The European Union in International Affairs

Series Editors: Sebastian Oberthür is a professor and academic director of the Institute of European Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium. Knud Erik Jørgensen is a professor in the Department of Political Science and Government at the Aarhus University, Denmark. Alex Warleigh-Lack* is an executive director of the Centre for Research on the European Matrix (CRONEM) and Professor of EU Politics at the University of Surrey, UK. Sandra Lavenex is Professor of International Politics at the University of Lucerne, Switzerland, and a visiting professor at the College of Europe in Natolin (Warsaw). Philomena Murray is Jean Monnet Professor in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Editorial board: Stephanie Anderson; Ummu Salma Bava; Grainne de Burca; Maurizio Carbone; Roy H. Ginsberg; Amelia Hadfield; Stephan Keukeleire; Andrés Malamud; Sophie Meunier; Michael H. Smith; Ramses Wessel and Reuben Wong. Thanks to consecutive rounds of enlargement and the stepwise broadening and deepening of internal integration, the EU now undeniably plays a key role in international politics, law and economics. At the same time, changes in the international system continue to pose new challenges to the EU. The range of policies implied by the EU’s international ‘actorness’ grows with every summit, and the EU regularly ‘imports’ and increasingly ‘exports’ various policies. Against this backdrop, this book series aims to be a central resource for the growing community of scholars and policy-makers interested in understanding the interface between the EU and international affairs. It will provide in-depth, cutting-edge contributions to research on the EU in international affairs by highlighting new developments, insights, challenges and opportunities. It will encompass analyses of the EU’s international role, as mediated by its own member states, in international institutions and in its strategic bilateral and regional partnerships. It will further examine the ongoing profusion of EU internal policies with external implications and the ways in which these are both driven by and feed back into international developments. Grounded in political science (and its various sub-disciplines, including international relations and international political economy), law, sociology and history, the series reflects an interdisciplinary commitment. Titles include: Frauke Austermann EUROPEAN UNION DELEGATIONS IN EU FOREIGN POLICY A Diplomatic Service of Different Speeds Joachim Koops and Gjovalin Macaj THE EU AS A DIPLOMATIC ACTOR Alexander Mattelaer THE POLITICO-MILITARY DYNAMICS OF EUROPEAN CRISIS RESPONSE OPERATIONS Planning, Friction, Strategy Louise G. van Schaik EU EFFECTIVENESS AND UNITY IN MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS More than the Sum of Its Parts? Luis Simon GEOPOLITICAL CHANGE, GRAND STRATEGY AND EUROPEAN SECURITY The EU–Nato Conundrum

Forthcoming titles include : Dimitrios Bourantonis, Spyros Blavoukos and Clara Portela ( editors ) THE EU AND THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS *Alex Warleigh-Lack is currently on leave as an editor of the series

The European Union in International Affairs series Series standing order ISBN 978-1137-00500-7 (cased) 978-1137-00501-4 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series, and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The European External Action Service European Diplomacy Post-Westphalia

Edited by

David Spence Senior Visiting Fellow, European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK and

Jozef Bátora Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia

Selection, introduction and editorial matter © David Spence and Jozef Bátora 2015 Remaining chapters © Respective authors 2015 Foreword © Federica Mogherini 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57531-2 ISBN 978-1-137-38303-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137383037 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The European External Action Service : European diplomacy post-Westphalia / [edited by] David Spence, Senior Visiting Fellow, European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, [and] Jozef Bátora, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. pages cm.—(The European Union in international affairs) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. European External Action Service. 2. European Union countries – Foreign relations administration. 3. Diplomatic and consular service – European Union countries. 4. Diplomatic and consular service, European. I. Spence, David, 1946– editor. JZ1570.A5E97148 2015 327.4—dc23 2015013147 Contents

List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Foreword x Federica Mogherini

Notes on Contributors xii

Introduction: The EEAS as a Catalyst of Diplomatic Innovation 1 Jozef Bátora and David Spence 1 Theorising the EU’s Diplomatic Service: Rational Player or Social Body? 17 Rebecca Adler-Nissen

