TAPASAM, 2010 July

]pkvX-I-]q-cWw kvIdnbm k°-dnb kvIdnbm k°-dnb Kth-j-W-cwKw Ophira Gamliel _nPp sI. Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. Barbara C. Johnson From the e£v-an bp. Fw F. Fw & Galia Hacco Un. _©-an≥ . Fw . {io[-c≥ . _jo¿ in Malayalam - English A Quarterly Journal for Archives Kerala S

V ol: VI / Issue 1 July 2010 Reg. No: M2 tudies tLmj-bm{X sIPnFkv Ihn-X-Iƒ an\n sI./ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ shfn®Øn¬ Hcp ]T\w CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-Iƒ t^mIvtem¿ Dat Fieldwork Description and Documenting Jewish Malayalam in Israel ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw ap≈-°p-dp-a¿: aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew J kn\namNcn{Xhpw DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw C. DÆn-°r-jvW≥/kn.B¿. cm ]cn-ÿnXn \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw tIc-fØnse \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ Some Hebrew Sources Translated Jewish Communal Organization: kp\n¬ ]n. Cf-bnSw/]n. ]hn-{X≥ sbbpw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ At\z-jWw ae-bm-f-t\m-h-en-s\bpw C≥Uy≥ Nn{X-I-e- t\mh-enepw Nn{X-I-e-bnepw: B[p-\n-IXmhmZ-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w u Issue Editor : Biju C. P t ap a Adn-bn-°m\pw Analysis al Adn-bm\pw l i

kp[o¿ Y o gam in Kerala

/ Sn.-sP.-F-kv. tPm¿Pv Xm]kw TAP TAP TAP TAP TAP I n- S ßq / sI.Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈ . ¿ ASAM ASAM ASAM ASAM ASAM 1257/ 05 P-tKm-]me≥ \-Øn-cn-°p∂hcpw hn⁄m\ hn\n-a-b-i `ym-k-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw kmwkvIm-cnI ÿm]-\-ß-fnepw t\Xr-ÿm- Npcp-°-am-bn-cn-°pw, {]tXy-In®p tIc-f-]-T-\-cw-K-Øv. D∂-X-hn-Zym- ∂p. F∂m¬ Du¿Pn-X-K-th-j-I-cpsS FÆw GXp kaq-l-Ønepw bn®pw Ah¿ \¬Inb t{]m’m-l\w kvt\l-]q¿hw Hm¿Ωn-°p- Rßsf ]n¥p-W-®p. teJ-\-߃ \¬Inbpw A`n-{]m-b-ß-f-dn- ]T\Øn¬ Du¿Pn-X-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿ Xe-apd t`Z-an-√msX e£y-amWv A∂pw C∂pw R߃°p-≈-Xv. XpS-°w-ap-X¬ tIc-f- ]-T-\-Øn\p Hcp A°m-Z-anIv {]kn-≤o-I-cWw F∂ ]cn-an-X-amb h¿jsØ A\p-`-h-߃ an{i-hn-Im-c-ß-fmWv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. tIc-f- \n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\p≈ {Iao-I-c-W-߃ sNbvXp-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. kl-{]-h¿Ø-IcpsS ]cn-tim-[-\-bneqsS ]cn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Xocp-am- ≠v. R߃ C°mcyw a\- n-em-°p-∂p. ]cn-jvI-cn®p \S-tØ≠ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-°mcyw FSp-Øp-]-d-b-∂p- bp.Pn.knbpsS am¿K-tcJ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS B\p-Im-en-I-߃°v A¿l-amb {]m[m\yw \¬In-°m-Wp-∂p-≠v. \n¿Æ-b-\-Øn\p bp.Pn.kn. \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p∂ am\-Z-WvU-ß-fn¬ ASp-Ø-Im-eØp tImfPv/k¿h-I-em-imem A[ym-]-I-cpsS aqey- ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS \n-e-hmcw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-h¿ Ku\n-°m-dpt≠m? hmßp∂ ioew ]e tImfPv sse{_-dn-Iƒ°p-an-√. C°mcyw {]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂n-√. B\p-Im-en-I-߃ hne sImSpØp t]mepw ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ B\p-Im-en-I -{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃°p £n® D’mlw ImWn-°p-∂n-√. k¿h-I-em-im-em-X-e-Øn¬ F¥p-sImt≠m CØcw Hcp {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ R߃ {]Xo- FUn-‰¿ Xm]kw F√m-h-cp-sSbpw kl-I-cWw A`y¿∞n-°p-∂p. Xm]kw Bdmw-h¿j-Øn-te°p IS-°p-∂p. Ign™ A©p Bdmw-h¿j-Øn-te°v Xm]-k- r w-J-e-bnse CS-\n-e-°mcpw Ønse teJ-\-߃

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 2 TAPASAM, 2010 July b¿Øp∂ Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-ß-fmWv kmwkvIm-cn-I, ssk≤m-¥nI [mc-W-I-fn-te°v ssI ]nSn-®p- ∂-Xp-amb Hcp ae-bm-fsØ \ne-\n¿Øm\pw `mhn]T-\-߃°mbn tbmKn-°p-∂Xpw A-Xn-thKw \mi-Øn-te°p t]mbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p- Kth-jI t_m[-h-Xn-bp-am-Wv. F∂m¬, Hcphn`mKw Bfp-Iƒ D]- F∂ kwibw Hcp-h-iØp \ne\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-s\-°p-dn®v {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bmtbm `mjm-t`-Z-amtbm AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m-Iptam \p-amWv H^od {ian-°p-∂-Xv. C{km-tb-ense ae-bm-fsØ Hcp Xp-amb khn-tij ae-bmfw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw hni-I-e\w sNøm- Pq-X¿ AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw tIc-f-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- A\p-`-h-hn-h-c-W-am-Wv. C{km-tb-en-te°p IpS-n-tbdnb ae-bm-fn- Kth-j-W-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw tUmIyp-sa-t‚-j-s\-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ߃ Bh-iy-am-sW-∂pw Hm¿an-∏n-°p∂p Cu {]_-‘w. Xy-[m-c-W-Ifpw tNmZyw sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW∂pw ]p\-c-t\z-j-W- dn®p ]pXnb Ah-t_m[w ]I-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. \ne-hn-ep≈ ]e kmln- F∂p ÿm]n-°p∂ Cu {]_‘w `mjm Xy-{]-ÿm\w Xs∂ sX‰mbn hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p t]cn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ Hcp `mjm-km-ln- cp∂ Ipsd t«mI-߃ s]dp-°n-sb-SpØv Hcp kzX-{¥-IrXn F∂ F∂m¬ a{¥m-¶-Ønepw a‰p Nne-bn-S-ß-fn-ep-ambn NnX-dn-°n-S-∂n- Nm¿Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu IrXn-°p≈ ÿm\w hep-Xp-am-Wv. kmln-Xy-im-J-bv°p-Xs∂ A«o-e-h¿W-\-I-sf∂ Zpjvt]cv Cu `¿’-\-߃ A[n-Ihpw G‰p-hm-ßn-b-Xv. aWn-{]-hmfsa∂ I-X{¥w F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp aW-n-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-bmWv Xy-]-Tn-Xm-°ƒ°pw AXn-ep-]cn km[m-c-W-°m¿°p-ap-≈-Xv. sshin- irwKmcw Ie¿∂ A«o-e-h¿W-\-Iƒ F∂ [mc-W-bmWv kmln- e°-Øn-ep-≈Xv. aWn-{]-hmfw F∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒØs∂ kmln-Xy-]-T-\-sØbpw `mjm-]-T-\-sØbpw ]pXnb H^odm Kwen-tb-ens‚ hni-Z-te-J\w hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ `n∂apJ-߃ Xm]-k- kmln-Xy-]-T-\ßsf-°p- Øns‚ Pqsse 2010 tPm¿Pns‚ °p-∂-XmWv tN¿∂p tIc-f-hn-⁄m\w A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-ambn hnI-kn-∏n- kvIdnbm k°-dnb Fgp-Xnbn-cn°p∂p. sI.Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS dn®pw Kth-j-W-cw-K-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ C. DÆn-Ir-jvWs‚ Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-sØ-°p- tIc-f-Ønse \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn \mtSmSn hn⁄m-\o- Ønb kp\n¬ ]n. Cf-bn-S-Øns‚ Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-sØ-°p-dn®pw \n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bm-t_m-[-sØ-°p-dn®p Kth-jWw \S- ÿm]-\-sØ-°p-dn®p hn]p-e-amb ]T-\-߃ C\nbpw D≠m-I-Ww. L-S-\-bpsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-kz-`mhw a\- n-em-°m≥ "tbmKw' F∂ tN¿∂v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ tcJ. tIc-fob Pohn-X-Ønse kap-Zm-b- shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h-bmWv _m¿_dm tPm¨kWpw Kmen-bbpw cnI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ad™p-In-S-°p∂ Ht´sd IuXp-I-h-kvXp-XIƒ Cu e°-Øn¬ Is≠-SpØp tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm- \n-I-kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv. Un-tbm-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ teJ\w Hcp bph-K-th-j-I-bpsS ssh⁄m- ∂p-≠v. ae-bmf kn\n-am-N-cn-{X-Ønse \mgn-I-°-√mb DZ-bm-Ãp- ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w Nne hni-I- _nPp sI. Fgp-Xp∂ teJ\w hkvXp-X-Iƒ hnh-c-Wm-fl-I- Imcy-am-bn-s´m∂pw \S-∂n-´n-√ tIc-f-Øn¬ F∂v Hm¿Ωn-°-Ww. amWv ae-bm-fw. {]mtZ-inI ae-bm-f-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-߃ T-\-߃°v Dt∑-jw ]I-cpw. {]mtZ-inI t`Z-߃sIm≠p kº-∂- tUmIyp-sa‚ apXn¿∂ Kth-j-I¿s°m∏w ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bnse Kth-j-Icpw ae-bm-f-t\m-h-en-s\bpw Nn{X-I-e-sbbpw ap≥\n¿Øn B[p- tIc-f-Ønse PqX-∏-≈n-tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ hb-\m-´nse ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS Pohn-X-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®v tLmj-bm{X Xm]-k v sNøm-\p-ap≈ {ia-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv `mjm-]- -Øns‚ ]pd-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. sI.-Pn.-F-kv. Ihn-X-Iƒ F∂o ]pkvX-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v tUm. Cjyq FUn-‰¿ _nPp kn. ]n. ]pkvXI]q-c-WØn¬ -e\-ßfpw \S-Øp- , Sn.sP.Fkv.

3 - 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 4 TAPASAM, 2010 July Ip‰t∏cpIqSn Nm¿Øn°n´pIbpw sNbvXp: {]ÿm\Øns‚ \thm∞m\{iaßsf A´nadn°m\p≠mb kmlnXysa∂ [mcW (]n. hn. thembp[≥]n≈ 2004: 59). F∂pXs∂bpa√, `‡n Ifpambn _‘s∏´XmsW∂mbncp∂p ASpØImew-h-sc-bp≈ s]mXp tIcfØnep≠mbn´p≈ aWn{]hmfIrXnIƒ apgph≥Xs∂ tZhZmkn k¿hIemimemXeØn¬ aWn{]hmf]T\w Cu hgn°pXs∂. Ac\q‰m≠ntesd°meambn CXp XpS¿∂pt]mcp∂p. Ct∏mgpw kvXhßsf∂pw tZhZmkokvXhßsf∂pw Chsb hnfn®pt]m∂p. 0.1 Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. aWn{]hmfØnse A«oew aWn{]hmfN¿®bpsS XpS°wXs∂. F∂m¬,

BapJw aWn{]hmfsa∂m¬ A«oekmlnXyw F∂mWp hbv]v. thiym aWn{]hmfsa∂m¬ kmln \o-en ˛ CXt{X Cu Imhy-߃ Ima-hn-Im-c-Øns‚ Bh¿Ø-\-kz-`m-h-ap≈ \·m-hn-jvIm-c-߃ ssewKnIXrjvWbpamWv Cu IrXnIƒ°m[mcw... °p-∂-Xv. Xn-e-I °p-I-fm-bn- ImW-Ww. kmlnXyw... ^yqU¬kwkvIrXnbpsS Po¿ÆXbm¿∂XmWv aWn{]hmf °q-Øp-\n-d™ D≈-S°w I≠v Bcpw kwi-bn-®p-t]m-Ipw. ]qc-∏m-´mtWm Ch-sb∂v, aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ XrXo-b-]p-cp-jm¿∞- `-‡n-{]-ÿm-\sØ D∑q-e-\w-sN-øp-∂-Xn\v D®-ÿm-bn-bn¬ ]mSnb km∑m¿Kn-I-Po-hnXw A[x-]-Xn® Hcp Ime-L-´-sØ bpw -Øn¬ D≤r-X-ß-fmb H´p-h-fsc ]Zy-ßfpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- taemfh¿KØns‚ kº¬kar≤nbpw A\nb{¥nXamb Iu-tWm-Ø-c Chsb \ºq-Xn-cn-˛-P-∑n-h¿K-°m-cpsS Nne t\c-tºm- bpw .. kap-Zm-b-Ønse Db¿∂h¿K-Øns‚ Xyw am{XamsW∂ [mcWbn¬\n∂mWv . 1 amc-te-Jm-a-e¿_m-W-tI-fn eoemXneIw - bmWv ap‰n-Ø-g® bpw H∂mw eoem- DÆp- 1.0. 1. c≠p- ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≠mb c≠v Bim≥]-T-\-߃ t\m°pI: bn. N¿® Bim≥I-hn-X-sb-∏-‰n-bmbmepw ASn aWn-{]-hm-f-Øn-∂p-Xs∂! bn-cp-∂p Ch¿. F¥n\pw GXn\pw aWn-{]hm-fsØ hna¿in-°m-sa-∂m- Aßs\ `‡n-km-ln-XysØ aWn-{]-hm-f-Øns‚ hncp-≤-Zz-µ-am°p-I-bm- B[ym-fln-I-kv]¿i-ap≈ F¥n-t\bpw kvXpXn-°m\pw Ch¿ Xøm-dm-bn. {]h-WX A°m-Z-an-I-]-T-\-ß-fnse ^mj-\m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Nm∏IpØn-b-Xv. {ItaW ico-c-sØbpw ssewKn-I-X-sbbpw \ntj[n°p∂ im-kv{X-amWv aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Isf kZm-Nm-c-{`w-i-Øn-s‚ -D-ev]-∂-ß-fmbn 2. j-˛-tPym-Xn- X-{K-Ÿm-e-b-ß-fnse `mjm{KŸtiJ-c-ßfpsS \s√mcp `m-Khpw tPymXn- ≤ym-b-Øn¬ C°r-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw N¿®sNøp-∂p-≠v. \ΩpsS lkvX-en-Jn- CXp a\ nem°nbn√. -D≈q¿, tIcfkmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ ]Xn-t\-gm-a- FgpØ—≥ ]dbp∂p≠v (1974:25). F∂m¬ aWn{]hmfKthjI¿ s]mXpsh ssh⁄m\nIcwKØpw aWn{]hmfw IS∂ph∂Xns‚ sXfnhmbn sI. F≥. ]-Z-hn am{X-ambn I≠-Xv. ßfmWv. CsXm∂pw {i≤n°m-Ø-h-cmWv aWn-{]-hm-fsØ ip≤-km-lnXyw aplq¿Øw `mj XpSßnb {KŸt∏cpIƒ Cu {]hWXbpsS ASbmf kl{ktbmKw an{iw, sshZyat\mca, hnizI¿aWobw aWn{]hmfw, NnIn’nXw aWn{]hmfw, _meNnIn’ tbmKmarXw `mj, aWn{]hmfw, Bº√q¿ ]®, NnIn’mkcWn t\{X hnj\mcmbWobw aWn{]hmfw, hnj]oU `mjman{iw, KpW]mTw inev]cXv\w aWn{]hmfw, BJphnjNnIn’ fm-Wv F∂p ImWmw. PmXImtZiam¿Kw `mj, ImeZo]Iw aWn{]hmfw, inev]Øn¬ se-bmW I-X-bpsS ktµiw sIm≠p-h-∂ Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ aWn-{]hm-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ f-Øns‚ t`mK-em-e-k ImgvN-bn-se-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ A\p-`-h-Øn-emWv Bim≥I-hnX aWn-{]-hm- Xmcw (eo-em-hXn, 1996: amc-Zq-Xn-Iƒ, -sb∂ tPymXnj{KŸØn¬\n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-bp-ap-≠v. Chsb 20 ˛mw \q‰m≠n¬, B[p-\n-I-X- sa\-s™-SpØ ssewKn-I-{]-Xy-b- » m-kv{X-˛a-{¥-˛X-{¥-˛-{In-bm-˛-{]-m-b›nØ˛hm-kvXp-imkv{X{KŸß- v Be-Øq¿aWn{]hmf sh¨aWn-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ amXr-`q-an , k]vXw-_¿ 17) X

187 -sb apdn-®p-I-S-∂Xv (KoX: 2006 H‰-°m-eq-∂nb ). Ccp-≠-Im-e-L-´-Øn∂p ]ndtI B[ym-fln- sØ∏‰nbp≈ ]cma¿ihpw sXm´p]ntº .

Ipam-c-I-hn-bpsS Ah- Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. Ah-Xm-cw-t]m- aplq¿Ø-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 6 TAPASAM, 2010 July 5) t«mI-߃ Cu Kth-j-I≥ Is≠-Sp-Ø-Xv. IrXn-bpsS apJ-hp-c-bn¬ tbm-e-ti-J-c-Øn¬\n∂pw D≈q-cns‚ {KŸm-e-b-Øn¬\n-∂p-amWv CXnse °n-bXv tUm. sI cma-N-{µ≥\m-b-cm-Wv. tIc-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Xmfn- √. ]t£, H∂p-d-∏m-Wv. C∂p ImWp∂ cq]-Øn¬ CXns\ Hcp-°n-bn-d- I¿Ømhv? CXp-hsc Cu tNmZy-Øn∂v DØ-c-am-bn-´p-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n- {]-hm-f-]-T\w Chn-sS-\n-∂pXs∂- XpS-ßWw. Cu hgn-°mWp aWn-{]-hm-f-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ t]m°v. AXp-sIm≠v aWn- hm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ apgp-h\pw aln-fm-fn-a-lm-kv]-Zhpw A«o-ehpw BIWat√m. esØ kZm-Nm-c-{`wiw sXfn®p Im´p-∂-Xp-w!. F¶n¬∏ns∂ _m°n aWn-{]- l-Øn-∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂p( fn¬ C\n-bpw Iptd- t«mI-߃IqSn D≠m-tb-°p-sa∂ {]Xo-£bpw At±- tbm-e-{K-Ÿ-߃ In´n-bn´pan-√. F¶nepw In´m≥ km[y-X-bp≈ {KŸ-ß- ≠v. CsXmcp kwtim-[n-X-kw-kvI-c-W-a-√, AXn-∂m-[m-c-am-°m-hp∂ Xmfn- F∂m¬ Cu {]km-[\Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Ct±lw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-∂p- CXn¬ Ct±lw kzoI-cn-°p∂ \ne-] 1.2. 1.1. aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew At±lw Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: 2. 1. 3. 4. CfwIpf aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse "BZy' -IrXn cmPm-°-∑mcpw {]`p-°-∑mcpw sshin-I- KWn-I-Iƒ°p-th≠n \√ Hcp kmlnXyw kwkvIr-X-Øn-ep-≠v. ∏n KWn-Im- CΩm-Xncn Imhy-ß-fpsS kº¬k-ar-≤n-bn¬\n∂v DS-se-SpØ Akm-∑m¿§n-I-Po-hn-X-amWv bn-emWv. km[n®p. {]-[m-\-ambpw Cu BZ¿i-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬\n∂ B´-{]-Im-c-Øns‚ Nne {KŸ-߃ ]cn-tim[-n-°p-∂-Xn\pw F\n°p sshin-I-X-{¥-Ønse GXm\pw `mK-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ a{¥m¶w \¬In. XpS¿∂v k¿∆-I-em-imem am\p-kv{In]v‰v sse{_dn-bn¬\n∂v ]I¿∏p-Iƒ e`n-®-t∏mƒ AsXs‚ At\z-j-W-߃°v DtØP\w ...sshin-I-X-{¥-Øns‚ A]q¿Æ-ß-fmb Nne -ssI-sb-gpØp a-Øns‚ BZy-^e-amWv Ct∏mƒ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Cu {KŸw sshin-I-X-{¥-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-amb ]mTw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ DZy- ߃ ASp-°n-bn-W°n {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-`m-K-ß-tfmSp Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn, ®ncp∂p. a hr mWv -Øn°v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {]-Nmcw e`n-®Xv sXt°C¥y- sshinIX{¥ Sn .).

Dev]-Øn-°p-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. Ø m-Sp-Iƒ Cß-s\-bmWv: sshin-I-X-{¥ ns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xv(1968). BcmWv hr Ønsb t{]m¬km-ln- sshin-I-X{¥ -a-t{X! AtXm-? A°m- p e`n® t«mI- Øns‚

(1969: . jvTn-®p-I-gn-™p, kmwkvIm-cn-IPo¿Æ-X-bpsS {iotIm-hn-en¬!. 2.1. 2.0. Bdp \b-ßfp- fpsS Ime-hpw kzbw-]q¿Æ-amb H∂mbn {]km-[\w ]q¿Æ-a-s√∂p cma-N-{µ≥\m-b¿Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-®n´p≠v. B´-{]-Im-c-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Ipd®p t«mI-ß-fp-am-Wv. CXp-sIm≠v Cu cns‚ ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \mep IS-emkv ]I¿∏p-Ifpw a{¥m¶Øns‚ Iƒ CXp-h-scbpw Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn Isø-gp-Øp-{]-Xn-I-fpsS s]cp-°-am-Wv. C°r-Xn-bpsS Xmfn-tbm-e-∏-I¿∏p- t«mI-߃h®v `mj-bpsS ]g°w KWn-®-t∏mƒ, amaq¬K-th-j-W-߃ sN∂p- gn-h-g-°-߃ In´m-\n-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ CtX ]‰q ∂Xv AXnse `mjbmWv. hc-sam-gn°v Ir{Xn-aXzw Iq-Sp-w. ]t£ hmsam- \-ta-‰p-hm-ßnb kahmIyw A°m-Z-an-I-N¿®-I-fn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®p. G‰-hpw IqSp-X¬ hna¿i- \S-∂p-t]m-∂-Xv. Aßs\, aWn-{]-hmfw = irw-Kmcw/A«oew F∂ I-e\w sNbvXm¬ aXn-b-t√m F∂mbncn°mw \ymbw. AXmWv Gsd-°mew thiym-km-ln-Xy-amWv F-¶n¬ _m°n-bp≈ IrXn-Isf AX-\p-k-cn®p hni- ]n¬°meN¿®-I-fpsS Zni sXfn-®-Xv. aWn-{]-hmf-Ønse BZy-IrXnXs∂ ßnb A`yq-l-ßfmWv aebmfØnse aWn-{]-hm-f-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ bpsS kzcq]w Dd-®p-, Imew sXfn-™p-In-´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Chn-sS-Øp-S- Imew ]Xn-aq∂mw iXI-am-sW∂pw Ct±lw Dd∏n-°p∂p. At∏mƒ IrXn- Xy-Øns‚ ]¥n-bn-emWv Cfw-Ipfw C°rXn°pw Cesh®Xv (9˛17). CXns‚ kwkvIr-X-Øn-tebpw a‰p Z£n-tW-¥y≥ `mj-I-fn-tebpw KWn-Im-km-ln- 7. 6. 5.

Imew IrXn-bpsS {]Nm-c-W-Øns‚ sXfn-hmbn ]d-bm-dp-≈Xv AXns‚ \mep- ]-I¿∏p-I-fn-tebpw B´-{]-Im-c-ß-fn-tebpw In´ntbS-tØmfw Hcp IrXn-bpsS Imew \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ BZyambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp- t{]m¬km-l-\hpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ C∂v ssewKn-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn\p kn≤n-®n-cn-°p∂ A°q-´-Øn¬s]´XmWv sshinI-X-{¥w. tIc-f-Ønse KWn-Im-km-ln-Xy-imJ Bcw-`n-®Xv \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cm-Wv. ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn-emWv ho£n-t°≠-Xv. {¥wt]mep≈ IrXnIƒ-°v tIc-f-Øn¬ e`n® {]-Nm-chpw Htc

\n¿Æ-bn-®phcp-∂-Xv. sS kzm[o\w sshin-I-X-{¥ sshin-I-X-{¥

13-˛-ap-X¬15-˛-hsc iX-I-ß-fn¬ sshinI-X- t\m°n-bmWv `mjbpsS ]g° -Øn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ XpS-ßmw Cu N¿®-bpw. Adn-bn-√. BsI In´n-bXv D≈q- - sØ aWn-{]-hm-f- 2 . G. B¿ Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. .

Nq≠n-°m-Wn® K-th-j-I¿ {]Xn- hp w IrXn-I- F∂n´pw

7

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 8 TAPASAM, 2010 July Ime-K-W-\{]-Imcw ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb kr-jvSn-tbm As√∂p kwi-bn-°m-s\-¶nepw Ct±-l-Øn\p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp- ]cn-jvI-mcw ap≥\n¿Øn, CXv H‰-°r-Xn-tbm Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ am{Xw ap≥Iq¿ [mcW-I-fn¬ s]´n-√mbncp-∂psh-¶n¬, Nne t«mI-ß-fnse `mjm 4. Wm-a-\-b-ß-fpsS icn-bmb kzm[o\w h√msX Ipg-°n-°f-™Xp t\m°pI. tIc-f-]m-Wn\n ]dbp∂ h¿Æ-]-cn- hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sshin-I-X-{¥-Øns‚ `mj ]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈sb Imew- KWn°ms\mcpßn. ]t£, hni-I-e-\-L-´-Øn¬ BsI ]mfn-t∏m- Xm-c-I≥ ]d-™t∏mƒ ]ns∂ {]km-[-I≥ kwi-bn-®-Xp-an-√. `mj-bpsS Xm-cn-I-bn¬ Cfw-Ip-fw- Xo¿Øp]d-™n-´p-≠v. _lp-`m-jm-]-WvUn-X-\mb Ah- Xm¬]cyap≈-h¿°v Cu {]km-[\w hne-s∏´ Hcp klm-b-amsW∂v Ah- Nm-Sn-bXv A_-≤-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. {]mNo\-a-e-bm-f-sØ-°p-dn®p ]Tn-°m≥ aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew 3. 2. X 1. DØcw In´Ww: -t]mbn F∂pw ]d™p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu L´-Øn¬ Nne tNmZy߃°v F∂pam{X-a-√, \bßfpsS {]m_eyw C{Xbv°p ImWp-∂n-√ F∂v Ct±lw \nco£n®p: ¬

Cßs\ë{]mNo\˛B[p-\n-Ikz`m-h-߃ Hcp-an®p ImWn-°p-∂pt≠m? CsXmcp s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-bmtWm? at‰-sX-¶nepw aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ B[p-\n-tI-X-c-{]-h-W-Xbpw ImWn- sshin-I-X-{¥-Ønse Nne t«mI-ß-ƒ B[p-\n-I-{]-h-WXbpw NneXv {]mNo-\w/ B[p-\n-Iw F∂ th¿Xn-cn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-sa¥v? cn°pw? sa∂p tXm∂p∂ Cß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ `mj-bn- Iq-Sp-X¬ Ir{Xn-a-am-bn, kmam-\yhyhlm-c-`m-j-bn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Øp-∂p (2004 : 95-˛96). ∂n-°p∂ Cu kz-`m-h-߃ AXn-{]m-No-\ hyh-lmc`mjbp-ambn \ne\n¬°p-I-bn-√. ....sshinI-X-{X-Ønse B[p-\n-I-sa-∂p-tXm- Nne- k-µ¿`-ß-fn¬ `mj ]cn-jvI-cn-®p-I-f™p -F∂ hmZw B[p-\n-I-am-°n-sb∂p hmZn-®mtem?... F∂m¬ Nne- t«m-I-ß-fn¬ Ah-c-h-cpsS ImesØ `mjmkz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®p ]pXp-°n-sb-gpXn ®n-´p-≠-t√m ...Ime-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ ]I¿sØ-gp-Øp-Im¿ ]‰n-√. eoem-Xn-e-I-Im-c≥Xs∂ sshin-I-X-{¥t-«m-I-߃ D≤-cn- sshin-I-X{¥w IqSp-X¬ B[p\n-I-am-sW∂p]d-™mtem? AXp sshin-I

- X kz`m-h-ßsf Fßs\ \n¿h-Nn°pw? hni-ZoI- -{¥- Øn-∂p-tijw aWn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-`mj IqSp- DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i se sshin-I-X{¥ tbm kmln-Xy-Øn- -®-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? m-Zn-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Cu `mjm- -Øn¬ ImWmw. -F-∂m¬ se tbm B[p-\n-I- ]‰n-®-Xv. Xncn-®v, cwK-Ie kmln-XysØ GXp- X-cØnse√mw kzm[o-\n- tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠-t√m. C Ahiyw th≠n-S-sØ√mw NmIym-∑m¿ A\y-cpsS t«mI-ß 3.0. 2.2. a{¥m-¶-Øn¬- tN¿ØXmsW∂pw D≈q¿ sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-I-bm-bncp- Imew KWn-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-´Xv ]mgvthe-bm-sW∂p Npcp-°w. ∏nSn-®Xv F∂p a\- n-em-hpw. AXmb-Xv, `mj-sb-∏n-Sn®v sshin-I-X-{¥-Øns‚ Ømbn, ]ecp-ap≠m-°nb Iptd t«mI-ß-sf-bmWv Hcp IrXn-bmbn Iq´n- Kth-j-I-¿ {i≤-n®n-√. CXp c≠pw-IqSn tN¿Øp-sh-bv°p-tºmƒ, ]e- Im-e- ∂p. I≠p-In-´nb \mep ]I¿∏p-I-fnepw t«mI-kwJy hyXy-kvX-am-bXpw BgvN∏Xn∏nsegpXnb teJ\Øn¬ (2003: 30-˛33, 62) hmZn- krjvSn-b-s√∂p sI. ]n. i¶-c\pw Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-bcpw amXr`qan NnX-dn-°n-S-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. CXn-eq∂n, sshin-I-X{¥w H‰°-hn-bpsS °p-I. Htc Bibw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ t«mI-߃ H∂n-e-[nIw ÿm\-ß-fn¬ ´p≠v {]-hm-f-Imhyw KWn-Im-hr-Ønsb ]pc-kvI-cn®v Hc-⁄m-X-\m-amhp cNn-®n- I-X{¥w D≤-cn-®n-´p≈ G‰hpw ]gb ]Zy-߃ \n¿Ωn® Ime-Øp-X-s∂, ]-c-ambn, ]e-Im-e-Øn- CsXmcp {KŸ-Øns‚ `mK-am-sW \n¿Ωn® Ime F∂p ImWmw {]tabw (1992: 63) C\n XpS°w apX¬ HSp-°w-hsc IrXnsb H∂p ]n¥p-S¿∂p-t\m- F≥. IrjvW-]n-≈bpw Cuhgn ]n¥p-S¿∂p. B´-{]-Im-c-ß-fn¬ F∂ t]cn¬ Ccp-\q-‰nb-dp-]-Xn¬]cw t«mI-ß-fp-≈- Hcp aWn- A¤pXw ˛ (]p. 30) am{Xamhmw Ch F∂ Dulw DZn®pIn´nbn√ F∂XmIp∂p Bscms°tbm GtXm BhiyØn\pth≠n FSpØ ]I¿∏pIƒ HcpImeØp {]Ncn®ncp∂ Bibkmayap≈ ]Zy߃°v CXnt\°mƒ {][m\w. F√mambn´pw hmNnIcq]Øn¬ t«mIßfnepw ]mTcq]Øn∂v A¥caps≠∂Xt{X Hcp]t£ Hmtcm∂nepw Bh¿Øn°p∂p F∂mWt√m CXn\¿∞w. ]e 27, 39, 153 ˛ C{]ImcamWv Hmtcm∂ns‚bpw \ne. Iptd t«mI߃ ]I¿∏pIfn¬ t«mIkwJy ]ckv]cw s]mcpØs∏Sp∂n√. 157, AhnsS (D≈qcns‚ tiJcØn¬) ImWmb \mep ISemkv F∂m-W-t±l ' . At∏mƒ, sa∂ k¶¬]w-Xs∂ A{]-k-‡-am-Ip-∂p. s Xp ‚bpw ap{ZIƒ ]Xn-™-XmWv CXnse t«mI-߃ Nºq-Im-c-∑mcpw " B´-{]-Im-c-ß-fnse G‰hpw ]gb ]Zy-߃ Øns‚ [mcW ∂pw AXnse Ipsd t«mI-ßsfSp-Øp sNømd . kq£va-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn¬ p-≠v. CXmWv D≈qcns\ Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. -°p∂p≠vv sfSpØv sshin- `mjm- - :

∂p D -]-

.

9

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 10 TAPASAM, 2010 July fm-Wv. G I-fmWp ]cm-ar-jvS-߃? t\m°mw. Fs¥m-s°-bmWv ChnsS sImSp-°p∂ D]-tZ-i-߃? GsXms° taJ-e- io-e-\w-sIm≠v AXp kzmb-Ø-am-°m-sa-∂p-amWp ]d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. F∂Xv. thiym-[pcw Ib-‰p-hn-Zy-t]mse hnj-a-am-sW∂pw F∂m¬ ]cn- t\m°mw. Gsd D≤cn®n´p≈ t«mI-am-Wv, ߃ CXv Hcp kqN\bm-sb-Sp-°mw. XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂ `mK-ß-fn¬ Nne- B-i-b- GI]£obam°nbXv. bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ [mc-W. Im-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ ]I¿∏p-Iƒ Chn-sSbpw AtX-t]mse ImWp-sa∂m- k-tØmsS ImWp-∂Xv: ln-°p-∂-Xv. H∂pw c≠pw t«mIßfn¬ Htc Bi Xß-f-\p-jvTn-®p-t]m-cp∂ I¿Ω-sa∂ a´n-emWv hnj-bm-h-X-cWw \n¿h- {]-Nm-cw e`n®p F∂p hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p t]mep≈ IrXnIƒ°v 13-˛-ap-X¬ 15-˛-hsc iX-I-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ henb 3.2. 3.1. Øn-∂n- °msa∂v At±lw Btem-Nn-®-Xp-an-√. D≈q-cns‚ ad-]n-Sn®v Kth-j-W- aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew am-bn-°-gn™ DØ-c-ß-sf-°pdn®v Gsd Btem-Nn-°m-\n-√t√m!

