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An Intelligent Sun Positioning and Intensity Tracker System for Solar Panels with LCD Display

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An Intelligent Sun Positioning and Intensity Tracker System for Solar Panels with LCD Display International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering Volume 2, Issue 6 (December, 2015) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222 Available Online at www.ijeecse.com An Intelligent Sun Positioning and Intensity Tracker System for Solar Panels with LCD Display Somtoochukwu Ilo, Tochukwu Chiagunye, Aguodoh Patrick and Egbosi Kelechi Computer Engineering Department Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Abstract: Energy crisis is one of the most prevalent issues such as acid rain and global warming. Therefore, striking Nigeria’s human and capital development sector. conversion to clean energy sources such as solar energy Solar energy is rapidly gaining the focus as an important would enable the world to improve the quality of life means of expanding renewable energy uses. To ensure the use throughout the planet Earth. The sun is the prime source of the sun’s energy at the maximum level a tracking system should be developed. Solar tracking system is the most of energy, directly or indirectly which is also the fuel for appropriate technology to enhance the efficiency of the solar most renewable systems. Among all renewable systems, cells by tracking the sun. In this paper a microcontroller based photovoltaic system is the one which has a great chance to sun tracking system is designed and developed to ensure that replace the conventional energy the solar panel is always parallel to the sun for maximum energy output. Light intensity detecting sensors were used to Photovoltaic cells directly convert solar radiation into receive light rays and the signal processed through a electrical energy. However, the conversion efficiency is microcontroller to rotate the solar panel towards the side with not satisfactory. Unless high efficient solar cells are maximum intensity using the turning mechanism of a 5.2 invented, the only way to enhance the performance of a degrees unipolar stepper motor. The LCD display was added to solar panel is to increase the intensity of light falling on it. indicate the angular position in degrees, and a source code was written in assembly language for the prototype of the solar Solar trackers are the most appropriate and effective tracking system. method to increase the efficiency of solar panels through keeping the solar panels perpendicular to the sun. Keywords: Intelligent, Sensor, Sun Positioning, Tracking System, Microcontroller. The sun travels through 360 degrees east to west per day, but from the perspective of any fixed location the visible I. INTRODUCTION portion is 180 degrees during an average 1/2 day period A sun position tracker is a device that orients a payload (more in spring and summer; less, in fall and winter). toward the sun based on the suns radiation intensity on the Local horizon effects reduce this somewhat, making the payloads surface. Payloads can be solar panels, parabolic effective motion about 150 degrees. Rotating the panels to troughs, Fresnel reflectors, mirrors or lenses. Photovoltaic the east and west can help recapture those losses. A is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the tracker rotating in the east–west direction is known as a atomic level. Some materials exhibit a property known as single-axis tracker. the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons The sun also moves through 46 degrees north and south of light and release electrons. When these free electrons during a year. The same set of panels set at the midpoint are captured, an electric current result, that can be used as between the two local extremes will thus see the sun move electricity. The photoelectric effect was first noted by a 23 degrees on either side, causing losses of 8.3%. A French physicist, Edmund Bequerel, in 1839, who found tracker that accounts for both the daily and seasonal out that certain materials including silicon would produce motions is known as a dual-axis tracker. Generally, the small amounts of electric current when exposed to light. losses due to seasonal angle changes is complicated by Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that changes in the length of the day, increasing collection in carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse the summer in northern or southern latitudes. This biases sunlight" that carries the remainder; the diffuse portion is collection toward the summer, so if the panels are tilted the blue sky on a clear day and increases proportionately closer to the average summer angles, the total yearly on cloudy days. As the majority of the energy is in the losses are reduced compared to a system tilted at the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sun to be spring/fall solstice angle (which is the same as the site's visible to the panels as long as possible. The energy latitude). contributed by the direct beam drops off with the cosine There is considerable argument within the industry of the angle between the incoming light and the panel. whether the small difference in yearly collection between Due to the limited supply of non-renewable fuels, single and dual-axis trackers makes the added complexity scientists nowadays are searching for alternative energy of a two-axis tracker worthwhile. resources. Besides, fossil fuels have many side effects 1 International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering Volume 2, Issue 6 (December, 2015) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222 Available Online at www.ijeecse.com The research is aimed at developing a tracker system that in both open loop as well as closed loop modes. The can track the movement of the sun to improve the controller was totally automatic and did not require any overall electricity generation based on tracking system. operator interference unless needed. This system consists of both electronic and mechanical Zeroual et al. had designed an automatic sun-tracker designs with several electrical sources. It has a single axis system for optimum solar Energy collection in 1997. They orientation, which follows the movement of the sun in a used electro-optical sensors for sun finding and a day from morning to evening. This tracking system is Microprocessor controller unit for data processing and for designed to automatically follow the sun and from the control of the mechanical drive system. This system input received, it can actuate some mechanism to position allowed solar energy collectors to follow the sun position the solar panel where it can receive maximum sunlight to for optimum efficiency. It had a modular structure which produce more energy output then. facilitates its application to different systems without II. LITERATURE REVIEW great modifications. The system had been applied to control a water heating parabolic solar system for Daniel A. Pritchard had given the design, development, domestic uses. Many parameters had been controlled for and evaluation of a microcomputer-based solar tracking system security such as temperature, pressure and wind and control system (TACS) in 1983. It was capable of velocity. The system had been tested for a long period in maintaining the peak power position of a photovoltaic variable illumination. The result showed that it operated (PV) array by adjusting the load on the array for satisfactorily with high accuracy. maximum efficiency and changed the position of the array relative to the sun. At large PV array system installations, Konar and A.K. Mandal had given a microprocessor inverters were used to convert the dc electrical output to based automatic position control scheme in 1991. They ac for power grid compatibility. Adjustment of the had designed for controlling the azimuth angle of an inverter or load for maximum array output was one optimally tilted photovoltaic flat type solar panel or a function performed by the tracking and control system. cylindrical parabolic reflector to get the illuminating Another important function of the system was the tracking surface appropriately positioned for the collection of maximum solar irradiance. The proposed system resulted of the sun, often a necessity for concentrating arrays. in saving of energy .It was designed as a pseudo tracker In 2008, Bill Lane has built a solar Tracker for his final in which step tracking scheme had been used to keep the year project. Bill lane is a graduate student, from motor idle to save energy . department of electrical and computer engineering, Cleveland State University. In his Solar Tracker project, Daniel A. Pritchard’s idea of a microcomputer was Bill Lane used a single axis design for the tracker, replaced in this research with microcontroller but no meaning the tracker only control one angle. Using the inverter or solar module was used in this project due to Cadmium Sulphide (Csd) as the light sensors, he used two cost limitations. Bill lanes idea of a single axis design was light sensors as comparator of the light radiation. When used in this work, but we used only one Cadmium one of the sensor has higher intensity of light, the position Sulphide (Csd) photocell instead of two to reduce the of the sun is on the side of that light sensor. Then, by component count and then wrote the assembly language using unipolar stepper motor, the solar panel will be rotate program to mimic the roles played by the second or move until both sensor has the same amount of light on Cadmium Sulphide (Csd) photocell. We used 8051 it. Bill Lane solar tracker is using PIC16F877 as the Microcontroller and 1-axis Solar Tracking as the main microcontroller of the tracker, the microcontroller has a element. Some hardware designs were also taken into 10 bits multichannel analog- digital converter, 5 consideration in order to design the Solar Tracking input/output ports and 256 x 8 bytes of data EEPROM System. memory. III. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ashok Kumar Saxena and V.
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