Part I The New Setting of EU Diplomacy: Problems and Prospects for the European External Action Service 2 The EEAS and Its Epistemic Communities: The Challenges of Diplomatic Hybridism 43 David Spence 3 A Hybrid Service: Organising Efficient EU Foreign Policy 65 Cesare Onestini 4 The High Representative of the Union: The Quest for Leadership in EU Foreign Policy 87 Niklas Helwig 5 The Advance of a European Executive Order in Foreign Policy? Recruitment Practices in the European External Action Service 105 Zuzana Murdoch and Jarle Trondal 6 The EEAS, EU External Assistance and Development Aid: Institutional Dissonance or Inter-service Harmony? 123 Isabelle Tannous 7 Democratic Accountability and EU Governance: The EEAS and the Role of the European Parliament 140 Kolja Raube

v vi Contents

Part II The EEAS and International Law

8 Unus inter plures? The EEAS, the Vienna Convention and International Diplomatic Practice 159 Jan Wouters and Sanderijn Duquet 9 EU Law and the EEAS: Of Complex Competences and Constitutional Consequences 175 Geert De Baere and Ramses A. Wessel

Part III Effective Multilateralism: EU Delegations to International Organisations 10 The EU Delegation in New York: A Debut of High Political Drama 195 Katie Verlin Laatikainen 11 From the Convention to Lisbon: External Competence and the Uneasy Transition for Geneva Delegations 219 David Spence 12 Effective Multilateralism After Lisbon: The Added Value of the EEAS and the EU Delegation in Vienna 241 Lars-Erik Lundin

Part IV Bilateralism and European Diplomatic Capacity 13 National Adaptation and Survival in a Changing European Diplomacy 257 Rosa Balfour and Kristi Raik 14 An Upgraded EU Delegation in a Reinforced System of European Diplomatic Coordination: Insights from Washington 274 Heidi Maurer 15 Representing the EU in China: European Bilateral Diplomacy in a Competitive Diplomatic Environment 288 Frauke Austermann 16 The EEAS and Bilateral Relations: The Case of the EU Delegation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 306 Bruno Hanses and David Spence Contents vii

Part V Organising for a Comprehensive Diplomatic Approach 17 The EEAS and Crisis Management: The Organisational Challenges of a Comprehensive Approach 323 Alison Weston and Frédéric Mérand 18 The Public Diplomacy Role of the EEAS: Crafting a Resilient Image for Europe 341 Mai’a K. Davis Cross 19 Towards an EU Consular Policy? 356 Ana Mar Fernández Pasarín

Part VI Human Resources and Diplomatic Training

20 Attitudes, Identities and the Emergence of an esprit de corps in the EEAS 373 Ana E. Juncos and Karolina Pomorska 21 Women in the EEAS and EU Delegations: Another Post-Westphalia Change? 392 Tereza Novotná 22 Diplomatic Training in the European Union 403 Simon Duke

Annex 419 Index 421 List of Figures

1.1 Use of theory 23 1.2 Frequency of theory and their explicit use 23 1.3 Main approaches 25 1.4 Journals 26 6.1 Programming and management cycle for external assistance and development aid in the multiannual financial framework (2014–2020) (excluding member states) 133 6.2 Programming arrangements between Commission services and the EEAS for EU financial assistance and cooperation for the multiannual financial framework 134 15.1 EU diplomatic representation in comparison 292 20.1 Question: the recruitment to EEAS should favour those with diplomatic training 380 20.2 CFSP should remain an intergovernmental policy, under unanimity rules 383 21.1 Proportion of women as % of the total heads of EU delegations and their institutional origin 395 21.2 Women as heads of EU delegations with EU institutions background (%) and with National Diplomatic Services background (%) 396 21.3 Female heads of EU delegations from EU-10 (%) 398

viii List of Tables

1.1 Code list (initial) 21 1.2 Overview of the material 22 4.1 Two logics of leadership: formal and ideational 89 6.1 Responsibility for strategic programming of external action instruments proposed for the multiannual financial framework (2014–2020) 131 10.1 Who speaks for the EU since Lisbon? 199 10.2 EU speeches at the UN bodies in New York 206 14.1 System of European diplomatic representation 276 14.2 Number of European diplomats accredited to the United States in 2012 277 15.1 Number of EU member-state embassies in selected third-country capital cities (2011) 293 15.2 Third countries without a local EU Delegation (2011) 295 15.3 Number of diplomatic staff for selected EU delegations (2010) 296 15.4 Coordination groups in selected third-country capitals in comparison 297 15.5 Opening years of selected EU/Commission delegations 299 20.1 Levels of attachment with their countries and the European Union among EEAS officials 384 21.1 Gender balance in the EEAS Brussels HQ and EU delegations worldwide (%) 400

