DOCSLIB.ORG

“In the Unbreakable Stream of a Wide, Monolithic Movement:” a History of the Turkish Concept of Sovereignty, 1908-1925 by Necdet Emre Kurultay

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“In the Unbreakable Stream of a Wide, Monolithic Movement:” a History of the Turkish Concept of Sovereignty, 1908-1925 by Necdet Emre Kurultay “In the Unbreakable Stream of a Wide, Monolithic Movement:” A History of the Turkish Concept of Sovereignty, 1908-1925 By Necdet Emre Kurultay Course: HIST 449, Honours Graduating Essay Instructor: Dr. Robert Brain A graduating thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in The Faculty of Arts History Department We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard Supervisor: Dr. Pheroze Unwalla Committee Members: Dr. Robert Brain and TBA University of British Columbia April 21, 2020 K u r u l t a y | 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...…………………………………………..….………3 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..………….…...……...4 CHAPTER I: Training Tortoises and the Concept of Sovereignty………………………………………………………………..…………..…...17 CHAPTER II: Politics of Sovereignty in a New Makam…………..…………...……40 CHAPTER III: Sovereignty in a State of Exception................................................56 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….……...…...73 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..….77 K u r u l t a y | 3 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Pheroze Unwalla, for all the support and guidance that he has given me throughout the year. I am particularly grateful for the help he has provided me in editing and commenting on the many thesis drafts I have sent him over the course of this past year. I can safely say that, in the end, he certainly made me a better writer. I would also like to extend my warmest thanks to Dr. Robert Brain. Ever since I took his course on Politics and Culture in Fin-de-Siècle Europe back in 2016, he has adamantly supported my intellectual growth as a scholar. Our conversations made me think not just about my subject on a deeper level, but also about the relationship between writing history and theory. I also thank Dr. Coll Thrush and Dr. John Roosa for always making sure that I was the best scholar of history that I could be. I would also like to thank Dr. Steven Taubeneck for being a mentor and helping me to become a better thinker. Moreover, I thank my friends for taking the time to read and edit my work throughout the year and for their help in enduring these times of crisis together. Above all, however, I would like to thank my family for always encouraging me and my intellectual pursuits. I would never have been able to write this thesis without their love and support. Finally, I want to express my deepest love and gratitude to the wonderful Begüm Görgüliçten for always being there whenever I needed her the most. I dedicate this thesis to the memory of my late grandmother. K u r u l t a y | 4 Introduction On October 31st, 1918, the commander of the British Black Sea squadron Admiral Calthorpe and the Ottoman Minister of the Navy Huseyin Rauf Bey signed the Armistice of Mudros on board of the HMS Agamemnon, thereby officially bringing the hostilities between the Entente and the Ottoman Empire to an end. For Erik Jan Zürcher, a scholar who has established himself as one of the foremost authorities on the history of modern Turkey, the Armistice “really amounted to an Ottoman capitulation.”1 Indeed, “the 25 articles contained provisions such as the military occupation of the Straits, control by the Entente of all railway and telegraph lines, demobilization and disarmament of the Ottoman troops, except for small contingents needed to keep law and order, surrender by all Ottoman troops in the Arab provinces and the freeing of all Entente prisoners of war in Ottoman hands (but not the other way round).”2 Furthermore, and perhaps worst of all, Article 7 stipulated that “each member of the Entente has the right to occupy any place in the Empire if it considered its security to be under threat.”3 The wartime leaders of the Empire, the Triumvirate of Pashas and the members of their Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), had already left the country by the time that the Armistice was concluded.4 1 Erik J. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History (London: I.B. Tauris, 2017), 133. 2 Zürcher, 134. 3 “Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması,” in Devletlerarası Hukuku ve Siyasi Tarih Metinleri, ed. Nihat Erim, (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1953), 520. 