith College in the fall.

We gratefully acknowledge the authors’ contribution to public understanding of important issues facing Iowans and involving the Iowa Policy Project in that effort. Views expressed are solely the perspective of the authors and the Iowa Policy Project.

( The( Iowa Policy Project ! Formed in 2001, the Iowa Policy Project (IPP) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization located at 20 E. Market Street, Iowa City, IA 52245. IPP promotes public policy that fosters economic opportunity while safeguarding the health and well-being of Iowa’s people and the environment. By providing a foundation of fact-based, objective research and engaging the public in an informed discussion of policy alternatives, the Iowa Policy Project advances accountable, effective and fair government.

IPP reports are available to the public, free of charge, online at http://www.iowapolicyproject.org. IPP is a 501(c)3 organization. Contributions to support our work may be tax-deductible.

""! !

The Iowa Policy Project 20 E. Market St. • Iowa City, Iowa 52245 • (319) 338-0773 www.iowapolicyproject.org

June 8, 2020 Broadband needs and opportunities in Iowa States can work with communities to address rural, low-income needs ! By Karen Mossberger, Arizona State University Caroline Tolbert, University of Iowa Scott LaCombe, University of Iowa and Smith College !!

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egislation in Iowa 7#:*(-"0A$.*(0'.*"'*.(-"#A0%*"+(#??*"*%(.#( *\.*'%(5#DG8#+.(#??*"+(#"(-5*%3*%(.#('#.(8/.(#??( (Bipartisan recognition has emerged in Iowa of the 8/+.#:*"+(%/"0'3(.>*(4,XJVGIP(*:*"3*'8@B(&/.( need for reliable broadband infrastructure offering .>*+*(-#5080*+(D*"*(/'*A*'($8"#++(-"#A0%*"+($'%( speeds that are adequate for live-streaming, #?.*'(-##"5@(0:-5*:*'.*%(L284$&*(<=<=OF(]0.>( educational videos, online conferences, and -/&508(+8>##5+(85#+*%(+.$.*D0%*(&@(M-"05(I(L$'%( medical diagnosis, and bandwidth to accommodate innovation and future development. :$'@(0'(:0%G2$"8>OB(:$'@(+8>##5(%0+."08.+( +8"$:&5*%(.#(-"#A0%*(.$&5*.+(?#"(+./%*'.+($'%^#"( Legislation moving in the Iowa Legislature in 2020 :#&05*(>#.+-#.+(0'(-$"E0'3(5#.+(#"(+8>##5(&/+*+F( (SF2400) takes steps on these issues. This report 7#:*(+8>##5(%0+."08.+(-"#A0%*%(5#DG0'8#:*( does not evaluate that legislation, but its ?$:050*+(?"**(&"#$%&$'%(%/"0'3(.>*(-$'%*:08F( effectiveness may be reviewed for its impact on HA*'(D0.>(.>*+*(*??#".+B(.>*(RF7F(!/"*$/(#?(.>*( expanding broadband access and addressing 4*'+/+(L<=<=O("*-#".*%(0'($(-/5+*(+/"A*@( many issues raised in this report. 8#'%/8.*%(?"#:(2$@(IY(.#(2$@(IPB(<=<=B(.>$.( #/+*>#5%+(.>$.(*$"'*%( Z$%(+8>##58>05%"*'(%0%('#.( $5D$@+(#"(/+/$55@(>$A*(%*A08*+($A$05$&5*(?#"( *%/8$.0#'$5(-/"-#+*+B($'%($A*(0'.*"'*.($88*++F(J'(J#D$B( *+*(5#D G0'8#:*(>#/+*>#5%+(+$0%(.>$.(.>*@(%0%('#.($5D$@+(#"(/+/$55@(>$A*( %*A08*+B($'%($A*(0'.*"'*.($88*++(?#"(*%/8$.0#'$5(-/"-#+*+F( 7#:*(5#DG0'8#:*(>#/+*>#5%+(0'(&#.>(/"&$'($'%("/"$5(8#::/'0.0*+("*5@(#'(:#&05*($88*++(D0.>#/.( $(8#:-/.*"(L2#++&*"3*"B(6#5&*".($'%(_"$'E#(<=IT`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a#&+(#"(+#80$5(+*"A08*+B(#"($88*++0'3(:*%08$5(+*"A08*+(#'50'*F(6>*(%$.$(8$-+( .>$.($88#:-$'@(:$'@(5#DG8#+.(-5$'+(:$E*(:0'/.*+(#'50'*($(-"*80#/+(8#::#%0.@($'%($'( /'?#"*+**'(*\-*'+*(D>*'(.>*@($"*(*\8**%*%F(6>*+*(5*++G8#''*8.*%B(:#&05*G%*-*'%*'.(0'.*"'*.( /+*"+(#?.*'(./"'(.#(-/&508(50&"$"0*+(#"(]0G_0(>#.(+-#.+(?#"(>#:*D#"EB(a#&(+*$"8>(#"(#.>*"(0:-#".$'.( '**%+B(?/".>*"(5#+0'3($88*++(D0.>(.>*(85#+/"*(#?(-/&508(+-$8*+F(!/.(.>*(-"#&5*:(0+('#.($(+>#".G.*":( #'*(.>$.(D055(+0:-5@(&*("*:*%0*%($+(0'+.0./.0#'+(#-*'(( $3$0'F((