ix Foreword

The creation of the European External Action Service in 2011 broke new ground, not only in the field of EU institutions but in global diplomacy. Designed to deliver a more coherent and efficient EU foreign policy, the Service has indeed become a ‘Catalyst of Diplomatic Innovation’. This book looks at how the creation of the European External Action Service, under the mandate of Catherine Ashton, provided new avenues for approaching foreign policy, from its impact in International Relations Theory and International Law, to different policy fields such as development, crisis response and EU public diplomacy. Through the lens of individual case studies, such as the debut of the EU Delegation in New York or the role of women in the EEAS, the authors paint a vivid picture of the broad spectrum of European diplomacy. The value of this book lies not only in the wide range of issues it covers, but also in recognising important developments that go beyond the European External Action Service and the emergence of a European foreign policy, to include global changes in the way we conduct diplomacy today. The reforms of the Lisbon Treaty that created the European External Action Service put into European law the institutional arrangements that enable the EU to address the challenges posed by a rapidly changing global environment. This is true both in terms of its institutional structure and its policy-making. The European External Action Service is more than a foreign service. It incorporates elements of a development and a defence ministry. The broad spectrum of policies and tools allows the EU to develop comprehensive responses to current global challenges – from development, through exhaustive diplomacy to crisis intervention. In a world where tradi- tional dividing lines between internal and external policies are increasingly blurred, this capacity of the European External Action Service to deal with foreign policy as well as with security and development creates added value for the European Union’s member states. The EU is not the 29th state of the Union, but the single voice of 28 countries that have decided to join a space of peace, rights and security. EU diplomacy can provide new answers to many diplomatic challenges when we are united in tackling the crises around us. Our work requires constant coordination between 28 member states as well as different EU institutions. This makes all the difference in a world where building alliances is essential for managing complexity. Today the Service is still in its infancy and we are working hard to ensure we use all the tools provided by the treaties to make the EU a truly global power.

x Foreword xi

This book makes an important contribution to the growing body of litera- ture on the European External Action Service. The breadth of issues it covers and its engagement with International Relations Theory and Law will make it a useful reference point for academics, students and practitioners. Federica Mogherini High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission Brussels, March 2015 Notes on Contributors

Rebecca Adler-Nissen is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Copenhagen. Rebecca’s research focuses on international relations (IR) theory (especially international political sociology and the practice turn), diplomacy, sovereignty and European integration as well as fieldwork, participant observation and anthropological methods in IR. Rebecca Adler-Nissen has been a visiting scholar at the Centre for International Peace and Security Studies, McGill University/Université de Montréal and the European University Institute in Florence. She is former Head of Section at the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Frauke Austermann is a lecturer and Head of Campus at the International School of Management, Cologne, and a research associate at the ESSCA School of Management, LUNAM University. Rosa Balfour is Director, Europe in the World, at the European Policy Centre (EPC), an independent think tank based in Brussels. She has researched and published widely on issues relating to European foreign policy and external action, relations with the Mediterranean region, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, EU enlargement, European neighbourhood policy and on the role of human rights and democracy in international relations. She is the author of Human Rights and Democracy in EU Foreign Policy: The Cases of Ukraine and Egypt (2012). Her recent work has focused on the EU’s new diplomatic service and its implications for European foreign policy (2015). She holds an MA from the Cambridge University, and an MSc in European Studies and PhD in International Relations, both from the London School of Economics and Political Science. Jozef Bátora is Associate Professor at the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Arts at Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. He holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Oslo. Previously he was visiting professor at Stanford University, research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna and senior researcher at ARENA, University of Oslo. His research focuses on change dynamics in international institutions, diplomacy, EU foreign policy and organisation theory. He has published in numerous academic journals. His most recent book is Fringe Players and the Diplomatic Order: The ‘New’ Heteronomy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, co-authored with Nik Hynek). Mai’a K. Davis Cross is Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at the Northeastern University, and a senior researcher at the ARENA Centre for European Studies. She is the author of Security