4 The origins of this movement can be traced back to 1889 when four students in the Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane (Military Medical College) in Istanbul, Mehmet Reşit, İbrahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, İshak Sükuti, founded the İttihad-i Osmani Cemiyeti (Ottoman Unity Society). It is notable that of these four students, only one was ethnically Turkish—the others came from Albanian, Kurdish, and Circassian backgrounds respectively. This would reflect the multi-national character of the movement when it later expanded to such an extent that by 1896, it was forced to relocate its headquarters due to increasing pressure from Abdülhamit II’s intelligence organization, the Hafiye Teşkilatı. Now based in Paris, the Society was renamed İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (Committee of Union and Progress) to reflect the unity of its multi-national membership, even if prominent members of the CUP somewhat contradictorily called themselves les Jeunes Turcs in French circles. With mounting dissent against Abdülhamit II’s regime—especially due to the Armenian Crisis of 1894-1896, in which the newly formed Hamidian Regiments massacred some 80,000 to 300,000 Armenians—the CUP’s numbers grew significantly. Another factor that accounted for this trend was the mounting discontent within the army between 1906 and 1908 due to significant K u r u l t a y | 5 This move made sense, given the fact that the Entente had announced its intentions to bring the CUP leaders to trial as far back as in 1915.5 The new Ottoman government, under the leadership of the Grand Vizier Ahmet Izzet Pasa and Sultan Mehmet VI, acted in accordance with this proclamation; given its weakened position, however, the government failed to pursue the Unionists and indeed they never appeared in court. Except for the military leader of the Triumvirate, Enver Pasha, all members of the CUP leadership were assassinated by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation by 1922 as part of the so-called “Operation Nemesis.”6,7 The immediate aftermath of the First World War thus signified for the Ottoman Empire a crisis of sovereignty. As Bernard Lewis—another eminent name in the field of modern Turkish history—writes, “There was indeed little room for hope. Exhausted by eight years of almost continuous warfare, the once great Ottoman Empire lay supine in defeat, its capital occupied, its leaders in flight. The country was shattered, impoverished, depopulated, and demoralized.”8 Continuing to write with dramatic flair, Lewis adds that this situation “kindled the smouldering anger of the Turks into an inextinguishable blaze…the Turks were ready to rise against the inflation and the payment of officers’ salaries increasingly in arrears: by the summer of 1908, the majority of the new members of the CUP were army officers. Combined with this trend of increasing CUP power, the meeting in June 1908 between Tsar Nicholas II and King Edward VII at Reval (Tallinn) regarding the settlement of the Macedonian problem—which would have established the de jure independence of Macedonia and left the Sultan with only formal suzerainty—became the decisive event that triggered the revolution of July 1908. In a well- coordinated campaign, the aforementioned officers took to the hills of Tikveš (Tikvesh) and Ohri (Ohrid) in Northern Macedonia with their troops and demanded the restoration of the constitution. These officers believed that this would be the only way to restore unity among the different ethnic groups of the Empire while forestalling foreign intervention at the same time. Ultimately, the Sultan gave in to the demands of the insurgents, and on the night of 23 July 1908, he announced the restoration of the Constitution and the reconvening of the Parliament. 5 Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 134. 6 Zürcher, 134. 7 For more on the Young Turks and the CUP, see Aykut Kansu, The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997), Banu Turnaoǧlu, The Formation of Turkish Republicanism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017), Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks: the Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics 1908–14 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), Şerif Mardin, Jön Türklerin Siyasi Fikirleri 1895– 1908 (Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankasi, 1964) and his Continuity and Change in the Ideas of the Young Turks (Istanbul: Robert College School of Business Administration and Economics, 1969), and Şükrü Hanioǧlu, Preparation for a Revolution: Young Turks, 1902-1908 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). 8 Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 241. K u r u l t a y | 6 invader—only the leader was awaited.”9 When Mustafa Kemal assumed this role, the ensuing struggle for Turkish independence, according to Lewis, naturally culminated in Turkish victory.10 Indeed, the Treaty of Sèvres, which was signed by the Ottoman government on August 10th, 1920, counted for little when the Grand National Assembly—founded under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal by the Kuva-yi Milliye (the Turkish Nationalist Movement) on April 20th, 1920—voted to strip those who signed the Treaty of their Turkish citizenship and formally declared war on the Allied powers and on the Ottoman government.11 After its decisive victory in the Turkish War of Independence, the Kuva-yi Milliye signed the Treaty of Lausanne with the Allies, and shortly thereafter, the Turkish Republic was proclaimed on October 29th, 1923, which ultimately secured the sovereignty of the Turkish people—an outcome that resembles the ending of a story more closely than it does historical reality.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix F Ottoman Casualties