F∑p-Øn-ap-Øn-b-hƒ... îF∂p XpS-ßp∂ t«mIw, ]c-ºcIfmbn sshinI-X-{¥ CtX-t]mse d -ßn-b-h-cmcpw adn-s®mcp Btem-N-\bv°v an\-s°-´tX C√. kn≤- sgÆw h√p-hm-\-cn-b-sXm∂p sshinIw (7) h√-hmdp ]e-\m-fp-g-°nepw Im-b-se-s∏-cnb I√p-am-°emw I√n-s\-s∏-cnb Imb-em-°emw Rm\n-∂n-\-°p-]-Zn-iman Kpcp-{I-taW ssIs°m-≠-tbm-K-an-sX\n°-hƒsNm√n,-bn∂p sNm√n-s°m-Sp-Øhfpsa≥ P\-\n-°p-sNm√n F∑p-Øn-bmƒ sNhn-bn-te-ap-Xp-ap-Øn-Xmt\ Rm\n-∂n-\-°p-]-Zn-iman Kpcp-{I-taW \mwt]m-cp-am-Xn-I-sfm-cp-Ø-scbpw hnSmsX apØn°p apØn-b-hƒ aqØ-h-sf-Øp-Sßn F∑p-Øn-ap-Øn-b-hƒ apØn-b-hƒ°p \memw A]q¿Æ-ß

Bh¿Øn-°p-∂Xp Øn∂v Ah-Xm-cn-I-sb-gp-Xnb Cfw-Ipfw, CXp sshinI-X-{¥ fmWv. Cu kmam\yh¬°cWamWv ]T\ßsf {]ta-bN¿®-bpsS kz`mh-sa-s¥∂p Øn¬ BsI-bp-≈Xv

(1969: 17). kwkvIr-X-Ønse KWn-

ImWmw. b

18, -amWp sNdnb hyXym-

19 , (2) (1) 20 t«mI-߃ 273 t-«m-I-ß- 21, 22 t«mI-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. t\m°p-I. Imap-I-∑m-tcm-Sv F-ßs\sbms° s]cpamdW-sa-∂mWv Cu ßnb Nne IYm-]m-{X-߃IqSn hcp-sa∂pam{Xw. Imap-I¿, tNSn-Iƒ, hoS¿, amW-h-I¿, {imh-I¿, Pf¿, {]`p-°ƒ XpS- bp∂ ASpØ \mep t«mI-ß-fnepw CXns‚ XpS¿® ImWmw. Ihn-Iƒ, Ihn-Iƒ, Imap-I¿ Ch-sc -G-tX-Xp-hn-[-Øn¬ hi-Øm-°-W-sa-∂p ]d- H∂pXs∂ ˛ F√m- Im-ap-I-tcbpw Hcp-t]mse ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww. BVy¿, 3.4. 3.3. Cu XmcpWyw Cu H≥]-X-t{X ]pcpjhiy-߃. t\cnb am‰tØmsSbm-Wv Ch a[p-c-hm-Wn, hW-°w, Zb, kuP-\yw, B¿{ZX, at\m-l-c-X, -hn-em-kw, I-߃ ]pcp-js\ hio-I-cn-°m-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-sf-°pdn®m-Wv: aµ-kvan-Xw, kwK-a-cp-sX-∂

t«mI-ß-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-°p-I.- hnem-kw, t«mI Adp-]-Øn-sbm≥]-Xn\pw Fgp-]Ønsbm≥]Xn-∂p-an-S-bn¬ Ggp -t«m- \m¬∏-Øn-c-≠p-ap-X¬ \mev]-Øn-sbm≥]-Xp-hsc, \oN-∑m-tcmSp ßfn ∂mX-\zXo kpJb kpµcn Iman-temIw A\y-{Xt\m°p, XeXq°pI as‰m-cp-Ø˛ Nn√o-X-cw-K-sam-cp-h-s∂m-cp-h-∂-]mwKw k`y-s∏-Spws]mgpsXm-cp-Ø-\n¬ aµ-lmkw t\{X-߃sIm-≠p-]-d- ]n-s∂hcp∂ ]pwkmw (18) aq∂m-a-h∂p ]ncnIw apdp-]mSp XmgvØn at‰-h-t\mSp aItf Ip\p-Nn-√n-sIm≠pw sN∂-Ø-f-Øn-sem-cp-h-s∂mcp aµ-lmkw ...... \n√m IWm Ina]n \oN-cn-ep≈ kwKw(43), \otNjp kwK-sam-c-\¿∞-]-cw-]-cm-bm(42), \oen-°-cnw-Ip-gen tJ-Zw-s]Spw ]p\-c-\¿∞-a-\w-K-tk-t\(44), \otNjp kwK-anf \oe-hn-tem-Nt\ tX \tΩ-±-bm-hp-h-cp-sa∂p \n-\-bv°-th≠m(48), \oN-kz-`m-hn-Isf \nXy-ap-h-∂n-cp-∂m¬ ap≠m-In-ep-Ø-a-KptW If \o hnc™v(47), \otNjp \n≥a-\kn \nµ InS-°-thWw (156)

D]-tZ-i-am-Wv: epw C XpXs∂b

... . \oN-cn-ep≈ kwK-˛ mWp .. ..\oN-cn-ep≈ kwKw- ]db p-∂-Xv. F√m-bn-S-Øpw Bibw

I≈-t\m°mbpw

Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. (49), (19)

a[pc-hm-Wn, 1

1 - 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 12 TAPASAM, 2010 July ™n-´p-ap≠v. sshin-I-X-{¥-t«m-I-ß-fpsS ]gb BI-c-ß-fn-sem∂v a{¥m- bp‡n-°p- \n-c-°p∂ coXn-bn¬Øs∂ ]d-™p-sh-°m≥ Ah¿°p Ign- °m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v(2003: 30-˛33, 62). CsXmcp H‰-°r-Xn-b√ F∂p kmam\yw I-amb hnImkw Dt±-in-®n-´p-X-s∂-bn-√. F¥p-sIm≠v Cß-s\- Hcp "IrXn'? ChnsS Aß-s\-sbm-∂n-√. t«mI-ß-fn¬\n∂p t«mI-ß-fn-te-°p≈ {Ian- a-[ym-¥-s∏m-cpØw. D]-tZ-im-fl-I-c-N-\-bmhp-tºmƒ {]tXy-In-®pw. F∂m¬ L-S-\bv°v bmsXmcp tZmjhpw kw`-hn-°n-√. GXp- Ir-Xn°pw thWw BZn- bnse ]e t«mI-ßfpw thW-sa-¶n¬ apt∂mt´m ]nt∂mt´m am‰mw. A¿∞- CXns\ Imhy-tZm-j-sat∂ ]d-bq. CtXm-sSm∏w as‰m-∂p-IqSn ˛ Cu IrXn- aq∂mwInSIhn-bpsS cN-\-bm-Wn-sX∂p ]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. km{º-Zm-bn-I¿ DZm-l-c-W-߃ t\m°pI. At∏mƒ, Bh¿Ø-\-{]h-W-\mb GtXm SØpw ap≥ t«mI-ß-fpsS Omb A∏msS ]-I¿∂p-]-‰nbn´p-≠v. ta¬ sImSpØ AtX-]Sn Bh¿Øn-°pI, Hcp ImhyØn-epw ]Xn-hn-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. ]e-bn- A¿∞m-¥-c-\ym-khm-Iy-߃ amdp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWp ImX-emb hyXymkw. bp-∂-Xv. "X\n-a-c-abn apKvt[ l¥ ImhmhpIn√' F∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Nne [\m¿÷\w \S-ØWw. 82, 102, 104, 107, 113, 227 t«mI-߃ CXmWp ]d- √. AXn-\m¬ Ahiywth≠ ap≥I-cp-X-temsS hcp∂-h-cn¬\n-s∂√mw 3.7. 3.6. 3.5. ∂Xpw ImWmw. AXpw c≠n-SØv. B›cywXs∂. -Ipd-®-∏p-dsØØp-tºmƒ, Ch A©m- A\p-h¿Ø-\hpw(73) am{Xw Imaw- hn-fbpw hm°mbpw amdp-sa-∂p-am{Xw! Nne-bn-S-Øv, B\p-Iq-ey-hpw(72) aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew Htc IrXn-bn-emWv Cu adn-®n¬. C{X ad-hn-°m-ct\m Ihn ? sI.-]n.- i-¶-c\pw cmL-h-hm-cn-bcpw Cu {]iv\-ßsf H∂-gn-®p-t\m- F¥mWv Cu Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sS -A¿∞w? ]Z-ßfpw ]mZßfpw Hcm-fn¬\n-∂p- In-´nb [\w-sIm-≠p-am{Xw PohnXw apt∂m´p t]mhn- ]ns∂ {]tIm-]-ap-Ss\ ]pf-Iw Itcm-Xp aµ-kvanX© a[p-c-me]ao-£W© fp≠m-I-th≠pap-]-Nm-c-]-Z-ß-f©v am\ymw-K\mXne-Ita, ]pcpj≥ hcp∂m˛ ]ns∂ {]tIm-]-ap-Ss\ ]pf-I© `qbx aµ-kvanXw a[p-c-hmNIao-£W© \o sNø-th-≠p-ap-]-Nm-c-]-Z-ß `q-tbm]n tIƒ° aItf ]pcp-j≥ hcp-tºmƒ aXn hio-I-cn-°m-s\-∂pw ]d-bpw. - f©v (111). . (174) -Wv F∂p ]d-bp- ¶-am-W-t√m. `mks‚ hm-cn-bcpw sI. ]n. i¶-c\pw \nco£n®n´p≠v. CXp a{¥-m¶-Øn∂pw tNcpw. A¿∞m-¥-c-\ym-k-]-Zy-ß-fmWv Cu kam-lm-c-Øn-ep-≈Xv F∂p -cm-L-h- bpsS hni-I-e\w A{X Ffp-∏-a√ F∂p a\ nem°Ww. Kuc-h-ap≈ bp≈ Hcp kµ¿`-Øn-emWv sshin-I-X-{¥-t«m-I-߃ hcp-∂-sX-¶n¬ Ah- ˛ Cu hn[-Øn-ep-≈- ]-eXpw CXn¬ Dƒs°m-≠n´p≠v (1980: 13). Cß-s\- ap{Z-Im-´p-∂Xv thsdm-cp-hn[w; A¿∞w ]d-bp-∂tXm, CsXm-∂p-a-√mØ H∂v CXns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ hy‡-am°p-∂p≠v: sNm√p-∂Xv Hcp hn[w; AXns‚ Ahy-‡-amb Hc¿∞w ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-´p≠v F∂pw ]n. sI \mcm-b-W≥ \ºym¿ kt¶-XPSn-e-amWp a{¥m-¶sa∂pw AXnse F√m IY-I-fp-sSbpw ]n∂n¬ ®m-Iym¿ C°mcyw icn-sh-bv°p-∂p≠v: ]-I¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp icn-bm-Wv. a{¥m-¶-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ amWn am[-h- X-{¥-Øn-s‚bpw KqV-`m-j-bp-sSbpw {]tbm-K-k-µ¿`-am-Wn-sX∂v Cu \ncq CXp-t]mse A¿∞m-¥-c-\ym-k-kz-`m-h-ap≈ kµ¿`-߃ CXn¬ W≥ \ºym¿, 1980: 38) √. Dan-bpsS klm-b-an-s√-¶n¬ Acn apfbv°p∂n√-t√m. \mcm-b- (GXp ka¿∞\pw Hcp klm-bw-Iq-SmsX Imcy-kn≤n D≠m-hp-∂n- em-hp-I-bp≈q (1980: 11). ∂p- F-∂m-Wv. Cu A¿∞w {Kln-®mte IYm-ckw icn°p a\- n- a{¥n-am-tcm-Sp-Iq-Snb h’-cm-Pmhp k¿thm¬°¿tjW h¿Øn-°p- ImWn-°p-∂tXm buK-‘-cm-b-W≥, hk-¥-I≥, cpa-Wzm≥ F∂o scbpw kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p∂p F∂mWv A¿∞w ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ap{Z SpØv Ces]m-fn®p s\øn¬ aq∏n-s®-SpØ henb AS F√m-h- tN¿Øv Ce-hm-´n-b-Xn¬sh®p sh≈w- I-S-°msX aS°n thhn-s®- Cu t«mI-Øn∂p \mfn-tI-cw, IZ-fn-∏-gw, i¿-°c ap-X-em-b-h-sb√mw XWvUpew \ {]tcmlXn Xpjm-Z]n ]cn-Xy‡w Imcy-kn≤nw \ hnµXn Ak-lmbx ka¿t∞m]n {]oWn-Xm-Jn-e-P-K¥n Pb¥n tamZ-Im\n ck-h¥n _rl¥n Wy-¤p-Xm\n LrX-`m¿÷-\-`mPn \mfn-tI-c-I-Z-fo-Kp-fan{im˛ {]Xn-⁄m-bu-K- ‘-cm-b-W -Ønse Hc-¶w Xs∂. KqV- Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn.

- 13

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 14 TAPASAM, 2010 July Kth-j-Is‚ ]nSn-bn¬ s]Sn√. {i≤nt® ssIImcyw sNømhq. As√-¶n¬ A¿∞-Øns‚ kq£vaXe߃ Kv[m¿∞-I-ß-fmb {]tbm-K-߃ \nd™ CØcw Hcp cwK-{]-tbmK]mTsØ Ipgp-°p-‰p-Æn-bmbn thjw-sI-´nb hk-¥I≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv. kµn- cXn-kq-N-\-bp-s≠∂p ]d-bm-hp∂h, kam-lm-c-Øn¬. CXn¬ GsgÆw A]q¿Æ- ap≠v Cu IrXn-bn-¬? t\m°mw. Ccp-\q-s‰-gp-]-Øn-aq∂p t«m-I-ßfp≠v F∂m-Wt√m amaq¬K-th-j-I-cpsS hmZw. F∂m-en\n F{X-tØmfw A«o-e- 4.0. am¿§-{`wiw! kz-`m-h-ap-≈tXm Bbhbpw. [mcm-f-ap-≠v. AXp-t]mseØ aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew {]Nm-chpw Htc ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn-emWv ho£n-t°-≠-Xv(1969: 17) F∂v Cfw- ˛-hsc iX-I-ß-fn¬ sshin-I-X-{¥w-t]m-ep≈ IrXn-Iƒ°v tIc-f-Øn¬ e`n® ssewKn-I-km-ln-Xy-Øn\p kn≤n-®n-cn-°p∂ t{]m’m-l-\hpw 13-˛-ap-X¬ 15- \me-s©Æw hcpw. CXp-w ap∂n¬sh-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv, Ata-cn-°-bn¬ C∂v F∂ a´n¬ \mtem At©m F-Æ-ta-bp-≈q. Ahy-‡-kq-N\-I-fp-≈hbpw km∑m¿§n-Im-[-]-X-\-Øns‚ D¬∏-∂-ß-fmWv CØcw IrXn-Iƒ bv°v) `mKy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ ]{¥-≠mbn (ip`-ambn) hct´ ( °p-∂Xv˛ A¥-∏p-c-Øn-en-cp-∂p ]cn-X-]n°p∂ cm⁄n°v(A-Ω- ]mIy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ ]¥n-ct≠ hc ]¥n-c≠v. CXn∂p ap{Z ImWn- ]m°o ]o°o ]cn-b-Øn-cp-∂p- ]-cnXn]dn-°p∂ ]c-X-e-®-°n°p thWp-hmWn hnf-bm-´-`q-jWw BWp-ambv ]p\-c-I-Ø-Xm-Sn-\m¬ thW-aßp Ig-IØp amZrimw \mW-sa-∂-sXmcp `qjWw apZm cXn-`qanw {hP \ns∂ \o ad∂v (112) ... kpc-tXjp hnlmb \mW-sa√mw amcn-°r-jn°p ag-\mƒ apXn-cp-∂-t]m-se (110) Bcm¬ ]pW¿∂-gnI\o-b-h-tcmSp s]tÆ Nmc-Øp-\n∂p hcp-thmsc hne-°-th≠pw Zqc-Øp-\n∂p ]pcp-j≥ hcp-thmcp\mƒ \o sbmcn-°-ap-≠m-In-e-I-Øp-sIm≈q ... (109) ASp-Øp-sN√q ape-sam-´-W∏q s∂ {]-tlm-fnImkz`m-h-ap-≈tXm ht{Im-‡n- -ß-fmWv.- F-∂m¬ hy‡-amb (239) Sn .,1980: 43). 4.1. fn-te FØq. s¥men I≠v D≈-S°w hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ Kth-j-Ww- CØcw [mc-W-I- ImWp-∂p-≈q. Ffp∏a√mØ GXm\pw hmIy-ßtfm hmIy-J-WvU-ßtfm am{Xta CXn¬ kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v Fßs\ A¿∞w ]d-™mepw A«o-e-am-°m≥ ep-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ hy‡-amb cXn-kq-N-\-I-fp-≠v. AXn∂p ]Icw `mj-bpsS I-∑m-cp-ambn can® IY ]dbp-∂n-S-Øp-t]mepw sshin-I-X-{¥-t«m-I-ß-fn- ƒ {i≤n-°p-I. sI´p-I-eymWw Ign™ taZn\oshÆn-emhv \nc-h[n Imap- DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂m-Wt√m C°q-´¿ ]d-™Xv. \macq]߃ c≠nepw ti-j-X-bp-≠v, CXp \mbn-I-bpsS t]cnem-Wv, ktµ-i-l-cs‚ t]cn-e√m Isc sX‰n≤cn-∏n-®Xv. CXns\, \o-en-hn-jtb ktµiI¿Æm-arXw'îF∂p ]d-™-Xm-bn-cn°Ww {]km[- ]Yyw (1990: 54-˛77). Hcp-]t£, {]kvXm-h-\-bnse c≠mwt«mI-Øn¬ "DÆp- ktµisa∂msW∂p iqc-\m´v ]d-bp-∂p (1996: 312). -am-cm¿°pw CXmWp Xmfn-tbm-e-am-Xr-I-bnepw a{Zmkv {]-Xn-bnepap-≈- t]cv, ap≠-°¬ ´n-bn-´p-≠v. ImtW-≠-h¿ I≠n-s√-∂p-am{Xw: CuhI hni-I-e-\-ßfpsS ]cnanXn hS-°pw-Iq¿ t\c-tØ-Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m- cq]Øns‚ Imcyw icnXs∂. ]t£, \maØns‚ A{X efnXa√. Ipdn°p∂p F∂mWp ZmtamZc≥]n≈ IcpXp∂Xv(1972: 47). C∏d™Xn¬ cp-∂nt√ Ic-Wobw? ≠t√m {]-hm-ft-«m-I-ßfn¬ D]-cn-kp-c-X-a-S-°-ap≈ aZ-\-X-{¥-߃ hnh-cn-°p-∂p- ¶nepw XS w A°m-e-ß-fn-ep- enw-K-\-c-X-{]-I-c-W-߃ hnkvX-cn-®p-]-]m-Zn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂nt√? CXn\v Fs¥- Ipfw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. thW-sa-¶n¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp IrXn-bn¬ Npw_-\m- DÆn-sb-°-≠m-e-dnbmw Ducnse ]™w F∂t√ ]g-sam-gn? ]pd- 4 . KWn-I-Iƒ°p-th-≠n-bp-≠mb IrXn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ CXm-hp-am-bn- Akw-K-X-am-Ipw ˛ (hS-°pw-Iq¿.1967:134.) t]¿ am‰n X¬ÿm-\Øp as‰m∂p kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xp k¿∆Ym Aßn-s\-bm-sW-¶nepw C\n, ]g-°-ta-dnb \mbn-I-bpsS ho´p-t]¿ ktµ-i-Øn\p I¬]n-°pI ]Xn-hn-√. bm-Ø-hn[w Bbn. ap≠-°¬ ktµ-i-sa∂ t]cpw A_≤w Xs∂. sImSp-Ø-XmIWw C∂sØ t]¿. AXp -{]-N-cn®p am‰p-hm≥ Ign- ckn-I-c-RvPn-\n -{]-h¿Ø-I∑m¿ BZyw {KŸw {i≤n-®p-t\m-°msX DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i - w a‰p ktµiImhyßfn¬\n∂p≈ hyXnbm\sØ Nt{µm-’-h- -≠m-bn-cpt∂m? H‰bpw sX‰-bp-amb Nne aWn- -Øns‚ t]cp -I-≠v, Cu IrXn-s°mcp khn- DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i Ønse c≠mw `mKsØ103-˛109 t«mIß- -sa∂p hmbn-s®-Sp-ØXm- DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. sa∂

15

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 16 TAPASAM, 2010 July t]m°p hn]-co-X-am-sImem... X¬Xs∂ ae-bmfn°p≠mbncp∂p. CXp ]cn-[n-hn-´-t∏m-gmWv, hsb tIa-ambpw ImWp∂ ioew 20˛mw- \q‰m-≠nse BZy-Z-i-I-߃ap- K-Xhpw Xt±-io-b-hpambhsb tami-ambpw \ho-\hpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-am-b- Nm-c-sa∂pw ]-dbm-hp∂ F¥n-t\bpw hna¿in-°pI, ^mj\mbn. ]c-º-cm- I-fmbn ImWp∂ {]h-WXbptSXmWv. ]g-©-s\∂pw amaq-se∂pw A\m- t{]cI߃. Cu L´w s]mXpsh {]mNo\/¢m nIv IrXn-Isf ZpjvIr-Xn- am¿Ivkn-b≥ Nn¥-Ifpw dnb-enÃv Iem/-km-lnXyZ¿i\hpambncp∂p- t«mIw Xocp-Ø-c-߃ sa∂pw Xocp-am-\-am-bn (Cfw-Ip-fw. 1997: 88)! ¢m pIfnemhptºmƒ, {]Xn- Iƒ°v ¢m vt\m-´p-I-fpsS a´pambn. AXns∂mXp-ßm-Øh hn´p-hm-bn-°m- hymJym\w, _n. F. ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ th≠ ]mI-Ønembn, N¿®- im-ebn¬ BZy-ambn {]mNo-\ -a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]mTyhnjb-am-btXmsS, A°m-Z-an-I-N¿®-I-tfsdbpw Cu hgn-°m-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿h-I-em- 5.1. 5.0. F∂ ]cn-lmkt∏¿ Nm¿Øn-°n-´n. 4.2. IrXn-I-fpsS Ahÿbpw CXp-X-s∂. hn[n-°pIbpw sNbvXp. A®o-N-cn-X-ß-sf∂p "iIm-c-t∏¿' ]Xn™ aq∂p t]cn-emWv ]Xn-™p-In-S-°p-∂-Xv. X¬°mew, CXp aXn-sb∂p hS°pw-Iq¿ hkvXpX {i≤n®n-´n√. F¥m-bmepw A∂p-sXm-´n-t∂mfw IrXn \mbn-I-bpsS hWw. t]cns\°p-dn®v tImemleapb¿-Øn-b- ]WvUn-X∑m-scm∂pw Cu aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew bmbncp∂p D≈q¿ X¬°mew sImSpØ t]¿ F°metØ°pap≈Xmbn amdpI Zm\¥cXe-Ønse `mjm-km-lnXy ]T-\-Øn∂p, hm-f-Ir-Xn-IfpsS Iem-im-em-{]-thiwsIm≠v H∂p-≠mbn. _ncp-Z˛_ncp- °q-Sn-bXv Aßs\b-mWv. Xømdm°nb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-t_m-[߃ ae-bmfnbps-S Xe-bn¬ Ibdn- Øn\v ASn-Ødbmb-Xv. tImf-\n-Isf B[p-\oI-cn°m-≥ {]tXyIw °m≥ sa°msf sIm≠p-h∂ ]≤-Xn-bmWv ChnsS B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k- -k-Zm-Nm-cw, _p≤n F∂nhbn¬- Cw-•o-jp-Imc-p-amb Hcp-h¿KsØ krjvSn- I-cn®Xv. tNmc-bnepw h¿Æ-Ønepw C¥y-°m-cpw A`n-cp-Nn, A`n-{]m-bw, 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬, ssewKn-I-Xm-kv]¿i-ap≈ Iem-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-Isf tIc-fob-`mhp-I-XzØn¬ henb am‰amWv 1930 apX¬°p≠mbXv. k¿h-I-em-im-em-]m-Ty-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ⁄m\-a-WvU-eØn¬ \S∂ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS s]mSnss°! 5 . ( final answers ' -îF∂p h-≈-tØmƒ (1922) Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xn- ) Xs∂ thWa-t√m. {]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]- DÆnb®o˛DÆnbmSoNcnX߃°v " ioemhXn ae-bmfw " \n߃X≥ ' - 5.3. 5.2. I-Xsb Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ CØcw {ia߃ Du¿÷n-X-am-bsX∂p ImWmw. apX-¬°mWv DNn-X-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hy‡n-bpsS ssewKn- ]m]-tØmSp tN¿Øp-sh-®mWv ssIImcyw sNbvXpt]m-∂Xvv. {In.-h. 1800 ∂p- (1998: 27). aXm[njvTn-X- bqtdm-]y≥ km-aq-ln-I-Z¿i\w ssewKn-I-Xsb effect on sexuality within marriage for respectable'(middle-class)married womenhood and had a direct F∂pw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ ]T-\-ß-fp-≠v. Chsc \nIr-jvSm-]-c-Xz-ambn IW-°m-°p- t_m[w thiy-Isf AI-‰n-\n¿tØ≠ Hcp KW-am°n°¬∏n-®ncp∂p F∂pw {]tabw Xømdm°pI-hscbp-≠m-bn. B[p-\n-I(hn-Ivt‰m-dn-b≥) kZmNm-c- dn-bmcm⁄nbpsS `c-W-Im-eØv bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I¿ kwL-Sn®vv CXn∂v apgp-h≥ \ntcm-[n® ]mc-º-cy-amWv Cw•o-jp-ImcptSXv. AhnsS, hnIvtSm tµihpw ipI-k-tµ-ihpw abq-c-k-tµ-ihpw a‰pw F∂p-hsc hmZn°p-∂p- °-√p-Iƒ sXm´p-Im-Wn-∏m≥ Fgp-Xn-bXpt]m-encn°p∂p, DÆp-\o-en-k- ∏m¿∏ns‚ s\Sp-hoYn Fhn-Sw-sXm-s´-hn-S-tØm-f-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p IÆm-Sn- sW∂pw Ct±lw hna¿in°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp-Im-eØp tIc-f-Øn¬ \ºq-Xn-cn- ∑m¿°p-≈Xv Ipsd Aº-ehpw s]Æp-ß-fpw- \ºq-Xn-cn-bn-√-ßfpw am-{X-am- {¥-ßsf Ct±lw hm-gvØp-∂p-≠v. CXn\p ]Icw \ΩpsS ktµ-i-Im-c- Zr-iy-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ t]cn¬, Imfn-Zm-ks‚ `mthm-∑o-e-\-X- B{I-aWw {i≤n°pI. cma-Kn-cnap-X¬ Af-I-h-sc-bp≈ {]Ir-Xn-˛-Po-hn-X- t_m-[-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p CXv. Chn-sS, tIc-f-Øn¬, -ic I-e-\-]-≤-Xn. B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-kw-hgn Ib-dn-h∂ hnIvtSm-dn-b≥ aqey- hna¿i-I¿ Hm¿Øn-√. `ymkap≈-htcm Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xm≥t]m-∂-htcm Bbn-cp-∂n√ Fs∂m∂pw Xn-cn-amcpw P∑n-am-cm-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂pw F√m \ºq-Xn-cn-amcpw A£-cm- Nm∏-Ip-Øn. AXpw \ºqXn-cn-˛-P-∑n-h¿§-Øns‚ kmlnXyw. F√m \ºq- amcmbncp∂p). AtXmsS aWn-{]-hm-fsØ \ncq]I∑m¿ h¿§-km-ln-Xy-ambn ap-gph\m-bn! (A°meØv IhnXIfnse hn√≥ IYm]m{Xw P∑n hna¿i-I¿°v Iq´ns\Øn-b-t∏mƒ {]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IfpsS Imcyw bn. Iayq-WnÃv {]Xybimkv{X-hp-ambn Poh¬km-ln-Xy-{]ÿm-\wIq-Sn hna¿in-°pI A°mesØ A°m-ZanIv B`n-Pm-Xy-Øns‚ e£-Whp-am- bm-f-am-bn; aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse CØcw kµ¿`ßsf ap≥]n≥ t\m°msX cXbpsSbpw irwKm-cØns‚bpw Bhn-jvImcw -Po¿Æ-kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ AS- "ktµiw AsXmt∂bp≈q' F∂p ]d™v ap≠-t»-cn XpS-ßn-b kZm-Nm-c-hn-a-¿i-\-am-bn -cp∂p C°m-esØ apJyIem/kmlnXy-hni-

6 Prostitution representedëthe other F∂v sP∂n-^¿ lm¿UnwKv ]dbp- Ibpw t]Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. o c]

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 18 TAPASAM, 2010 July ßfpw N- p-I-fmb sh◊-Wn, tNe-∏-d-ºv, ioshm≈n apX-em-b-h-cpsS H‰-t«m-I- \oßnbXv. CtXm-sS, (1971: 29). ]ns∂, Gsd-°mew aWn-{]-hm-f-K-th-j-I-¿ Cu hgn-°mWp aWn-{]-hm-f-sa-∂m¬ kv{Xoh¿Æ-\-I-fm-sW∂phsc {]Jym-]n®pIf™p F∂ {]kn-≤-t«mIsØ hymJym-\n-®p-sIm≠v ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W]n≈ A∂sØ s]mXp-{]-h-W-X-. ]Zy-c-Xv\-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬, Xy-\n-cq-]-W-Ønse Cu k∑m¿§Z¿i\w sNs∂-Øn. CXmbncp∂p (sh-≈w-IpfØp Icp-Wm-I-c≥\m-b¿, -1115: 232) F∂ hnem]whsc kmln- hmfimkv{X{K-Ÿ-ß-fpw ]cn-K-W-\-°p-]p-d-Øm-bn. ImcWw. sshZyw, tPymXn-jw, X{¥w, a{¥w, If-cn-hn-Zy, X®p-im-kv{Xw, {]-hmfIrXn-Iƒ irwKm-c-{]-[m-\-amsW∂ s]mXpt_m[amWv CXn∂p ]n≥XpS¿∂ \ncq]I¿°p Xncn™pIn´nbXpan√. bmWv Cfw-Ipfw {]Z¿in-∏n-®-Xv(1999:14). CXp ]t£, At±lsØ IÆpaS®p ]mS-n√-mbncp∂p F∂p hna¿in-°m≥ XpSßnbmtem? XpS-ßn-b- Ir-XnIsf A]- 6.1 Iq´mØ Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-I-fsS BI-c-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ {]h-W- t]mse aWn-{]-hm-f- I-hn-X-Isfbpw Imcy-amb hnNm-cWIqSmsX sh≈w ∂Xv hfsc \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p tij-am-Wv. kwL-Im-eI-hn-X-Isf F∂- £n-®n-´p-≠v: \mSp-hm-gn- -{º-Zmbw kmwkvIm-cn-I-Po¿Æ-X-bn-te-°p- \o-ßp- ]-W-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂Xp icn-bm-hn-√ F∂v Fw. Pn. Fkv. \mcm-b-W≥ \nco- A-hsb Bkv]-Z-am°n Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-s∂-Xn-cmbn Po¿Æ-X-bpsS Btcm- X-I-fmbn t\sc ]cm-h¿Ø\w sNøpI-bm-bn-cp∂p Cfw-Ipfw. F∂m¬, 6.0. Ncn{Xw k¶¬]w Ae¶mcw 5.4. ߃°p h∂ Ahÿ CXm-bn-cp-∂p. ≠v, ap≠-t»-cn (2004:268). A≥]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ aWn-{]hmf]-T-\- aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew . A\-¥-]p-c-h¿Æ-\w, sN√q¿\m-Y-kvX-hw, {iohm-kp-tZ-h-kvXhw P-\nXI-s-sh ]qc-{]-_-‘ {]mNo-\˛a≤y-ImeIr-Xn-I-fnse Ncn-{X-kq-N-\-Isf N-cn-{X-h-kvXp- aln-fmfn alm-kv]-Zm˛í ew_-in-{]n-]-co-hmcm ]mT-tI-jz-h-Xn-jvTtX aWn-{]-hm-f-hn-tZy-bw I hpw \ΩpsS kmln-Xy-Øn¬ D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cp-∂n-√ -ey߃ Nq-≠n∏d-bp-∂Xp a\ nem°mw. P-\n°mt\ -- A\-¥-]p-c-h¿Æ-\w - hm-Z-ß-sf∂mWvv amaq¬]-T-\-ß-ƒ FÆnbXv. aWn- -t]m-ep≈ IrXn-Ifpw aWn-{]- h∂p h∂v, " " hiy-h- X ' ' - IÆn¬s]-´n-√. W-am-bn. AtXm-sSm∏w BJym-\-Øns‚ kq£va-L-S-\bpw th≠-t]mse ߃ D≠v. Chsb ]cn-K-Wn°m-ØXpw Cu ]m£n-I-ho-£-W-Øn\p Imc- BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃ XpSßnb taJ-e-I-fn-embn Ht´sd aWn-{]-hm-f{KŸ- 6.2. as‰mcp Imc-Ww. fnep-ap≈ kvXpXn-Ifpw tZh-Xm-]-cm-a¿i-ßfpw {i≤n-°msX t]mb-XmWv X-sa∂v Hcp hmb-\m-k-aqlw AwKo-Icn-°p∂ ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Isf ico-c-Zr- c-h-Sn-hp-Itf AXXpImeØp Ihn-Iƒ h¿Æ-\-bvs°-Sp-°q. At∏mƒ, DNn- sIm≠m-Sp∂ {]amWkaqlØn∂p t°m-en-∂-f∂p IW-°p≠m°pIbmWv Cu imkvv{X-Øns‚ ]Wn. CXns\ tØm-Sp-IqSn kpJ-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-°bpw sNøpw˛]p. 370). iwJp-t]mse {Xntc-Jm-bp-‡-am-bpan-cn-°Ww. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ kv{Xo, [\- Xpey-am-bn-´p-≈-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.- s\©v tcma-an-√m-sX-bpw- ar-Zp-hm-bp-w IgpØv Iƒ h´-samØv CS-Xn-ßn-bXpw hen-∏hpw Dd∏pap≈Xpw H∂n-t\m-sSm∂p (a≤y`mKw aq∂p sRmdn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw tcma-an-√m-Ø-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ape- (1998) CXns\ Cßs\ Dƒs°m-≈p∂p: ]d™pd∏n-®p-amWv Cu imkv{XØns‚ {]h¿Ø-\w. kv{Xw. ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Isf Xcw-Xn-cn®pw Ah-bpsS ta¬Io-gm-bva-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bm-Wv F∂¿∞w. CXns‚ tZio-b-amb sXfn-hm-Wv kmap-{Zn-I-im- Øn-se-Øp-∂Xp ImWmw. AYhm icocw Hcp kmaq-lnI/kmwkvIm-cn-I- amWv; F∂m¬ AXns\ \n¿h-Nn-°p-∂Xv kaq-l-am-Wv Fs∂mcp \nK-a-\- At\jn-®pt]mb- ]T\߃ °p∂Xv. ico-c-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I˛cm-jv{So-b˛-kmw-kvIm-cnIm¿∞߃ csØb√, km¶¬∏n-I-amb Hcp kv{Xoico-c-h-Sn-hns\bmWv Ihn- h¿Æn e-sa∂p KWn-°pIbmbn-cp∂p. bYmX-Y-amb GsX-¶nepsamcp kv{Xoi-co- ÿn-Xnsb∂p sX‰n≤cn® A°m-Z-an-I-]-WvUn-X¿ s]mXp-sh, Ahsb A«o- °p-∂p-≠v. °-fsØ inh-t\bpw A≥]Xp t«mI-ß-fn¬ I≠n-bq¿ kvXpXn- Cu a´n¬ ]m-Zw apX¬ kv{Xoi-co-c-Øn-se- Hmtcm `mK-Øn∂pw apg- aWn{]hmfIrXnIfnse kv{Xoi-co-c-Øns‚ h¿Æ-\-Isf hkvXp- {Kohm N Iw_p\n Nn-Xm¿∞-kp-Jm\n [tØ (70/5) tcmam-]-h¿÷n-X-aptcm arZp-Nmw-K-\m\mw hrØu L\m-h-hn-jau ITn-\m-hp-tcmPu a≤yw kv{Xnbm-kv{Xn-h-en-bp-‡-a-tcm-a-i› DÆnb®o-N-cn-Xw DÆn-bm-So-N-cn-X s]mXpth, hy‡n-bpsS icocw P∑-kn≤- t]m-ep≈ IrXnI-fnepw ktµ-i-Im-hy-ß- -Øn¬ Hcp KZy-J-WvU-Øn¬ Xncp-h-©n- (Reference Society) Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. _rl¬kw-lnX cpNn°p∂ ico-