xii Notes on Contributors xiii

Integration in Europe: How Knowledge-Based Networks Are Transforming the European Union (2011) and The European Diplomatic Corps: Diplomats and International Cooperation from Westphalia to Maastricht (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). She is also co-editor (with Jan Melissen) of European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). She holds a PhD in Politics from the Princeton University, and a Bachelor’s degree in Government from the Harvard University. Geert De Baere is Assistant Professor of International Law and EU Law at the Faculty of Law, where he also coordinates the Institute for European Law, and at the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, University of Leuven. He studied law at the University of Antwerp and at King’s College, Cambridge. In 2005, he was a visiting research fellow at the Columbia Law School’s European Legal Studies Center. From 2007 to 2009, he worked as référendaire in the chambers of Advocate General Sharpston at the Court of Justice of the EU, while being a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Antwerp. His research interests include the legal organisation of EU external action, the relationship between EU law and international law, comparative constitutional law, including comparative federalism, and the philosophy of EU law and international law. Simon Duke is a professor at the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA), Maastricht, Netherlands. He was educated at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and the University of Oxford, where he completed his MPhil and DPhil. Prior to EIPA, he held positions at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the Mershon Center (Ohio State University), Pennsylvania State University and Central European University. He is the author of several monographs on European and transatlantic foreign and security issues including, most recently, The Maastricht Treaty: Second Thoughts After 20 Years, co-edited with Thomas Christiansen. He has also published on similar themes in numerous academic journals. He also serves as adjunct faculty at the Federal Executive Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia, and is co-executive editor of the Journal of European Integration . Sanderijn Duquet is a PhD fellow at the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies and the Institute for International Law (KU Leuven), where she is preparing for PhD on the contribution of the European Union to international diplomatic and consular law. Bruno Hanses is a German EU official with extensive experience of European foreign and security policy. He joined the EU Council Secretariat in 1991, serving initially in the Agriculture Department and from 1994 in the Common Foreign and Security Policy division, where he held several positions related to EU policy in Africa. He was a political advisor to the xiv Notes on Contributors

EU Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region, served in the Private Office of the EU Council’s Secretary General and worked in planning and operations of EU civilian missions under ESDP. Following a four-year assignment to the EU Delegation in Geneva, in 2011 he became a head of the Political, Press and Information Section in the EU Delegation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Niklas Helwig is a senior research fellow at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs in Helsinki. His research focuses on the development of EU’s foreign policy architecture. Previously, he lectured on EU foreign policy at the University of Edinburgh and worked for the Centre for European Policy Studies in Brussels as well as the Jean Monnet Chair for Political Science and European Affairs in Cologne. He received his doctorate (co-tutelle) from the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cologne. Ana E. Juncos is Lecturer in European Politics at the School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies, University of Bristol. Previously, she was a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Bath. She holds a PhD in Politics, International Relations and European Studies from the Loughborough University. Her research interests include EU foreign and security policy with a particular focus on the Western Balkans, peacebuilding and security sector reform. She is author of EU Foreign and Security Policy in Bosnia: The Politics of Coherence and Effectiveness (2013), co-editor of EU Conﬂict Prevention and Crisis Management (with Eva Gross, 2011) and has published articles in Journal of European Public Policy, Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Integration and East European Politics among others. Katie Verlin Laatikainen is Associate Professor of Political Science at Adelphi University, New York. Her research has focused on the intersection of EU and UN multilateralism for the past decade, and she has published widely on the post-Lisbon EU at the UN. She has co-edited books in this area, including The Sage Handbook on European Foreign Policy (2015), The Routledge Handbook of the European Union and International Institutions: Performance, Policy and Power (2014) and The European Union at the United Nations: Intersecting Multilateralisms (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). She is the co-author of United Nations Politics: International Organization in a Divided World (2007). Lars-Erik Lundin is a former diplomat affiliated to SIPRI as a distinguished associate fellow and to the Swedish Defence College as a senior fellow. He was an EU ambassador to the international organisations in Vienna 2009–2011 and a deputy political director of the European Commission from 2006 and served as head of the RELEX Security Policy Unit from 2000. He also served as head of the European Commission Delegation in Vienna from 1996 to 2000 and again from 2007 to 2009. A former ambassador in the Swedish Foreign Service, he obtained his PhD in 1980 and is an elected member of the Notes on Contributors xv