    ORDERED TO DIE Recent Titles in Contributions in Military Studies Jerome Bonaparte: The War Years, 1800-1815 Glenn J. Lamar Toward a Revolution in Military Affairs9: Defense and Security at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century Thierry Gongora and Harald von RiekhojJ, editors Rolling the Iron Dice: Historical Analogies and Decisions to Use Military Force in Regional Contingencies Scot Macdonald To Acknowledge a War: The Korean War in American Memory Paid M. Edwards Implosion: Downsizing the U.S. Military, 1987-2015 Bart Brasher From Ice-Breaker to Missile Boat: The Evolution of Israel's Naval Strategy Mo she Tzalel Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 1945-1947 Hal M. Friedman Native vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa Thomas G. Mitchell Battling for Bombers: The U.S. Air Force Fights for Its Modern Strategic Aircraft Programs Frank P. Donnini The Formative Influences, Theones, and Campaigns of the Archduke Carl of Austria Lee Eystnrlid Great Captains of Antiquity Richard A. Gabriel Doctrine Under Trial: American Artillery Employment in World War I Mark E. Grotelueschen ORDERED TO DIE A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War Edward J. Erickson Foreword by General Huseyin Kivrikoglu Contributions in Military Studies, Number 201 GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erickson, Edward J., 1950— Ordered to die : a history of the Ottoman army in the first World War / Edward J. Erickson, foreword by General Htiseyin Kivrikoglu p. cm.—(Contributions in military studies, ISSN 0883-6884 ; no.
    [Show full text]
  • Semih Rüstem
    PP Periodica Polytechnica A Turkish Architect at the Technical Architecture University of Budapest: Semih Rüstem 46(1), pp. 38-45, 2015 DOI: 10.3311/PPar.8205 Creative Commons Attribution b M. Dila Gümüş1* research article Received 04 May 2015 Abstract 1 Introduction Semih Rüstem (1898-1946), is a Turkish Early Republican era Cultural and architectural relationships between Hungary architect who studied architecture at the Technical University and the Ottoman Empire in the first quarter of the 20th century of Budapest. His relationship with Hungarian Turanism and are a promising research field and potentially contain some his architectural education in Hungary makes him an exception exceptional examples. Within the development of Turan ideol- among Turkish architects. In the early 1930’s, he designed sev- ogy in the early 1900s, cultural interactions between the two eral buildings mostly under the influence of European Modern- countries gained a new dimension. Semih Rüstem is a figure ism but traces of these Hungary-related steps can also be fol- that can be examined in this context. He studied architecture lowed in some of his designs. The information gathered in the at the Technical University of Budapest around 1916-1920 and process of this research, which aims to examine Semih Rüstem’s produced in Turkey in the 1930s. His biography remained in the life and career in the context of cultural relationships between shadows for a long time due to a lack of documents; however, Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, provides a basis for a dis- research examining his career and productions was published cussion on the formal sources of the buildings he designed.
    [Show full text]
  • Fallow Fields, Famine and the Making of Lebanon
    FALLOW FIELDS FAMINE AND THE MAKING OF LEBANON A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Graham A. Pitts, M.A. Washington, DC June 3, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Graham A. Pitts All Rights Reserved ii FALLOW FIELDS: FAMINE AND THE MAKING OF LEBANON Graham A. Pitts, M.A. Thesis Advisor: John R. McNeill, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation narrates Lebanon’s environmental history through the lens of the country’s World War I famine. My analysis uses the catastrophe as a prism through which to reconstruct Lebanese agrarian life. Between 1887 and 1914, as many as 150,000 Lebanese migrated to the Americas. On the war’s eve, remittances from abroad formed the largest source of income for the Lebanese, followed by the export of silk. Wartime conditions made both sources of income all but impossible to obtain and the ensuing famine exposed the vulnerabilities of Lebanon’s reliance on global flows of humans and capital. One in three Lebanese perished during the war. Years of demographic instability became a crisis of excess mortality once the war denied the population access to its livelihood and the safety valve of migration. By taking the human relationship with the rest of nature as its unit of analysis, my study posits broad continuities between the late Ottoman period and the French Mandate era whereas most studies have seen World War I, and the subsequent imposition of French colonialism, as a decisive rupture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Circassians in Turkey (1918-1938)
    Yelbaşi, Caner (2017) Civil War, violence And nationality from empire to nation state : the Circassians in Turkey (1918-1938). PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/24388 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this PhD Thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This PhD Thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this PhD Thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the PhD Thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full PhD Thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD PhD Thesis, pagination. CIVIL WAR, VIOLENCE AND NATIONALITY FROM EMPIRE TO NATION STATE: THE CIRCASSIANS IN TURKEY (1918-1938) CANER YELBAŞI Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2017 Department of History SOAS, University of London 1 Declaration for SOAS PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Punishment, Urbanization, and Izmir Prison In