19

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 20 TAPASAM, 2010 July h∂p-h-∂v, Cu {]h-WX, D]-am-\-ß-sfm∂pw \mbnIbpsS Ah-b-h-ß-tfmSp Xpey-a-s√∂pw ]d- Iƒ ap-Øns\ sh√Ww ˛ Cßs\ ]eXpw Ihn-Iƒ ]d-bpw. Nnet∏mƒ Nen-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Ww, aq°v Infn-®p≠v/ F≈n≥]q-t]m-se th-Ww, ]√p- °p-Iƒ(-{Xn-h-eo)-th-Ww, kvX\-`m-cw-sIm≠v a≤yw t¢in-°Ww, angnIƒ s]m¬°pw`w/]ºcw/]¿hXw-t]m-tetbm BI-Ww. a≤y-Øn¬ aq∂p aS- kvX\߃ B\-bpsS akvX-Iwt]msetbm sN∏v/]¥v/Xma-c-sam´v/ µcnbm-sW-¶n¬ i_vZw Ipbn¬/lwk/hoWm-\m-Zw-t]m-en-cn-°Ww. imkv{Xo-btam `qanim-kv{X-]-ctam Bb hkvXp-X-I-f√. AXp-t]mse, kp- IpSn-°pw; kv{Xo Nhn-´nbm¬ AtimIw ]pjv]n-°p-w XpS-ßn-b-h. CsXm∂pw Iqºp-w; Nµ\hpw N{µ\pw hnc-l-Øn¬ s]m≈n-°pw; NtImc߃ \nemhp ]n-cn™p ZpxJn°p-w; Io¿Øn shfpØn-cn-°p-w; kqtcym-Z-b-Øn¬ Bº¬ Icp∏nSn∏n°m\p≈ Hcp-°p-Iƒ Xs∂. cm{Xn-bm-bm¬ N{I-hm-I-߃ CW- °p-∂n-Sw-hscbpw FØp-∂p-≠v: 10) buh\w Xocm-dmb, K¿`n-Wn-bmb, IukeybpsS kvX\-ßsf h¿Æn- sf∂p 6.3. iy߃ aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew bmWv Ihn-Iƒ sNbvXp fn¬\n∂p In´p∂ ico-c-t_m-[sØ Ihn-kabßfm°n Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-I- 4.- 3. 5. 2. 1. A Imhy-ao-amwk (body-scape) im-kv{Xo-bhpw Aeu-In-I-hp-am-b A¿∞-ßf-mWv Ihn-k-a-b-ß- aZ\≥tX¿Ø-´-cn-b-s∏-Spw.... awK-e-a¬Ip¬ aW¬Øn-Sn-se‚m¬ tIme-t∏m¿a-∑p-e... \oe-°-√m¬ hnc-Nn-X-a-Wn-s®-∏p-t]mse hnfßpw sNdp-I-e-i-hn-emkw tN¿∂ _me-kvX-\m-Vym... \{aw Xqa-√n-S-sbm-Sn-bp-am-dp-∂Xw sIm¶-bp‹w S∏m-em°pw Icn-I-c-cpNow I{a-aq-cq-{]-ImWvUw H∏w \n√m a\-kn-P-a-Wn-s®∏p Pm\p-Zz-b-tØm˛ bn¬ B°pIbmWp sNøpI. Cu imkv{X]cn-k-c-ß- t]m-∂-Xv. `mjm-cm-am-bWw Nºp

cmP-ti-J-c≥ ]d-bp∂p≠v(1982: 166). h¿Æ\ ( ( D-Æn-®n-cp-tX-hoN-cnXw D-Æn-bmSoNcnXw ( ( ( DÆp-\o-en-., DÆp-\o-en-. DÆp-\o-en. -hn¬ (cm-am-h-Xmcw, KZyw ]Zyw 116) , D.k., 54) , D.k.; 52) D. k., 62) . KZyw 16) bpw. Xcn- bm-f-ß-fm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xv hIXncnhn√mbvasIm≠ ¥≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AhcpsS IrXn-Iƒ Po¿Æ-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ AS- h¿Æ-\-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn, {]mNo-\-˛-a-≤y-Im-e-aWn-{]-hmfI-hn-Iƒ Ima-{`m- CsX√mw bmYm-X-∞y-sa∂p [cn-®p-h-im-b-h¿ A∂p-ap-≠m-I-Ww. CØcw In-I-hp- ]-c-X-sb°pdn®v Gsd t_Pm-dm-b-Xv. Ihn-k-a-b-߃ Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw Aeu- sIm≠mWv? °p-]tbmKn°p-∂Xv KWn-Itbm cmP-a-ln-jntbm F∂-X√, GXp Ihn-k-a-b-ßfmWv h¿Æ-\bv- hbt{X Zi-c-Ys‚ ]´-a-ln-jn-bpsS kvX\-߃! At∏mƒ {]iv\w, \mbnI bv°mWv Imcy-amb Zptcym-K-ap-≠m-b-Xv. AXv tZio-bm-[p-\n-I-X apJ-ap-{Z- Ah, kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-¥-t≈-≠-h-bm-hpw. ChnsS ssewKn-I-X- 7.1. 7.0. A]-cXz kzmwio-I-cn®pw A√m-Ø-hsb A]-c-h-XvI-cn®pamWv apt∂m´p t]mhp-I. [amWv. tZiobX, AXn-t\mSp s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-hp∂ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ßsf ÿm-\-L-S-I-ß-fn-sem∂v hnIvtSm-dn-b≥ kZm-Nm-c-Øn-eq-∂nb temI-t_m- kmlnXy]T-\-߃ h≥tXm-Xn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xpw. Cu B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ASn- ∂Xv Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-ß-fn-em-Wv. Cu Ime-ØmWv Ym∏-sd-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ \nco-£n-®n-´p-≈Xp {i≤n-°pI h¿Ø-am\w kz¥w apJw- t\m-°p∂ IÆm-Sn-bmWp Ncn-{X-sa∂v sdmaofm am-\-Ønte°p ]cn-W-an-s®-Øp∂ H∂m-bn-´mWv `qXØns‚ ]p\x-kr-jvSn. [mc-W-bn-emWv CXp {]-h¿Øn-°pI. AXp-sIm≠v, e`y-amb Hcp h¿Ø- ߃ XpS-ßn-bh F°m-eØpw CXp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Fs∂mcp Btcm-]n-°p-I-X-s∂. C∂sØ aqey-߃, \m´p-\-S-∏p-Iƒ, A\p-jvTm-\- Xv, h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, {]h-W-X-Iƒ F∂nh `qX-Øn¬ Iƒ `qXsØ krjvSn-°pI. Btcm-]-amWv CXns‚ apJy-X-{¥w. AXm-b- ∏n°p-∂- t]¿Øpw ]Zm¿∞-ß-sf-t∏-cp-apƒt∏m-cn¬ s\‰n-°p- t\-scØn \dp-º-º-cw- `qX-hpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw ChnsS B[p-\n-I-X-bn-eq-∂nb tZi-cmjv{Sk¶¬]w cq]s∏´p-h-cp `q-X-Imew Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xnbm-Wv. h¿Ø-am-\-Øns‚ aqibn-emWv Bfp- -amsW∂p cmP-ti-J-c≥ hy‡-ambn ]d-bp∂p≠t√m. Hcp]t£, sØ s]mXpsh Xv F∂-Xm-Wv. CXp

]-¥p- , GXp

]q-s¥mØp \yq\m-]-c-Xz-am-bn-´mWp ]cn-K-Wn°pI. At∏mƒ hm- b \ Xn- m

c-nb-m-Ø-h-cmWv Cu IrXn-I-fnse ico-c- k-

sh´n-÷-bn-®... {Zn-hr-µ-ß-fn-XymZn N{I-߃ aqlØn\p -ap

s]m¬°pw-`aw-t`m-P- -s√-¶n¬ ]n- - ≥ (Past and Prejudice). ]n-emWv Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. s∂ IrXn-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 22 TAPASAM, 2010 July hfcpIbpw sNbvXp. ]cnX]n°m≥hsc (IcpWmIc≥ \mb¿, ]qc{]_‘w \ºq-Xn-cn-°-hn-I-fpsS cXn-]-c-X-bpsS {]IS\ßfmsW∂pambn!. aWn-{]-hm-f-c-N-\-I-sf√mw \ºq-Xn-cn-P-∑n-am-cp-tS-Xm-bn! sh◊Wn°hn-X-Is t]cpw \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cm-bn-cp∂p {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXXv. Cu Ihn-I-fn¬ sh◊-Wn- A—≥ apX¬ Bdp- bmbncp∂p hna¿i-I¿. am{X-a-√, Cu t°≠ H∂ns\ Hc-—-s‚bpw aI-s‚bpw t]cn¬ Nm¿Øn-s°m-Sp°pI- Øn¬ Ip™n-°p´≥{]ÿm-\-sat∂m sImSp-ß-√q¿ {]ÿm-\-sat∂m hnfn- I-fmbn ASbmfs∏SpØp-I-bmWv an° ]T-\-ßfpw sNbvX-Xv. hmkvX-h- ]qc{]_‘-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ Cu {]ÿm-\sØ apgp-h≥ irwKm-c-c-N-\- GXm\pw Nne Awt_m-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsSbpw irwKm-c-t«m-I-ß-fp-sSbpw Øn-se-Sp-Øm¬ irwKm-c-{]-[m-\am-bh FÆ-Øn¬ Npcp-ßpw. ]t£, 7.3. s]Spw ߃), ImØp≈n ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ (7) F∂n-hcpw Cu cN\m]≤Xn-bn¬ i¶p-Æn (16), Nß-\m-t»cn tImbn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ (8 IrXn-Iƒ, ]e-hI t«mI- IhnX°ØpIfpw). sIm®p-Æn-Ø-ºp-cm≥ (21), Ip≠q-cv (12), sIm´m-c-Øn¬ c-W-ß-fpambn Ht´sd H‰-t«m-I-ßfpw Bbnc°W°n∂v fm-ºn-bp-a-S°w 20 IrXn-Iƒ, aq∂p imkv{X-{K-Ÿ-߃, h¿Æ-\-Ifpw hnh- ≠v (42 JWvU-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, 10 KmY-Iƒ, 12 ]m´p-Iƒ, tIcfhpw Xp∏¬ t°m- Iƒ) Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ Ip™n-°p-´≥ Xºp-cm-s\-gp-Xn-bn-´p- Iƒ, GXm\pw ssIsIm´n-°-fn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, H‰ t«mI-߃, Ihn-X-°-Øp- (c≠p IrXn-Iƒ, Ihn-X-°-Øp-Iƒ, H‰ t«mI-߃) aI-\pw (Bdp IrXn- cpsS cN-\-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬, H∂p a\- n-emhpw. sh◊Wn A—\pw fsØ Ae-k-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ Dev]-∂-am-°n-bXv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. Ch- a-Wn-{]-hm-fsØ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bmWp Kth-j-I¿ sNbvX-Xv. aWn-{]-hm- kh¿Æ-cm-bn-cp-∂p. CXns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Ønte°v {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Im-eo-\- tPmen-Iƒ sNøp-∂-htcm Bbn-cp-∂n-√. CXnse a‰p-I-hn-Ifpw s]mXpth A—≥, al≥, Hd-h-¶-c. Ch-cmcpw k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-tcm Imbt¢iaq≈ 7.2. bm°nb Bflo aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew L´-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]T\w h≥tXm-Xn¬ \S-∂-Xv. {]W-bhpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw kzIm-cy-X-bpsS CS-ß-fn-te-s°m-Xp-ßn. Cu 7 CXns\ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Im-e-ß-fn-te°p {]t£-]n-®-t∏mƒ, A∂sØ sh◊-Wn-°-hn-X-I-fm-bn-cp∂p C°meØv aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-Isf .- CXnse {]i-kvX-cp-sSbpw A{]-i-kvX-cp-sSbpw IrXn-Iƒ samØ- t]mep≈ cN\Iƒ aebmfØn¬ D≠mth≠nbncp∂ns√∂p -b- X-bpsS FXn¿Zz-µz-am-bn. hnIvtSm-dn-b≥ Cw•-≠n-se-t∏mse — sh◊Wn al≥, ioshm-≈n, \Sp-hØv " kmln-Xym-]-cm-[ ap≥. ]p. 9) Cu t_m[w ' ß-sf√mw kh¿Æ/ f Øns‚ D®m-S\w ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. km-ln-XysØ {]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-IqSn sNbvX-tXmsS irwKm-c-Øns‚/A«o-e- i-Øns‚ IÆm-Sn-°m-gvN-I-fp-am-bn. CXns‚ FXn¿h-iØv Bflob/`‡n- fpsS Bhn-jvI-c-W-ß-fm-sW∂ [mcW {]Ncn®p. A∂sØ kZm-Nm-c-{`w- ^e-ambn aWn-{]-hmfw kaq-l-Ønse D∂-X-h¿§Øns‚ ctXm-’-h-ß- Af∂ AtX Af-hp-tIm¬h®v Ahsb hna¿in-°m\pw XpS-ßn. CXns‚ I-Xm-kv]¿i-tØmsSbmWv Ch-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mdp≈ √. F∂m¬ kv{Xoi-co-c-Øns‚ kq£va- Ym-]m-{X-ß-fpsS ico-c-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-ß-ƒ°p hnj-b-am-Im-dn- Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ cN-\-I-fm-Wnhsb√mw. km[m-c-Wbmbn ]pcp-j-I- bnepw ÿnXn CXp-X-s∂. \mK-cn-I-cmb, sNdnb, Hcp-Iq´w Bkzm-Z-Isc (1975: 49). kp_‘p-hns‚ t\m°pI ]n∂-n-tebv°p am‰n-\n¿Øp-∂ {]h-WX-bmWp ImWn°p-∂-Xv. Ch-¿ ]cnKWn®n-√. Cu BJym-\-ß-ƒ s]mXpth ]Xv\nsb/IpSpw-_n\nsb ´mWp {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F∂pw \tc-{ cwK-Øp-h-cp∂ Npcp°w thfI-fn¬ Ah¿ ZpxJ-Øns‚ aq¿Ø-cq]-am-bn- 1975: 52). ∂n√; _m[n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Bcpw hna¿in-®n-´p-an-√. P\-ß-fp-sStbm _p≤-`n-£p-°-fp-sStbm BflobPohn-XsØ _m[n-®n-cp- 7.4. X¬°m-e-an-ßn√ Krlm-[n-\m-b-I≥ k¬°m-c-ta-Im-\bn ]mŸ! tIƒs°tSm {]kn-≤-am-Wt√m `mjm-`q-j-W-Øn¬ G. B¿. D-≤-cn®, {]mIrX`mjbnep≈ Ch A∂sØ \mtSmSn˛ P\{]nbkmlnXyambncp∂p. ∑msc cXn-eo-e-Iƒ°p £Wn-°p∂ kµ¿`-߃t]mepw CXn-ep-≠v. ]vX-iXn cp-I-fnepw XqWp-I-fn-ep-am-Wv. Ch-bnse kuµ-cym-fl-I-amb \·X sf-bmWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-e-[n-Ihpw _u≤-hn-lm-c-ß-fnse Npa- ߃ s]mXpsh A¿≤-\-·tam AXn-tesd \·tam Bb kv{Xoi-co-c-ß- {]kn≤ßfmWv. Chbv°pw ap≥]v, aucy-Im-e-L-´-Ønse b£n-in-ev]- cm-tlm-, tImWm¿°v, Ft√m-d F∂nhnSßfnse cXn-in-ev]-߃ A«oeØns‚ t]cn¬ aWn-{]hm-fsØ hna¿in-®h¿ {i≤n®n´n√. JPp- `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-Ønsebpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-sebpw cXn-]-c-X, ar—-I-Sn-Iw bpw aWn-{]-hm-f-hn-a¿i-I-cpsS {i≤-bn¬ s]´n√. ho´-Ω-am¿, ]mŸ- . hnhml-_m-ly-_-‘-߃ ]e-]mSp ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ Nmcp-Z-Øs‚ ]Xv\nsb Cßs\ HXp°p-I-bmWp iq{Z-I-s\∂pw , KmYm-k-]vX-i-Xn hmk-h-Z-Ø , ipI-k-]vXXn amb hSn-hp-Isf {]I-S-amb ssewKn- , _mWs‚ µ-\mYv `´m-Nmcy \nco- ImZw t]mep≈ cN-\-I-fpw Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. -_cn Xv (Bhattacharya XpS-ßn-b-h- £n ar—-I-Sn-Iw KmYmk- (nudity) ®n-´p-≠v

23

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 24 TAPASAM, 2010 July 2. B{I-an-®-hcpsS IÆn¬ s]-´n-√! cnIku- XyØnse hn-Zym]Xn-bp-sSbpw _nlmcnbp-sSbpw c-]-c-X-bp-tSbpw ssewKn-I-X-bp-tSbpw BJym-\-߃ a[pssc°m©n, s\Sp-\¬hm-S hy‡am°m≥ ChbmWv [z\nImcs\ klmbn°p∂Xv. \≥ [z\n-XXzw ÿm]n-°p-∂-sX∂p ad-∂p-Iq-Sm. [z\nbpsS ]ncnhpIƒ 1. ( hm-fsa∂ s]mcpƒ Xncn-bpw. AXn∂v, ]t£, ap≥hn[nIfpsS Ipg¬°mgvN h¿Æ\Itfm cXn-tIfokma¿∞y-Øns‚ ]c-ky-∏-e-Itbm A√ aWn-{]- H∂m-tem-Nn-®m¬, GXm\pw \m´p-s]Æp-ß- 8.0. ]n≥Ipdn ep≠v. F∂ ]Zyw-. irwKmctØmsSm∏w lmky-Øns‚ Hcp ASn-b-ScpIqSn Chbn- ´obm-[n-sb-¶n¬ ]pe-sc-§-an-°mw. (`m. `q., ) Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ∂Xpw ImWmw. ]g-Inb IÆ-S-Iƒ am‰-Ww; ImgvN»oeßfpw. î sshZyhpw tPymXn-jhpw X®p-im-kv{Xhpw \m´p-h-gn-I-fn-tebv°p Xncn-bp- {]mtZ-in-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw `mj-bp-sSbpw \mºp-Iƒ sXgp°p-∂Xpw ]S¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ hen-sbmcp hyh-lm-c-tem-I-am-Wv. kq£n-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew tubular vision cma-N-cn-X- aWn-{]-hm-f-]-T-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v D≤-cn-®-h. ImWpI. kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS X-∑m¿ \S-Øn-b N¿®-Iƒ kp{]-kn-≤-ß-fm-W-t√m. ta-iz-c≥]n≈ \mb¿ cmaN{µ≥(AhXmcnI˛ 265; Cfw-Ip-fw KmYmk-]vX-iXn -µcy-Øns‚ h¿Æ\Iƒ \nd™hbm-Wv. CXpw aWn-{]-hm-fsØ ]n. hn. thembp[≥ ]n≈( (BapJw, ( Ønse `mj-sh-®p-sIm≠v A°m-esØ ae-bm-f-sØ-∏‰n ]WvUn- ) kwkvIrXan{ t]mcm. aWn-{]-hmfw kmln-XyØn∂pa∏pdtØbv°v ]tbm-[-c-Øns‚bpb¿® ]m¿Øn˛ ( aebmfkmlnXyw ImeL´ßfneqsS ]m´pw aWn{]hmfhpw, bnse CØcw ]Zy-ß-fp-≤-cn-®mWv B\-µ-h¿≤- `mjm`KhZvKoX iimJ, XpSßnb ]g-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fn-ep-ap≠v ico- kmlnXyNcn{Xw {]ÿm\ßfneqsS a[yImeaebmfw en]n. tImgnt°mSv); XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fnse N¿®-Iƒ , ]p.21) cN-\-I-fp -fpsS Ahbhapgp∏ns‚- Fw. ]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥ 8 . a[yIme lnµn-kmln- tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, , ]p. 62); ]pXpt»cn , ]p. 82) w km{- s]mcp\cm‰p∏S, Fcp-taen ]c- - µa-mb imco- F∂n-h-cpsS ,

]p. 3 7. 6. 5. 4. 8. . BwK-te-bsc t{]cn-∏n-®-Xn\v Ncn{Xw km£n-bm- hnIvtSm-dn-b≥ ImeL´w, kz¥w ssewKn-I-Xsb kv\m\-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ time of terms such asësocial evil and the social diseases the social implications of prostitution is suggestedby frequent use at London Sex, Politics and Society The regulations of Sexuality since 1800. Longman and had a direct effect on sexuality within the marriage. representedëthe other for respectable (middle-class)married womanhood the most personal andintimate of experiences Sexuality is constantly spotlighted for a public gaze, yet it considered to be hn°mw˛(]p. 37); D≈q¿ Fkv. ]ctaizcø¿ 1996: t]¿ sImSp°mhp∂Xpamb as‰mcp aWn{]hmfNºphns\∏‰n {]kvXm DØcm¿≤Øn¬ hncNnXhpw X¬°mew sNøp∂ Hcp ImhyamWv˛(]p. 32˛33); C\n {In. ]n. ]Xn∂memwiXIØns‚ A[nIhnhc߃°v AIhq¿ \mcmbW≥ FgpXnb, ]pdØndßp∂Xv. ]_vfotjgvkv, PKXn, Xncph\¥]pcw. 1941˛emWv Cu {]_‘kamlmcw Jennifer Harding : 1998. Reader, Ed.Richard Parker & Peter Aggleton Gayle,S. Rubin kmlnXyA°mZan, \yqZ¬ln, tXm∂o´p≈Xv X¬°mew Rm≥ I≠n´p≈ `mjmNºp°fn¬ {]m‡\XaamsW∂v F\n°p t«mIw {i≤n°pI d£vWm Im¨aXns\¥p]mbabn tX sNm√oSp IutWmØtc˛F∂ Xn°nØßfnew_tc IpeKncnZzµw \SwsNøpam˛ sNm¬s°m≈pw aWnapØpXn¿Øp ]hngw s]øn®nfwN{µnImw \£{XßfapÆapsÆmcp]tbmhmlw Iem\mbI≥ ]ZycXv\IhnXIfn Politics of Sexuality tIm´bw) ioshm≈n \mcmbW≥ kamlcn® kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw) Ch hn-tem-SmsX sRcp-ßns∏mßnb IpN-`mcw, \o¿®p-gn-t]m-sebpw ke-£- ]qS-tcm-a-ap≈ IW-ss¶,... NpW-ß-Wn-am-dn¬ Cu¿°n¬s∏m-fn-t]mepw \Sp- s√mØp hf™ ]pcn-Iw, Im¥nbpw Ipfn¿\-\-hp-ap≈ IS-an-gn-Iƒ,.... an\pØ IcnaW¬Xnc-Iƒt]mse Af-Im-h-en, iin-I-e-sbmØ eem-Sw, Ipe-hn- as quoted in Harding FgpXn-b, ë F∂ teJ\w ImWp-I. se, IutWmØcsb∏‰nbp≈, Sex Acts Practices of feminity and Masculinity Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the

ImWpI. Rm≥ "DÆnb®oNcnXw' F∂p \maIcWw . (27) sh◊Wn{]ÿm\w

\ap°v DÆnbmSoNcnXw F∂p Culture Society and sexuality A . î sh◊Wn°rXnIƒ (23), `mjmN\zp°ƒ

(2000, F≥. _n. F v, A wide spread fear of Wv Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. . hni-Zmw-i-Øn\v, - J sh◊Wn, . . Weeks. 1989: ìProstitution (19˛ . D≈q¿ 2005, ˛

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25

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 26 TAPASAM, 2010 July sh-≈w-Ipf ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, Icp-Wm-I-c≥ {KŸkqNn aWn-{]-hm-f-Ønse A«o-ew ]pen-bq¿ ...... Ip-™≥]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw. \mcmbW]n≈. \mcm-b-W≥, Fw.Pn.F v. Zmtam-Z-c≥ ]n≈, ]n. ]pcp-tjm-Ø-a≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, ap≠t»cn, tPmk-^v. \mcm-b-W≥Ip-´n hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX, h-bnepw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hnh-c-W-ßfpw ]cm-a¿i-ßfpap≠v. tae-ßØp °m©n(406-˛22 ), s\Sp-\¬hm-S(148-˛52 ),-]-´n-\-∏me(106-˛15, 142-˛52 ) F∂n- s]mcp-\-cm-‰p-∏-S(25- XpSIƒ kmap-{Zn-I-e-£-W-sam-ØXpw s]mSn-tcm-a-ap-≈-Xp-amb IW-¶m¬... ´v,.... henb ]nSn-bm-\-bpsS Xpºn-ss°-t]m-se -H-gp-°-ambn XΩn-ep-c-kp∂ W-hp-amb s]m°nƒØ-Sw, t\m°n-bm¬ ImWm-Ø{X CSp-ßnb Ac-s°- lnXyA°m-Zan {]kn≤o-I-c-Ww) ImWpI. . Øv.

\m-b¿, ìë D≈q¿ . Fkv. - ˛43), hnh. tae-ßØp \mcm-b-W≥Ip-´n. a[p-ssc- - 1997 1115 1998 1990 1969 1971 1999ë 1972 1998 2004 ë tIcfk¿hIemime, Xncph\¥]pcw. DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-iw N-{µ≥\m-b¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Xpemw. {]ÿm-\ß-fn-eqsS, kwkvIr-X-an-{i-imJ, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø-I- k-l-I-c-W-kwLw. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, BapJw, kmln-Xy-]-cn-j¬ss{X-am-knIw Dt]mZvLmXw, kvamc-I-{S-Ãv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, ]n.sI.]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ Xy-N-cn{Xw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS- kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-›m-Øew, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv. DÆp-\o-en-k-tµiw _rl¬kw-ln-X Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw. I-cW-h-Ip-∏v, tIc-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e, IrXn-Iƒ ktµiw˛AsXmt∂-bp≈q, tZho _p°v Ãmƒ {]h¿Ø-I-k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw. kmln-Xyhpw k∑m¿Khpw sshin-I-X{¥w , Xr»q¿, Id‚ ]Øp-∏m´v ]ZycXv\IhnXIƒ ( . (hym.) hym. (hym.) tIm´-bw, tIm´bw, kmlnXy- -km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw (2000. tIc-f-km- hm. 1., ), v _pIvkv. , {]km. sI. cma- , sImSp-ß-√q¿ tIm´-bw, ae-bm-f-km-ln- ap≠-t»-cn ˛ `m. H∂v, . ]p.8, e.1 {]kn-≤o- , , , cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, hS-°pw-Iq¿ i¶c≥ them-bp-[≥ ]n≈, ]n.hn. eoem-h-Xn, Fw. cmaN{µ≥ \mb¿, sI. cmaN{µ≥, ]pXpt»cn. Bhattacharya, Narendranath. Harding Rubin , Gayle, , Jennifer:

S. 2003 1967 2004 1996 1969 2001 1998 1999ë 1975 `m. 1. tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw N¿®bpw ]qc-W-hpw, C√mØ IrXnsbs®m√n, BgvN∏Xn∏ Xncph√. a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw kmln-Xy-A-°m-Zan, Xriq¿. ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw sshinIX{¥w `mjm`KhZvKoX Masculinity Xncph\¥]pcw. Sex Acts Aggleton sexuality A Reader, Ed.Richard Parker & Peter tIm´-bw. the Politics of Sexuality Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of Delhi. Munshiram Manoharlal Publications, New History of Indian Erotic Literature . Xr»q¿, : , London, UCL Press. Practices of feminity and . Sage London. v, HIvtSm_¿ 19˛25, tImgnt°mS awK-tfmZbw. , tIcfk¿hIemime, IÆ»kvamcI {SÃv, Id‚ , Zneo-]vIp-am¿ sI. hn. Culture Society and v _pIvkv, amXr`qan . , tIcf sI. ]n.

27 v

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 2

8 TAPASAM, 2010 July CXnlmkßfpambn ]vXm[nImcßfp≈ IpSnaq∏\mbncp∂p t\Xmhv. Ign™ncp∂Xv. Hmtcm IpSnbpw kzbw kºq¿Æambncp∂p. \n£n [mcmfw hoSpIfSßnb BhmktI{µßfn¬ Ch¿ Iq´ambmWv I¿°nSIamkØn¬ cmambWw hmbn°p∂ ]Xnhpw D≠v. ]pcmWßsf ASnÿm\am°n cNn°s∏´n´p≈XmWv. IpSnIfn¬ `mKambn tIm¬°fn, h´°fn F∂nh \SØmdp≠v. \n∂phyXykvXamWv Ch-cpsS PohnX\nehmcw. {]tZißfnepw am{XamWv apff°pdpa¿ Pohn°p∂Xv. a‰v BZnhmknIfn¬ [mcmfw I∂pImenIsfbpw hf¿Ønbncp∂p. _nPp sI. ap≈-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw jvTm\ßfpw khntijamb PohnXkwkvImchpw Ch hmsamgn hcsamgn _‘apffhcmbncp∂p ap≈°pdpa¿. HmeIfn¬ FgpXn kq£n®ncp∂p. Npcp°Øn¬ aebmf`mjbpambn ]n¥pS¿∂pt]m∂ ]T\coXn. ]m´pIfpw NnIn’mcoXnIfpw a{¥ßfpw Ch¿ hcsamgn hiam°nbncp∂p. aWsegpØmWv ]mcºcyambn A\ytcmSv aebmfØnemWv kwkmcn°mdp-f-fXv. \q‰m≠pIƒ°v ap≥-t] F-kv.-knw-Mv, s∏-´n-´p≠v. t{]mt´m Bkv{StembvUv hwiØn¬ s]´hcmWv Ch¿ (sI.- hyXykvXamb {]tXyIXIfp≈hcmWv ap≈°pdpa¿ F∂v \nco-£n-°- ChcpsS \nch[n ]pcmhrØ߃°v sslµ-h-]p-cm-W-ß-fpw, " hb\ \mbm´pw IrjnbpamWv Ch-cpsS apJyPoht\m]m[n. Iq´-Øn¬ icocLS\bn¬ ap≈°pdpa`mj m´n¬ kp¬Øm≥_tØcn Xmeq°nepw AXn\SpØ 1994,665

_‘ap≠v. A\pjvTm\ßfpsSbpw BtLmjßfpsSbpw ). s]mXpth, a‰v BZnhmknIfpsS icoce£W ' F∂p hnfn°p∂ {]tXyI`mjbmWv Ch-cp-tSXv. (Physical S tructure) a‰v BZnhmknIfn¬\n∂v " IpSn

X\Xmb BNmcm\p ¿°p≠v ChbpsS ]m´pIƒ ' F∂p hnfn°p∂ . tUm. F≥ cmPtiJc≥ \mb¿ ( tIi-h≥ Nq®≥, DXv]Øn ]pcmWw ßf√ Ch¿°p≈Xv (s\´q¿- ]n.- Zm-tam-Z-c≥, _yqtdm \SØnb Imt\jpamcnbn¬ ap≈°pdpacpsS kwJy e`ya√. 1978˛¬ C°tWmanIvkv B≥Uv Ãm‰nÃnIv Xncph\¥]pcw F∂ t]cmWv D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv. ChcpsS {]tXyIamb P\kwJy t]cpIfnsems° Ch¿ Adnbs∏Sp∂p. Cu ]T\Øn¬ ap≈°pdpa¿ kmaqlnIam‰ßsf Dƒs°m≈m\pw Ign™Xv. ap≈°pdpa¿°v s]mXpkaqlhpambn thKØn¬ CS]gIm\pw hn`n∂amb {]tXyIXIƒ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. Cu sIm≠mWv hscbp≈ Imcy߃ FSpØp]cntim[n®m¬ a‰v BZnhmknIfn¬\n∂v th¿Xncn®p\n¿Øp∂Xv. Dev]ØnNcn{Xw apX¬ kmaqlnIPohnXw s°mSp°epIfmWv Cusbmcp hn`mKsØ a‰v BZnhmknIfn¬\n∂v km[\ssIam‰w F∂nh CXns‚ kqN\IfmWv. CØcw sIm≈¬ Ønbncp∂p. ]pIbneIrjn, Im∏nIrjn, ]pdw\m´nse I®hS°mcpambp≈ aSn®p\n∂ncp∂ImeØpw apff°pdpa¿ ]pdwkaqlhpambn _‘w ]pe¿ knw-Mv). a‰v BZnhmknIƒ s]mXpkaqlØns‚ `mKamIm≥ hwiØ\na ]pe¿Øp∂hcmbmWv Chsc \nco£n®n´p≈Xv (sI.-F-kv.- ap≈°pdpa¿, ap≈p°pdpa¿, ap≈p°pdpº¿, ap≈ph°pdpa¿ F∂o Sn-bn-´v. AXv ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬t]mepw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Im´n-sems° \n-I-fm-bn´pw Blmcw Ign-°p-∂-Xv. ap≈-°p-dp-acv am{Xw th´-bm- Cu th´-bmSn D]-Po-h-\w. a‰m-Zn-hm-kn-Ifv sIg-ßm-bn´pw ImbvI- Cu ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬t]mepw ]d-bp-∂Xv thS-cm-bn-´m-Wv. AXmWv F∂ t]cp-≠m-bX,v ]n¬°m-eØv. BZy-Im-eØv thS-\m-bn-´m-Wv. " " (80 hb- v) Wv. s]mg sI´Ww ao≥ ]nSn-°-Ww. in°m-dn\v t]mWw.' Xmsg. Rß-sf∂v... Ipdp-a-sc∂v ]d™ Bƒ°m¿°v \mbm-´m- Ducmfn°pdp-a-sc-°mƒ apI-fn-ep-≈-h-cmWv R߃. Ipdn-Ny-tc-°mƒ am{Xta D≈q. Rßfv BZn-Imew apXev hb-\m-´n-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. ]Wn-bcv \mbv°cv AhschnsSbpw D≠v. Ipdp-acv hb-\m-´nev ]Wn-b≥amcv Fßs\ D≠mtbm? Rßfv hb-\m-´vIm-cm. Ducm-fn, "apf-¶m-Sp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Pohn-°p∂ sIm≠mWv ap≈-°p-dp-a≥ "FhS∂v ht∂m Fßs\ D≠mtbm... D (55) 1999:372 ) kqNn∏n°p∂p≠v. 1974, 25 ucmfn Fßs\ D≠m-bn, ). Ie¿∏n√mØ 9721 _nPp sI. BsW∂v '