Swedish Royal Academy of War Sciences. He has represented the European Commission in the EU Military Committee and served as deputy representative of the Commission to the PSC for a number of years. As a Swedish diplomat, he has extensive experience in arms control and as a representative to the Minsk Group on Nagorno-Karabakh. Heidi Maurer is Assistant Professor of European Studies in the Department of Politics, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Maastricht University. She holds a doctorate from the University of Vienna (Political Science) and a postgraduate certificate in European Integration at the Institute of Advanced Studies (IHS, 2004–2007) in Vienna. Heidi has been the 2012–2013 Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation Fellow at the Center for Transatlantic Relations (CTR), School for Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC. Heidi’s research interests focus on EU foreign policy-making, European diplomacy and the European Neighbourhood Policy. Since joining Maastricht University, Heidi also engages actively in research about alternative teaching methods and in particular Problem- Based Learning. Frédéric Mérand is Associate Professor of Political Science and Director of CÉRIUM at the University of Montreal Centre for International Studies. Zuzana Murdoch is a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Bremen. She has previously been a PhD student in the Department of Political Science and Management at the University of Agder, Norway. Her research predominantly deals with the integration of national civil serv- ants into the administrative structures of the European Commission and the European External Action Service (EEAS). Her articles have appeared in Journal of European Public Policy, Journal of Common Market Studies , West European Politics , Public Administration and Organization Studies. Tereza Novotná is an FNRS and GR:EEN postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for European Studies, Université libre de Bruxelles. She received her PhD in Politics and European Studies from the Boston University. Tereza has held visiting fellowships at various think tanks and research insti- tutes on both sides of the Atlantic and has also practical experience from working for EEAS and the EU Delegation in Washington, DC. Her research has been published in German Politics and Society, West European Politics and in numerous policy and media outlets. She is the author of Negotiating the Accession: How Germany Unified and the EU Enlarged (forthcoming, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015 ). Cesare Onestini is a deputy head of the European Union Delegation to India. He joined the European Commission in 1995. As an European official, he has worked on a variety of policies including the promotion of European cooperation in the areas of education and professional training, xvi Notes on Contributors the development of European transport networks and the liberalisation of gas and energy markets. More recently, Cesare has worked for the European Union in the areas of external relations, trade, security and crisis management. From 2008 to 2010, he worked at the EU Delegation to the United Nations in New York, focusing on cooperation between the European Union and the United Nations on peace and security issues. In 2010, he returned to Brussels for the setting up of the European External Action Service (EEAS), the diplomatic service of the European Union. In the EEAS, he took over the position of head of the Corporate Board’s Secretariat. Before joining the Commission, Cesare graduated from Oxford University with a BA in Human Sciences, an MPhil in European Politics, Economics and Society and a DPhil in International Relations. Ana Mar Fernández Pasarín is Associate Professor in Politics and Public Administration at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and an associate researcher at Sciences Po Paris (Observatory of European Institutions). Her main research areas are European institutional dynamics, with specific reference to the EU presidential system and comitology procedures, and EU consular policy. Recent publications on consular affairs include Consular Affairs and Diplomacy (2011, co-edited with Jan Melissen), ‘Local Consular Co-operation: Administering EU Internal Security Abroad’, European Foreign Affairs Review , 14:4, 2009, 591–606, and ‘Consular Affairs in the EU: Visa Policy as a Catalyst for Integration?’, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 3:1, 2008, 21–35. Karolina Pomorska is an assistant professor at the Maastricht University and a research associate of the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Cambridge. Her main fields of academic research are European Foreign Policy and the European External Action Service, as well as Polish foreign policy. She co-authored The EU and Its Neighbours: Values versus Security in European Foreign Policy (2013), and her articles have appeared in Journal of European Public Policy, Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Integration and Comparative European Politics among others. Kristi Raik is a senior research fellow at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA) and an adjunct professor at the University of Turku. Prior to joining FIIA in 2011, she served inter alia as an official at the Directorate- General for External and Politico-Military Affairs in the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union and as a visiting fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies. She holds both a Masters and a PhD in Social Sciences from the University of Turku. Kolja Raube is a senior researcher at the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, as well as a programme coordinator and lecturer in the Master of European Studies: Transnational and Global Perspectives at the Centre for Notes on Contributors xvii