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How Broadband Matters for Individuals and Communities

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F(7.$.*+(8$'($5+#(+/--#".(5#8$5(*??#".+(&@(-"#A0%0'3(3"$'.+($'%(5#$'+(&! .#($++0+.(0'(-5$''0'3($'%(0:-5*:*'.$.0#'(#?(0'?"$+."/8./"*(-"#3"$:+F(M??#"%$&5*(0'.*"'*.($88*++( +>#/5%(&*("*C/0"*%(D>*'(.>*"*(0+(-/&508(0'A*+.:*'.(0'(0'?"$+."/8./"*F(7E055+(."$0'0'3B(5#DG8#+.( %*A08*+($'%(0'?#":$.0#'($&#/.(%0+8#/'.*%(0'.*"'*.(8$'(&*(%0++*:0'$.*%(&@(5#8$5(+8>##5+B(50&"$"0*+B( >#+-0.$5+B($'%('#'-"#?0.(#"3$'0e$.0#'+B($'%(+.$.*+(8$'(+/--#".(.>*+*(*??#".+($+(D*55(.>"#/3>( ?/'%0'3F(6>*(8/""*'.(-$'%*:08(>$+(/'%*"+8#"*%(.>*('**%(?#"(0'.*"3#A*"':*'.$5($'%(8"#++G References+*8.#"$5(*??#".+( .#(*??*8.(:*$'0'3?/5(8>$'3*(?#"($(&"#$%&$'%(?/./"*F(( ( Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet Use Affect Engagement? A Meta-Analysis Of Research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211. Boulianne, S. (2015). Social Media Use and Participation: A Meta-Analysis of Current Research. Information, Communication And Society, 18(5), 524–538. CARES Act - Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020, 6074 (2020) (testimony of Nita Lowey). https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20200511/BILLS-116hr6800ih.pdf Clyburn, J. E. (2020). Clyburn, Pallone, and 10 House Dems Announce Plan to Connect all Americans to Affordable Broadband Internet. https://www.majoritywhip.gov/?press=clyburn-pallone-and-10-house-dems-announce-plan-to- connect-all-americans-to-affordable-broadband-internet Crandall, R., Lehr, W., & Litan, R. (2007). The Effects Of Broadband Deployment On Output And Employment: A Cross- Sectional Analysis Of US Data. Dimaggio, P., & Bonikowski, B. (2008). Make Money Surfing The Web? The Impact Of Internet Use On The Earnings Of US Workers. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 227–250. Gillett, S., Lehr, W., Osorio, C. A., & Sirbu, M. (2006). Measuring Broadband’s Economic Impact. Holt, L., & Jamison, M. (2009). Broadband And Contributions To Economic Growth: Lessons From The US Experience. 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Signs Of Digital Distress: Mapping Broadband Availability And Subscription In American Neighborhoods. https://www.brookings.edu/wp- content/uploads/2017/09/broadbandreport_september2017.pdf United States Census. (2020). Household Pulse Survey. United States Census. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/demo/hhp3.html Whitacre, B., Gallardo, R., & Strover, S. (2014a). Broadband’s Contribution To Economic Growth In Rural Areas: Moving Towards A Causal Relationship. Telecommunications Policy, 38(11), 1011–1023. Whitacre, B., Gallardo, R., & Strover, S. (2014b). Does Rural Broadband Impact Jobs And Income? Evidence From Spatial And First-Differenced Regressions. The Annals of Regional Science, 53(3), 649–670.

The Iowa Policy Project thanks the authors for providing this summary of broadband issues facing Iowa. See their longer report on our website, www.iowapolicyproject.org. IPP is a nonprofit, nonpartisan public policy research and analysis organization in Iowa City. Founded in 2001, IPP is funded by foundation grants and donations from individuals and organizations.

! (! Appendix

Summary Statistics for Broadband Subscriptions in Iowa’s 99 Counties Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min Max Broadband Subscriptions Any Type 75.52525 4.234994 62.8 88 Broadband Subscriptions – Not counting cell phone only 64.61919 5.606168 48.5 80.6 Economic Prosperity Index 2018 53.00109 10.68119 28.35194 80.5407

Quartile Cut-offs for Iowa’s 99 Counties—Broadband Access Tracks with Higher Economic Prosperity Variable 25% 50% 75% Broadband Subscriptions Any Type 73.4 75.6 77.9 Broadband Subscriptions – Not counting cell phone only 61.1 65 67.5 Economic Prosperity Index 2018 45.29 53.5 60.1

)! !