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 30 TAPASAM, 2010 July No-c≥aq∏≥ ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw °p-∂p-sh a‰v BZn-hm-kn-I-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w kzoI-cn-®ncn- {]mtZ-inIhyXymkw am{X-am-Wv apf-f-°p-dp-a¿°p-f-f-sX∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. C≥Uy-bnse hnhn[ BZn-hmknhn`m-K-ßsf t\cn¬ I≠n-´p-ff-Xp-sIm≠v Whpw Ct±lØn\p-f-f-Xmbn ImWmw. kmaq-ln-I-{]-h¿Ø-I-\mb Ct±lw {X-tØmSp IÆntN¿°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ho£- Nq®≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv. c≠m-asØ Bth-Z-I≥ Xß-fpsS DXv]Ønsb Ncn- °m\pw PmXn-t{iWnbn¬ Xß-fpsS ÿm\-sØ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pamWv Bth-Z-I¿°p≠v. BZn-Imew apX¬ hb-\m-´n¬ Pohn-®-h-cm-sW∂p ÿm]n- Xß-fpsS DXv]-Ønsb kw_-‘n®v hyXy-kvX-amb A`n-{]mb߃ icn°pw Xangv Ie¿∂ H∂m-Wv. °p-∂p. ChsS ae-bmfw tN¿∂ `mj-bm-Wv. RßsS `mj t]mb-Xm-Wv. Ah-c-hnsS adm-Ønbpw lnµn-bp-sams° kwkm-cn- C¥y-bnev alm-cm-jv{S, a[y-{]-tZiv Cu taJ-e-bn-sems° \Ωfv a-bnepw CtX Poh\... C-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´v, Cs∏m \Ωfv hSs° C¥y-bn¬ an° tÉn-ep-ap-≠v. CtX BNm-c-ß-fnepw X\n- CXns∏m hb-\m-Sns\ kw_-‘n®v Ipdp-a-sc∂v ]d-bp∂ Cu h¿§w ≠m-bn-s√ ]pcm-W-Ønev... AXv, AXns\ kw_-‘n®v ]m´v≠v. thS- Aßs\bmWv Rßfv D≠m-b-Xv. thS≥am-cmWv Rß-fv.' th≠o´mWt√m Cbmfv X]kv sNbvXXv. ]ns∂ AXv sImSpØv Ah-km\w ]c-a-in-h-\m-Wt√m {]Xy£s∏´p. ]ip]Xmkv{XØn\v Chs\ A¿÷p-\s\ Ah-i-X-bn-em-°n. Ahi-X-bn-em-°n-b∏w ]∂ns\ sImSp-Øn-√. Aßs\ bp≤w sNbvXv -sNbvXv A∂cw henb thS-s\m-≠t√m Ah-sc√mw IqSn-t]mbn ]d-™n´pw t]mbn ]∂n- th-sW∂v ]d™v. A∂-c-∏m Cbmfv sImSp-°n-√. ™p.- ]∂n Fs∂ c£n-°-sW∂.v Im´m-f≥amcv, th-S≥amcv Hs°- t]mbn A¿÷p-\s‚ Im¬°ev ]∂n-hoWv. ]∂n ]ns∂ ]d- Hc-kp-cs\ ]∂n-bm-°n. Chcv t]mbn ]∂os\ FbvXv. FbvXt∏m t]mbm-Wv Cßs\ \mbm-´n\v t]mbn. aqIm-kp-c≥∂v ]d-bp∂ \mbv≠m-°n.- ]ns∂ a\p-jy-Ωmsc krjvSn®v thS≥amsc. Aßs\ ´v... Ah-cv...AXn\v \mbm-´n\v Bfv thWw.- `qXKW-ß-sf-°m≠v kn-f-°m≥ th≠o´v ]c-a-in-h\pw ]m¿∆-Xnbpw thScq]-Ønev Bbn- " "Dev]-Øn∂v ]d-™m... as‰... Dw... C-hcv... A¿÷p-\s‚ X]- ∂pw thS-hw-i-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm cm-bn-´m-Wv. thShwihpw Cu ]c-a-inh-\pw Hs°-bm-bn´v bp≤- (65) -sW∂pw C≥Uy-bpsS hnhn- ' ]qXm-Sn-t°m´ sW∂ IYbpw {i≤-b¿ln-°p∂p. thS-cm-Pm-hns‚ Bÿm-\am-bn-cp∂ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v. hns‚ IY tIi-h≥ (55) hnh-cn-°p-∂p. kn®pt]mcp-∂p. Cu thShwi-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv Xß-sf∂v ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ hniz- cp∂ tIm´-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ C∂pw hb-\m-´n¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. °p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn-cn-°Ww ChcpsS {iaw. hym]n-bmb Hcp _r-lXvkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d°m-cm-sW∂v ÿm]n- [-`m-K-ß-fn¬ apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ A[n-h-kn-°p-∂ps≠∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xn-eqsS ∂p-≠v. cmPm-°≥am-cpsS B[n-]-XysØ°pdn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ temK\pw °p-dp-asc t^mk‰v \nco-£n-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ ( cp∂, {]mNo\ inem-bpKImew apX¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂, P\-X-bm-bn-´mWv ap≈- ‘n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw hb-\mSv Pn√-bn¬ G‰hpw BZyw Pohn-®n- bn-cn°mw {]mNo-\-amb ]pcm-hr-Ø-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS D¬]ØnIYsb \n_- kzoI-cn-®n-´p-f-fXv F∂v Icp-Xmw. lm-cn-I-fmb-Xns\ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cn°mw CØcw Hcp ]pcm-hrØw cysØ Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L-´-hp-ambn IÆntN¿°p-∂p. X߃ amwkm- bn-W-°p-∂p. BZn-hmkn F∂ k¶-ev]-Øn\p ]pdØv Xß-fpsS ]mc-º- ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ hb-\mSv `cn-®n-cp∂ thShwi-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-cm- IpºfcmPmhpw tIm´bwcmPmhpw tN¿∂v NXn®p sIm∂ thScmPm- No-c CØ-c-samcp \nco-£Ww Hm.-sI.-tPmWnbpw hb-\m-´nse tIm´bw Xß-fpsS ]g-abpw ]mc-º-cyhpw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠nIqSn-bm- ]m°sØ aq∏≥, ]gb acn-®q-t]mb Im¿t∂mΩmcv ]d-bp-∂Xv' ]gb Im¿t∂m-Ωm-cv-˛-s]m-X-tb-´≥, `mkvI-cs‚ AΩm-bn-b-—≥, sNbvXp. Aß-s\-bmWv Ncn{Xw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bmWv sNbvXp. Aßs\ ]n¬°m-eØ ap≈-°p-dp-a-cm-bn´v amdp-Ibpw thS-hw-i-Ønev h∂ Cu ap≈-°p-dp-acv apf-¶m´n-te°v amdp-Ibpw ...... thS-cm-Pm-hns\ sImew Ahcv \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw AhnSw apXev cmPmhns\ G¬]n®p; Ipºf cmPm-hv, ]g»n°p apºpXs∂. Aß\mWv Ncn-{Xw. Aßs\ Cu cmPyw ]nSn-s®-SpØv tIm´bw Ibdn ad-™v∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. Aßs\ ap≈-°p-dp-a-cmbn h∂v " "thShwi-Øns‚ Bƒ°mcv ]ns∂ \ne-\n¬∏n-√msX apf-¶mSv ≥aq∏≥ CXn-lmkkµ¿`-hp-ambn Xß-fpsS DXv]-Ønsb Iq´n- 1 C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. a‰p aq∂p tZi-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn- _nPp sI. \S-Øp- 1993:52

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 32 TAPASAM, 2010 July £n-°p∂p. ap≈°pdpacpsS A[nhmktaJebmWv F∂v cmPe£van an{i (1971) \nco- sI.Fkv.knßv (1994) ]dbptºmƒ \oe-Kncn Pn√-bnse I∏mebpw _‘s∏´v XßfpsS ÿm\w ASbmfs∏SpØm\pw Ah¿ {ian°p∂p. ambn Ah¿ Xßsf _‘s∏SpØp∂p≠v. C∂sØ PmXnt{iWnbpambn hnhcWw \¬Ip∂p≠v: hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ambmsX InS-°p-∂Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww t]cns‚ D¬]-Øn-sb Cßs\ GtXm bp≤hpw ]em-b\`oXnbpw C∂pw Ch-cpsS At_m-[-a-\- n¬ ß-fp-ambn CXns\ _‘n-∏n-°p∂p≠v. \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v ap≥]v D≠mb F∂ t]cv D≠m-b-sX-∂v an° Bth-Z-Icpw ]d-bp-∂p. ]ecpw ]e bp≤- sNdpa≥ Ipew \mSv, Ipew, IpSn ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw ap≈°pdpa¿ hb\m´n¬ am{Xta ImWs∏Sp∂p≈q F∂p IpesØ°pdn®v hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]pcmWßfpw sFXnlyßfp Nq®≥ (80) ap≈°pdpacpsS, A[nhmktaJesb°pdn®v IrXyamb bp≤w D≠m-b-t∏mƒ ap≈n-eqsS HmSn-bXpsIm≠mWv ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ Xncn™n´mWv \mbm´v \SØoXv. AXv... ap∂°mcv t\m´°mc \mbm´v \SØn. Aßs\ \mbm´v\v t]mb∏gv \membv´v " sIm≠v ap≈-°p-dp-a-\m-bn. C Snb sIm≠v, bp≤w D≠m-b∏w ap≈n¬ IqsS ]e Hfn-t®m-Snb D≈q. ]≠v ap≈-°p-dp-a≥∂v ]d-bp∂... ap≈n-eqsS ]e Hfn-t®m- Rm\-dn™p IqSm... C-ßs\-sbmcp h¿§w Xs∂ Rßfv am{Xta Im¿t∂m-Ωm-cv- A-ß-s\-sbms°... A-√msX D≠m-bXpw CsXm∂pw " cm-a≥ (65) D≠v... A√m≠v Rßfv thsd FhntSw C√.' AhvSv∂v ÿeamdnt]mtbmscms° am\¥hmSn `mKsØms° ]ns∂ C∏w Imcm∏pg ]≤Xn ht∂s‚ t]cvev AWs°´v h∂∏w FcvamSv hsc. HcXncv ]m°w. H∂v ]\acw s]mg. At{X D≈q... Igv™mev "apØßm∂v t]mbn´v Abv‚∏dØv amtßm´v Rßfv ]dbpw. AXv "AXv C∏sgm∂pw A√, ]≠mWv. ]≠v inhs\ms°bmbv´v "PmXn ]ns∂... Ipdp-a≥ Xs∂, GtXm ImeØv D≠m-bn. (43) ]ns∂ sXcnbae... ta∏mSn. CXv t]mbv´v Fcae. u t]cv ]e 2 A∂mWv D≠m-b-Xv.' ' ' v tKm{X-k-¶-ev-]w sNøp∂Xv. hncp≤ambn hnhmlw Ign®m¬ Ahsc Ducphne°pIbmWv s]mXpsh IpeØn¬ s]´h¿ XΩnep≈ hnhmlw \njn≤amWv. hne°n\p ∑mcmsW∂ hnizmkamWv Ch¿ ]n¥pScp∂Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Htc Ch¿ kam\cmWv. Htc IpeØn¬ P\n®h¿ ktlmZcoktlmZc BNmcm\pjvTm\ßfnepw hnizmkßfnepw PohnXcoXnIfnepsa√mw No-c≥, f-XzsØ adnIS-°m-\p-ff {ia-ß-fmWv Cu samgn-Iƒ. kaqlßfnepw ImWp∂p≠v. kmaqlyambn A\p`hnt°≠nhcp∂ Iogm- sNøp∂Xv. CØcØnep≈ \n¿ΩnXnIƒ an°hmdpw F√m \m´p hyhlmcØn\p apIfnemWv Xßsf∂p ÿm]n°pIbmWv Ch¿ \mbcn¬\n∂mWv F∂p ]dbp∂XneqsSbpw BZnhmkn F∂ kmam\y s]mXpkzØv F∂ k¶ev]w C∂pw Ch-cn¬ \ne\n¬°p-∂p. IpSn-bn¬ ap≈°pdpa¿ Ct∏mgpw \mep XßfpsS Dev]Øn inh\n¬\n∂mWv F∂p ]dbp∂XneqsSbpw tKm{XPohn-X-amWv ChcptS-Xv. tKm{XPohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-amb 65 hcn√ t]mbn FSvØv Pohnt®mfWw. Aß\ymWv ]d™Xv.' sImSvØXmWv. FbvX Akv{Xw, X∂ncn°p∂ Akv{Xw Xncn®v AXvßs\ \mev sImeßfmbv´v amdn. hn√v ]cainh≥ FSwhew Cßs\ AhvSv∂v \membn´v ]ncn™XmWv. ]ns∂ ]dbpw' D≠m-b-Xv. Hmtcm Ipe-ßfv tPjvTØn A\n-b-Øn-am-cmsW∂v IeymWw Ign®v. Aßs\ Ah-cn¬ \n∂mWv \mev Ipe-ßfv s]Æp-ßsf sIm√m≥ ]‰n-√-t√m. Ahsc \mev \mb∑mcv Xs∂ A-ßs\ Ah-km-\n-®-Xv. AXnev \mev s]Æp-ßfv Ah-km-\n®.v \mb-∑m-cv... -`-S-\m-b-I≥amc.v sh´n AhsS Ah-km-\n-°-W-∂m... hnXm-\-ß-sfms° C´p. As∂ms° sh´p-I-√v. Chcv kZ-kn-ev, ∂nbpw s\√n-°bpw... A-sXms° hncn®v AXns‚ tamfnev henb hns√ms° tImWn°pw Xmsg h®v Ib-d-W-sa∂v ]d™v... Xm- sfm∂pw I≠-X-√. Aß-s\ms° hncn®v hney kZskm≠m°n. Hcv kZ-s m-≠m-°n. XmWn° ]¥-se∂v ]d-bp-∂-XmW,v \Ω- s°-b-s√. _ey Bƒ°m-cv. Ch-cXv HSp-°W∂v h®pw sIm≠v Xncn®p hcpw. Rßsf H∂v HSp-°-W∂v h®v sIm≠v Ch-scm- " "Rß-tfmSv Ch¿°v B¿°pw c£-bn-√. Rßfv AsºbvXv hn´mev ' 3 IpeßfmbmWv Pohn°p∂Xv. _nPp sI. '

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 34 TAPASAM, 2010 July °pIbm-Wv. lnIPohn-X-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-L-S-\bnepw henb am‰-߃ kw`-hn-®n-cn- apf-f-°pdp-a¿ AI∂pIgn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_-L-S-\-bnepw kmaq- apf-f-°pdp-a¿ \bn-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ C∂v Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬\n∂v cp∂ IrXy-amb A[n-ImcLS-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp kmaq-lnIPohn-X-amWv Db \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv. ssht°m-tem ]pt√m D]-tbm-Kn®v tabp-∂p. IpSn-aq-∏≥ Im∏n-©≥ (85) km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C√n-sIm-≠mWv ta¬°qc ≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬ apf D]-tbm-Kn®p \n¿Ωn-®n-´p-f-f-XmWv Xs‚- Ip-Sn-sb∂pw ´n®v hmcn-bm°n, saS™v aÆptX®pw Dd-∏p-ff Npa-cp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-dp- ß-tfmfw \ne\n¬°m-dp-s≠∂v ]d-bp∂p. a¨`n-Øn-°p-]-Icw C√n- s]m- amb Dd-∏p-≠v. ta¬°qc hoWp-t]mb ]e hoSp-I-fp-sSbpw `nØn h¿j- ]e L´ßfmbmWv `nØn \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu `nØn°v Akm-[m-c-W- DW-ßn-b-Xn-\p-tijw AXn\v apI-fn¬ Ipg-®-aÆv hbv°p-∂p. Cßs\ aÆv Dan -tN¿Øv Ipg®ph®v `nØn \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p. BZyw \n¿Ωn-®-`mKw ®p-d-∏n-®mWv Xd \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hb-en¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p∂ {]tXyIXcw- Cu H‰-ap-dn-ho-Sp-I-fn-em-Wv. apdn hoSp-IfmWv Ch. `£Ww ]mIw sNøp-∂Xpw Dd-ßp∂Xpsa√mw Np‰p-am-bmWv CØcw hoSp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®ncp∂-Xv. ssht°m¬ ta™ H‰- D≠m-Ipw. ssZh-∏p-cbpw AXns‚ ap‰hpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ s]mXp CS-Øn\v F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. [mcmfw hoSp-Iƒ Hmtcm IpSn-bnepw 60 \n¿ΩmW coXn IpSn cp‹Wn kp{_-“-Wy≥ Cu P\-Xbv°v A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p. F ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw h¿j-Øn-e-[nIw ]g°w AXn-\p-s≠∂pw ]m°w tImf-\n-bn-ense √m-h¿°pw Xpey Ah-Im-i-am-Wp-≈-Xv. kzIm-cy-kzØv F∂ k¶ev]w - c-°p-dhpw CdbØn\v XmgvNbpw Df-f-Xp-sIm≠p apdn-°-IØv kZm C Cßs\ tKm{X-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ X\n-abpw kzm{ibXzhpw \ne\n∂n- H‰hmXn¬ am{X-amWv CØcw hoSp-Iƒ°p-f-f-Xv. P\¬ C√. `nØn°v {]tXy-I-amb coXn-bn-emWv hoSp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. aÆpIq´n CSn- apf-f-°p-dp-a-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ Dƒs°m-f-fp∂ ]m¿∏nSkap-®-bw IpSn Imewhsc Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p' Hcp-an®vIgn®v HcnSØv InS-∂p-d-ßp-I. Fs‚ `¿Øm-hns‚ A—s‚ " "Hcp Iew, Hcp apdw, Iøv. Hcp-an®v A≤zm-\n®psIm≠ph∂v (33) ' cp- IpSpw-_-L-S\ (60) F∂ Bth-Z-I≥ ]d-bp-∂p: ∏-°p-Ibp≠mbn. IpSn-bn¬ [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v tIi-h≥ Xn-\pamWv CØ-c-Øn¬ Iq´-ambn Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v ]g\n (75) kqNn- hmkw Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ ]pdsa\n∂p-ffhcpsS IS-∂p-I-b-‰sØ XS-bp-∂- ßsf {]Xn-tcm-[n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. sImf-f-°msc sNdp-°p-∂-Xn\pw P\- hoSph®v Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Np‰p]mSpw h\w Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Im´p-ar-K- IpSn-I-fn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww Irjn-bn-S-߃°v kao]w Xv. Pe-e`yXbv°pw hb-en¬ Irjn-sN-bvXp-≠m-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ Ffp∏w -Xv. {]mb-t`-Z-at\y apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ ]gb ]pc CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂ BthZI≥ ]cma¿in®Xv. "Iq´°pSpw_w' F∂mWv XßfpsS IpSpw_LS\sb∏‰n tIih≥ (60) ∂n√. ]ckv]cw B{ibn®mWv A∂sØ IpSpw_߃ Ign™ncp∂Xv. DSaÿXbnembncp∂p. hnXbv°epw hnfshSp°epw sht∆sd Bbncp sht∆sd hoSpIfn¬ Xmakn°ptºmgpw Irjn, kzØv Ch s]mXp ASpØSpØ hoSpIfn¬ Iq´ambmWv ap≈°pdpa¿ Xmakn®ncp∂Xv. amWv ap≈°pdpacpsS IpSpw_LS\. H‰ ta¬°qcbv°p Iognes√¶nepw _‘an√. C∂v hyhlcn°p∂ AWpIpSpw_Øn¬\n∂v Gsd hyXykvX B[p\nI ImesØ AWpIpSpw_tØmSv ChcpsS IpSpw_k¶ev]Øn\v hoSp h®v Xma-kn-°p-∂p. s]¨Ip´n-Isf hnhmlw Ign-®v Ab-bv°p-∂p. sSm∏amWv Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xv. B¨a-°ƒ hnhmlw Ign®v IpSn-bn¬Xs∂ ap≈°p-dp-a¿ Pohn-®n-cp∂Xv. {]mb-amb amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Cf-b-a-I-t\m- CtX ImgvN-∏m ]gb ssht°m¬ ta™ hoSns\ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cmWv apf-f-°p-dp-a¿. ΩmWw. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ C∂pw B[p-\nIcoXn-bn-ep-ff hoSp-I-tf-°mƒ Im‰n-t\bpw {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ t]m∂ coXnbnem-bn-cp-∂p Ch-bpsS ´pw NqSpw \ne\n¬°p-∂p. hb-\m-´nse XWpØ Ime-h-ÿ-sbbpw Cud≥ h-b-ep-Iƒ°p kao-]-amWv apf-f-°p- A—\pw AΩbpw Ip´nIfpw am{Xta ho´n¬ D≈q F¶nepw A—\pw AΩbpw Ip´n-Ifpw AS-ßp∂ sNdpIp-Spw-_-ambmWv FºmSpw Bƒ°m-cv' s]ßfv, Ipdpa\pw Ipdpam´nbpw, BWpw, s]Æpw H≠mIpw " Im‰v Ib-dn-√' " "I®n-∏-c-X-s∂-bmWv \√-Xv. ag-°meØv NqSv D≠,v XWp∏v C√. "IpSoev apØ-∏≥, apØn-b-Ω,- A-∏≥, AΩ, AÆ≥, A‰, Sp Xs∂-bmWv hnZym¿∞n-\nbmb kn‘p(19) ' -tI-i-h≥ (60) ' -dp-a¿ IpSn-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®ncp-∂- _nPp sI. hn\p-apf-f- \n¿

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 36 TAPASAM, 2010 July \S-∏m-°pI XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ \S-Øm≥ NpaXe-bp-ff i‡-amb A[n- t\XrXzw \ Xm-Wv. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\ßfpw BtLm-j-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v A[n-Im-c-tI{µw F∂ \ne-bn¬ IpSn-aq-∏≥amcpsS ÿm\w hfsc Db¿∂- Xmsg X´n¬ IpSn-Iƒ. IpSn-bpsS A[n-Imcn IqSn-aq-∏-\m-Wv. IpSn-bnse F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂p. i‡cmb A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-amWv Ip∂p-aq-∏≥am¿. G‰hpw I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ip∂ns‚ `c-W-I¿Øm-°sf Ip∂p-aq-∏≥am¿ am{XamWv. (70) ]d-™n-´p-≠v. Ct∏m-gp-f-fXv Ip∂p-aq-∏≥amcpw IpSn-aq-∏≥amcpw ≠m-bn-cp-∂p. amb NS-ßp-I-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ff A[n-Imcw Xe-®n-ez≥am¿°p- ez≥am¿ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. BNm-c-]-chpw A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-hp- ]mdbv°v Xmsg F∂n-ßs\ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu tZim-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Xe-®n- cmPm-hv. cmPysØ c≠v tZi-ß-fmbn hn`Pn-®n-cp-∂p. ]mdbv°v apI-fn¬, h≥ Imcy-ßfpw Xocp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂Xv Cu A[n-ImctI{µßfmbncp∂p. hnt[bamWv Hmtcm hy‡nbpw. kmaqlyPohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ apgp- ap≈°p-dp-a-cpsS km-aq-lnI PohnXw. I¿i\amb \nb{¥W߃°v £n-®p-t]m-cp∂ H∂mWv ssZh-∏p-c. ssZh∏p-c-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-I-bp-f-fq. CØ-c-Øn¬ {]m[m-\y-tØmsS kwc- ssZh-∏pc D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. {hXip≤ntbmsS am{X-ta, kv{Xo]p-cp-j≥am¿ hnizm-k-amWv ap≈°p-dp-a¿°p-f-f-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ Hmtcm IpSn-bnepw ∏p-c-bn-em-Wv. CXn-\p-]p-dta Hmtcm IpSn-bnepw ssZhw hkn-°p-∂p F∂ Xn\p IpSn-aq-∏s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Imc-W-h≥am¿ ktΩ-fn-°p-∂-Xv ssZh- Øp∂Xv ssZh-∏p-c-bn¬sh-®m-Wv. \b-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-∂- ∏pcIƒ {i≤-b¿ln-°p-∂p. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw BtLm-j-ßfpw \S- bp≈XpsIm≠mbncn°mw hnhmltijw thsd hoSph®p amdp∂Xv. amdnØmakn°p∂p. hnhmlnX¿°v kzImcyX BhiyamsW∂ [mcW kmaq-lyPohn-Xw ssZh-∏p-c ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw tZi-ßsf \nc-h[n \mSp-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cp-∂p. \mSp-Isf Ip∂p- kmaq-lnI LS-\-b-\p-k-cn®v A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ G‰hpw apIƒØ´n¬ i‡amb A[n-ImctI{µ-߃°p Iogn¬ \nb-{¥n-°-s∏´XmWv apf-f-°p-dp-a-cpsS IpSn-bnse `c-W-tI{µw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ssZh- hnhmlw Ignbp∂tXmsS B¨a°ƒ IpSnbn¬ thsd hoSph®v ¬Ip-I, \b-]-c-amb Xocq-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-I, in£m-hn-[n-Iƒ 1970 Iƒhsc Xe-®n-ez≥am¿ \ne\n∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn Noc≥ Xy-h-XvI-c-W-ambn Cu am‰sØ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]g-b-Im-esØ aq∏≥am- s°-bm-Wv. tKm{XPohn-X-Øns‚ A[n-ImcLS-\-bn¬ kw`- k-am-[m\{]iv\-߃ Xo¿°p-∂Xv aq∏≥am-c-√. tImS-Xnbpw t]meo-kp-sam- cpsS hm°pIfn¬\n∂p hy‡amWv. C∂v ap≈-°p-dp-a¿°n-S-bnse {Ia- \mcmbW≥ -{io-[-c≥ ]g\n cma≥ amb Hc-[n-ImctI{µw IqSn-bmWv IpSn-aq-∏≥am¿. Cßs\ IpSn-bnse `c-W-I¿ØmhmWv IpSnaq∏≥. B \ne-bn¬ i‡- t]mepw CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\pap-ff A[n-Imcw IpSn-aq-∏≥am¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sØbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS hy‡n]c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ NS-ßp-I-fnepw IpSn-aq-∏≥amcpsS km∂n≤yw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm AwK- Im-c-tI-{µ-amWv IpSn-aq-∏≥am¿. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn F√m (75) c (65) ≠p Ime߃°nSbn¬ IpSnaq∏∑m¿°p≠mb ]cnWmaw BthZI dn√' c-W-bn-√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ sNdp-∏-°m¿ Chsc A\p-k-cn-°m- A\p-k-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ A\p-k- " Fs¥¶nepw sX‰p≠mbm¬ tImSXow tIskmt°w Ct√...' AXns‚ {]mb®nØw Xocpam\nt®mfpw. C∂Xns‚ Htc¿∏mSpan√. ASpØp t]mbv ]d™mev Abmfv Xo¿ØpsIm≈pw. " ]dbp∂Xn\∏pdw adnIS∂v t]mIve. Ahvsc t]Snbm A∂v.' " AhvSv∂v hn´∂v... Aßs\sbms°bm ]dbp∂Xv.' sImSp°p∂Xv tIt´m... ImepsIm≠v sXmgn®v´v... B ssacs\ Ah\ßv´v t]m´∂v ]d™ ImevsIm≠v sXmgnsbm°bm AtXkabØv C∏ \Ωsfs¥¶nepw ]d™v Ign™m A: ]d™v Ign™m... AXv... shbv‰v≠mhpw. FXn¿∏n√, A\pkcnt° D≈q. C∂sØ amXncnb√... A∂sØ henbhcv A\pkcnt®mfpw. Ahscs¥¶nepw ]d™m¬ AXpt]mse Ds≠¶n¬°qSn AXns\ tNmZyw sNøn√. Ah¿ ]dbp∂t]mse " "D "GsX-¶nepw Hcp IpSpw-_-Ønev sX‰p-≠m-bmev Ip∂p-aq-∏s‚ "]≠sØ ImeØv∂v ]d™m IpSnaq∏s\m≠mhpw. Ahcv "A∂sØ Im¿t∂mΩmcv ]db∂Xv A`n{]mbhyXymkw (46) ucp aq∏≥amsc ]≠v t]Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p, ]d-™m¬ sNdp-∏-°m¿ '. (65) hn® P\m-[n-]- ' _nPp sI. ' '

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 38 TAPASAM, 2010 July 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. AI∂pt]mb-Xv. Cu am‰-Øn\v hnhn[ Imc-W-߃ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°mw. AXns‚ ^e-am-bmWv tKm{XkwkvIm-c-Øn¬\n∂v BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ kmaq-ly-{I-asØØs∂ s]mXp-k-aqlw Gsd-°psd C√mbva sNbvXp. Xm-Wv. tKm{XkwkvImcw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX Ahsc sIms≠-Øn-®-Xn¬ s]mXpkaq-l-Øns‚ kzm[o\w hfsc hep- hoSp-I-fn¬ Ign-bm≥ Xmev]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. CØ-c-samcp am‰-Øn-te°v Iƒ C√m-Xm-b-Xv. C∂v ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ IpSn-bn¬\n∂v AI∂pamdn H‰-s∏´ Wm-a-am-Wv tKm{X-kwkvIm-c-Ønse Iq´mbvaPohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-amb IpSn- \m-´nse IpSn-tb‰w. fmb h\-hm-kn hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn ]pe-cp-I-bm-bn-cp∂ aÆns‚ a°- s∏-´p. C ]m´-°r-jn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂ ap≈-°p-dp-a¿°v ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ `qan \jvS- fmb P∑n-Iƒ IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ `qan ssIam-dn. P∑n-I-fpsS ´Xpw Ch¿ {]m¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw IpSn-tb‰°me-Øm-Wv. `qhpS-a-I- ]cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ kw`-hn-®-Xv. BhmktI{µ-am-bn-cp∂ h\-߃ \jvS-s∏- \o≠p\n∂p. CXn\ptij-amWv Ch-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ henbtXmXn-ep≈ Bhmkk¶-ev]-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w kcw Ipd-™p. Cßs\ kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ IpSn-aq-∏∑m¿°v CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah- Xnbpw t]meokpw h∂-tXmsS IpSn-aq-∏≥am-cpsS A[n-Imcw Ipd-™p. B[p-\nI \nbakwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS hym]-\-am-Wv as‰mcp ImcWw. tImS- cpsS hm°p-Iƒ°v ]pXp-X-e-apd hne-I¬]n-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp ImcWw. fpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX-bm-bn. CXmWv IpSn-aq-∏≥am- \jvS-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≠v. IpSn-aq-∏∑m¿ aZy-]m-\n-I-fm-b-tXmsS Xß- cpsS A[n-Im-chpw Ct∏m-gsØ Ah-ÿbpw Bth-Z-I¿ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw Krl-\n¿ΩmWcoXn-bn¬ h∂ am‰w _mly -C-S-s]-S-ep-Iƒ s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn-ep-≠mb am‰sØ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xv. kzIm-cy-kzØv F∂ k¶ev]w cq]-s∏-´-Xv. bn¬ h∂ am‰w. IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS hym]-\-tØmsS BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Bhmkhyhÿ- kao]ImeØv ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS Bhmkk¶-ev]-Øn¬ h∂ ]cn- ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS Pohn-XsØ am‰nadn® {][m\ kw`-h-amWv hb- IpSn-aq-∏≥am-cpsS \n£n]vXm[n-Imcw ]e-X-c-Ønepw Ipd-bp-Itbm u A-h-ÿ sI. ]m\q¿ Cßs\ hnhcn°p∂p. " - Iƒ Chn-SpsØ kzImcyP∑n-am-cpsS, {][m-\-ambpw tZhkzw 1920 Ifn¬ Bcw-`n® IpSn-tb‰w Fgp-]-Xp-Iƒhsc "h\-ß-fn¬ ´p- sIm≈-°msc {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Iq´-am-bn-´p≈ PohnXw klm-bn-®n- B{IaWambncp∂p ap≈-°p-dp-a-sc Iq´-ambn Xma-kn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. ™-Xn-Xm- Xmakw am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-c-sam Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Sßn. Cu {]h-WX Ct∏mƒ hfsc hym]-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IpSn-Iƒ A{]- Zmbw Hgn-hm-°n. ]Icw H‰-s∏´ hoSp-I-fn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn-°m≥ Xp- coXnbpw {i≤n-°m-\n-S-bmb ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ IpSnk{º- sNbvXp. Np‰p-]mSpw IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ \nd-™p. Ah-cpsS hoSp-Ifpw PohnX Ibpw XInSw adn™ Bhmkhyh-ÿ-°p-≈n¬ Pohn®pt]mcn-Ibpw F∂-XmWv bmYm¿∞yw' Ducm-f≥am-cpsS, au\m-\p-hm-Z-tØmsS \n¿±bw Xpc-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p tIih≥ Ah ÿncwhoSp-I-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p. CXn\p ]pdsa AI-se-bp≈ hb- Irjn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Xm¬°m-enI Imh¬∏pcIƒ ]WnXv Xma-kn-®p. {ItaW kwc£WhpamWv a‰v Poht\m]m[nIƒ). Irjn-bpsS Imh-en\pth≠n AXns‚ kwc-£Ww AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p (th´bpw I∂pImen s≠∂v IqS-√q¿ IpSn-bnse ]g\n (70) kqNn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. h\y-ar-K-ß-fpsS B{I-a-W-am-bn-cp∂p, {]tXyIm¬ Im´m\IfpsS ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ IpSn-bn¬\n∂v AI∂pamdn Irjn-bn-S-Øn-te°v Irjn ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS Hcp Poh-t\m-]m[n Bbn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v CjvSw.' s\-bp≈ iey-an-√. Ct∏mƒ H‰bv°p Xma-kn-°m-\mWv ieyw sIm≠mWv Iq´p-Ip-Sw-_-ambn Ign-™n-cp-∂Xv. Ct∏mƒ Aß- kn-°p-∂p. Irjn-∏Wn FSp-°m≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. ]≠v B\-bpsS ºn¬ hbv°p-∂p. Ah-c-h-cpsS Irjn `qan-I-fn-te°v amdnØma- " en\v IqSn. ]n∂o-Sßv Ch-sS-Øs∂ Xma-kn-®p.' ßfpw key-am-bn-cp-∂p. Irjn c£n-°m≥ th≠n ChnsS Imh- Wv. Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p Ifw. B\-k-eyw, ]∂n-keyw F√m arK- bm-bn-cp∂p Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXv F¨]Xv h¿j-tØmfw apºm- Xd-hm-´n-te°v t]mWw. s\√pw ]p√pw F√mw. apØ-∏≥ Chn-sS- hbepw Imcy-ß-fp-sams° Chn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F√mw sI´n-s°m≠v " Wv. "H‰bv°v Xma-kn-°m-\t√ CjvSw. AXp-sIm≠v hoSp amdn ]d- "Ccp-]-Ø©v h¿jambn ChnsS Xma-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v. (60) ' '. ]n∂o-S-h¿ ]cn-an-X-amb ÿeØv Irjn sNøp- cp AI∂pamd-ens\°pdn®v ' _nPp sI. Kucn ]d-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 40 TAPASAM, 2010 July tIi-h≥ (60) thsd hoSph®-Xn\v Imc-W-ambn ]d-™-Xv. Ign-bmsX kz¥w Irjn-bn-S-Øn-te°v hoSph®p amdn-b-hcpw D≠v. CXmWv [m-\m-¥-co£w XI¿Øp. CØcw kml-N-cy-ß-tfmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm≥ hg°pw ASn-]n-Snbpw IpSn-I-fn¬ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. CXv IpSn-I-fnse kam- B[p-\nItemIsØ hy‡n-bpsS Dƒhenbembn Icp-Xmw. tKm{XPohn-X-Ønse Iq´m-bva-bn¬\n∂v kzIm-cy-X-bn-te-°p≈ Cu am‰w cy-Xbpw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Ah¿ AXns\ CjvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. ∂-Xp-amWv B[p-\nI ImesØ hoSp-Iƒ. Ch kuI-cy-tØm-sSm∏w kzIm- hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-Ncyw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw h¿≤n-∏n-®p. anI® coXn-bn¬ Ip´n-Isf \¬Ip-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb Imcy-Øn¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v k¶ev]w cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS-ßpIbpw sNbvsX∂p Icp-Xmw. kz¥w ÿew, hoSv F∂ Xm-hp-Ibpw ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ ]gb IpSnk{º-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-°m≥ At∏mƒ tKm{X-kw-kvImcsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb `uXnIkml-Ncyw C√m- C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]gb ImSp-Iƒ P\-hmktI{µ-ß-fmbn amdn. kao-]-tØ°v hoSpsh®v amdnØma-kn-®Xv. Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]bmkw Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xn\pIqSn-bm-Wv Irjn-bn-S-Øn\v en¬\n∂v s\√v s ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ aZy-]m\ioew D≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂XpsIm≠v \nc-¥-c-amb IqSp-X¬ apdn-I-tfmSp IqSnb, kuI-cy-ap-≈Xpw kzImcyX \¬Ip- H‰-s∏´ hoSp-I-fnse Xmakw IqSp-X¬ kuI-cyhpw kzIm-cy-Xbpw IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS hym]-\-tØmsS ImSv Npcp-ßp-Ibpw h\y-ar-K-ieyw fv, BWpw s]Æpw, Ipdpa\pw Ipdpam´nbpw H≠m-Ipw. FºmSpw " amdn. thsd s]c-sh®v IqSp∂p' tIdn Cu s]cev IpSow Im™v hcp∂ Ah-ÿ. AsXms° tN¿∂v Ggv F´v aWn hsc, Dd°w hcp-∂Xphsc B s]tcev " XpSßn' c-h-cpsS kuI-cy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hoSv h®v amdn-Øm-a-kn-°m≥ \n∂pw A\p-h-Zn®v In´n-bn-´p-≈-XmWv hoSv. hoSv In´n-b-t∏mƒ Ah- apdn-I-fmbn kuIcyw h¿≤n-®p... kzIm-cyX IqSn... ]©m-b-Øn¬ " "IpSoev apØ-∏≥, apØn-b-Ω, A∏≥, AΩ, AÆ≥, A‰, s]ß- "H‰-apdnhoSp-IfmWv ]≠p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]pXnb hoSp h∂-t∏mƒ "Iq´-am-bn-´p≈ s]c-I-fnev h∂p Ign-™mev a‰v≈ a°-sfms° ' ImbvXv IpSn-bn-te°v Xe-®p-a-Smbn sIm≠p-t]m-tI-≠- Kucn (38). ' im-cZ (43). sNbvX-t∏mƒ a\- n-em-b-Xv. Wambn. CØ-c-samcp \nK-a-\-amWv cmPs‚ (30) hm°p-Iƒ hni-I-e\w s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-w IpSn-I-fn¬ \n∂-I-∂p-amdn hoSp hbv°p-hm-\p≈ Imc- ambpw sIm≈¬-s°m-Sp-°-en-√mØ PohnXw ]n¥p-S-cm≥ Ah¿ Xmev]-cy- hnZym-`ymkw ap≈-°p-dp-a-sc kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. AXns‚ ^e-ambn a‰m-cp- ktµ-i-amWv B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. X-co-Xnbpw IpSn-I-fpsS XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. cp‹nWn kp{_-“-Wy≥ (33) kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. BZy-ambn hoXwhbv°¬ \S-∂Xv Cu I∂p-Im-en-I-fn-em-bn-cp-s∂∂v ß-fn¬ I∂p-Im-en-Isf hoXwh®p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn ImWmw. ∂-Xv. Ah-bpsS kwc-£Ww Bh-iy-ambn hcn-Ibpw AØcw kml-N-cy- fntem \n¿Ωn-®n-cp∂ πmØn t]mep≈ sXmgp-Øp-Iƒ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ ]Icw ]d-ºntem hb-ep-I- \mbn Hmtcm IpSn-bnepw [mcmfw I∂p-Im-en-Isf hf¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ amb H∂mWv I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ. Im¿jn-Ihpw Km¿ln-I-hp-amb Bh-iy-Øn- XI¿®bv°p Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS Poh-t\m-]m-[n-I-fn¬ apJy- a¿°n-S-bn¬ kzImcykzØv F∂ k¶ev]w IS-∂p-h-∂Xpw IpSn-IfpsS W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. °p-dp-asc kzm[o-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu kzm[o\w IpSn-I-fpsS XI¿®°v Imc- ev]hpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ IpSpw_k¶-ev]hpw ap≈- A—\pw AΩbpw a°fpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ sNdp-Ip-Spw-_-amWv \√-sX∂ IpSpw-_m-¥-co-£-Øn¬ h∂ am‰hpw ]pd-sa-bp≈ Bfp-I-fpsS Pohn- Irjnbpw \mbm´pw Imen-h-f¿Ø-ep-ambn Ign-™n-cp∂ ap≈-°p-dp- Cßs\ B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ IpSpw_k¶- sX√v]S-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv amdnØma-kn-°p-∂-Xv.' sX√v]-Sbpw Hs° IpSn-ßm™v thsd s]c sh®v IqSp-∂p. F∏gpw C∏ Xma-kn-°m≥ ]‰n-√. I≈pw sh≈-sams° h∂v B´-∏-Sbpw IqSn Ah-c-h-cpsS ÿe-Øv. C∏ sNdnb IpSpw-_-am-bn. IpSoev Bƒ°mcv. C∏w IpSpw_w Ipd-™n-cn-°p-hm. Hmtcm s]c h®v hosSms° sh®v amdm≥ XpS-ßn' sImd-s®ms° Adnhv h®v t_m[w h∂p, ]≈n-°q-S-am-bn. sNdnb \ap°pw Aßs\ amd-W-sa∂v tXm∂pºw \Ωfv amdp-∂p. C∏w " hoXwh®p sImSpØp. Aßs\ hoXw h® ]d-ºp-I-fmWv Cu " "]pd-sa-bp≈ Bfp-Isfms° H‰bv°v Xma-kn-°p∂ I≠v A∏w "A—s‚ ImeØv I∂p-Im-en°v sXmgpØv ]Wn-bm≥ ÿew -4 I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p I∂p-Im-en-Isf kq£n-®n-cp- '. _nPp sI. '

