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Rapport Final Appel à Projet de Recherche Infrastructures de Transports Terrestres, Ecosystèmes et Paysages (ITTECOP) 2014 Projet de Recherche PolLinéaire Potentiel des dépendances vertes d’infrastructures linéaires de transport pour la préservation et la dispersion des insectes pollinisateurs sauvages - Etude des communautés d’abeilles et de papillons dans des emprises routières et de réseau électrique et dans leur environnement proche Rapport final Juin 2018 APR ITTECOP 2014 – Projet de Recherche PolLinéaire – Inra-Cerema-Ifsttar – Rapport final ____________________________________________________________________________ 1/103 APR ITTECOP 2014 – Projet de Recherche PolLinéaire – Inra-Cerema-Ifsttar – Rapport final ____________________________________________________________________________ Contributeurs de PolLinéaire PolLinéaire (Potentiel des dépendances vertes pour la préservation et la dispersion des insectes pollinisateurs sauvages) est un projet de recherche réalisé dans le cadre du programme ITTECOP (Infrastructures de transports terrestres, écosystèmes et paysages) du Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire (MTES) et de l’Ademe (Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie). Le projet PolLinéaire s’est déroulé d’octobre 2014 à septembre 2017 dans le cadre de l’appel à projets de recherche 2014. Il a fait l’objet d’une convention entre l’Inra et la Fondation pour la recherche sur la biodiversité (FRB). Les établissements partenaires du projet PolLinéaire sont : - l’Inra (Institut national de la recherche agronomique), à travers son Unité de recherche Abeilles & Environnement (UR 406), basée à Avignon ; - le Cerema (Centre d’expertise pour les risques, l’environnement, la mobilité et l’aménagement, à travers ses Directions territoriales Ouest (basée à Nantes) et Sud-ouest (basée à Bordeaux) ; - l’Ifsttar (Institut français des sciences et technologies des transports, de l’aménagement et des réseaux), à travers son Laboratoire Environnement-Aménagement-Sécurité-Ecoconception, basé à Nantes. L’équipe constituée pour la réalisation du projet PolLinéaire se compose de : - Violette Le Féona, Post-doctorante recrutée par l’Inra pour le projet (de février 2015 à avril 2016), détachée à l’Ifsttar, Nantes ; - Bernard Vaissièrea, Chargé de Recherche à l’Inra (UR 406)a; - Mickaël Henrya, Chargé de Recherche à l’Inra (UR 406)a ; - Jean-François Bretaudb, Technicien supérieur en chef au Cerema (DT Ouest)b ; - Christophe Pineauc, Ingénieur des travaux publics de l’Etat, au Cerema (DT Ouest)c ; - Eric Guinardd, Ingénieur des travaux publics de l’Etat, au Cerema (DT Sud-ouest)d ; - Denis Françoise, Directeur de Recherche à l’Ifsttar (Laboratoire Ease)e. La coordination scientifique du projet a été assurée par D. François, avec l’appui de B. Vaissière. Les coordonnées des membres de l’équipe sont: a INRA, UR 406 Abeilles & Environnement / UMR PrADE, Domaine Saint-Paul, Agroparc, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon cedex 9. b CEREMA, Direction territoriale Ouest, DIMER, MAN, 9 rue René Viviani, BP 46223, 44262 Nantes cedex 2. c CEREMA, Direction territoriale Ouest, DLRCA, 23 avenue de l’Amiral Chauvin, BP 20069, 49136 Les Ponts-de-Cé cedex. d CEREMA, Direction territoriale Sud-ouest, rue Pierre Ramond, CS 60013, 33165 Saint-Médard-en- Jalles cedex. e IFSTTAR, Centre de Nantes, Route de Bouaye, CS4, 44344 Bouguenais cedex. 2/103 APR ITTECOP 2014 – Projet de Recherche PolLinéaire – Inra-Cerema-Ifsttar – Rapport final ____________________________________________________________________________ Remerciements Le programme de travail objet du présent rapport a pu être concrétisé grâce à la contribution de nombreuses personnes à différents stades. Il s’agit des personnes chargées de la validation et du suivi administratifs du contrat PolLinéaire : Sylvie Modeste (Inra, Avignon), Christine Meresse (Inra, Sophia), Stéphanie Izard (coordinatrice administrative du projet, Inra, Avignon) et Assia Benguernane (Ifsttar, Marne-la-Vallée). A l’Ifsttar, il s’agit aussi de Gaëlle Lebot et Séverine Bienassis qui ont permis d’adapter les conventions de stages et certaines conditions de travail aux nécessités des études de terrain, ainsi que de Pierre Hankach pour son aide en rendu cartographique et d’Olivier Bonin pour la mise à disposition des bases de données BD Forêts V1 et V2. Il s’agit au Cerema (Direction territoriale Sud-ouest) de Patrick Pacevicius, qui a réalisé les recherches cartographiques de la phase initiale du projet pour les régions Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées, Limousin et Poitou- Charentes (régions Bretagne et Pays-de-la-Loire traitées par Jean-François Bretaud). Il s’agit des trois stagiaires : Héloïse Blanchard (stage de Master 2 « Biodiversité, Ecologie, Environnement », Université Joseph