European Studies (University of Leuven). He has been a visiting professor at the Kobe University, Japan and is author of several publications on EU external policies, EU coherence and the parliamentary dimension of EU external action, among others, in the Journal of European Integration, European Foreign Affairs Review, The Hague Journal for Diplomacy and the Cambridge Review of International Relations. David Spence is a visiting fellow at the European Institute of the London School of Economics. Previously an EU diplomat, his last post was minister counsellor in the EU Delegation to the United Nations in Geneva. He was EU advisor to the United Nations for the Elections in the Ivory Coast. In the European Commission he was secretary of the task force for German unifi- cation, head of training for the Commission’s External Service, advisor on terrorism and relations with NATO and Commission representative in the G8 and EU Council Terrorism Working Groups. He has published widely on European affairs. Isabelle Tannous is a senior information research specialist at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), Berlin. Before joining SWP, she was a research fellow in the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy (IFSH) at the University of Hamburg, where she conducted a postdoctoral research project on the sensitive interfaces between security and development in EU foreign policy. Prior to this she was based at the Centre for European Studies of the University of Southern Denmark, where she lectured on European affairs. She is an editor-in-chief of various textbooks and yearbooks on European integration for the Institute for European Politics (IEP), the Center for Applied Policy Research (C•A•P) and the Bertelsmann Foundation. Jarle Trondal is Professor of Public Administration in the Department of Political Science and Management at the University of Agder, and in European Studies at the University of Oslo, ARENA Centre. He is also Honorary Professor at the University of Copenhagen. His main fields of research interest are in public administration, EU governance, and organisational science. Recent publications include An Emergent European Executive Order (2010), Unpacking International Organisations (2010, with M. Marcussen, T. Larsson and F. Veggeland), and The Agency Phenomenon in the European Union (2012, with M. Busuioc and M. Groenleer, eds). Recent journal articles have appeared in International Review of Administrative Sciences, Journal of European Public Policy, Journal of Common Market Studies , Public Administration, West European Politics, Comparative European Politics, Review of International Political Economy , World Political Science Review and Public Organization Review. Ramses A. Wessel is Professor of International and European Institutional Law and co-director of the Centre for European Studies at the University xviii Notes on Contributors of Twente, The Netherlands. His additional functions include: member of the standing Governmental Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law (CAVV); member of the Governing Board of the Centre for the Law of EU External Relations (CLEER) in The Hague; editor-in-chief and founder of the International Organizations Law Review and of the Netherlands Yearbook of International Law; editor of the Nijhoff Studies in European Union Law and member of the Editorial Board of the Internationale Spectator , and the CLEER Working paper series. He was graduated in 1989 from the University of Groningen in International Law and International Relations. He has published widely on EU external relations law (including CFSP) as well as on the relationship between international and EU law. Alison Weston is Head of Division with the Operations Directorate of the EU Military Staff (EUMS), European External Action Service. Before joining EUMS in summer 2011, she held a variety of positions within the EU’s Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, most recently as Acting Head of Operations. In that position, she was responsible for managing and overseeing the conduct and delivery of nine civilian EU missions deployed under the Common Defence and Security Policy (CSDP). From 2008 to 2010, she served as Chief of Staff to the International Civilian Office/EU Special Representative in Pristina, Kosovo. Alison Weston holds a doctorate in Political and Social Science from the European University Institute in Florence. Jan Wouters is Full Professor of International Law and Jean Monnet Chair ad personam , Director, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies – Institute for International Law, KU Leuven and a visiting professor, College of Europe, Bruges, Sciences Po, Paris and Luiss University, Rome. He is a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium for Sciences and Arts; president of the United Nations Association Flanders Belgium; and practices law as Of Counsel at Linklaters, Brussels. Professor Wouters is an editor of the International Encyclopedia of Intergovernmental Organizations, deputy director of the Revue belge de droit international and an editorial board member of ten international journals. He has published widely on international, EU, corporate and financial law.