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 42 TAPASAM, 2010 July Ifpw tIm¨{Io‰v h Øo¿∂p. ´Xpw tKm{X-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `mK-amb IpSn-I-fpsS XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn- Øn-S-]-g-Im≥ Ign-™Xpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-߃°v hgn-s∏- ß-fn¬\n∂v \nb-a-]-c-amb ]cn-c£ e`n-®Xpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-hp-ambn ASp- cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb `uXnIkml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ h∂ am‰-hpw, _mly B{I-a-W- I-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ kqN-\bpw AXm-Wv. Iq´mbvamPohn-XsØ hbv°¬ A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcm-h-iy-ambn ap≈-°p-dp-a¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Bth-Z- Xhpw ap≈-°p-dp-a-scbpw kzm[o-\n-®-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw. kzØns‚ hoXw Sp∂ AWp-Ip-Spw_k{º-Zm-bhpw kzØns‚ hoXwhbv]pw kzImcyPohn- bn¬\n∂v AI∂pamdn hoSp hbv°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. kwJybpsS h¿≤\hpw IpSn-I-fpsS XI¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn. CXpw IpSn- am‰hpw ]pXnb h \n¿ΩmWkma-{Kn-Iƒ e`y-a-√m-Xm-bn. kmaq-lnI kmº- B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hchv ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw W-am-bn-´p-≠v. tb‰ P\- Ifpw Dƒ∏sS \mev apdn-I-fp≠v Cu hoSp-Iƒ°v. CXn\p ]pdsa IpSn- IqSn-bXpw P\m-e-I-fp-≈-Xp-amWv Cu hoSp-Iƒ. ASp-°-fbpw InS-∏p-ap-dn- \n¿ΩmW coXnsb am‰n adn-®XmWv. ]gbXn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Dbcw Øp-I-fn¬\n∂pw \n¿Ωn®p \¬Ip∂ hoSp-Iƒ ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS Krl- s∏´ ImcWw hnhn[ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-I-fn¬\n∂pw {XnXe ]©m-b- ssht°m¬ ta™ H‰-apdnhoSp-I-fpsS C°me-am-b-t∏mtg°pw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn¬ hym]-I-ambn ImW-s∏- Cßs\ ´p-≈-Xv' Imen-°qSv sI´m≥ e`n® `qan-bn¬ s]c-sh®v IpSp-I-bmWv sNbvXn- t∏mƒ IpSn-bn¬ hoSp hbv°m≥ CS-an-√m-Xm-bn. ]Icw X߃°v thdn´v Xma-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. IqSmsX P\-kwJy s]cp-In-b- ßn. ]ns∂ IpSnep sI´n Xma-kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Aß-s\-bmWv \´p-≠m-°n-bm¬ F¥m-Wv. Aßs\ Hmtcm∂v \´p-≠m-°m≥ XpS- ]ns∂ Cu ]d-ºn¬ X\n°p kz¥-am-bn´v Fs¥-¶nepw XpS-ßn. I∂p-Im-en-°q-Sp-≠m-°m≥ ]dºv hoXwh®p sImSp-Øp. ImWp-∂-sXm-s°. Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°v I∂p-Im-en-Isf hoXwhbv°m≥ X-bpsS hoSp-Iƒ I≠v ]cn-N-bn-°m-\n-S-bm-bXpw Cu am‰-Øn\v Imc- '. hoXw h® ]d-ºp-I-fn-te-°p≈ amdn-Øm-akhpw AwK- o Sp-I-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-bn. o Sp-Ifpw ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ÿm\Øv C∂v HmSn´hoSp- ]gb hoSp-I-fpsS ØnIcwKØp≠mb G‰hpw {][m-\- Ip-∂-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. ∂Xpw ImWmw. CXv IpSn-I-fpsS XI¿®bv°pw Iq´mbvaPohnXw C√m-Xm- Iƒ apt∂m´phbv°p∂ Krl-\n¿ΩmWcoXn \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°p- Ch-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-ØpI e`n°pI-bp-≈q. AXp-sIm≠v hnhn[ GP≥kn- \n¿t±-in-°p∂ hen-∏-Ønepw LS-\-bn-ep-ap≈ hoSp-Iƒ ]Wn-Xm¬ am{Xta ∂Xv hoSp ]Wn-bp-∂-h-c-√. ]Icw \¬Ip∂ GP≥kn-I-fm-Wv. Ah¿ IpSn-bn¬\n∂v AI-∂p-t]m-Im≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-Xo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Xv. Cßs\ X߃°p e`n® `qan-bn¬ hoSp-h-bvt°≠n hcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Irjn `qan-bmWv hoXwh®v Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsS t]cn¬ Fgp-Xn-sIm-Sp-°p-∂- s]mXp-kz-Øm-b-Xp-sIm≠v ChnsS hoXwhbv∏v \S-°m-dn-√. AXp-sIm≠v fpsS t]cn-te°v ÿew Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. IpSn \ne-\n¬°p∂ `mKw °n√ `qan D≠m-bn-cn-°p-I. hoSv e`n-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n Imc-W-h-∑m¿ a°- CXn-\mbn ]´bw lmP-cm-°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw hy‡n-I-fpsS t]cn-em-bn-cn- ]-g\n (80) Ωm-WsØ Gsd kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. k¿°m¿ \S-∏m-°p∂ hnhn[ W-am-bn. {XnXe]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw BZn-hmkn hnI-k\hIp∏pw apJm-¥ncw Ign-™Xpw B[p-\nIkuI-cy-ß-tfmSpIqSnb hoSp-Iƒ ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v Imc- °p-dp-a-cpsS kmº-ØnI hf¿®bpw k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ß-fn¬ {]th-in-°m≥ CuSp\n¬°p∂ hoSp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v Chsc t{]cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ap≈- bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ A‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Iƒ FSp-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXpw Gsd°mew h∂n-cp-∂p. \n¿ΩmWkma-{Kn-I-fpsS Zu¿e-`yhpw Bh¿Ø-\-sN-ehpw ka- Cßs\ e`n-°p∂ hoSp-I-fpsS hen-∏hpw LS-\bpw Xocp-am-\n-°p- Cßs\ e`n-°p∂ hoSp-Iƒ ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v kz¥w ÿew thWw. ]gb hoSp-IfpsS ta¬°qc h¿jw-tXmdpw ]pXp°n∏Wn-tb≠n Xn-Iƒ h∂-t∏mƒ Hmtcm hoSp-Iƒ ]WnXp Xcm≥ XpS-ßn' hoSv ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂Xv {]bm-k-am-bn-cp∂p. k¿°m-cns‚ ]≤- t]mse C√n-sbm∂pw In´m-\n-√. Im´n¬\n∂v sh´m≥ Ign-bn-√. hoSv ]Wn-b-W-sa∂v tXm∂n. HmSv ta™ s]c ]Wn-Xp. ]g-b- " " XXv' HmSn´ h sIm≠v ]pc-ta-bm-\p≈ ssht°mev Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv "]pXnb kaq-l-Øns‚ hoSpw s]c-bp-sams° I≠-t∏mƒ \√ "1972˛emWv C ' o Sv ]Wn-X-Xv... sN´n-am-cpsS hoSp t]mse-bmWv CXv ]Wn- u hoSv FSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. hbev Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xp- `h\]≤-Xn-Ifpw ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS h tIi-h≥ (60) ]d-bp-∂Xp- t\m°p-I: _nPp sI. o Sp '. \n¿

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 44 TAPASAM, 2010 July (40)]d-™-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. bØv ap≥ {]kn-U≠pw ]m°wIpSn-bnse Xma-k-°m-cn-bp-amb ktcm-Pn\n k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-I-fn¬\nt∂m In´m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠mW.v ]pev]≈n ]©m- Xmev]cyw sIm≠-√. hoSp ]Wn-bm-\p≈ klmbw ]©m-b-Øn¬\nt∂m Nne IpSn-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. Ch \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv hy‡n-]-c-amb ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw Cßs\bmWv: aIt\msSm∏w Ignbp∂ hmtIcn I√q¿IpSnbnse am[hn (70) ]d™Xv In´m-dn-s√∂pw Ah¿ ]d-™p. Ct∏mgpw ]gbamXrIbnep≈ H‰apdnho´n¬ Cß-s\-bm-Wv: S-bn-ep-≠v. AØcw Bfp-Isf°pdn®v Bth-Z-I¿ \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ IS∂phcm\pw ap≈-°p-dp-a¿°v Ign-™n´p-≠v. hoSp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m\pw s]mXpkaq-l-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI[mc-bn-te°v sNøp∂p. h¿j-߃°p apºpXs∂ kz¥-ambn B[p-\nIcoXn-bn-ep≈ Ch¿ AdnbpIbpw AXv kwLSn∏n°p∂Xn¬ XmXv]cyw ImWn°pIbpw \n¬°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ ]≤-Xn-Isf Ipdn®p≈ hnhcw ÿew D≈ BZn-hmkn hn`m-K-߃ Ch-cm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk]-c-ambn Db¿∂p b-]¶pw e`n-°p-∂Xv Ipdn-Ny¿°pw Ipdp-a¿°p-am-Wv. ImcWw kz¥-ambn h¿jhpw \o°nhbv°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ sNe-h-gn-°-s∏-Sp∂ XpI-bn¬ Gdn- ]´nIh¿§-t£-a-Øn-\pw `h\]≤-Xn-Iƒ°p-ambn h≥XpI-I-fmWv Hmtcm ∂m-{K-ln-°p∂ IpSn-aq-∏≥am-cmb Imc-W-h-∑mcpw D≠v. ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-sfms° ]gb amXr-I-bn¬ ssht°m¬ ta™-ho-Sp-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw Npcp°w HmSn´ hoSp-Iƒ AXym-h-iy-am-sW∂pw ]g-b-t]mse tabm≥ I®n Cu am‰sØ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bmØ Bfp-Ifpw ap≈-°p-dp-a¿°n- {XnX-e-]-©m-b-Øp-Ifpw BZn-hmkn hnI-k\hIp∏pw Pn√-bn¬ ]mc-ºcyhnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¿Ø-W-sa- Ct∏mgpw Cßs\ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv' \n∂v F√m-h¿°pw hoSp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmØXpsIm-≠mWv " ]mkmbn. Ch\p°v am{Xw ]mkmbn√.' " " Im¿t∂m-∑m¿°v.' hoSp amdn Xma-kn-®m¬ acn®pt]mIp-sa∂ hnizm-k-am-bn-cp∂p amdn Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v A—\pw AΩbv°pw FXn¿∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. "C "[mcmfw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp≈ {]tZ-i-amWv ]m°w. ]©m-b-Øn¬ "hoSv In´mØXpsIm≠mWv hoSv \∂m°mØXv. F√mh¿°pw u tImf-\n-bn¬ BZy-ambn amdnØma-kn-°p-∂Xv Rm\m-Wv. hoSp- ' \m-cm-b-W≥ (60). ' ' bXns\ _‘-s∏´ sFX kv{Xo˛-]p-cpjÿm\w s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa kv{XoI-fpsS ao≥tIm-c-ens‚ D ßn-b-h-bmWv ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS IpSnk¶-ev]sØ am‰nadn-®-Xv. kzm[o-\w, k¿°m¿˛k¿°m-dn-Xc GP≥kn-I-fpsS `h\]≤-Xn-Iƒ XpS- Bhn¿`mhw, AXneqsSbp≠mb kmº-ØnI hf¿®, s]mXpkaq-l-Øns‚ Cu am‰w Ffp-∏-am-Wv. B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-kw, kzImcykzØns‚ GsX-¶nepw GP≥knbn¬\n∂v kuP-\y-ambn hoSv e`n-°p-∂XpsIm≠pw Xma-kn-°m≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw D≈-Xp-sIm≠pw Iƒ hne-t∏m-Im-dn-√. `qcn-]£w sNdp-∏-°mcpw IpSn-bn¬\n∂v amdn hoSph®p \ne-\n-dp-Øm-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ Imc-W-h-∑m-cp-s≠-¶nepw Ah-cpsS FXn¿∏p- ´¿°p Ign-bm-ØXmWv Imc-W-w. tKm{XkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Iq´mbvamPohnXw tKm{XkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-I-fn¬\n∂v ]q¿Æ-ambpw ap‡-cm-Im≥ C°q- sNdpØp\n¬°p∂ Imc-Wh-∑m-scbpw Bfp-I-sfbpw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. hm°p-Iƒ sb-t∏m-se-bmWv Imc-W-h-∑m¿ I≠n-cp-∂-sX∂ cp‹Wn kp{_-“-Wys‚ \n¬°p-∂Xv ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. ߃ XpSßn Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hs´√m taJ-e-bnepw ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xyw \ne- S-\-bnepw tI{µ-ÿm-\Øv ]pcp-j≥am-cm-Wv. BtLm-j-߃, A\p-jvTm-\- ÿm\tam ]Z-hntbm D≈-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. IpSpw-_-Ønepw A[n-Im-c-L- “-Wy≥ (33) ]d-™-Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv. am‰-tØmSv ]pdwXncn™v \n¬°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-ambn cp‹nWn kp{_- Xs‚ Ime-tijw aXn-sb∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-cmWv ]e IpSn-aq-∏≥amcpw. Ah¿ Hcp `mKØv henb am‰-߃ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒXs∂ AXn-s\-Xnsc IpSn-I-fn-te°v hnhmlw Ign®p sIm≠phcp∂ kv{XoIsf HcSn-a- ap≈°p-dp-asc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿°v Xpey-amb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v. X¿°-ap- ∂p. \mbm-´n\v s]Æp-ßfv t]mbn°gn™v Hcp Znhkw " ∏≥∑m¿ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv.' Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw kw`-hn°pw F∂ hnizm-k-amWv IpSn-aq- hn°pw F∂ hnizm-k-am-Wp-≈-Xv. ssZhw tIm]n-°pw, IpSpw-_- " "]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂pw amdn-bm¬ Fs¥m-s°tbm Zpc-¥-߃ kw`- "\mbm-´n\v ]≠v, ]g-b-Im-e-ßfnev s]Æp-ßfv t]mIp-am-bn-cp- , Ch¿°n-S-bn n ≠m-bn. X¿°-ap-≠m-bXv s]Æp-߃°v Hcv Fd®n, Hcp lyw ap≈-°p-dpakv{XoIsf kmaq-ln-I-ambn XcwXm se \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-sØ-bmWv shfn- ' ev] _nPp sI. Øn-bp-ambn gv -Øn-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 46 TAPASAM, 2010 July ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw Ch¿ Icp-Xp-∂-Xmbn ®m¬ `mcy Cdßnt∏mI-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. ap≈°pdpa¿°nSbn¬ \S∏p≠mbncp∂p. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ `¿Ømhv acn- kv{XoIfpsS AkvXnXzsØØs∂ tNmZywsNøp∂ Hcp BNmchpw Ip´n-Isf hf¿Ø-ep-amWv s]mXpth kv{XoI-fpsS sXmgnse∂v ImWmw. Wv. sXmgn¬taJ-e-bnepw Cu hn`-P\w ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Krl-tPm-enbpw \n-[y-an-√. ChnsS kv{XoIƒ ImgvN-°mcpw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ \S-Øn-∏p-Im-cp-am- fmb h´-°-fn, tIm¬°-fn, IY-]-d-b¬ Ch-bn-sem∂pw kv{XoIƒ°v {]mXn- ap≥Im-eØv ]pcp-j\v Xpey-amb ÿm\w kv{Xo°pw D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v ]ns∂ ao≥ tImcm≥ hnSpw' {]iv\-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xn\p tijw s]Æp-ßsf \mbm-´n\v hn´n-√. Aº-e-h-b-en-\-SpØv I√mbnt∏mbXv ]md-∏p-dØv C∏gpw ImWmw. \n¿Øn. ]ns∂ BWp-ß-fmWv \mbm-´n\p t]mIp-∂-Xv. N´-I-∏md sFXo-ly-ßfv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. A∏ A∂p-sIm-≠v B ]cn-]mSn ™∏ -A-ßs\ Iq´n-bn-cn-°p∂ Fd®n apgp≥ I√mbn t]mbn. f- Imem. Hcp- hm°v ]d™m hm°m. Chcv XΩnev {]iv\-ambn°gn- Hmlcn ths √. A∏w F\n°v Fs‚ hb-d-dnepw Ip™p-ß-fp-≠v. F\n°pw bp≠v. Aßs\ Hcp ]p≈n-°m-c- F\n°v Hmtcm-l-cn- Iq-Sp-Xev thWw. F\n°pw ]nt≈-scms° cn-bn´v Ign-bpºw Ch-¿°v {]iv\-am-bn. -A∏ Hc-Øn- ]-d™p h-°pw. _m°n sIm≠v j-\nev sIm∂ Bƒ°v AXns‚ Xebpw Hcp ßfv XΩnev Hml-cn-h®v BWp-ßfv Hmlcnsh°p∂ AtX I≠o- arKw In´n.- h-I-sfms° Hcv BNm-cm. C∏ AXn-s\ms° F{Xtbm am‰w h∂v. C∏w hn[- Ipdp-am´n Fdßn t]mIpbm. ]mc-º-cym-bn´v sIm≠v \S-°p∂ Nm-cm-Wv. `¿Ømhv ]e acn-®mev... ]ns∂ Ipdp-a≥ NØv Ign™m ßn-t∏m-Ip-Ibm, ho´nev \n°n-√. ]≠v t]mepw Aß-s\-sbm-cm- ]ns∂ A∏\pw AΩbpw Ahsf kwc-£n-t®m-fpw. Ahcv Fd- ∂-X-√. hn[-h-Ifv Ahsf ho´n-te-°ßv t]mIpw. Bßf AsXms° C∏ Xosc C√. H´pw hn[-h-Isf H∂pw sNøp- ¶nepw acn®v... NØv Ign™m Fdßn t]msWmcp kz`m-h-≠v. " Xs∂. Ipdp-as‚ h "]s≠ms° F{X- a-°-fp-s≠-¶nepw \me©v a°-sfms° Ds≠- ]∂n at‰arKw Ft¥m-In-´n. In´n-°-gn-™∏w s]Æp- W Ah-cpsS ho´n Xs∂. A\p-am-\n-°mw. ∂v ]d™v Aßs\ {]iv\-ambn A∂v kXy-ap-f- o ´n Xs∂ \n°p-s∂ F√m-h¿°pw Hml-cn-bn-Spw. F∂n´v Hml- '. sN-dp-a≥ (43). ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS hnt\m-tZm-]-m-[-n-I- -Øn-]-d™p B AsXm∂pw ]‰n- IeymWw Ign®p sImSpØ ho´n . C∏ Aßs\ Ct√ C√. sImdIpw FSp-Øp- a¿ Ct∏mƒ kv{Xo[\w tNmZn®p XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. sNbvXXv. ap≥]v s]¨]Ww sImSpØv hnhmlw Ign-®n-cp∂ ap≈-°p-dp- fpsS kmaq-lnI]Z-hn- Db-cp-I-b√ ]Icw AhcpsS ÿm\w Xmgp-I-bm-Wv NmcnI hnZym`ymkØn¬ kv{XoIƒ D≠mbncp∂n√. ap≈-°p-dp-a kv{XoI- \-bmWv CXv. ]gb BNm-csØ apgp-h-\mbn Xncp-Øm≥ Ign-™n-´n-√ F∂-Xns‚ kqN- s≠-¶nepw Xosc sNdnb Ip´n-I-fp-≈-h¿ B BNmcw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-∂p-≠v. `¿Ømhv acn® kv{XoIƒ kz¥w ho´n-te°p t]mIm-dn-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂p- `¿Øm-hn-eqsS am{Xta \ne-\n¿Øm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q F∂mWv. C∂v A[n-Im-cw, Ah-Imiw Ch-sbms° `¿Øm-hn-eqsS t\Sp-∂-Xm-Wv, AXv sXmgn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v. DZm: °pdn®p≈ ck-I-c-ß-fmb ]pcmhrØ߃ ap≈°pdpa¿°nSbn¬ XpSßnbhbmWv kv{XoIfpsS sXmgn¬. X߃ I¿jIcmbXns\ sXmgn¬. sImbvØv, KrltPmenIƒ, Ip´nIsf hf¿Ø¬, ao≥tImc¬ ∂p. Irjn, \mbm-´v, ImenIsf hf¿Ø¬, Ch-bm-bn-cp∂p ]pcp-j≥amcpsS ambn P≥an°v \evI-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Iognse IpSn-bm≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿. Dev]-∂-Øns‚ Hcp hnlnXw ]m´- F∂n-h-bmWv apJy-ambpw Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Hcn-°¬ P≥an-I-fpsS ap≈°pdpa¿°nSbn¬ ]mcºcyambn \SØnt∏m∂ncp∂ A\u] CusbmcmNmcw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv IpSpw-_-Øn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS ÿm\w, kv{Xo-]p-cp-j≥am¿°v {]tXy-I-ambn sXmgn¬ hn`-Pn®p \¬In-bn-cp- Irjn-bmWv apf-f-°p-dp-a-cpsS apJysXmgn¬. s\√v, Nma, apØm-cn, " Xncn-®mWv ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]q´m-\m-bn´v Xncn®p ]nSn-®mev CXm- ffn ]q-´n-sIm≠vcp∂∏w, Ducm-fnbmWv Imf-∏q-´n-s°m≠vcp∂∏w, ]p- Hcp Znhkw sIm´ -hn°m≥ t]mIp-hm-Wv. A∏w Cu ]pffn Imf- sIm´bpw sImΩbpw apdshms° Cßs\ D≠m°n \S°vIbmWv. Irjn-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Rßfv Irjn-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu Xmbn Ign-bpºw A∏s‚ IpSn-bn-te°v hcn-Ibm' ]ns∂ s]bv Ah-cpsS kz¥w ho´nev s]øv \n∂v sa∂v s ]ns∂ sNdnb ]n©v a°-fm-sW¶n sImsd-sbms° F¥v sNøp- "D ucm-fn-amcpw Rßfpw BWv ]≠v D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. D sIm´-sbm-≠m-°n-s°m≠v \S-∂∏w, ]pf-fn-t\m-°pºw Ie∏ h®m \mev A©v amkw {]mb-amb a°-sbm-s°-bm-sW¶n ' im-cZ (43). _nPp sI. a°fv hep- ucm-fn-amcv

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 48 TAPASAM, 2010 July ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw amdnbXns\°pdn®v tIih≥ (55) ]d™Xv Cßs\bmWv. CXp hfsc t\csØ kw`-hn-®-Xm-Wv. P∑namcpsS ]m´Irjn°mcmbn Xocp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu am‰w GXp ImeØp kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v hy‡a√. ep-Iƒ ]e¿°pw \jvS-s∏-´p. {ItaW Ch¿ P∑n-I-fpsS ]m´-Irjn°mcmbn hnX®m¬ hnfbns√∂ hnizmkwaqeambncp∂p. Bh¿Ø\Irjn \SØmXncp∂Xv Hcn°¬ hnX® aÆn¬ ho≠pw sh´nsØfn®v XobnSpw. Cßs\ Hcp°nb aÆn¬ hnØp hnXbv°pw. ho≠pw IrjnsNøp∂ ]Xnhv C√mbn-cp-∂p. ]Icw thsd ImSv °pItbm h\Øn¬\n∂v tiJcn°pItbm sNbvXncp∂p. \ntXym]tbmKØn\p≈ ]®°dnIƒ kz¥ambn Irjn sNbvXp≠m Irjn°pw ho´mhiyØn\pambn I∂pImenIsfbpw hf¿Ønbncp∂p. sh‰nebpw ]pIbnebpw Ch¿ kz¥ambn IrjnsNbvXv D≠m°nbncp∂p. Nmchpw NmWIhpambncp∂p hfw. CtXm-sSm∏w apdp°m\mhiyamb Ip´nshfnb≥, sNs∂√v, K‘Iime XpSßnbhbmbncp∂p hnX®ncp∂Xv. s\¬hnØpIƒ Ch¿ D]tbmKn®ncp∂p. ASp°≥, sXm≠n, tNmame, Xn\bpw apØmcnbpw. hben¬ s\√pw Irjn sNbvXncp∂p. hnhn[bn\w ]n∂oSp kml-N-cy-Øn\p am‰w h∂p. kz¥-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ hb- IrjncoXn ]p\wIrjnbmWv. Ch¿ Hcn°¬ IrjnsNbvX aÆn¬ apf¶mSv sh´nsØfn®v IrjnsNøpIbmbncp∂p ]Xnhv. ]pXpaÆn¬ °m-cp-ambn. Aßs\sbms°bm ]d-bp-∂Xv.' a‰hcv sIm´bpw a‰pw D≠m°n Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Rßfv Irjn- Aßs\ Ducm-fn- sIm-´bpw sIm≠v t]m-bn. ]pf-fn-Im-fbpw ]q´n. Ie-∏bpw Imfbpw sImSp-Øv. \osIm-´-sb-Sp-tØm∂v ]d™v... F∂m Hcp Imcyw sNøv \o ]q´n-t°m F∂v ]d™v ]pf-fn°v Ip- .... Cßs\ h∂v´v apØß... h∂v´v... ta∏mSn, AhcvsS Iognembn. ]n∂ _mheos‚ C{]tØ°v Cßs\ h∂v Rßfv ]\acw s]mgbv°°sc ap≈°pdpacn√t√m. Aßs\ Aßs\ t]mbv´v sF¥s‚ `cWØn≥ Iognembn. AXvsIm≠v sF¥≥ cmPmhv∂v ]dbW cmPmhv ]\acw s]mtg‚°sc Aºehbev AXv Cu cmPmhns‚ Iognembn. t]mseXs∂ h∂p. Aßs\ tccm∂v ]dbp∂ cmPmhv Cßs\ h∂v´v \ΩsS D≠m°ms\m∂pw Ign™n√. ]e ImeØv cmPm°∑mcv " "thShwiw XI¿∂p t]mbn. ]ns∂ Ah¿°v sk‰∏v tam. ]pf-fn-]-d™v \o F¥v ]q´m Cu... Cßs\ ]q´p∂Xv? ' -sN-dp-a≥ (43) ‘n®p ]d™ Bth-Z-I¿°pw Adn-bp-I-bp-f-fq. P∑nI-fpsS Iognse ]m´-Irjn°mcmbncp-∂p-sh∂p am{Xta CXp kw_- °p-dp-asc P∑n-I-fpsS Iognse IqSn-bm-∑m-cmbn am‰n-bn-´p-≠m-hp-I. X߃ s∏-´ PmXnhyhÿnXnbpw tZhkzØns‚ cq]s∏Sepambncn°Ww apf-f- ∑m-cpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-embn ∂p.~t am{Xw sXfn-hn-√msX tijn-°p-∂p. H. sI. tPmWn Cßs\ ]d-bp- sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. P∑n-Iƒ Fßs\ GXp ImeØv `qhp-S-a-I-fmbn F∂-Xp- apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ F∂ bmYm¿∞y-amWv Bth-Z-I-cpsS hm°p-I-fn¬\n∂pw Km{Xdn∏-ªn°mbn Ign-™n-cp∂ hb-\mSv {ItaW tIm´bw cmPm-°- Hcp]t£, s]cp-amƒhmgvN-bpsS ]n≥]Ip-Xn-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]- P∑n-am-cpsS ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ `qan-bnse ]m´-Irjn°mcm-bn-cp∂p " bv°p-∂p hnt√-Pnev' cp∂p ÿew. k¿°m¿ h∂∏w P∑n-Øm\w hn´v C∏w \nIpXnbS- " ∂p. Rß ]m´-Øn\v Irjn- sN-øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Htc{I°v Fs¥-¶nepw [n°m-c-]-c-am-bn´v ]d-™mepw X√pw' s\s¥-¶nepw hogvN-h-cp-Ønbm I∂n-®q-cens‚ hSn-sb-SpØv X√pw. tbm, K‘-I-ime Acn CsXms° P≥an°v sImSp-°-Ww. AXn- P≥an-°v sIm-Sp-°-Ww. ]ip-hn≥s\øv Hcp- Ip-∏n-tbm c≠vIp-∏n- " Nq-®≥, (80). sImSp- ]d s\√mbncp∂p ]m´w. C∏w CsXms° Rß-sS-bmWv. ]m´w Rß°v ]m´Øn\v Xcv∂p.' kz¥am°v∂p. hotc{µIpamdv, ]qXmSn \ºymcv, Ahscms° ap≥Xeapd C{X G°dv F∂p ]d™v ÿew Xcv∂p. hotc{µIpamdns\t∏mep≈ Bƒ°mcv, AhcvsS P∑namcv ]m´Øn\v FSv°p∂p. B ÿew Rß°v h∂p. Ahcv ÿew Hs° ]nSn®S°p∂p, AhcvsS ASvØv∂pw ]m´w Ah¿°v sImSptØm≠v Ign™pt]m∂p. {_n´ojvImcv IpdnNycvsS A≠dvembn. ]ns∂ P∑namcpsS Iognembn. icn°pw cmPmhns‚ IS∂pIb‰tØmsS ]\acw s]mgbv°{∏Øv Iev]‰ Cßs\ sImtd taJebn¬ am{Xw HXpßn. ]g»n "C "]≠v ]m´ I≠-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ Irjn, ]qXmSn \ºym-cp-tS-Xm-bn- "]m´-am-bn´v ]pev]m-b, I¿°-S-I-t°m-gn, Hcmfv°v c≠v tImgnh®v u hbev 28 G{I-bmW,v hotc{µIpam-dns‚ A—s‚bmbn-cp- °m-dn-√. ]Icw hnt√-Pnev \nIpXn sI´p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.' . C°m-e-ØmWv BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-L-S- ' tI-ih≥, (60). ' ' ]-g\n, (75). _nPp sI. 25 '

