The European Union in International Affairs
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The European Union in International Affairs Series Editors: Sebastian Oberthür is a professor and academic director of the Institute of European Studies at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium. Knud Erik Jørgensen is a professor in the Department of Political Science and Government at the Aarhus University, Denmark. Alex Warleigh-Lack* is an executive director of the Centre for Research on the European Matrix (CRONEM) and Professor of EU Politics at the University of Surrey, UK. Sandra Lavenex is Professor of International Politics at the University of Lucerne, Switzerland, and a visiting professor at the College of Europe in Natolin (Warsaw). Philomena Murray is Jean Monnet Professor in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Editorial board: Stephanie Anderson; Ummu Salma Bava; Grainne de Burca; Maurizio Carbone; Roy H. Ginsberg; Amelia Hadfield; Stephan Keukeleire; Andrés Malamud; Sophie Meunier; Michael H. Smith; Ramses Wessel and Reuben Wong. Thanks to consecutive rounds of enlargement and the stepwise broadening and deepening of internal integration, the EU now undeniably plays a key role in international politics, law and economics. At the same time, changes in the international system continue to pose new challenges to the EU. The range of policies implied by the EU’s international ‘actorness’ grows with every summit, and the EU regularly ‘imports’ and increasingly ‘exports’ various policies. Against this backdrop, this book series aims to be a central resource for the growing community of scholars and policy-makers interested in understanding the interface between the EU and international affairs. It will provide in-depth, cutting-edge contributions to research on the EU in international affairs by highlighting new developments, insights, challenges and opportunities. It will encompass analyses of the EU’s international role, as mediated by its own member states, in international institutions and in its strategic bilateral and regional partnerships. It will further examine the ongoing profusion of EU internal policies with external implications and the ways in which these are both driven by and feed back into international developments. Grounded in political science (and its various sub-disciplines, including international relations and international political economy), law, sociology and history, the series reflects an interdisciplinary commitment. Titles include: Frauke Austermann EUROPEAN UNION DELEGATIONS IN EU FOREIGN POLICY A Diplomatic Service of Different Speeds Joachim Koops and Gjovalin Macaj THE EU AS A DIPLOMATIC ACTOR Alexander Mattelaer THE POLITICO-MILITARY DYNAMICS OF EUROPEAN CRISIS RESPONSE OPERATIONS Planning, Friction, Strategy Louise G. van Schaik EU EFFECTIVENESS AND UNITY IN MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS More than the Sum of Its Parts? Luis Simon GEOPOLITICAL CHANGE, GRAND STRATEGY AND EUROPEAN SECURITY The EU–Nato Conundrum Forthcoming titles include : Dimitrios Bourantonis, Spyros Blavoukos and Clara Portela (editors ) THE EU AND THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS *Alex Warleigh-Lack is currently on leave as an editor of the series The European Union in International Affairs series Series standing order ISBN 978-1137-00500-7 (cased) 978-1137-00501-4 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series, and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The European External Action Service European Diplomacy Post-Westphalia Edited by David Spence Senior Visiting Fellow, European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK and Jozef Bátora Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Selection, introduction and editorial matter © David Spence and Jozef Bátora 2015 Remaining chapters © Respective authors 2015 Foreword © Federica Mogherini 2015 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57531-2 ISBN 978-1-137-38303-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137383037 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The European External Action Service : European diplomacy post-Westphalia / [edited by] David Spence, Senior Visiting Fellow, European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, [and] Jozef Bátora, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. pages cm.—(The European Union in international affairs) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. European External Action Service. 2. European Union countries – Foreign relations administration. 3. Diplomatic and consular service – European Union countries. 4. Diplomatic and consular service, European. I. Spence, David, 1946– editor. JZ1570.A5E97148 2015 327.4—dc23 2015013147 Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Foreword x Federica Mogherini Notes on Contributors xii Introduction: The EEAS as a Catalyst of Diplomatic Innovation 1 Jozef Bátora and David Spence 1 Theorising the EU’s Diplomatic Service: Rational Player or Social Body? 17 Rebecca Adler-Nissen Part I The New Setting of EU Diplomacy: Problems and Prospects for the European External Action Service 2 The EEAS and Its Epistemic Communities: The Challenges of Diplomatic Hybridism 43 David Spence 3 A Hybrid Service: Organising Efficient EU Foreign Policy 65 Cesare Onestini 4 The High Representative of the Union: The Quest for Leadership in EU Foreign Policy 87 Niklas Helwig 5 The Advance of a European Executive Order in Foreign Policy? Recruitment Practices in the European External Action Service 105 Zuzana Murdoch and Jarle Trondal 6 The EEAS, EU External Assistance and Development Aid: Institutional Dissonance or Inter-service Harmony? 123 Isabelle Tannous 7 Democratic Accountability and EU Governance: The EEAS and the Role of the European Parliament 140 Kolja Raube v vi Contents Part II The EEAS and International Law 8 Unus inter plures? The EEAS, the Vienna Convention and International Diplomatic Practice 159 Jan Wouters and Sanderijn Duquet 9 EU Law and the EEAS: Of Complex Competences and Constitutional Consequences 175 Geert De Baere and Ramses A. Wessel Part III Effective Multilateralism: EU Delegations to International Organisations 10 The EU Delegation in New York: A Debut of High Political Drama 195 Katie Verlin Laatikainen 11 From the Convention to Lisbon: External Competence and the Uneasy Transition for Geneva Delegations 219 David Spence 12 Effective Multilateralism After Lisbon: The Added Value of the EEAS and the EU Delegation in Vienna 241 Lars-Erik Lundin Part IV Bilateralism and European Diplomatic Capacity 13 National Adaptation and Survival in a Changing European Diplomacy 257 Rosa Balfour and Kristi Raik 14 An Upgraded EU Delegation in a Reinforced System of European Diplomatic Coordination: Insights from Washington 274 Heidi Maurer 15 Representing the EU in China: European Bilateral Diplomacy in a Competitive Diplomatic Environment 288 Frauke Austermann 16 The EEAS and Bilateral Relations: The Case of the EU Delegation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 306 Bruno Hanses and David Spence Contents vii Part V Organising for a Comprehensive Diplomatic Approach 17 The EEAS and Crisis Management: The Organisational Challenges of a Comprehensive Approach 323 Alison Weston and Frédéric Mérand 18 The Public Diplomacy Role of the EEAS: Crafting a Resilient Image for Europe 341 Mai’a K. Davis Cross 19 Towards an EU Consular Policy? 356 Ana Mar Fernández Pasarín Part VI Human Resources and Diplomatic Training 20 Attitudes, Identities and the Emergence of an esprit de corps in the EEAS 373 Ana E. Juncos and Karolina Pomorska 21 Women in the EEAS and EU Delegations: Another Post-Westphalia Change? 392 Tereza