Fourrier, Grenoble, mars-août 2015), David Martinière (stage de Master 2 « Expertise Faune Flore, inventaires et indicateurs de biodiversité », Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris VI, mars-août 2015), et Rina François (stage volontaire, Licence 2 « Biologie – Ecologie », Université de Nantes, juin-juillet 2015). Concernant les études sur les dépendances vertes routières, il s’agit des personnes qui, dans les directions interdépartementales des routes (DIR), nous ont mis en contact avec les responsables locaux de l’entretien routier : Jean-Pierre Moulin (DIR Ouest, Rennes) et Clément Bourcart (DIR Centre-Ouest, Limoges). Il s’agit des responsables des centres d’entretien et d’intervention (CEI) des directions interdépartementales des routes : Didier Ferré (CEI de Haute-Goulaine, 44), Didier Gautier (CEI de Bain-de- Bretagne, 35), Patrick Breillad (CEI de Bressuire, 79), Robert Moiteaux (CEI de Héric, 44) et René Lalinec (CEI de Rostrenen, 35). Concernant les études sur les dépendances vertes des lignes électriques à haute tension, il s’agit des personnes contacts dans les groupes d’exploitation transport (GET) de RTE (Réseau de Transport d’Electricité) : Thierry Amiot (GET de Bordeaux), Pascal Lascaux (GET de Limoges), ainsi que Jean Pierron et Edouard Sirven de l’agence RTE de Toulouse. Il s’agit des personnes contactées dans le parc naturel régional Périgord-Limousin (La Coquille, 24) qui nous ont fourni des renseignements sur la qualité de milieux forestiers et prairiaux : Frédéric Dupuy, Irène Demont, Cédric Devilleger et Arnaud Six. Il s’agit des identificateurs d’abeilles sauvages pour leur grande disponibilité : David Genoud (France), Matthieu Aubert (France), Eric Dufrêne (France) et Holger Dathe (Allemagne). Nous remercions enfin Barbara Livoreil (FRB), Samir Hamdicherif (FRB) et Yannick Autret (CGDD) pour leur compréhension des difficultés que nous avons rencontrées du fait des aléas du programme de travail, ainsi que pour leur soutien constant dans nos recherches de solutions pour y remédier et permettre au projet de progresser. 3/103 APR ITTECOP 2014 – Projet de Recherche PolLinéaire – Inra-Cerema-Ifsttar – Rapport final ____________________________________________________________________________ Sommaire Résumé p. 8 Glossaire p. 9 1 – Introduction p. 11 2 – Contexte et objectifs p. 12 2.1 – Contexte général p. 12 2.2 – Objectifs visés p. 16 3 – Déroulement général du projet p. 19 4 – Recherche de sites d’étude p. 28 4.1 – Recherche des sites d’étude Habitat-Source p. 28 4.2 – Recherche des sites d’étude Habitat-Conduit p. 30 5 – Travail de terrain p. 33 5.1 – Panel des sites étudiés p. 33 5.2 – Echantillonnage dans les sites d’étude Habitat-Source p. 37 5.3 – Echantillonnage dans les sites d’étude Habitat-Conduit p. 39 6 – Résultats p. 42 6.1 – Analyse synthétique des sites d’étude Habitat-Source p. 42 6.2 – Analyse taxonomique des sites d’étude Habitat-Conduit p. 45 6.3 – Analyse fonctionnelle des sites d’étude Habitat-Conduit p. 52 6.4 – Influence des facteurs environnementaux dans les sites d’étude Habitat-Conduit p. 57 6.5 – Observations sur les habitats offerts par les dépendances vertes p. 79 7 – Discussion p. 89 7.1 – Habitat pour les abeilles et papillons dans les dépendances vertes p. 89 7.2 – Fonctions Source et Conduit des dépendances vertes p. 92 7.3 – Etat des populations d’abeilles dans la zone d’étude p. 93 8 – Conclusion p. 95 9 – Références p. 97 4/103 APR ITTECOP 2014 – Projet de Recherche PolLinéaire – Inra-Cerema-Ifsttar – Rapport final ____________________________________________________________________________ Liste des figures Fig. 3.1 Configuration type d’un site HS 3.2 Configuration type d’un site HC 3.3 Exemple de configuration HC en boucle 3.4 Boîte de collection d’abeilles préparées pour les identifications à l’espèce 4.1 Repérage cartographique de parcelles cultivées en colza (RPG 2012) à proximité d’une route du réseau national (RN 149, Nord-ouest de Poitiers, Vienne) 4.2 Repérage cartographique de parcelles cultivées en colza (RPG 2012) à proximité d’une voie ferrée (Ligne Poitiers-Angoulême, Est de Couhé, Vienne) 4.3 Intersection d’une ligne électrique HT et d’une voie ferrée (Saint-Antoine d’Auberoche, Dordogne) 4.4 Localisation des sites d’étude HC potentiels dans les départements de Corrèze, Dordogne et Haute-Vienne 5.1 Localisation des sites d’étude HS retenus 5.2 Site d’étude HS retenu sur la RN 164 (Loudéac, Côtes d’Armor) 5.3 Configuration de la zone d’étude des sites HS 5.4 Distribution spatiale de l’ensemble des sites d’étude HC 5.5 Site d’étude HC sur la ligne Bertric-Nontron (Rudeau-Ladosse, Dordogne) 5.6 Capture d’une abeille sauvage sur une tache florale composée de primevères officinales (Primula veris) – Vallet, Loire-Atlantique 5.7 Session de capture d’abeilles sauvages dans un champ de
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