49

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 50 TAPASAM, 2010 July amb kmº-Øn-I-ti-jnbpw A°m-eØv At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. fm-bn-cp∂p ]g-\n. ØnItijn-bp- ∂-Xv. P∑n-am-cpsS Iognse ]m´-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ Db¿∂ kmº- cp∂p apf-f-°p-dp-a¿. hb¬Irjn°p am{X-am-bn-cp∂p ]m´w CuSm-°n-bn-cp- °p-dp-a¿°v C°m-eØv `qan \jvS-s∏-Sm-\nSbmb Imc-W-߃ ]e-Xm-Wv. h-bepw P∑n-I-fn¬\n∂v IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ hne-bv°p -hm-ßn. Cßs\ apf-f- Irjn`qan ]e¿°pw \jvS-s∏-´p. apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ Irjn sNbvXn-cp∂ ImSpw thmsSbmWv. IpSn-tb-‰-tØmsS apf-f-°p-dp-a-cpsS ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ amdp-∂-Xp- Im-Wmw. Cu am‰-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS IS-∂p-h-c- ∏n-®-Xv. bn-cp-∂p. cp-‹Wn kp{_-“-Wy≥ (33) F∂ Bth-ZI C°mcy-amWp kqNn- Irjn-sN-øm\pw kz¥-ambn XpS-ßn. `qan Ah¿°v ]Xn®p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ kz¥w ÿeØv `q]-cn-jvI-cWw \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw apf-f-°p-dp-a-cpsS ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ `cWkwhn-[m\w \ne-hn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ P∑nØw \ntcm-[n-®p.- k¿°m¿ cp∂p hb-\m-´nse `qan-b-{X-bpw. B[p-\nIImeØv ]pXnb P\m-[n-]Xy Ccp-]Xv kº-∂-cmb tZhkzw A[n-Im-cn-I-fmb P∑nI-fpsS Iogn-em-bn- IpSn-tb‰w \-bn¬ am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. `qan-bpsS DS-b≥am-cmbn tZihm-gn-Ifm ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw ´p ( amdn {ItaW BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ ASn-a-I-fpsS \ne-bn-te°v Xcw XmgvØ-s∏- 2006: ]m´-Ir-jn-°m-cmbpw A√m-sXbpw Irjn-sNbvXpt]m∂n-´p-ffhcm-bn- CØc-samcp Im¿jnIPohn-X-Øn¬\n∂v apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ hfsc thKw Gsd-°m-e-ambn P∑n-I-fpsS IpSn-bm-∑mc√mØ apf-f-°p-dp-acpw D≠m- ]qXmSn \ºym¿, Iq∏-tØmSv \mb¿, ]pd-°mSn \ºym¿ XpSßn

kz¥w -t]- t°-≠-Xn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. C∏w \nIpXn sImSp-°p-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw Xm-Wv. P∑n-am-cpsS ÿe-sam∂pw Bbn-cp-∂n-√. ]m´-sam∂pw sImSp- " ÿew hmßn Ctßm´v t]m∂n-´p-f-fXv' `mKwh®m¬ A\n-b-∑m¿°v D≠m-hp-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv bm-bn-cp∂p G{I°v. " "ChnsS ImWp∂ ÿe-sams° ]≠v ImSv sh´n-sX-fn®v FSp-Ø- "_n.-_n.-Un.-kn. Iº-\n-bpsS ]tØ-°¿ ImSv hmßn. 1500 cq]- 71˛ 3 ). f-f-hcpw apf-f-°p-dp-acn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AØ-c-Øn-ep-ff Hcm- ]tØ-°¿ ÿew hne sImSpØphmßm≥ ]cym-]vX- -cn¬ ÿe-ap-≠v.' 1971 emWv Cu kYew hmßn-b-Xv. Xd-hmSv ' ' ]g-\n, (75). b \mb∑m¿ √m-Xmbn Xo¿∂p. °qdpw kzm`m-hn-I-Xbpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn.- `-£-W-Øn-\p-t]mepw ]gb kzmZn- hp-ßv, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv XpS-ßn-bh hnf-bm≥ XpS-ßn. CX-h-cpsS aÆns‚ hf- sNbvXp. Aßs\ apf-f-°p-dp-a-cpsS ]d-ºp-I-fnepw C©n, I∏,- sX-ßv,- I- coXn-Iƒ I≠p]Tn®v AØcw hnf-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øm≥ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw apØm-cnbpw Xn\bpw Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]Icw IpSn-tb-‰°m-cpsS Irjn cmbnØo¿∂p. ]p\wIrjn- C√mXmbXv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ah-ti-jn® `qan-bn¬ Bh¿Ø\°rjn-sN-øm≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X- Irjn`qan \jvS-s∏-Sp-I-tbm ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXp. X∑qew ssIhiw \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS hym]-\-tØmsS apf-f-°p-dp-a-cpsS (65) hnhcn°p∂Xv. X´n-sb-SpØ kw`-h-ßfpw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. AØ-c-sam-cp-\p-`-h-am-Wv cma≥ i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Irjn`qan- \-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-ff Imc-Ww. Ah¿°p I-gn-™n√. CXm-bncn-°Ww P∑n-Ø-Im-eØv Xß-fpsS ssIh- s√∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. X∑qew Hcn-SØv ÿnc-ambn Xma-kn-°m\pw A°m-eØv ]p\wIrjn-bmWv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Bh¿Ø\Irjn ]mSn- Cßs\ NXn-bn-eqsS `qan \jvS-s∏´v kmº-ØnIambn XI¿∂-hcpw IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cmbn h∂h¿ ]e-hn-[-Ønepw apf-f°p-dp-a-cpsS ÿew \m´vImcv h∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-amW.v Xn∂m-s\m-ff km[-\-ß-sfms° \´p≠m°pImcv∂v. Hs° \Spw. Ic-taev I¿Ø≥ shX-°p-∂-Xv " NmZv C√' I-fmbn. Cw•ojv hfw CS-pI-sIm≠v I™n°pw tNmdv°pw ]fb \mßfpw sIm≠p-h∂v ]nSn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. C∏ ]pXnb hnØp- P\-k-aqlw h∂-t∏m- ]p-d-ta-bp-ff Bfp-Ifv Irjn-sN-øp-∂- I≠v ]ns∂ Im∏n-bmbn sImSn-bm-bn, ]fb Irjn-sbms° C√m-≠mbn, sN-øpw. tXm´-Øn¬ ]nSn-°n-√, ]n∂oSv ]qf-Ir-jn-bm-bn, am‰w h∂v Im-Ø-Xv. ]ns∂ h\-a-t√,- C-√n-sbm-s° sh´n-Np´v ]m≠n Irjn- " t]mb-XmWv.' ]I-c-ambn \ns‚ I≠w Xt∂-°m≥ ]dbpw. Aßs\sbms° t®m-≠v. ]ns∂ _l-f-sam-s°-bp-≠m-°pw. hmßnb ]W-Øn\v tNmZn®m A©v X∂v, c-≠c tNZn-®mev H∂c Aßs\ ]‰n- X-√. tN´-∑mcv ]‰n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv. Nmcmbw X∂v ]Øv Ddp-∏nI " "]≠v s\√p-≠m-°pw apØm-dn-sh-Xbv°pw. sht‰w s]mebntew "I∏, tN\, tNºv Hs°-sIm-≠mWv apØm-dn-bpw Idp-Ø-\pw D≠m- "F\n°v 15 G°¿ ÿe-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AsXms° hn‰pt]mb- ' tI-i-h≥ (60). ' _nPp sI.

51

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 52 TAPASAM, 2010 July bXpw ]mc-ºcyIrjn Dt]-£n-°m≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. kuIcy-߃ h¿≤n-®p. Xß-fpsS Dev]-∂-߃ hn‰-gn-°m≥ hn]Wn D≠m- Ah¿°p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. IqSmsX IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS hc-thmsS hn]W\ \nd-th‰p-∂-Xn\v ]mcºcyIrjn-sIm≠v XnI-bn-s√∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ IrjncoXn-Iƒ I≠-Xn\ptijamWv. h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ kmº-Øn-Im-h-iy-߃ \mWyhnf-Iƒ IrjnsNøm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv apJy-ambpw IpSn-tb‰-°m-cpsS °p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ ]mc-º-cy Irjnco-Xn-Iƒ Dt]-£n®v cn-°m\pw ]W-ap-≠m-°m\pw apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ {ian-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ hnP-bn- bvXv IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿ ]W-ap-≠m-°p-∂p. AXp I≠-t∏mƒ B coXn A\p-I- AtXmsS ]gb hnØn-\-߃ XpS-®p-am-‰-s∏-´p. \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn-sN- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. s]mXpkaq-l- s]mXpkaq-ltØmSv- _‘-s∏´p Pohn-t°≠ Bh-iyhpw Ch¿°v A[nIw ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ km-aq-l-n-I-am-tbm hym-]m-c-]-c-amtbm ambn hmßn kq£n-°pw. ]Xn-hv. Hcp h¿j-tØ-°m-h-iy-ambX{Xbpw Im∏n-°p-cp-sIm-SpØv ]I-c- am{Xw hcp∂ I¿ÆmSI°m-cmb I®-h-S-°m-cn¬\n∂p hmßp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p \n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. D∏pw h-kv{Xhpw a‰v AhiyhkvXp°fpw B≠n-sem-cn-°¬ ߃sIm≠p \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p. kzm{ib]q¿Æ-amb Pohn-X-am-bn-cp∂p \ne- D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Km¿ln-Im-h-iy-ß-sf√mw kz¥-ambn Dev]m-Zn-∏n® Dev]-∂- Zn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. `£y-hn-`-h-߃ Irjn-sN-bvXpw h\-Øn¬\n∂p tiJ-cn®pw X-am-bn-cp∂p. D∏pw h-kv{X-hp-sam-gnsI as‰√mw Ah¿ kz¥-ambn Dev]m- kmº-ØnI Pohn-Xw ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw Sp-Øn-bp-ff kmº- hStI{µ-߃ hym]-I-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AtXmsSbmWv ]WsØ ASn-ÿm hn-f-Iƒ Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS hc-thmsS ]pXnb hnØn-\-߃ IS-∂p-h-∂p. IpSn-Iƒ kzbw]cym]vXam-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kmº-Øn-Im-h-iy-߃ ASp-Ø-Imewhsc apff°pdp-a-cpsS kmº-Øn-Im-h-iy-߃ ]cn-an- A∂v IrjnsNbvXn-cp-∂p. C∂v CØcw Irjn-sbm-∂p-an√' sNøm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.' h∂v Irjn-sN-øp-∂Xv I≠pw tI´p-sams°bmWv Rm≥ Irjn ≠v. ]Xn-\©v, ]Xn-\m-dv In‚ev apfIv hsc ]d-®n-´p-≠v. tN´-∑mcv eØv Ipcp-ap-f-ImWv Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xv. \√ hnfhv D≠m-bn-´p- " (60). "F\n°v Htc{I hb-epw, Ic-ÿ-e-hp-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. Ic-ÿ- ØnIPohnXw apf-f-°p-dp-a¿ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Øn¬\n∂ ' \mcmbW≥ (65). IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cpsS hc-thm-sS-bmWp I®- v AI∂p Ign-™n-cp∂ Ch¿ \mWy- ' -cm-a≥ -\-s∏- amWv t]meo-kp-Im-c-\mb kptc-{µ-\p-f-f-Xv. sØm-gn¬ apX¬ k¿°m¿ tPmen-hsc CXn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Cu A`n-{]m-b- Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p F∂mWn-Xn-\¿∞w. ImWmw. kmaq-lnIPohn-X-Øn¬ ]W-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw ap≈°p-dp-a¿ s∏SpØnbp≈ kmº-ØnIPohn-X-amWv ap≈°p-dp-a¿ \bn-°p-∂-sX∂pw XpS-ßnb \ntXym-]-tbmKhkvXp-°ƒ hmßp-∂p. ]WsØ ASn-ÿm-\- I-tfmSmWv Ch¿°p {]nbw, Ch hn‰p-In-´p∂ ]Ww-sIm≠v Acn,- D-∏v apJy-ambpw Im∏n, Ipcp-ap-fIv, C©n, hmg, sXßv, Ihp-ßv F∂o \mWyhnf- apt∂m´psIm≠p-t]m-bn. f-ambn k¿°m¿ k¿∆o-kn¬ {]th-in-®Xpw kmº-ØnI \ne-hm-csØ G¿s∏-SpIbpw sNbvXn´p-≠v. hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-ambn Db¿® t\Sn-b-h¿ [mcm- ]mc-º-cy-amb sXmgn-ep-t]-£n®v hnhn-[-ß-fmb addp sXmgn-ep-Ifn¬ \-\p-k-cn®v ]W-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\mbn hmWn-Py-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øp-Ibpw _m[n-®p. ap≥ImesØ°mfp-]cn Pohn-Xm-h-iy-߃ h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw AXn- ´n¬ hmWnPyhnf-Iƒ hym]n-®Xpw ap-≈°p-dp-a-cpsS kmº-ØnIPohn-XsØ bm-Xm-bXpw kzm{ibXzØn-eq-∂nb PohnXmhÿ C√m-Xm-bXpw hb-\m- fpsS ssIh-i-ap-ff `qan-bn¬\n∂p-ff hcp-am-\w-sIm≠p Pohn-°m≥ Ign- ssIh-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ \ne-߃ IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿°p hn‰p-t]m-bXpw X-ß- s∏´Xmbn-cp∂p ap≈°p-dp-a-cpsS PohnXw F∂p ImWmw. P∑n-am-cpsS ImWmw.-h-cp-am-\-sØ-°m-fp-]cn ÿncwtPmen°v Ah¿ {]m[m\yw \¬Ip- tPmen-°mWv C∂sØ ap≈°p-dp-a¿ Gsd {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂-sX∂p B tPmen t\Sm\pw Ah¿ {]m]vX-cmbncn°p-∂p. ÿnc hcp-am-\-ap-ff iºfw In´p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp sXmgn¬ taJ-e-bm-Wn-sX∂p a\- n-em-°m\pw ImWmw. Iqen-∏-Wn-sb-°mƒ hcp-am-\-hpw ÿnc-X-bp-f-f-Xpw eohm-sW-¶nepw kmº-ØnIhf¿® km[y-am-bXv hnhn[ am¿§-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv. Iqen- C∂p `£y-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øp∂ ap≈°p-dp-a¿ hfsc Ipd-hmWv. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ P∑n-am-cpsS hb-ep-I-fnse ]m´-Ir-jn-bp-ambn _‘- ChnsS Pnhn-°m-\p-ff Hcp sXmgn¬ am{X-a√ k¿°m¿ tPmen-sb∂p √. sNdnb coXn-bn¬ Pohn-°m-\m-Ipw' Akp-J-am-bmepw iºfw In´pw. kmºØnI _p≤nap´p≠mIn- Iqen Ipd-®p-am-{Xta D≠m-Iq. Kh¨sa‚p tPmenbm-Ipºw \ap°v \n∂mev Iqen∏Wn am{X-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. AXpw h√-t∏mgpw am{Xw. kmº-ØnIw thW-a-t√m. AXpsIm≠o tPmen kzoI-cn-®p. ChnsS ∂p. t]meokvev ]Wn-In-´nb∏w AXn-\p -t]m-bn. Pohn-°m-\n∏w " "Pohn-°m≥ th≠o´v F¥p ]Wn-sb-Sp-°m\pw Xmev]-cy-am-bn-cp- ' _nPp sI.

53 - 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 54 TAPASAM, 2010 July Xv. ∂p-≠v. {io[-c≥ (42) F∂ Bth-Z-I≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv {i≤n°p-I. ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw °-Ww a‰p tPmen-Iƒ sNøm≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂p tXm∂p-∂p. e-bnse XI¿®, ÿnc-X-bn-√mØ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cn- Im¿jn-tI-Xc taJ-e-I-fn-te°p Xncn-™n-´p-f-f-Xv ImWmw. Im¿jnItaJ- D≠m-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. cn-°p-∂p.- ]p-cp- X߃°pw hg-ßp∂XmsW∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ ap≈°p-dp-a¿°p Ign-™n- t\´-ap-≠m-°m≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-™n-´p-s≠∂m hmWnPyhnf-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øm≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ kmº-ØnI Irjn BZm-b-I-c-am-sW-¶nepw C∂sØ sNdp-∏-°m¿ IqSp-Xepw amdp∂ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ sNØp-]-Wnbpw Bim-cn-∏-Wnbpw ]mc-º-cy-ambn sNbvXp-t]m-∂n-cp∂ Irjn Dt]-£n®v ]ecpw hb-epw,- c-t≠-°¿ Ic-`q-an-bp-ap≠v-v.' AS-°,- sX-ßv, hmg F∂nh Irjn -sN-øp-∂p-≠v. c≠c G°¿ ]qf-Ir-jn-bm-bn-. -I-∏-, -tN-\, -C-©n,- hm-\n-e, -Im-∏n,- Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv, " Rm≥ ]d-®n-´p-≠v.' fIv \√ BZm-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-\-©v, ]Xn-\mdv, In‚ev hsc " ]Wn- °m-∂m-W-t√m. Iqen]Wn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂∏w Cßs\sbmcp hm-ßp-I, PohnX am¿§-Øn-\p-th≠n F¥p sXmgnepw kzoI-cn- " Iqen]Wn°v ÿncXbp≠m-In-√.' c-t√, (25). C ap-≠-Xn-ev, k¿°m¿ tPmen In´m-\p-ff ]Tn-∏n-√. AXp-sIm≠v " IpSpw_w Ign-bp-∂p.' ≠v. ap- " "sNØp]Wn-tbmSv Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kmº-ØnIambn´v sa®- "sXmgn-en∏w jm∏nev \n°p-hm. Is≈SpØv sIm-Sp-°p-I, ss]k- "]≠v h\-a-s√, C√n-sbms° Np´v ]m≠n-Irjn sNøpw. ]n∂oSv "Htc{I hb-epw, Htc{I Ic-bpw, Ic-bn¬\n∂v Ipcp-ap- "C∏w samf-sIm∂pw C√. A∂∂sØ sNehv Ignbm≥ _p≤n- u tPmen°vt]mbn. Znh-kw ]Øv \q‰-ºXv In´pw' ´m-Wv. hb¬ Irjn-bp-≠v.- ]-d-ºnev BZm-b-Øn\v A©mdv Im∏n-bp- AXmWv BZm-bw. aI\v Bimcn∏Wn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v sNecv IpSn-®mev ss]k -X-cn-√. ]ns∂ ÿncw ]Wn-bm-Wv, In-´n. Cu ]Wn sa®-am-sW∂ A`n-{]mbw ] j≥am¿ am{X-a√ kv{XoIfpw Iqen-∏-Wn°p ]pdta hcp-am\w Xø¬, IpSpw-_{io bqWn-‰-pI-fnse {]h¿Ø\w apX- ' \m-cm-b-W≥ (60). ' tNm-¥≥ (65). ' ' tI-i-h≥ (60). W v Bth-Z-I¿ ]d-™n-´p-f-f- ‰- n-√. ]e Bƒ°m- ' P-\m¿±-\≥ 2006˛07:43 tImSn-cq-]-bm-Wv (]´nIh¿§ hnIk\ D]]≤Xn, hb\mSv Pn√m]©mbØv Ab¬°q-´-ß-fn-embn AwK-ß-fm-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-cpsS BsI kºmZyw ∏n-°p-∂-Xv AXm-Wv. B¿°p-an-s√∂p ]d-bmw. kn-‘p(26) F∂ Bth-ZI-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ kqNn- em-b-h-bn-eqsS kv{X lnIhf¿®bpw {][m-\-am-Wv. °-∑msc B{i-bn-®n-cp∂ ioehpw C√m-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq- °-W-sa∂ Nn¥bpw kv{XoIƒ°n-S-bn¬ h¿≤n-®n-´p-≠v. ]W-Øn\v `¿Øm- sa∂ B{Klw IS∂ph∂n´p≠v. C∂sØ PohnXkmlNcy߃°\p hf¿®bv°v Imc-W-ambn´p≠v. Pn√-bn¬ °n-S-bn¬ IpSpw-_{io Ab¬°q-´-߃ cq]o-I-cn-®n-´p-f-f-Xpw kmº-ØnI Xn-bn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cnI XpS-ßnb e£y-ß-tfmsS ]´nIh¿§ kv{XoIƒ hnhn[ ]≤XnIfpw Imc-W-am-bn-´p-≠v. hmknhn`m-K-ß-fnse kmº-ØnIhf¿®bv°v k¿°m¿ \S-∏m-°n-bn-´p-ff sa∂ B{K-lhpamWv ap≈°p-dp-asc kmº-Øn-I-ambn Db¿ØnbXv. BZn- sXmgn-ep-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂Xpw kmº-ØnIhf¿® t\S-W- k¿°m¿ tPmen e`n-°p-∂Xpw kmaq-lnIhf¿®-bvs°m∏w hnhn-[-ß-fmb hmknhn`m-K-ß-sf-°mƒ Db¿® t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. hnZym-`ym-k-ap-f-f-h¿°v IpSpw-_{io- bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ Bcw-`n®tXmsS kz¥ambn kºØp≠m- CØcØn¬ kv{Xo]pcpj∑mcn¬ kmºØnIhf¿® D≠m°W kv{XoIsf kmaq-ln-I-ambn im‡o-I-cn-°p-I, kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K- C°m-eØv ap≈°p-dp-a¿ s]mXpsh kmº-Øn-I-ambn CXc BZn- " ss{Uh-dm-Wv.' IqSp-X-emƒ°pw tPmen-bp-≠-t√m. `¿Ømhv sI.-Fkv.B¿.-Sn.-kn. shms° \S∂p t]mIp-a-t√m.- C∏w ho´nepw kmº-Øn-I-ap-≠v. AXym-hiyw hcp-am\w In´p-∂p-≠v. \ΩpsS sNe- " °-W-sa∂ t_m[w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.' am-\-ap-≠m-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kz¥-ambn ]W-ap-≠m- Ab¬°q´w h∂-Xn-\p-tijw kv{XoI-fn¬ am‰-≠v. kz¥-ambn hcp- sbms° \S-Øn. I®-hSw \SØnbn´p≠v. em`s°≠.v " IpSpw_w ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. F∂mepw...' "Fkv.-‰n.s{]mtam-´-dm-Wv. _tØ-cn-bn¬ "Xø¬∏Wn-bmWv, km-º-ØnIw Dt±-in-®√ C "Ab¬°q´w XpS-ßo´v Bdv h¿j-ambn. Rßfv sImtd Irjn- ). o Iƒ ]Ww kºm-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. shdp-sX-bn-cn-°p∂ ioew ' 17257 ' ca (25). 2000 ]´nIh¿§-kv{XoIƒ cq]In´pw. CXp- ' ssi-eP (26). u ]Wn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. _nPp sI. sIm≠v 2.96 1176

55

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 56 TAPASAM, 2010 July {KŸkqNn 4. 3. t 2. 1. Ipdn∏pIƒ F√m ]cn{iahpw ap≈°pdpacn¬ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. kaqlw Fßs\ Pohn°p∂pthm B \nebnte°v Db¿∂phcp∂Xn\p≈ kcn®v Pohn°m\mhiyamb [\w B¿÷n°m≥ Ch¿°v Ign-™n´pap≠v. ap≈p-°p-dp-a¿: ]pcm-hr-Øhpw PohnXhpw Zmtam-Z-c≥ ]n. s\´q¿ ]m\q¿ sI. cmPtiJc≥\m-b Singh K.S. {io[ctat\m≥ F. Logan, William Thurston Rajalakshmi Misra PmWn.-H. sI. I∂p-Im-en-Isf kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \n¿Ωn-°p∂ XmevIm-enI IqSv. hn√-∏-°p-ew, ImXn-b-°p-ew, th¶-S-Ip-ew, hS-°-Ipew dp-≠v. kwkm-c ssZhamWv. ap≈°pdpa¿ ]dbp∂Xv. AhcpsS {][m\ ssZhhpw ]qXmSn Ct∏mgsØ ]qXmSnt£{Xw XßfpsS tIm´bmbncps∂∂mWv E dgar n-°p-tºmƒ ]Z-߃°n-S-bn¬ ¿ F≥. 2006 1974 2000 1999 1994 1993 1971 1993 Henhv ]ªn-t°-j≥k,v tImgn-t°m-Sv. hb-\mSv tcJ-Iƒ ({]m-tZ-inINcn-{Xw) F≥._n.-F-kv. tIm´bw BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS tIc-fw klIcW kwLw, tIm´bw. klys‚ a°ƒ kwLw, Nß\mt»cn. Nne Adn-h-S-bm-f-߃ FUn.) hpw. tUm. kvIdnbm k°dnb (P\. ap≈-°p-dp-a-cpsS `mjbpw kwkvIm-c- The Scheduled T Malabar Survey of India C Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. tIcfNcn{Xw, Dr D. Mullukurumbas of Education Services, New Delhi. Ed. K. Rangachari, V Caste and ulcatta. K . ë S V ]e A™q-dp-h¿jsØ tIcfw en olume II, T Anthropolagical

ribes of F∂ i_vZw Bh¿Øn-°m- F≥._n.-F-kv. tIm´bw , New Delhi. , kmlnXy {]h¿ØI ribes K appala, Published: olume IV S outhern India Anthropological , Xmc-X-ay-]-T\ , S -Kto M.Asian urveyof I ndia traces. history ishing of a language, unique cultural world, with its own ethno- the day Ophira Gamliel Fieldwork Description and Dat Documenting Jewish Malayalam in Israel fifty to hundred years. guages all over the world, half of which will become extinct within Project (HRELP) website, there are currently 6500 spoken lan- understudied and, what is worse, under documented. minority languages, surely many of which are endangered, is still India decreases. In short, the linguistic diversity in of small tably reflects also the fast rate in which linguistic diversity of sibly reflects different methods of counting languages, but it inevi- estimated by linguists in 2005. India vary from 1652 as counted in the 1961 census to 415 speech community reduced to less than 10,000 speakers. Betta Kurumba and Malto; both are Dravidian languages with their of these 180 languages, only two languages are located in India: are currently documenting, describing, studying and preserving. Out The HRELP website lists 180 endangered languages that scholars areas around the globe despite its remarkable linguistic diversity Surprisingly worldwide academic effort to document endangered languages. The linguistic diversity of the world languages is declining by The figures concerning the numbers of languages spoken in , oral literature and linguistic expression, vanishes leaving no . According to the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages , India receives little attention in comparison with other 1 The HRELP stands at the forefront of a 2 The huge difference in figures pos- a Analysis W ith the van- .

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 58 TAPASAM, 2010 July with other speakers is considered linguistically homogenous in comparison of Kerala. Moreover extinction; it has approximately forty million speakers in and out Malayalam fer in morphology and lexicon. Indeed, the standard ‘bookish’ Malayalam language variations and the extent to which they dif- many dif temporary Malayalam readers. This means that the degree of are accompanied by annotations and glosses for the sake of con- regional literatures. The publications of such literatures which, as a consequence of being spoken, naturally develop into Kerala’ contemporary spoken dialects in Kerala. scholars, for Jewish Malayalam is not entirely different from the even ‘language variation’ may seem unconvincing for Malayalam pens to be a Jewish language too. The definition ‘language’ or Documenting Jewish Malayalam... is what we wish to preserve. of a certain speech community ing a dialect or language variation; the unique cultural expression preserving and documenting a language is valid also for document- tural traits of a certain speech community tion. linguistic status, certainly not when they are on the verge of extinc- and usages. Their documentation should not be conditioned by their variations deviate from the standard language also in their contents yet very clear how to measure it. Besides, dialects and language aspect of language definition as opposed to a dialect and it is not of intelligibility is often taken as a criterion, only one status of a certain language variation or dialect. Though the degree there are no clear-cut criteria for defining an independent linguistic tions may not be regarded as separate and independent languages; of deviation from the standard language. These language varia- lects are language variations of Malayalam with varying degrees A The Malayalam language is by no means under threat of This essay is about a Malayalam language variation that hap- language variation derives its vitality out of the special cul- s regional ferent social and regional dialects. Indian states. (A-®-Sn-`mj) literatures , Kerala with the majority of Malayalam 4 However has regional variations 3 (\mS≥]m´v) , rather than peculiar linguistic traits, , Malayalam does branch into Ar shows the diversity of . guably The same reason for 5 A brief survey of , also these dia- (\mS≥`mj) , examining one such Malayalam language variation is much beyond the scope of present discussion. However T with various degrees of divergence from the standard language. sified as guage variations and dialects in Malayalam that are commonly clas- There is indeed ample room for investigating the diversity of lan- T diverse, or point out that the Malayalam spoken in Calicut Malayalam study ment and analyze, Jewish Malayalam may be an interesting case linguistic entity accept the possibility that Malayalam is far from being a monolithic Jewish language in South India. However languages too find it somewhat esoteric and curious to speak of a Malayalam scholars and even objectionable. Scholars of Jewish restricted to a small community of Jews may seem awkward Why should Jewish Malayalam be studied? sive study of Malayalam language variations. more questions in this regard and to attempt a comprehen- with. Kerala does not seem as far-fetched it may have had to begin into the past, idea of a Jewish language variation evolving history of Jews in Kerala extending for at least one thousand years object for study long before the language variation in which this Malayalis often refer to how far do they diverge from the standard official language? variations and dialects in Kerala. How many are there the outset. the linguistic diversity of Kerala is in fact greater than it seems at intelligibility of such language variations is relatively low o answer the questions regarding Malayalam linguistic diversity rivandrum is dif 6 . There are many questions regarding the status of language Ir The idea of a separate language variation Malayalam as As for scholars of Jewish languages, once they hear the onically \mS≥`mj — may convince the readers in urgent need to ask , and that its linguistic diversity is important to docu- , the literature in Jewish Malayalam became an ferent from the Malayalam spoken in Ernakulam. , though the term refers to a variety of dialects T richur Malayalam as being exceptionally , if Malayalam scholars Ophira Gamliel — , and that Jewish in ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 60 TAPASAM, 2010 July ish Malayalam in Israel. Jews, asking for support in documenting the last speakers of Jew- Jerusalem, a long-term source of support for the study Kerala Israel. language variation and that the speech community is still living in songs, I finally realized that Jewish Malayalam is an endangered the Midrash and medieval Hebrew poetry ture and to resort repeatedly the Hebrew sources songs, I had to refer Old Malayalam through the relevant litera- standard Malayalam was far from being sufficient. In reading these ing, translation and analysis of the songs. However had to study standard Malayalam first before attempting the read- Malayalam literature of regional songs. and analysis. literature is written became a focus for language documentation Documenting Jewish Malayalam... distortion of data and inaccurate assumptions. mediation has its well-known limitations, which may result in work was based on the mediation of English or Hebrew so that communication with Kerala Jews for interviews and field- the foreign scholars studying Kerala Jews ever studied Malayalam, pointless to repeat what others did before me. Regrettably was already done in English and Hebrew that it seemed the time, I resisted his suggestion, arguing that much fieldwork in some fieldwork with Jewish Malayalam speakers Israel. scholar of Jewish Malayalam songs, kept on urging me to engage tion of central Kerala. somewhat passive way the spoken non-standard language varia- quite inaccessible, I spent four years in Kerala for befriending a Kerala Jews. While such scholarly accessories were, and still are, nately descriptive grammar of Malayalam language variations or ing chunks of contents and lexical items. Often I felt the need for a Only after some years of work on the Jewish Malayalam My acquaintance with Malayalam began Jewish During my stay in Kerala, Prof. Scaria Zacharia, himself a , for a record of the linguistic heritage and oral tradition W ith this realization, I turned to the Ben-Zvi Institute in 7 W ith the research grant and thanks to As a non-native speaker — for partially decipher- 8 , the study of — the Bible, , none of . Such , alter At , I - culture. linguists, lexicographers and scholars of Malayalam Kerala Malayalam language variations may afford a wide-range view for array of research fields portant and in many ways urgent too. It is important for a whole tribute in this respect. rience in documenting a Malayalam language variation may con- Malayalam dialects may be established in a short time. Our expe- seems that with relatively little effort a sizable digital database of fold language variations of Malayalam. already stated above, little work was done in regard to the mani- work with Jewish Malayalam speakers in Israel is place. ing the history and culture of Kerala Jews. in its initial stages, this project provided some new insights regard- future study of the Jewish Malayalam language variation. of digital recordings to serve as a database for the present and lected in the past two years (2008-2009) approximately 30 Gigabytes great enthusiasm of community members in Israel, we have col- universities. mentation projects is recognized in several research institutes and near future, they are doomed to disappear into oblivion. the younger generation. If these traditions are not recorded in oral traditions of stories, songs and folk knowledge that do not reach peculiarities, the linguistic heritage of elderly people includes generations. Keralites is somewhat different from the language of younger heritage and communal regional cultures. The language of elderly welfare, transform the traditional ways of life with their linguistic tion, notwithstanding their contribution for the private and public education system and the forces of modernization globaliza- nography and more. It is urgent because the mass media, state Establishing a digital database for language variations is im- Before introducing some of the findings, a description our The importance of wide-range and long-term language docu- W ith the progress and availability of digital technology Apart from lexical, morphological and phonological A comprehensive book regarding the subject was — linguistics, folklore, ethno-history 9

Audio databases of Ophira Gamliel Already , eth- As , it

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 62 TAPASAM, 2010 July grants from Kerala. village near Jerusalem with approximately fifty families of immi- Kerala, I rented a house in the village of Mesillat Zion, pastoral anything else. project was motivated by such a spirit of enthusiasm more than language variation. Surely collaboration in the efforts to preserve and revive an endangered tation project of Jewish Malayalam demonstrate the spirit joyful terested in preserving their community linguistic heritage. for those whose resources are limited though they greatly in- a much more humble initiative. world. The Jewish Malayalam language documentation project was Description the HRELP publishes a journal, neighbors, Zippora Daniel, invited me for tea in her house. I sat distinct and peculiarly Jewish dialect. than Malayalam language with colloquialism, perhaps, but not a the language that Kerala Jews speak in Israel as anything other tunity to practice spoken Malayalam. peaceful and quiet environment to have an occasional oppor- tage of the community researchers and community members to salvage the linguistic heri- project is the sense of enthusiasm derived out joint efforts Forming the Jewish Malayalam documentation team can help in extending the scope of data analysis. base useful for their own research interests and at the same time over the study of other small language communities in Kerala. More- published in 2008, Documenting Jewish Malayalam... , Malayalam scholars may find the Jewish data- In the fall of 2007, upon returning to Israel after a long stay in The study of Kerala’ Before long, the first contacts were established. One of my One of the nicest things about a language documentation with essays on the projects conducted all over Essentials of Language Documentation 11 . My idea was to complete my thesis in a The occurrences that led to the documen- , the Jewish Malayalam documentation s Jewish community may contribute to As such, it may serve as a model Language Documentation and At the time, I did not think of , 10 and and women filled up the community hall area where Kerala Jews are living. the Hebrew University nounced that the village course was parallel to given at a day and at such-and-such time. The notice also proudly an- to study the Malayalam script and grammar during such-and-such lation to and transliteration in Hebrew Malayalam. Daniel asked me, “ with her and husband, Daniel Daniel, resolved to speak in the grocery shop. the study class, and a call for students was hanged on door of tion. The ‘students’ of the village class were different age groups. They are in their fifties and forties, all born Israel after migra- men and women who can hear Malayalam but hardly speak it. Malayalam, they cannot read and write it. Lastly ceive formal education in Kerala. Though they speak fluent ties and less, immigrated to Israel before getting a chance re- forgot the Malayalam script. The younger generation, in their six- and some of them can read write Malayalam while others are in their seventies and eighties; they speak fluent Malayalam, teaching the Malayalam script. The elderly people in Mesillat Zion knew about it. He suggested I offered a course in the village for the Hebrew University while being in Kerala. blaming my incompetence in properly studying the spoken language felt a great dismay of my incapacity to follow their Malayalam, very well, so there was no problem to communicate. However have been absolutely lost. Of course, both of them know Hebrew her ability to repeat sentences and speak more clearly fast, extremely fast. If not for the patience of his wife Zippora and me some time to realize what exactly he was asking. Daniel speaks At first, Malayali Jews mostly in their fifties and sixties, men Before long, a room in the community hall was declared as At the same time, I started teaching Malayalam grammar in The invitation read, . My landlord in Mesilat Zion, Motti Eliyahu, . The word spread to other villages in the ae-bmfw Adn-bpam ae-bmfw ]Tn°mw . Following was an invitation . Some younger people , there are the ”, and it took , with trans- Ophira Gamliel , I would , I

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 64 TAPASAM, 2010 July tic and cultural heritage is not documented now Y cultural knowledge retained by Jewish Malayalam speakers like tors’ heritage in their mother tongue only to a certain extent, the say in ‘their Malayalam’. Though they can transmit their ances- cally impossible to teach. words, and explanations prepared before hand; but it was practi- parents. There were board and chalks. lists of letters, came too, hoping to study the language of their parents and grand- or ‘T Israel, they will tell you that the language speak is ‘Malbarit’, quite different from the standard Malayalam that I studied. odd years of community life in Israel. Malayalam, for it is productive and used all through the past fifty- the thousand years or more of Jewish life in exile. Y Malayalam, which is also a Jewish language, pretty much like language, I can safely say that they speak a language variation of guage. Having spent two years of documenting and studying their broken Malayalam”, and hesitate to converse in their ‘broken’ lan- Sooner than later would come up with lexemes and idioms that were all new to me. Malayalam!” In order to exemplify what is “their Malayalam”, he again against words and phrases proclaiming, “this is not our Documenting Jewish Malayalam... ever Y I was teaching at the Hebrew University my petty efforts to deliver a course similar the academic ing stream of memories and associations filled the room, flooding f in Jerusalem for support. However Malayalam, I turned to Michael Glazer from the Ben-Zvi Institut or such projects. It was necessary to guarantee the participation osi Oren and Zippora Daniel is still vivid fresh. If this linguis- osi Oren from the nearby village of iddish, Ladino and other Jewish languages that evolved during . amil’ What is ‘their Malayalam’ then? If you ask Kerala Jews in Now Upon realizing the importance of documenting Jewish or ‘old Malayalam’. Many say that they speak “bad and , the last speakers of Jewish Malayalam have a lot to , I came to realize that ‘their Malayalam’ W ith each letter and word, a gush- , financial support is insuf T aoz. He protested time and . Especially talkative was , it will be lost for 13 It is also Israeli is indeed ficient 12 e - Daniel, Miriam Dekel, proverbs. mented not only linguistic data, but also anecdotes, puns, jokes and of the Jewish-Malayali cuisine. In that way cultural themes, say Jewish holidays in Kerala or the peculiarities stream of memories and associations into a coherent discussion so forth. villages in Israel for inspecting the animal feed of sheep, cattle and istry of agriculture. His work involves long journeys into remote documentation. other activities regarding Jewish Malayalam, its preservation and the heritage of their ancestors. Therefore, together we initiated guage; they had the vision of educating younger generations in their wish to do more than preserving and documenting lan- from Mesillat Zion, some of them quite old. They also expressed talking about other Jewish Malayalam speakers who live far away grammatical points, and became a workshop; I was in charge of explaining the script and something interesting, amusing or important for research. The class Malayalam classes and to take notes whenever somebody said of Jewish Malayalam was to bring a digital recorder the The workflow of knowledge and mutual appreciation. relatives and friends. It was, still is, a project of give-and-take exchange for their linguistic capacity and communal network of exchange: my scholarly skills and academic connections in thusiastic. Our collaboration was on terms of a mutual knowledge speakers, the support of community members was natural and en- interaction of a scholar and student Malayalam with native mentation project started spontaneously out of the friendly of dominant figures among the speech community However Oren happens to be an inspector on behalf of the Israeli min- The first practical thing to do for starting the documentation W e used his working schedule to reach remote communi- , that was far from being enough. Y Y osi and Malka Daniel others kept on osi Oren was in char 14 , we collected and docu- ge of channeling the Y osi Oren, Zippora . Since this docu- Ophira Gamliel

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 66 TAPASAM, 2010 July join us. ties and individuals, often other community members would variation. attract the attention of scholars to Jewish Malayalam language of Jewish Malayalam. In fact, this paper is one more attempt to nity in Israel and abroad got involved the recognition study community of Jewish Malayalam speakers, the academic commu- the project in form of public lectures. nity members communal meetings for spreading the news about Malayalam. Second, we arranged with the help of other commu- reached individuals all around the country for interviewing them in archive approach. The documenters of languages seek to help in ongoing collaboration of community members and institutions. community publications and activities is one way to motivate the lect), lest they loose interest in the project. portance and the benefits of documenting their language (or dia- ers. The speech community members should be aware of the im- researcher ests of the community mentation is done with the help of community and for inter- pects of language documentation. guage works in a team. No single person can master all the as- work, folklore, social work and more. The documenter of a lan- bines anthropology Archiving and cataloguing linguistic and cultural traditions. change, which will finally result in the decline of Kerala’ many variations of Malayalam that are currently undergoing a drastic documentation; to encourage others do similar projects on the students and scholars in Kerala to the fascinating field of language Documenting Jewish Malayalam... Parallel to these activities with the community and for An important aspect of language documentation is the open Language documentation is an interdisciplinary field; it com- W 15 , and linguistic awareness on part of the language work- e designed a two-fold working scheme. For one, we

Additionally , linguistics, audio and visual media, archiving . It requires social sensitivity on part of the , it is an attempt to attract the attention of Above all, the language docu- Academic support to s diverse brew reading traditions, joined the project. associate, Jarmo Forsström, who studies the Kerala Jewish He- est was in the Jewish Malayalam language variation. two major types of documentation formed the goal. My own inter- at hand. catalogue should be organized so as to fit the nature of project casual conversation as opposed to a story session. Of course, be of much use in a certain field study may another versation, family histories, songs and so forth. Data that may not the type of materials documented; they may be stories, casual con- and the community subject to documentation. There is no limit ers the widest possible range of research interests in language institutes. Moreover able the free flow of data for benefit scholars and research important to assure unrestricted access the archive and en- Since the digital media is simple to reproduce and distribute, it preserving the world’ Malayalam (such as the workshop in Mesillat Zion) category B. Public meetings for discussing in and about Jewish Individual sessions of reading Hebrew scriptures are the subject prayer and para-litur into four types of audio files. Communal and public occasions for ethnomusicologists, folklorists and scholars of modern Judaism. unique pronunciation and tunes. These recordings may prove useful also samples of Hebrew recitals by Kerala Jews for studying their cording session. Some details about the contents should follow documenters, the participants and place time of re- be systematically numbered and detailed, with the names of hand, and concise enough on the other hand. The recordings should the recordings with metadata that is elaborate enough on one ars as possible, the documenter should also prepare a catalogue of In the case of Jewish Malayalam documentation project, The catalogue of the Jewish Malayalam database is divided For rendering a digital archive accessible to as many schol- 16 , while documenting, the documenter consid- gy in Hebrew are the subject of category s linguistic diversity for future generations. 17 Thus, we collected A Ophira Gamliel research , say A. , .