    The Politics of Punishment, Urbanization, and Izmir Prison in the Late Ottoman Empire A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History of the College of Arts and Sciences 2015 by Ufuk Adak M.A., Ege University, 2006. Committee Chair: Elizabeth B. Frierson, Ph.D. Abstract This dissertation examines the politics of punishment and application of Ottoman prison reform in the three major port cities, Izmir, which receives the greatest attention, Istanbul, and Salonica in the late Ottoman Empire. This work explores Ottoman prisons on a daily scale and in a larger imperial frame by re- thinking the idea of social control and surveillance in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the ways in which the Ottoman government dealt with the prisons as ‘modern’ and ‘European’ legal institutions. By using primary sources drawn from Ottoman archives, and relying heavily on Ottoman and British newspapers and journals, this dissertation examines Ottoman prison reform from various angles such as sustenance of prisoners, health and hygiene; the usage of cannabis (esrar) in Ottoman prisons; prison work; prison architecture; and urbanization. Until the first half of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was using various buildings as prisons, including old fortresses, such as Baba Cafer Zindanı and Yedikule in Istanbul; military barracks; shipyards, such as Tersane Zindanı (Bagnio); khans, such as Cezayir Hanı in Izmir; and local notables’ (ayan) palace dungeons. The bureaucratization and centralization attempts of the Tanzimat reformers and, more importantly, the promulgation of the criminal codes of 1851 and 1858 not only paved the way for the shift from corporal and capital punishment to imprisonment but also allowed for the establishment of a new set of definitions in terms of crime and punishment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Home Front During World War I: Everyday Politics, Society, and Culture
    The Ottoman Home Front during World War I: Everyday Politics, Society, and Culture Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Yiğit Akın Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Carter V. Findley, Advisor Jane Hathaway David L. Hoffman Copyright by Yiğit Akın 2011 ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to examine the socio-economic and cultural dimensions of the home-front experience of the Ottoman people during World War I. It explores the new realities that the war created in the form of mass conscription, a state-controlled economy, government requisitioning of grain and possessions, widespread shortages, forcible deportations and voluntary displacements, death, and grief. Using archival and non-archival sources, it also focuses on how Ottomans wrestled with these wartime realities. World War I required the most comprehensive mobilization of men and resources in the history of the Ottoman Empire. In order to wage a war of unprecedented scope effectively, the Ottoman government assumed new powers, undertook new responsibilities, and expanded its authority in many areas. Civilian and military authorities constantly experimented with new policies in order to meet the endless needs of the war and extended the state’s capacity to intervene in the distant corners of the empire to extract people and resources to a degree not seen before. Victory in the war became increasingly dependent on the successful integration of the armies in the field and the home-front population, a process that inescapably led to the erosion of the distinction between the military and civilian realms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historiography of Young Turk Revolution & The
    THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION & THE PROBLEM OF BOURGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ÖNDER UÇAR DECEMBER 2010 THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION & THE PROBLEM OF BOURGEOIS REVOLUTIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÖNDER UÇAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DECEMBER 2010 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha ALTUNIŞIK Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts / Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Raşit KAYA Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts/Doctor of Philosophy. Assist. Prof. Dr. E. Attila AYTEKİN Supervisor Examining Committee Members (first name belongs to the chairperson of the jury and the second name belongs to supervisor) Assist. Prof. Dr. Galip YALMAN (METU, ADM) Assist. Prof. Dr. E. Attila AYTEKİN (METU, ADM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferdan ERGUT (METU, HIST) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Önder Uçar Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION & THE PROBLEM OF BOURGEOIS REVOLUTIONS Uçar, Önder M.