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 68 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... framework I suggest is a classification of data into linguistic data, Thus, we have currently in the archive six types of files: archive pictures and recordings of Jews Jewish sites in Kerala. digitalized documents that people gave us. Later on, I added to the as well communal interests, we also took many stills photos and der category D. Since we had in mind various research interests couples for recording casual Jewish Malayalam are classified un- are classified under category C, and home visits to individuals or currently available in the open digital archive. Some samples of linguistic data Jews or contributing to relevant fields of study without producing any advancement in the field of studying Kerala Otherwise, it will remain paralyzed, buried in the research institute will nourish more activities and involve as much possible people. or recordings. The idea is to have a dynamic working archive that that they may have at their disposal, say family photos, documents own purpose, while at the same time they are welcome to add data scholars and laymen may reproduce copies of digital data for their Jewish Malayalam open archive is for ingoing data as well; ments G – PDF documents of manuscripts, field notes and docu- Kerala F – Stills photos of sites, public occasions and individuals in E – Stills photos of public occasions, Judaic artifacts and D – Individual interviews at home C – Public gatherings in and about Jewish Malayalam B – Individuals reading Hebrew Scriptures A – Communal gatherings of Hebrew recitals In what follows, I introduce some data in Jewish Malayalam Since we feel that there is always room for more data, the portraits in Israel . 18 The analytical database, so far attested only in one lexeme to emigration from Kerala? Kerala dialectical influence was still active during the time prior (M), ‘story’ (D32-Ed, 00:55). Does this mean that the North °pI typical of North Kerala dialects. century notebooks with JM literature. This and in JM written texts, such as nineteenth- early twentieth- / Jewish population in the past. historical connection with North Kerala, which must have had Hebrew root ‘to shine’ texts such as a Hebrew-Malayalam manuscript, where the as / archaic, for contemporary JM speakers do not pronounce / tXmg≥ / 1. Phonological variations and their inter-communal relations through the ages. may further raise new insights regarding the history of Kerala Jews Kerala. Locating the place of JM on dialect map Kerala peculiarities, once defined, may be compared to other dialects in Malayalam (JM) as opposed to standard (M). These of the examples. file number and the exact audio position (in minutes seconds) strating and analyzing data contents, I refer the reader to framework guides the selections of examples. While demon- speech genres and oral literary forms. Naturally gv Xv / > /, as may be seen in Xv ). /. It does occur No less interesting is the hypercorrection of alternation Phonetic alternations occur Some of the initial observations in this regard, are as follows: Linguistic data helps in defining the peculiarities of Jewish Xv 20 , ‘companion, friend’ (M). This specific alternation is rather / into The hypercorrection / Xv / > , however gv / . It too appears in mid-nineteenth century tXmX≥ (z.r .x) is rendered by , in jar , ‘groomsman’ (JM) as opposed to gv 19 / > Its occurrence in JM suggests a , for example, between / gon terms such as Xv / occurs also in the oral / gv / > Ig / Dgn-°pI Xv , this analytical (JM) for / alternation is Ophira Gamliel tXmX≥ (< gv / and IY DZn- gv / ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 70 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... Prof Hary speech community that no longer lives in area. the retention of a dialectical feature typical certain area by what Prof. Benjamin Hary calls ‘displaced dialectalism’, that is tense marker - ture of Malayalam language variations. For example, the present tention of archaic features, or ‘displaced dialectalism’, is a fea- Malayalam. fore, JM is a Jewish language as much it dialect of 2. Morphophonemic variations Jewish Malayalam), as in archaic feature of Malayalam retained in the dialects (including Similarly ]d∂v ending in – tXm and, contrarily child’ in JM. See for example, JM may also serves as a genitive, for example: 3. Morphological variations house’ (C8, 04:30). in – adverbial participle t≠mbn an action in a series of actions, as JM replaces the adverbial participle A≥ dm\ , this is one of the criteria for defining a Jewish language. V (D32-ED, 03:17). Moreover ...), ‘After taking the child, it flew away…’ Ar The M accusative ending – The archaic dative ending – enugopala Panicker suggests, on the other hand, that re- s°m≠v guably ssIhn-St√ , as in , the augment – A , and subsequently loose the vowel – , the adjectival M ending – AWv , the phonological and morphological data depicts Hcp aq∏-\n°v ]d∂v... 21 as opposed to the standard M – , ‘do not forsake the sIm≠v (= M C≥ F\n-s°mcp sIm®n\ thWw (or may be attached irregularly to nouns sNøWv , ‘for one fellow’ sIm®n-s\ F-Sp-Øp-sIm≠pt]m C´v Hm≠v F C°v , the accusative ending – in denoting the completion of is pronounced as – versus occurs after nouns ending after the A T orah!’ is pronounced as – sNøp∂p (C25, 03:04). sIm®n-s∂-S-tØm- Ahf ho´nev (D32-ED, 14:18). (C27, 40:03). kwhrXDI-mcw C , for example, According to D , ‘I want a . A ∂p 23 There- in JM, , is an A , ‘her The bn´ in F 22 ) v migration to Israel. loanword occurs in an idiom, it was possibly adapted into JM before suggests their relatively early entrance to the lexicon. When a H Furthermore, the incorporation of loanwords in idiomatic expressions shift in JM seems natural the Indian linguistic context. ‘beauty’ as sharing the same semantic field, so such a Sanskrit (S) loanword ample the discourse marker became a part of the lexicon only after migration. Such is for ex- conversational Modern Hebrew safely assume that this H loanword is a relatively late borrowing. marker than as a discourse marker old Hebrew as well, but in its primary meaning ‘in the end’, rather ugliness or negativity ‘beauty’. In fact, in Modern Hebrew slang it may even denote 34:50-37:00) is an idiom based on the H loanword Israel, where the H word to imagine that such a semantic shift have occurred in modern which underwent a semantic shift to denote ‘beauty’. It is difficult sion in JM ponent is an archaic or a modern feature. For example, the expres- the JM lexicon before or only after migration. at this stage of the research whether loanword became part iliary with the H loanword sion, of the influence modern Hebrew brew loanwords must have become a part of the lexicon as result have been used before emigration from Kerala, many more He- loanwords. However 4. Hebr Ah\v ksΩ-A-Jmbn Bbn Similarly Often, it is possible to determine whether a certain H com- Like other Jewish languages, JM contains Hebrew (H) , parallel to the usage in conversational modern H, we can ew components , became’, to denote ‘became glad’. It is difficult say kqd F√mw -t]mbn , we can determine whether a certain H loanword , while some of the Hebrew loanwords may sameax . 24 cq]w Contrarily tsura . Since in JM it is used as a discourse , ‘he became glad’ (D32-ED, 06:36), _t m^v denotes both meanings ‘form’ and , ‘glad’, constructed with the M aux- , ‘form’, is never used to denote , ‘all your beauty is gone!’ (C8, . The same word may appear in , in many Indian languages the . See for example the expres- , ‘finally’, which is used in tsura Ophira Gamliel , ‘form’,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 72 TAPASAM, 2010 July data found in the JM language documentation database will suf- JM literature. Documenting Jewish Malayalam... formation in JM, for loanwords from Sanskrit loanword Nocp temple, fasting day commemorating the destruction of ancient Jewish it in Israel today woman pronounce it lim religious guide’. religious leader that are peculiarly Jewish. For example, the term for a rabbi, or Sanskrit or in Apart from H loanwords, the JM jargon includes items in M, derivation with a slightly different meaning, term in a very similar sense, only that theirs is slightly different bm¿- 5. Lexical variations – jar of Malayalam. language, while at the same time both may be regarded as dialects may find many parallel features to Jewish Malayalam as a examine ern usage adapted by Kerala migrants in the UAE. Surely for example, the use of interjection the Muslim dialects, it is to construct the idiom referring death of a coreligionist. In Muslims and Jews use a Semitic loanword with the auxiliary points of comparison with Muslim dialects. For example, both There may also be Modern , ‘a leader , ‘to destroy’, in a M past relative participle form to modify the Concerning the H component, there may be some interesting For the present discussion, above examples for linguistic Another interesting jargon word is the lexeme denoting As a language variation, JM has its own peculiar jargon. iocn-b -Zn-hkw Arabic-Malayalam treating it as a Muslim language, we T ’. Interestingly amil loanwords, which denote certain lexical items , is . tameymcv divasam I heard an elderly sambv-eymcv . It may be a aø-Ømbn- Arabic influence on , ‘day’. (C6, 25:50), derived from the M gon terms , also Muslims have a similar jar , almost as JM speakers pronounce Ar T amil loanword, taking the root , and in JM it is Arabic-Malayalam speaking guably T amil are archaic even in the y alaa , this is a relatively old , ‘come on’, is a mod- apken-bm¿ Arabic Malayalam, imtem-ambn- , ‘A Mus- , if we apX-en- Bbn- gon . genres are a form of speech acts, the oral literary forms in turn can be pragmatic. In a way forms, though they too involve stylistic and structural features, while unexplored. Their nature is more pragmatic than the oral literary taunts. ing casual conversation such as rejoinders, idioms, nicknames and some forms of conversational or speech genres are presented. will be discussed in more detail below time. culture that is distinctly Jewish and Malayali at the same this way and speech genres, be it a proverb, an anecdote or dirty joke. In ened the scope of our documentation to any form oral literature them to loose confidence in their linguistic competence. documenters but also our interlocutors as native speakers, and cause ing the folktale genre, we may frustrate not only ourselves as the nature of findings made it clear that if we insist on record- knew so many stories, but I don’ “Oh, you should have come ten years ago proverb and the joke. from the more stylistically rigid short literary forms such as or ‘conversational genres’ are useful in distinguishing these forms fice. Surely brew and English, let alone in JM. form of traditional heritage that was hardly documented in He- Speech genres – nicknames, idioms and taunts contents from a folkloristic perspective. variations at the same time. Let us turn now to investigate guistic diversity of Jewish languages and Malayalam language tigation. Such a compilation will contribute to the study of lin- to compile a grammar and lexicon for the language under inves- W Speech genres are stylistic forms of daily speech used dur- In the beginning, we were very eager to find folktales, a 26 e finally did manage to record quite a few stories, which , we managed to salvage the remnants of a vibrant speech The scope of these speech genres is huge and still largely , one of the aims a language documentation project is t remember anything.” However 27 and the terms ‘speech genres’ 25 Usually the response was, . In the following section, — my mother/grandmother Ophira Gamliel W , speech e broad- ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 74 TAPASAM, 2010 July integrity ties of the speech community and betray its sense communal munity history ten the products of anecdotal knowledge and even a family or com- F^vdmønw tbmtk^v Similarly cal or occupational traits like being a tall person vinegar vendor place. denote that a certain group of people originated from ]mºv are also nicknamed triguing communal ethno-history grated to Kerala. for it is said that they have a common Polish ancestor who mi- lation of the H The initials of the ishment’, Documenting Jewish Malayalam... the initials of which compose severest form, compounded of the threefold excommunication act, whole family from the community offense and infanticide, which resulted in the banishment of Chennamangalam was involved in a shameful scandal of sexual cording to the story ]mºv darker!) or parallel to the Malayalam taunt to taunt a younger female relative for becoming darker or skinnier your beauty is gone!’ (C8, 34:50-37:00), used by an elderly woman tion. For example, the idiom cited above, expressing in their usage a typical Malayalam performative func- . , ‘snake’ In language variations, speech genres may contain peculiari- Some nicknames and Idioms and taunts in JM often involve the H component, while . For example, nicknames and , Xer , ‘V blaison £oWn®p t]mbn , ‘long-legged Ephrayim’ (C6, 00:42), that em inegar Joseph’ . notrikon There are somewhat trivial nicknames like , ‘excommunication’, and

notrikon A ]em-i-°q´w , in the nineteenth century a certain family from populair certain family bears the N-X- stand for three H words: es (G1), (you became too skinny!). Similarly Sh blaison like , ‘The Polish Folk’ Y , or \ndw F√mw t]mbn . For example, the same osi Oren explains as a loan trans- 28 , with vowels, . amf°m¿ 29 which denote a certain physi- notrikon

populair (D29, 07:25) and The banishment was of the blaison kqd F√mw t]mbn Shamta N-X- , ‘the Mala People’, es

blaison populair (C35b, 01:09:02), encapsulate in- naxash Sh, ‘snake’ or , ‘curse’. (you became Niduy

populair es , ‘snake’. amf°m¿ ko¿° are of- Ime≥ , ‘ban- , ‘all Ac- e . , , 58:55; C10, 06:50), is probably known only to Kerala Jews. This t]sd t]mht√ in Kerala. Note the colloquial contraction eracy For example, the proverb peculiar Jewish tradition that may have been richer in older times. colloquial form and structure. Some noteworthy proverbs hint at a ample, the term say nology in JM, at times accord with the general M terminology is also noteworthy that oral literary genres have their own termi- a certain speaker may be pointed at as an expert on, say tend to remember a certain genre more than other genres, so that competence, share a certain ‘division of labor ery rhymes and more. Interestingly of short oral literary forms Short forms – proverbs, riddles and jokes which underwent phonetic and semantic shifts, the M derogative use of vocative pronoun Similarly ‘grave’, is borrowed to serve in an idiom of a typically M usage. edge of ]mSn-√) standard M form the M idiom I´≥I√v guistic and cultural integrations. For example, the idiom of something or someone as ‘worthless’. the taunt lain’ (< sNm√v , it is, at the same time, evidence for traditional study of H Most proverbs in JM are well-known M spelt out Jewish Malayalam speakers in Israel remember several types Some remarkable idioms in JM involve a similar type of lin- (C31a, 16:58; C8, 31:44-34:23), ‘does not know even the Aleph’, denotes an illiterate person. meshumad (G1), ‘a rough stone of a grave’, is used in the same way FSm saip-ΩmXv , the idiom for proverbs, and at times deviating from it, ex- amß-sØmen , ‘better follow a demon rather than Jew’ (C31a, ap´p-IX A-dn-bm≥ ]mSn-√ , ‘a convert’, literally: ‘one who is destroyed’). Bse-^ns‚ h°pw Adn-bm-º√ (A-dn-bm≥ for riddles. — , ‘you are a villain!’ , ‘mango skin’ is used to pass judgment Imes‚ t]sd proverbs, puns, jokes, anecdotes, nurs- . , speakers, regardless of their The H loanword, Adn-bm-º√ 30 FSm While it refers to illit-

(G1) is combined of t]mbmepw bqXs‚ ’. Some speakers and a H loanword saip-ΩmXv of the more Ophira Gamliel , riddles. It J∫q-dns‚ J∫qdv , ‘vil- , ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 76 TAPASAM, 2010 July Moshe, whom communal entity the development of a language variation is peculiar to distinct HcpΩ ths‰ pares him to a mouse (which also rhymes with ‘tiger from Parur hat/skullcap’ (D10, 06:18). Note that in JM, the ‘there are many children born to one mother; all of them wear a tion of the Sanskrit loanword difference between the two proverbs is in phonetic presenta- projected stereotype. ever this proverb is used, it used as a self-criticism of self- anecdotes about their ancestors’ mercantile cunningness, and when- Keralites towards Keralite Jews. It seems that the latter delight in stereotype, which, as far I know the verge of being a joke, comparing proud lad line’; the JM proverb is not at all ‘politically correct’; in fact it on in contemporary M. But more striking is the difference ‘punch father or a relative of the narrator about the cunningness of Jewish merchants, often regarding a grand- others. There are quite a few anecdotes told within the community proverb ever he reaches an assembly kt_¬ hcpº Fen-°p™v Parur use an almost identical proverb: criticism of a self-projected image. Contemporary M speakers from Jews. However rael. The proverb is explained as a token of the pride Parur inter-communal rivalries over prestige retained even today in Is- This proverb still delights JM speakers in Israel, for it expresses he reaches an assembly kthen hcpº hfn-°p™v, Documenting Jewish Malayalam... The process of producing variant forms closely related with Another interesting proverb is is pronounced whenever a community member cheats — 32 to a fart, where the contemporary M proverb com-

Hcp-]mSp a°ƒ D≠v. Ah-cn°v F°-Øn-\p-s¥m∏n , it seems that like the previous proverb, is self- Y osi Oren introduced as an expert on M riddles: . See for example a riddle pronounced by Sara , he becomes a little fart’ k`-bn¬: kthen ‘a Parur lad is a tiger cub; whenever , he becomes a little mouse’. , ‘a Parur lad is a tiger cub; when- , does not reflect the attitude of . This proverb echoes a self- ]dp-Ip™v ]pen-°p™v ]dp-Ip™v ]pen-°p™v in JM and word (C31a, 53:12). — ’: ]pen-˛Fen the tiger cub sXm∏n- kt_¬ 31 One also ). , printed riddle collections) This JM riddle corresponds with the standard M (as given in and round, usually crocheted, head cover means a skullcap, which in contemporary Israel is rather small tion of the riddle is given phering the metaphoric relations of mother-children with solu- (ap-´p) the many children born to one mother a dramatic syntactic setting; she introduces the subject of riddle, of a performer as opposed to textual editor riddles. worthy differences between the JM and standard printed M ‘All the children of one mother wear hats’. There are some note- sounds as nasals and labial liquids Moshe stretches the words in first part emphasizing soft voiced intonation as well, practically impossible to transmit in writing. Sara all have hats. The difference in style finds its expression the riddle prefers a condensed version, where the children of one mother the hearer with a short staccato of hard stops / sXm∏n- D≠v has in mind a coconut, or her words: presented this riddle, think of a betel nut as the solution, Sara Moshe the textual editor and some contemporary M speakers to whom I both forms, reflects an archaic nominal formation of the verbal root underlying also the peculiar regional formation DΩ and morphology of JM is apparent; Sara Moshe uses the lexeme dardized language that the textual editor uses. The peculiar lexicon guage variation that the performer uses as opposed to stan- ∏v/ for . the hearer with riddling section, where hint for deci- First, the difference in phrasing is a matter of stylistic choice Third, the solution for riddle is not too transparent. While Second, the choice of lexemes is guided by regional lan- AΩ- , ‘in our homeland (Kerala) coconuts have skullcaps’. H°w , and the morphology (< H°v — -), to which the dative marker is added. Hc-Ω-bpsS a°ƒ F√mw sXm∏n-°mcv the skullcap (or hat). The editor of /av/, /hv/, /]v/, /≠v/ F°-Øn\pw Ah-cn°v , and then proceeds to ‘hit’ \ΩpsS \m´nev tXß°v , also known as . Sara Moshe prefers for /°v/, /Øv/ for Ah¿°v Hs°- Ophira Gamliel , and ‘hits’ kippah , which . Note and , 33 .

77 - 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 78 TAPASAM, 2010 July speakers refer to the modern Israeli skullcap by word Her association is based on her experience in Israel, where JM Y Elderly lady: name. The joke (D25, 00:33) runs as follows: joke was asking a young Israeli girl of Keralite origin for her own was eliciting the joke for recording it. Then, elderly lady in the name of a newly born female baby him. In that instance, the elderly lady in joke was asking about he was telling it to Zipora Daniel, who is a few years older than Oren told this joke in two separate occasions; the first occasion, Y bmt√m! Elderly lady: Elderly lady: where the first speaker is an elderly JM speaking woman. tension between M and H. See for example the following joke, of an anecdotal nature. Most them revolve around the linguistic large compared to the husk. temporary M speakers imagine a betel nut, with the cap relatively cap relatively small compared to the size of husk, while con- adequate solution for Sara Moshe’ mind, of a head cover that is larger relative to the head. Thus, A contemporary M speaker in Kerala has a different picture grandmother rhymes. She often recalls the affectionate bond she had with her Adn-tbe tionalism, as represented by the non-standard colloquial M phrase modernity represented by the Modern H name The joke expresses the tensions between generations, Documenting Jewish Malayalam... oung girl: oung girl: The JM jokes currently available in the database are mainly Miriam Dekel’ (< Fs‚ t]cv Adn-tbe. Hm! Fs‚ t]cv Adn-tbe. , who, like many of the elderly community members tamtf t]sc-¥mWv tamtf? F¥-dn-tbe tamtf, AXv...tamtf... A∏\ F\n-°-dn- Adn-bn√ F¥v \o ]d-bWv. s repertoire is composed mainly of nursery ). ... 34 s riddle is the coconut, with . In the second occasion, I Ariela, and tradi- sXm∏n- Y osi . ]´mWn ht∂m≠v X´n-s°m-≠p-t]mbn! F¥nev tXm¿ØWv? ]t´m≠v tXm¿Ø-Wv. F¥nev Ipfn-°-Wv? sNºn¬ Ipfn-°-Wv. amΩn°m°msS tamƒ Ipfn-°Wv CSn IpSpßWv. ag s]ø-Wv. rhymes that Miriam Dekel often recalls (G1): ents, especially to their grandmother Miriam Dekel attribute their knowledge of JM to grandpar- and grandchildren, it happens ever so often that people like spoken Modern H. They went on speaking in JM with their children who immigrated to Israel, found it difficult communicate in song may have had its origin in a Muslim community mothers singing it to them at bedtime (C27, 39:44). This nursery ish nursery rhyme that many JM speakers still recall having their like one of their ‘own’. borrowed and transmitted it. They may have liked it because felt M home when they hear this song. The kinship term thermore, the linguistic register too makes JM speakers feel at hinted by the references to a thunderstorm and taking bath. Fur- Jewish girl against the hazards of exhibiting her sexuality ]´mWn by the personal name Mammi and (foreign) Muslim caste nal pluralist society in the Jewish community reveals workings of a multi-commu- Muhammad). However am aware of, Mammi is a personal name peculiar to Muslims (< present suffix - be difficult to confirm, the colloquial features conveyed by mon as an honorific pronoun also among the Jews. Though it may h∂n´p≠v As the name Mammikkakka in second line suggests, For the sake of comparison, let us examine a peculiarly Jew- . Notwithstanding, it is easily adjustable for alerting a young ) were a part of the song already before JM speakers AWv . The song retains its Muslim identity conveyed ( - , the function of song as a nursery rhyme D∂p ) and the form . Here is one of the nursery 35 ht∂m≠v Im° (parallel to . Ophira Gamliel As far as I , which is is com-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 80 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... as line, “Go ahead and sleep with God ( distinct performative function as explicitly conveyed by the last typical verbatim translation becomes a nursery rhyme with its own origin in the male-oriented lar to the Kerala Jewish synagogue recitals. It may have had its ish kinship terms death. Note the peculiar colloquial features conveyed by Jew- tection for the child during sleep, a perilous state of being close to name, produced in the study hall synagogue ( T torat CNJ-NEG ve-’al morals musar Listen-IMP shema gloss. are uninitiated into H, the H lines presented with grammatical demonstrated above. For the sake of Malayalam speakers who that give the colloquial twist to Muslim loan nursery rhyme parts imbibe the same colloquial features of a language variation culture’ conveyed by quoting the Hebrew scriptures, Malayalam Notwithstanding the adherence of song to prestigious ‘high rhyme is a verbatim translation of biblical verse (Proverbs, 1:8). amSw eachings-OBL tXmdm\ ), possibly during the seventeenth century `This short bilingual piece is recited in a recitative tune simi- 36 im±mbv (M father-2SGM ' son-1SG-GEN beni avixa , functions like a verbal talisman to af tXmdmsb hmh mother-2SG-F imexa abandon-IMP titosh and ), tamsir DΩ DΩmS and by colloquial formations such verbatim translations, which were im±mbv Nm®nt°m tamt\ s\s‚ DΩmS tXmdm\ ssIhn-St√? s\s‚ hmhmsS kn´ Fs‚ aIt\ \o tIfv (M im±mbv DΩ-bpsS ), my son!” The divine HmØp-amSw . ) and so forth. 38 Interestingly ford divine pro- or 37 ]≈n- , a Elias was an expert in telling to collect several of her stories before untimely death last year secondary literature as the Jewish ecotype. ma’asiya pronounce as story; one term is the M late ented storytellers living in Mesillat Zion, we could not record at the time, managed to locate two tal- women, proved to be competent in telling stories JM. Though tion, eager to listen stories in JM. Only a few people, mainly device. However morning, when it is forbidden to use electricity Unfortunately story ‘competition’, where the best storyteller was to be declared. the Dead Sea. Men and women were invited to participate in a hundred community members in a beach resort on the shores of was organized during the yearly gathering of approximately two- eager to find stories in JM. One of the first communal sessions S riage festivities. child before sleep or entertaining the newly-weds during mar- for performative aims, such as affording magic protection to the translation songs, on the other hand, were transmitted by women didactic purposes forming the syllabus of H study hall. The texts, litur men transmitted and produced verbatim translations of sacred H for performance during life-cycle events. On the one hand, Jewish paraphrases of H liturgy or para-liturgy adapted into Malayalam JM literature, which I refer to as ‘translation songs’ that are free tories and folktales Y okheved Elias. It is noteworthy that JM speakers have two terms denoting a As already mentioned above, we, the documenters, were This bilingual nursery rhyme demonstrates a phenomenon in ). gy and para-litur The term , the or Ig , approximately sixty people attended this func- . 39 ganizers scheduled the competition for Saturday The other term is a H loanword, amk denotes a Jewish story gy . amk IX Their translation tradition aimed at (< type of stories. IY T ), which some speakers amar , including a recording The late Abraham and the 40 , known in the W e managed Ophira Gamliel Y okheved amk ( < .

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 82 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... long and intricate to be treated in the present discussion. Abraham from the village of Nevatim. the near future. to publish them in a bilingual Hebrew and Malayalam publication Anot tion. terms standing variation difficult to understand. Both of us fell short under- follow standard M (to a certain extent), but find the JM language an Israel-born JM speaker answers in H briefly by questions or simply sounds and looks of confusion, to which she for clarity narrative flow with no editing, though I do add punctuation marks usages of the narrator most adequate, for it is flexible enough to represent the colloquial event. For the present discussion, Malayalam script seems which is, in turn, a reduction of the living context speech transcription is adapted it but a reduction of the audio version, and intonation patterns. In any case, whatever technique of transcribers may also adapt special symbols for breaks in speech hesitation, confusion and so forth. Some particularly pedantic and allophones, as well non-verbal utterances of surprise, consent, tion would be in IP on transcribing spoken Malayalam is in place. The ideal transcrip- but she is not acquainted with certain terms and usages that do understanding JM, is indispensable. listener as possible lest the narrative flow be interrupted. sessions, for JM is not my mother tongue, I tend to interfere as less T her storyteller who tells Jewish stories ( T Before examining one of It is important to note that as I am the ‘outsider sippur wo of us went to her house in Mesillat Zion, amar , a person from the community with better competence in T . amar , a H loanword, possibly coming into use after migra- Abraham tells ’ s story to its fullest, so her narration is interrupted A, representing the most subtle features of phones . . Consider that the aim is to reproduce , though not very fluent, and I, who can IX story types, which she sometimes T amar Y aela is one such good listener; 41 Abraham’ Their amk A s stories, a word amk more qualified stories are too Y aela Cooper ) is Esther ’ in these W e hope , B∫ explaining IdΩtZmjw! Fs‚ tZmjw! tZmjw BImiw hogpº \o Ft¥øpw? AXv A∂mtem F∂psS IdΩ BImiw t\m°n ]d∂p t]mIpw. ]d∂m, t]mIpº \o Ft¥øpw? \o, AΩ NØp-t]m-hpº? Rm≥ °pº \o Ft¥øpw? AΩ aSn-bnev Rm≥ Ic-™n-cn-°pw. a story based on folksong she knew very well. Indeed, tells more probable that in our eagerness to hear stories, she improvised may be unaware of the popular song, but this is quite unlikely the form of a dialogue between speaker and parrot. s‚∂v A®≥, A∏≥ \o F¥oøpw? Rm≥ A®s‚ aSn-bnev t]mbn-®n-cn-®n-cn-°pw. A®- Nµ-\wac-tØXn Rm≥ t]mbn Ccn°pw. At∏m Nµ-\w sh´p-º Ccn°pw. Bth, Rm≥ Nµ-\w, ac-sh∂v ]d-™-Xns‚ at‰Xn t]mbn D≈n¬ tIdo-cn-°pw. A∏, \o, Iqhfw sh´pº \o Ft¥øpw? Ccn-°pº \o Ft¥øpw? Rm≥ Ipfn-°pw, Ipfn-t®m≠p AXns‚ is Ccn°pw? Iqh-f-s∏m-Øn-en-Xn-en-cn°pw. sh´pº \o FhnsS Ccn°pw? Bep Rm≥ ]d™n, Rm≥ h∂Xm Bev ac-tØ∂v h∂p≈q, Bep thWt√m? A∏ tNmbn®n, \o Fhn-Sp∂v h∂v XtØ? AXv XØ XØ Ccn-°p-∂Xv. A∏ tNmbn®n Jønw AhnsS NqSv Bhpº h¿∂ ka-bØv, AXv NqSp kvXe-tØ°n t∏mcpw, ag s]øpº. XØΩ, Hcp cmPy-tØ-∂v, AXv tJmtd∏pw... Christian kinship terms for ‘father recur in the context of Israeli life JM, such as Hindu and Abraham stops to explain terms brackets the breaks in narrative flow Iqh-fw ] . This story is a prose adaptation of well-known folksong in 44 47 [Y

[T AXv Bbm AhnsS Hcp Bev acw, ac-tØW A®s‚ aSn-bnev t]mbn-®n-cn-®n-cn-°pw. A∏ A®≥ acn- , and what is aela: IdΩtZmjw amar clarifies in H that Fs‚ ...?