    [Show full text]
  • Hakkı, İsmail Bey | International Encyclopedia of the First World War
    Version 1.0 | Last updated 17 September 2015 Hakkı, İsmail Bey By Malek Sharif Hakkı, İsmail (Ismail Hakki Bey) The second extraordinary Muslim governor (''Mutassarif'') of Mount Lebanon and last Ottoman governor of the province of Beirut Born 01 January 1870 in Diyarbekir, Ottoman Empire Died Between 1919 and September 1930 in Probably Istanbul, Turkey İsmail Hakkı was an experienced civil servant. He collected and published detailed statistics on the population, economic activities, education, natural resources and means of transportation in his provinces, and attempted relief efforts to alleviate some of the severe effects of famine. With his departure from Beirut on 1 October 1918, Ottoman rule in what was to become Lebanon came to an end. Table of Contents 1 Early Life and Career 2 World War I 3 The End of Ottoman Rule Selected Bibliography Citation Early Life and Career İsmail Hakkı Bey (1870-?) was the son of Müftizade Ahmed Sabri, a notable of Diyarbekir. He studied at the Ottoman School of Civil Service in Istanbul (Mekteb-i Mülkiye). His education enabled him to become a secretary in the chamberlain’s office at the Yıldız Palace. He was dismissed from service after the deposition of Abdülhamid II, Ottoman Sultan (1842-1918) in 1909. However, he was appointed deputy mayor of the sixth district of Istanbul and was a member of the general administrative council of the city. In 1910, he was elected as one of the deputies of Diyarbekir province to the Ottoman parliament. In May 1914, he became the general secretary of the Ottoman high commissioner in Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Opponents of Kemalism in Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The Republic Of Others: Opponents Of Kemalism In Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950 James D. Ryan University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Ryan, James D., "The Republic Of Others: Opponents Of Kemalism In Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2735. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2735 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2735 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Republic Of Others: Opponents Of Kemalism In Turkey's Single Party Era, 1919-1950 Abstract This dissertation seeks to answer to this question: what was the nature and significance of political and cultural opposition in the Kemalist single party state? It examines the careers and output of several key members of the Turkish literary and political elite who enjoyed significant popularity throughout this period, were supportive of some form of Turkish nationalism, but ultimately found themselves at odds with the state establishment, and silenced, suppressed or exiled by the time multiparty politics opened up in Turkey at the dawn of the Cold War. Many of these figures offered alternative visions of Turkish nationalism and modernity inspired by international movements to the left of Kemalism, some of them espoused liberal economic views or a friendlier attitude towards religious conservatives, some of them offered ultranationalist visions infused with racism and inspired by Nazi Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • State, Physical Education and Nationalism Under the Young Turk
    Constructing and Mobilizing the “Nation” through Sports: State, Physical Education and Nationalism under the Young Turk Rule (1908-1918) By Yasar Tolga Cora Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts CEU eTD Collection Advisor: Professor Selim Deringil Budapest, Hungary 2007 Acknowledgments: I would like to thank my colleagues , Christoffer Andersen, Matthew Baltz, Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan, Cristian Cercel, Costica Dumbrava, Henio Hoyo, Irakli Jibladze, Agnes Kiss, Anna Kutuzova, Sanan Mirzayev, Spencer Rangitsch, Tudor Rosu, Anastasiya Salnykova, Dilyara Suleymanova, and Tibor Toro who have been enrolled in the M.A. Program of Nationalism studies and have spent the year with me. I thank especially to my friends Goran Batic, Efe Baysal, Aida Cavalic, Kevin Kenjar, and Urska Mavric who made Budapest first tolerable then enjoyable for me. I also thank my ‘historian’ friends Stevo Djuraskovic, Bruno Mesquita and Danilo Sarenac not only for their interest in history but also for their friendship throughout the year. I also have to thank my friends Kerem Coskuner, Alp Demirel, Ahu Erdogan, and Cihangir Gundogdu for their friendship throughout my life, and help during different phases of my stay in Budapest and for the development of the present thesis. I also thank Szilvia Balassa and Karina Pomogajev the assistant and the coordinator of the Nationalism Studies Program for their infinite energy. I thank to professors Rogers Brubaker, Will Kymlicka, András Kovács, , Alexei Miller and Anton Pelinka from whom I took courses during my studies in CEU. I also thank a lot to Prof.
    [Show full text]