[Y ag∂ s∏mØv as fate, T aela asks, amar 43 [At this point, we all switch to H

kvXe-tØ°n t]mIpw. Aßs\ .] , forcefully] goral Rm≥ AhnsS Ccn°pw. A¥n Y Nµ-\w ’. A®≥ Bcv?; aela. Therefore, I noted down in .] [T 48 ... amar explains in H what is another kind of tree] AsXmcp ko∏qdv A∂mtem F∂psS , whenever 42

agbpw shbnepw T amar: Ophira Gamliel 49 A∏≥ T T amar amar . It is 46 45 ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 84 TAPASAM, 2010 July last verses are identical to three questions of the story the dwelling place of parrot is identical; topics three both; the formulation of a question-answer dialogue centering on and the above quoted song. The motif of parrot is central in in its adaptation by this song, or possibly another telling of it, becomes something else let, let us have a look at the folksong as it appears in published book- form the basis of her repertoire as a storyteller thers tricking their ungrateful sons to take care of them, which this story after she exhausts two or three stories about elderly fa- am\Øp t\m°n-∏-d-∂p- t]mIpw. A∏-®≥ acn°ptºmsf-hn-Sn-cn°pw?- A∏-®≥ aSo-bnepw Ic-™n-cn-°pw. AΩ®oacn°ptºmsf-hn-Sn-cn°pw?- AΩ®oa-Sn-bnepw Nncn®n-cn°pw. N∂\w apdn°ptºmsf-hn-Sn-cn°pw?- N∂\-aq-´oepw Na-™n-cn°pw hc-sº√mw Inf-bv°p-tºm-sf-hn-Sn-cn°pw hc-ºØphc-ºØp Ifn-®n-cn°pw- hbse√mw sImøptºmsf-hn-Sn-cn°pw?- Ahn-S-sØ- s\s√√mw ]qhpw Imbpw Ahn-S-sØ-°-Y-I-tf-∏-d-™o-Smtam XtØ Bephm hb-eo∂v hcpt∂m XtØ Fhn-sS-s∂-hn-sS∂p hcp∂p XtØ near Calicut: Documenting Jewish Malayalam... 50 arbitrarily purchased from a small roadside Sunday vendor Before we continue to examine her narration more closely As is evident, there are several similarities between the story T amar into a story Fhn-Sn-cn°pw 51 . . . However , , immediately corrected to the parallel M terminology of the linguistic register is more deeply embedded in the narration, forming an integral part Aßs\ Jønw rainy place and vice versa—she summarizes it with the JM phrase parrot wandering with the change of seasons from a hot place to T for the transparency of ecotypification processes it betrays. the narration. narration. little encouragement. She immediately switches back into the JM time and again to H, linguistic heritage. The lexeme ing them with linguistic evidence regarding the pre-migration JM such lexemes are used and may be further supported by compar- in JM also before migration to Israel. This may be felt by the way like the lexeme as opposed to others. The more deeply embedded components, example of the level integration some H components into JM inserted in a somewhat disjoined manner ing the opening of many tales and stories. Note that this phrase is Øn¬\n∂v ‘house of the living’. picks up the H word protagonist, the parrot, during change of seasons—she first when she presents the settings of plot—the wandering it takes her some time to adapt speaking in JM Israelis. Thus, JM speakers converses in H with their children and grandchildren, pattern and to stick into a JM narrative. Since her generation of juncture, as the three dots depict; she has to adjust generic found it dif the cold season in Israel. However nology for ‘cemetery’, amar opens her narration with the phrase One of the reasons for selecting this story as an example is Contrarily ficult to switch from one language another ), ‘from one kingdom’, a formulaic expression signify- After she fixes th , ‘like that it lived’. Here the loanword Jønw , the next H loanword she uses smoothly fits into , may very well have functioned as loanwords T tJmtd∏pw amar is one of the JM speakers who needs , unlike the previous occurrence, which was t_Xmønw (winter and…), which stands for Jønw e settings for her pseudo-plot—a , while some of our interviewees ( t_Xv is used in the jargon termi- + . Hcp cmPy-tØ∂v T B amar hesitates at this + Jønw Jønw . Ophira Gamliel ), literally This is an , resorting , ‘life’, ( cmPy- ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 86 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... ko∏qdv thWt√m? taining the narrative flow ask the questions, so she turns to her audience (us), partly for main- She stops for a moment, because in fact she has no character to implicit narrator questions and answers with no plot, characters, events or even an the folk song into narration. The is constructed in form of banyan tree, and then she must perform yet another adjustment of towards the sky series of questions ends with the parrot’ progressing towards the story structure. In printed edition, tive acts upon the same subject, though unconsciously so. stories she told before this one. This somewhat improvised narra- dren for guaranteeing their support in old age was pervading the subject of helpless elderly people in need manipulating their chil- in the world and being subject to mischief of fate. In fact, account of human predicament—loosing one’ she tells it and the way concludes it, song becomes a sad cations on the nature of utterance. In her narration, way to enact the voices of an inquirer and parrot. This bears impli- ing to a certain tune, the storyteller has change tone of voice, recitation; while the song is recited in a monotonous level accord- expressed by the tone of speech, change voice and style merely impinging on the verbal structural level. intact. Thus, only the opening part of song requires adjustment, tions and answers, leaving the dialogue pattern of song almost ing established the generic definition, she proceeds with ques- questions and answers, resolution of the chain questions in parrot flying to sky Id-Ω-tZmjw! that serves as the ‘punch line’ of story: T Lastly Naturally amar proceeds confidently to tell of the parrot settling on a , the end of story too deviates from folksong, ‘then, this is my ill-fate!’ While the song finds its , there are other signifiers of the generic adaptation . . T T amar adds one more question, with an answer , ‘it is a story you wanted to hear amar realizes this as she begins the series of A∏ tNmbn-®n... , and asks a rhetorical question, , ‘then [someone] asked…’. s answer that it would fly s refuge, staying alone A∂mtem F∂psS , right?’ AsXmcp Hav- , the are a desideratum. One may object the definition of Jewish guage documentation projects of Malayalam language variations will convince contemporary Malayalam scholars that similar lan- language documentation project and the analysis of findings and oral literary forms. findings of the documentation project regarding grammar other publication is planned for presenting in English the major communities in Kerala may reveal much more this regard. genres, contents or verbal structures. Surely may be seen on the level of grammar and lexicon or Malayalam shows the workings of hyphenation processes; they cultural hyphenation. rael a bilingual publication fore the academic public and Kerala Jewish community in Is- findings contained in the digital database. Conclusion cannot escape one’ story needs a stronger resolution for its conclusive moral, that one genres to oral literary forms ments discussed in this paper in Israel and Kerala. communities. and more recordings reaching out for people of various and organizes the Malayalam workshop in Israel, yielding more gage in further studies and activities. cially those who were active in the documentation project, to en- tage. ing a tangible representation of their linguistic and cultural heri- wish to reciprocate the contribution of community by produc- oral literary heritage preserved in the JM database. In this way 52 I hope that the above description of Jewish Malayalam The materials presented above are merely a fragment of the Naturally W e also hope to encourage community members, espe- , we are all deeply committed to the scholarly world s fate. 53 Listening to the smallest details of Jewish V iewed in their wider context, all the ele- — — — in Malayalam and Hebrew from linguistic data, through speech depict what Zacharia defines as Y aela Cooper currently guides , similar studies of other W e plan to present be- Ophira Gamliel , lexicon — of the , we An-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 88 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... Notes gushing current of modernity and globalization. and publish these oral treasures before they are washed off by the generation of scholars language and culture to collect, document their linguistic heritage will be lost. It is the challenge of our language variations are recorded, in a generation or two much of the voices of older generation speakers Malayalam diversity relative to the previous generations of Keralites. Unless evidence of the decline in degree intelligibility and linguistic publications of regional literatures certain communities are good mentioned in the introductory section, occasional annotated variations rarely receive the attention they deserve. in literature and grammar text books, the Malayalam language studies as well. Though Malayalam language is well documented the contents of database is relevant to Malayalam and Kerala community of Kerala, past and present. Moreover dismissed as redundant to the understanding of Jewish Malayalam dialect. However Malayalam as a Jewish language, or even argue that it is simply 4 6 5 3 2 1 and Asher de Gruyter, 2006. pp. 1-30. Ulrike Mosel, eds., Malayalam”, in: some initial and brief studies recently published see Ophira Gamliel, “Jewish Jewish Malayalam gained scholarly recognition in the past few years. For Asher and Kumari, and tion, see Nikolaus P For the theoretic and concrete pragmatic approaches of language documenta- University Press, 2008: 31, 47 n. 27) ed. Braj B. Kachru, R. E. http://www T What Is It Good for?”, in: Jost Gippert, Nikolaus P . C. Kumari, Asher , “Language in Historical Context” (op. cit.), 40. See also E. R. , “Language in Historical Context”, in: .hrelp.or International Journal of Dravidia Malayalam Y Essentials of Language Documentation Malayalam . Himmelmann, “Language Documentation: g/ amuna Kachru and S. N. Sridhar , London: Routledge, 1997: xxiv , the findings of project cannot be (op. cit.), xxv . Language in South n Linguistics . Cambridge: Cambridge . Himmelmann and , the analysis of . Berlin: Mouton . As already 38 (2009), What Is It Asher Asia , 7 8 11 10 9 Ruby of Cochin: Calicut University Jewish Publication Society and of the Knanite Christians Kerala”, in: New cance” in: A. I. Simon, “The songs of the Jews Cochin and their Historical Signifi- Some major publications regarding Jewish Malayalam songs are as follows: tics Jewish Malayalam”, in: Indo-Judaic Studies pp. 147-175; “Oral Literary Forms in Jewish Malayalam”, Jussay Ophira Gamliel, ed. and tr publication of fifty-two Jewish Malayalam songs is Scaria Zacharia and In: Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies 4 (2001) pp. 7-22. The most extensive tion, University of California, 1987; S W Dialect Map of Malayalam Ezhava-T Daniel and Johnson, For studies based on fieldwork with Kerala Jews in Israel and Kerala, see Zvi Institute. Kerala Finish Singing: Historical Overview of Cochin keeps copies of notebooks and manuscripts collected by Shirley Isenber Dissertation, Catholic University of formed: Emerging Ethnic Identity among South Indian Jews in Israel Fr families, most of which emigrated later on in the 1970s. The new immigrants Kerala Jews emigrated from in 1954, leaving behind a few dozens of Op. cit. of Dravidian Linguistics, 2006). by the International School of Dravidian Linguistics. A noteworthy publication is the two volumes of maps Kerala dialects the archives of Hebrew University Language Traditions Project. scriptures recitals, some with Malayalam verbatim translations are kept in Hebrew University keeps recordings of Kerala Jewish women’ M. Jussay and Barbara Johnson from Kerala Jews. The Phonotheque in the the Israel Folktale small collection of Kerala Jewish folktales transmitted in Hebrew is kept omen’ om Cochin, India, in Israel: Expr [forthcoming]. Y , “The Song of Evarayi”, in: ork: op. cit.; Marcia Shoshana s Songs in Malayalam with Hebr Bulletin of the Rama V Advent Books, 1986; “The An Indian Jewish W , 2005, pp. 1 Archive at the Haifa University 10 (2009), pp. 47-60; “The Hebrew Component in Ruby of Cochin The Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguis- ., 2005. K , 2002 [1995], pp. 123-190; “T 18-128; Ruby Daniel and Barbara Johnson, W arma Resear aa essions of Ethnic Identity alerstein, Jews in India iyyar rkuzhali America, 1986; tuart B. Moskowitz, oman Remembers , op. cit; P W ew T . edding Songs of the Cochin Jews T rivandrum: International School Public Rituals among the Jews – The Jews of Kerala W ranslations ch Institute Y omen’ efefiah . M. Jussay , ed. . Recordings of Hebrew V The Ben-Zvi Institute . I. Subramoniam, ed. Thomas s Malayalam Songs”. – Gor . Philadelphia: The cochini T . Jerusalem: Ben- 13 (1947); P . PhD Disserta- ill the , geous! Jewish Ophira Gamliel The Jews of A. Journal of s songs. , Calicut: T W imber . PhD omen rans- . M. g, P The g. A .

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 90 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... 22 21 24 23 20 18 14 13 12 17 16 15 19 See Hary too. ers pointed out that these peculiarities are typical of Mappila Malayalam V Studies Department in Calicut University (26.4.2010), where Prof I had the privilege to present these findings in Malayalam and Kerala Press, 1877, p. 42. ‘river As, for example, in the derogative expression Personal communication Daniel one in the Upper Galilee, Kefar author ( available in the Ben-Zvi Institute Jerusalem ([email protected]) and from Digital copies of the audio, jpeg or PDF files and a copy catalogue are (1997), pp. 11-128. tials of Language Documentation see Ulrike Mosel, “Fieldwork and Community Language For discussion about community participation in language documentation, Brill, 2009. pp. 6-27. gion: Linguistic Analysis of Judeo-Arabic Sacred texts from Egypt For the definition of Jewish languages, see Benjamin Hary Malabar + - (T in Hebrew; three the Jerusalem area – Mesillat Zion, resettled in five major villages or among the Jews of Cochin: one. See Jarmo Forsström, “The Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew tive language is a Dravidian while their liturgical Semitic peculiar phonology of the liturgical language monotheists whose na- history of Christians and Muslims in Kerala. His research focuses on the Forsström’ Good For?”, op. cit. See Himmelmann, “Language Documentation: What Is It and ment. Jews in many ways during the past ten years with advice and encourage- I am grateful to Prof. Scaria Zacharia for promoting the research of Kerala See enugoppala Panicker rivandrum: ISDL, 2006), 20 ( V ’). See also idem., . I. Subramoniam, ed. Y [email protected] aakov HaCohen, , T s research may be of interest to scholars studying the cultural it ranslating Religion , a Hebrew nominal suffix for language names , Prof Mohiyuddin Nadukkandiyil Karassery and oth- Nayar Piyutim im T A Preliminary Survey”, in: , 21 ( -Y Dialect Map of Malayalam Ezhava-T , op. cit., p. 22. sIX°v ). moshavim uval, and one in the Negev Desert, Nevatim. , op. cit., pp. 67-86. sIXßv

< ar gum Malabari (‘settlements’), as they are called In-

< - g°v tsura In- , ‘East’), 44 ( - gßvv

lo , which literally , ‘bulb’). S tudia Orientalia T . Kogin: HaCohen , aoz and W T ranslating Reli- ork”, in: -s]mX A , Leiden : viezer – Essen- < iyyar -]-p-g , 82 , 31 32 30 33 27 34 26 25 29 28 35 36 I am grateful to Prof. ths‰ cussing its Jewish version (personal communication). t]sd Jobi Jose and S. Krishnakumar expression means, ‘X has a form!’, i.e. X behaves badly or is ugly; the reproaching Jussay Christian population, which developed a folk tradition around it. See P Relations of Simple Forms,” in uses the term ‘conversational genres’, Roger D. sity of Cf. University of T ISwIYIƒ H&C Books, 2008 [2006], p. 13. See also Mathew Raphael, See M. Bakhtin, Cochin collected by Barbara Johnson from Ruby Daniel, and published in Archives at the Haifa University in Israel. In English, there are some stories There are a few stories transmitted in Hebrew and kept the Israel Folktale to do X!’, i.e. it is done in a bad way My name is Interaction This story recorded. The index number G1 refers to a PDF file containing field notes that were not jug/ Mammikaka is bathing/ What does she bathe with? She bathes with a copper Translation: The thunder roars. rain is falling/ daughter of saying…” masculine; NEG = negative; OBJ object; OBL singular suffix; CNJ = conjunctive; GEN genitive; IMP imperative; M Abbreviations: 1SG = first person singular suffix; 2SG second came and kidnapped her! name is know ranslation: Elderly lady: “Daughter Anna What does she dry herself with? She dries with silk/ , daughter… that… I know your father!” = = , (op. cit.). T The Jews of Kerala Ariela (or: I don’ s]‰ exas Press, 1986, especially pp. 87, 90. See also ]ndsI W , probably a piece of history (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991) 149. eize min tsura le ierzbicka, Ariela (or: I don’ , Kannur: Books India [year is not mentioned], p. 16. T exas Press, 1972. Speech Genr V Cr enugoppala Panicker for citing this proverb and dis- oss-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human t know my name).” Elderly lady: “What don’ , op. cit., 37-41. -, which literally means, ‘what kind of manner t know my name.)” Elderly lady: “What are you , 1001 Folklor es and Other Late Essays ISwIYIfpw ]- , what is your name?” . e Genr , left its traces on the neighboring es ed. Dan Ben-Amos. Abrahams, “The Complex -gs©m√pIfpw oblique. _p≤nbpW¿Øpw Y . Y Abrahams, who Austin: Univer oung girl: “No! oung girl: “My Ophira Gamliel . A Thrichur: Ruby of Pattani Austin: t you . M. = -

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 92 TAPASAM, 2010 July Documenting Jewish Malayalam... 44 46 45 42 43 37 41 40 48 47 39 38 story that you wanted to hear banyan tree that the parrot is living. Then [somebody] asked… it a is how it was living. Thus, there one banyan tree; on the raining. When it became hot over there, will go to a rainy place. That was particular ever since to pronounce it ‘correctly’ as times of rain and heat stay there.” “When dusk comes, what will you do?” “I take bath, hole in the Kuvala tree.” [T will you stay?” “If the banyan is cut where I stay? stay in a from the banyan tree that I just came.” “If is cut, where where did you come from, parrot?” the parrot said, “that I came, it is responded with some confusion, and finally ‘corrected’ H, H, ‘story’, ac-tØWv Esther D42-ED, D43-ED. Y H ‘winter’, ag∂ T H ‘father’, I first heard and Christians in Kerala with those of the Jews. 25). It will be interesting to compare translation traditions of Muslims in ve-Sifruyotehem Jewish languages (Bar languages consider verbatim translations as one of the hallmarks this translation tradition. It is important to note that scholars of Jewish in Israel. They call for a closer examination of the linguistic features recitations of elderly cantors were recorded during the mid-seventies but bits and pieces of this oral tradition. Luckily however Koder written text, I give here a very rough estimation based on brief examination of Do not forsake!/ Sleep with God my boy! T ranslation: Hear my son/ your father ranslation: okheved Elias’ Pe’amim ‘life’, = , a Paradeœi Jew currently living in Israel. Abraham’ ag s]øp∂ , was oral in nature. Contemporary JM speakers remember xayim = xoref sipur aba 93 (2002) 77-89; Hary ac-Øn≥ta¬ BWv Y Pirqey ‘avot A osi Oren pronouncing it she-parrot, from some country ” [Aspects of the Study Jewish Languages and Literature] stories are recorded in C3, C28a, D23, D28, D41-ED, s stories are recorded in D32 and D32-ED. -Asher , which was lent — amar explains ‘hole’ it would go to a hot place, when was , right? , “ Bxinot be-Xeqer Leshonot ha-Y , T Then [somebody] asked: “you, ’ ranslating Religion s morals/ Ig for Xerox copying by Sami , but since I spontaneously , in the winter it… Y and ‘Kuvala’]. I will The our mother , though, a few tamsir IX it to , op. cit., p. tradition, . ’ s IY ehudim T orah/ , he , 51 53 52 50 49 Folksong”. In: Scaria Zacharia, “Possibilities of Understanding Jewish Malayalam (December 2008) pp. 275-295. father ing// When your mother dies, where will you stay?/ I stay in Language Documentation and Conser Gran Chaco: Theoretical and Methodological Issues”, pp. 279-280 in: and Documentation of Speech Genres in Indigenous Communities guage for the community Such a publication answers the essential need for working with and will fly towards the sky// you coming from an is chopped, where will you stay?/ I stay in my mother I will take myself into a Sandal wood log// When the log and every dike// When they dig out the dikes, where will you stay?/ they harvest the fields where will you stay?/ I be playing in each there, parrot?/ There are rice grains, flowers and bananas there// When A Iƒ T knows. song. My friend Shanthama Mattattan also sang the version she All the Malayalam speakers whom I asked, knew some variant of this forcefully:] “This is my ill-fate! My bad luck!” what will you do?” “Then, this is my ill fate!” [Y fly towards the sky what will you do, you, do if your mother dies?” “I stay there laughing.” [ ‘what is the Sandal tree is cut, what will you do?” “I go to father explains Sandal tree.] I will go and stay in that tree.” “Then, if the Sandal, that is to say another tree, and stay there. [T what will you do if the Kuvala tree is cut down?” “Let it be, I go to after taking bath I will climb inside and stay [there].” “Then, you, do?” “I will stay in my mother lap and stay there laughing.” “Then, if your father dies, what will you ranslation: yyappadas, , Thrissur: H & C Publishing House, 2008, p. 31. ’ W s lap, crying// A ‘accan’ ork”, op. cit., p. 80; see also Cristina Messineo, “Fieldwork printed version is available in Where from, where from are you coming, parrot?/ 100 The Journal of Indo-judaic Studies ?; \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ . See Ulrike Mosel, “Fieldwork and Community Lan- T .” “If you fly to the sky Aluva field, parrot?// amar: When your father dies, where will you stay?/ I accande accan ’ , that is , op. cit., p. 32 s lap crying.” “If your mother dies, (M), âba A vation yyappa Das, W accan (H)]. “I will go to father ill you tell me stories from , and the sky falls down, , aela, “my…?” , V appan olume 2 Number 6 (2003), p. 32. 100 [Y Ophira Gamliel ’ s lap laugh- \mS≥]m-´p- aela asks, ’ s lap, and T amar amar Are ’s ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 94 TAPASAM, 2010 July \¬In-bXv \yp Pgvkn-bnse skt‚m¿ ^nenw-I-º\n DS-a-I-fmb tlmgvkte BZy Ne-®n{X\n¿ΩmWÿm]-\-amb s\ÿ ÃpUn-tbmbv°v 1911- F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv 1. ÃpUntbm k¶-ev]\w e£v-an. bp kn\namNcn{Xhpw DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw ®n-cp∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ cWw, {]Z¿i\w F∂o aq∂p Imcy-ßfpw A∂v ÃpUntbmIƒ \n¿∆-ln- I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw Dd-hnSw ]e A¿∞-ß-fnepw ÃpUn-tbm-I-fmWv. kvImcw F∂ \ne-bn¬ temIØv hym]n®, kn\n-a-sb∂ IebpsSbpw ]Ÿmhv -]n¥p-S-cp-∂p-s≠∂p ]d-bmw. C-cp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ _lp-P-\-kw- bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc kn-\na \nc-¥-c-ambn kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpsS kn\n-a-bpsS Bcw-`w. \n¿ΩmWL´w apX¬ {]Z¿i-\-im-e-bnse Xnc-»o-e- en-I-amb Bizmkw t\Sm-\p-ap≈ hnt\m-Z-hy-h-km-b-sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv Øn¬, alm-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\v ckn-°m\pw PohnXt¢i-ß-fn¬\n∂v Xm¬°m- Ie-bpsS hchv P\-߃ D‰p-t\m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bkzm-Z-\-kw-kvIm-c- sIm≠v t{]£-Isc t_md-Sn-∏n-®n-cp∂ A°m-eØv Ne-®n{Xwt]mep≈ Hcp kn\na kPo-h-am-bn. k¿°kpw tImam-fn-\m-S-I-ßfpw Bh¿Ø\-hn-c-k-X- cmPy-ß-fn¬ ]e ImeØv \S∂ imkv{Xo-b-]-co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS \h-I-ebmb Ne-\-Nn-{X-k-t¶-X-Øns‚ krjvSn°v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-b-Xv. Cu cwKØv hnhn[ Øns‚ `mK-ambn bqtdm∏n-ep-≠mb imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZymapt∂‰-am-Wv bXv. kn\na BXy-¥n-I-ambn Hcp kmt¶-XnIIe-bm-Wv. hyh-km-b-hn-π-h- bmbmWv kz]v\-ß-fpsS ^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬\n∂p kn\n-a Xnc-»o-e-bn-se-Øn- 1910-˛¬ {^m≥kn-em-Wv ÃpUn-tbm-I-fpsS XpS°w. \n¿ΩmWw, hnX- ]sØmºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Øn¬ b{¥-tem-I-Øns‚ Ie- (Susan Hayward, 1996 : 354). vertically integrated studios tlmfn-hpUnse - -˛¬ P∑w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p cpsSXs∂ ÿncwXmc-ßfpw, ÿncwkwhn-[m-b-Icpw Xnc°YmIr-Øp-°fpw {]m[m\yw \¬In. Hmtcm ÃpUn-tbmbv°pw ta[m-hn-bpw -A-h- tbmsSm∏wXs∂ ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ IemImc∑mcpsS Iq´m-bvaIƒ°pw kn\namhyh-km-b-Øn\pta¬ Ip-ØI t\Sn. kmº-ØnI]cnKW\ dn¬ ÿm]n®v tlmfn-hp-Unse BZysØ apgp-\of ^o®¿Nn{X-amb " CXn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-®-Xv. Cu ÃpUntbm ]n∂oSv {]ikvXn t\Sn-bXv ÿm]n-®p. \n¿Ωm-Xmhpw kwhn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ tXmakv C≥kv BWv Iº\n shtè Nn{X-߃ am{Xw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp ÃpUntbm ktlm-Z-c-≥amcmWv. CtX -Im-e-L-´-Øn¬Xs∂ \yqtbm¿°v tamj≥ ]nIv®¿ h¿jw hn‰m-{Km^v Ah-cpsS ÃpUn-tbmbpw Bcw-`n-®p. BZysØ shÃvtImÃv ÃpUntbm tlmfn-hp-Un¬ Xpd-∂p. sXm´-SpØ kvIzmams‚ AXn-\p-tijw \-ambn hf¿∂p. \n¿Ωm-Whpw hnX-c-Whpw Ch¿Xs∂ \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂p. \n°v cq]w \evIn. ]n∂o-SXv tlmfn-hp-Unse Hcp {]apJ Ne-®n{Xÿm]- `n® Ins\am- I-f¿ ÃpUntbm Hayward, 1996: 354) hm¿W¿ {_tZ-gvkv, B¿.-sI.-H. F∂n-h-. Cu ^nenw Iº-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-ambn. t^mIvkv ^nenw tIm¿∏-td-j≥, sat{Sm-tKmƒUv hn≥ tab¿, Iq´n-t®¿Øv sP n-emkvIn tIm¿∏-tdj\pw ]mc-au≠v Unkv{Sn-_yq-j≥ Iº-\n-bp-ambn d≥kv emkvIn-^o-®¿ tπ I-º\n A¥naXocp-am\w kwhn-[m-b-I-t‚-Xmbn-cn-°Ww F∂pw h∂p bv°p-∂-Xn\pth≠n ÃpUn-tbmbv°p ]pdØv Nn{XoI-cn-°p-Ibpw, CXn¬ ]pXnb \nb-a-߃ D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Nne kn\n-a-Iƒ sNehv Ipd- cp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \n¿ΩmW]cn-io-e\whgn tlmfn-hpUv kn\n-a-Iƒ°v ‰nwKv hsc-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fpsSsb√mw A¥nahn[n-I¿Ømhv C≥kv Bbn- {Kn^n-Øns‚ {]i-kvX-ß-fmb Uvam¿°v {Kn^n-Øns‚ Nn{X-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn hn´p-sI-mSp-Øp. C≥kvhns√ ' AtUmƒ^v kptIm¿ Xs‚ t^akv tπtbgvkv ^nenw Iº-\nsb F∂o Nn{X-߃ ]pd-Øp-h-∂Xv Cu ÃpUn-tbm-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. 1912 -˛¬ bqWn-th-gvk¬ ^nenw am\p-^m-Iv®-dnwKv Iº\n Ah-cpsS ' \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v XpS-°-an-´p. tlmfn-hp-Un¬ {]h¿Ø\w Bcw- ' 1916 F∂ t]cnem-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv kv{In]v‰v apX¬ FUn- (Susan Hayward, 1996: 355 1924 ˛¬ ]mc-au≠v ]nIvt®gvkv F∂ Ne-®n{X\n¿ΩmWIº- -˛\pw . 1926 ' Ah-cpsS ]pXnb ÃpUntbm ˛\panSbv°v \mev ^nenw tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ 1914- " Z _¿Øv Hm^v F t\j≥ ˛¬ ayq®¬ Iº\n Gs‰-SpØv tUhn- ˛ 56). " Z sP n F¬ 1913 ', 1920 ë Unkw-_- e£v-an bp. " C≥tSm-f- ˛Ifn¬ (Susan " Z

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 96 TAPASAM, 2010 July kmt¶-XnIhnZ-Kv[sc °p-∂-Xpw kwhn-[m-b-Isc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xpw Omb-{Km-l-I\pƒs∏sS ap≥\n¿Øn {^m¶v^¿´v kvIqƒ Nn¥I-cmWv hmWn-Py-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw hyh-kmbhXv°cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp \nb-{¥n-°p∂ h≥hyh-kmbhnt\m-Z-am-Wv. apX-em-fnØw kwkvIm-csØ sb-Sp-ØXv. kn\namhyh-km-b-Øn\pta¬ tlmfn-hpUv kv‰pUn-tbm-Iƒ IpØI t\Sn- aq∂v LS-I-ßfpw ÃpUn-tbm-bv°p-≈n¬ GIo-I-cn-°pIhgnbmWv bm-bn-cp∂p \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \n¿ΩmWw, hnX-cWw, {]Z¿i\w F∂o dp-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. {]Z¿i-\hpw tlmfn-hp-Un¬ ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ Xs∂- \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kn\nam{]Z¿i-\-Øn\v h≥apS-°p-ap-X-ep≈ Xntb-‰- {][m-\-s∏´ LS-I-amWv hnX-cWw. CXpw ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p kwkvImcw F∂ \ne-bnepw kn\n-asb P\-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°p-∂-Xn¬ kn\nam\n¿Ωm-Ww. P\{]nbkwkvImcw F∂ \ne-bnepw, hyh-kmb I¿, Iem-kw-hn-[m-b-I¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS F√mw Iq´m-bva-bmWv {Km-l-I≥, kwhn-[m-b-I≥, A`n-t\Xm°ƒ, Kmb-I¿, kwKoXkwhn-[m-b- Ime-L-´-Øn¬ kn\n-a-bpsS hnX-cWw \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv {]Z¿i-\-Øn¬IqSntb ]Ww Xncn®p]nSn-°m≥ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. B kn\namhyh-km-b-Øn¬ i‡amb kzm[o\LSIambncp-∂p. ImcWw fm-°n- am-‰p-∂p. C-cp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ _lp-P-\-kw-kvImcw F∂ \ne- a‰v D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp-°sft]mse kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-bpw hn]-W-\-h-kvXp-°- hy‡n-Isf AXns‚ N´-°q-Sn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp∂ kwkvIm-chy-h-km-bw, ]Zw cq]-s∏Sp-Ønb-Xv. apX-em-fnØkaq-lsØ \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠pXs∂ s sI. H. F∂o ÃpUn-tbm-IfmWv. Hcp kn\n-a-bn¬ Fß-s\-sbms° ]Ww F∂-dn-b-s∏-´ hm¿W¿ {_tZ-gvkv, Fw.-Pn.Fw., t^mIvkv, ]mcm-au≠v, B¿.- (Steven. J. Ross, 2002: 5). DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw h-¬°-cWw \S°q F∂ [mcW {]Nm-c-Øn-embXpw C°m-e-ØmWv iv\-ßfpw kn\n-a-bn¬ IS-∂p-h-∂m¬ am{Xta P\-ß-fn¬ kmaqlyt_m[- ambn Hcp hnt\m-tZm-]m-[nbm-sW¶nepw hnt\m-Z-tØm-sSm∏w kmaq-ly-{]- Whpw hnX-c-Whpw Ah-cpsSIogn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. -kn\na ASnÿm\-]-c- th-gvk¬, bqssW-‰Uv B¿´nÃvkv, sImfw_nb, B¿.-sI.H.) kn\nam\n¿Ωm- (]mc-au-≠v, t^mIvkv, sat{Sm-˛-tKmƒUvhn≥-˛tab¿, hm¿W¿ {_tZgvkv, bqWn- Ne-h-gn-°Wsa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv \n¿Ωm-Xm-hm-Wv. IY apX-em-fnØkaq-l-Øn¬ kn\nam\n¿ΩmWw am[yaÿm]-\-߃ ÃpUntbm Ime-L-´-Øn¬ kn\n-a-bpsS {]Z¿i\w Ata-cn-°≥ 1920 ˛IfpsS Ah-km\amb-t∏mƒ {][m-\-ambpw F´v ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ s Xc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xpw \n¿Ωm-Xm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. Ombm- " kwkvIm-c-hy-h-kmbw " _nKv ss^hv s Xc-s™-Sp- ' F∂ ' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp {lkz-Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Pqembv G 2. C¥y≥ kn\namhyh-kmbw 1897˛¬ t]cp-sh-fn-s∏-Sp-ØmØ Hcp Ombm{Kml-I≥ i-kvX-amb Nne Ne-®n{X \n¿ΩmW kwcw-`-߃ Ac-tß-dp-I-bp-≠mbn. ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-®Xv. F∂m¬ `Sv-htU-°¿°v apºp-Xs∂ C¥y-bn¬ A{]- ´p. t_mws_-bn¬ \S∂ KpkvXn-a-’-c-Øns‚ GXm\pw Zriy-ß-fmWv BZy- ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v At±lw Nne eLpNn{X-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏- W-Øn\v Bcw`w Ipdn-®p. kz¥-ambn hmßnb Iyma-dbpw a‰v D]-I-c-W- lcn-›{µ kJmdmw F∂ lcn-›-{µ-`-Sv-h-tU-°¿ C¥y-bn¬ Ne-®n{X\n¿Ωm- hnhn[`mK-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ CØcw {]Z¿i-\-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. {]Ya Ne-®n{X{]Z¿i\w bmYm¿∞y-ambn. CXn-\p-tijw C¥y-bpsS (Dam sP. \mb¿, {]Z¿i\w F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ Xs‚ {]mK¬`yw sXfn-bn-°p-I-bp-w sNbvXp _tbm-kvtIm∏v Iº\n ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw kn\nam\n¿Ωm-Ww, hnX-cWw, {]Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. ]n∂oSv At±lw I¬°-Ø-bnse F^n≥tÃm¨ aZ≥ Xm≥ hmßnb _tbm-kvt°m-∏ns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ Hcp kn\nam kw_-‘n®v kn\namhyh-kmbw. kl{ktImSn-Iƒ Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°p∂ Hcp NqXm-´-amWv tlmfn-hp-Uns\ Hcp kmwkv°m-cnIhyh-km-b-ambnØocp-∂p. iXtImSn-Iƒ apS°n AhnsS\n∂v D¤-hn-°p∂ kn\n-a-I-fm-Is´ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ hym]n®v Un\v kn\nam\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ Hcp {][m\ÿm\w Xs∂-bp-≠v. em-Wv CXv {][m-\-am-bn´pw ImWp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ tlmfn-hp- asb kwkvIm-c-hy-h-km-b-am°n ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ am-‰p-∂p. tlmfn-hp-Un- bn¬ cq]wsIm≠ kn\n-a-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-ta-Je ÃpUn-tbm-I-fmWv. kn\n- ambn temIw Np‰p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv Ah¿ C¥y-bnepsaØp-∂-Xv. s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv eqan-b¿ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cm-Wv. X߃ \n¿Ωn® Ne-®n-{X-hp- ®p-h-∂p kzm[o-\-Øn-ep≈ ÿe-ß-fnepw kn\na hyh-kmbtI{µ-ambn hnI-kn- hmWn-Py-]-c-ambn apt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ ÿe-ß-fnepw {_n´o-jp-Im-cpsS ]g°w Ah-Im-i-s∏Smw. t_mws_, I¬°-Ø, a{Zmkv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw eqan-b¿ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpsS kn\na I≠v Bth-i-`-cn-X-\mbnØo¿∂ 1902 `mc-X-Ønepw kn\n-a-sb∂ kmt¶-XnIam[yaw BZy-ambn ]cn-N-b- C¥y≥ kn\namhyh-km-b-Øn\v tlmfn-hp-Uns‚ A{XbpwXs∂ (Sumita. S. Chakravarthy, 1998: 33). ˛¬ I¬°-Ø-bnse sk≥{S¬ ]m¿°n¬sh®v PmwjZv Pn {^mwPn g mw XobXn t_mws_-bnse hmSvk¨ tlm´-en¬ C¥y-bnse 1999-: 38 ). " tIm°-\´v s^b¿ e£v-an bp. 1896 '

97 - 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 98 TAPASAM, 2010 July sP. \mb¿, 1999: 39,40). {]`mXv ÃpUntbm F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\-s∏´ ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ (Dam apwss_ Sm°o-kv, kmK¿ aqhn-tSm¨, Znhm-knb {_tZ-gvkv, ]q\-bnse a‰v B[p-\nIkuI-cy-ßfpw D≠m-bn. I¬°-Ø-bnse \yq Xntb-‰¿, ÿm]n-X-ambtXmsS Ah-bp-tS-Xmb Xmc-ßfpw kmt¶-XnI{]h¿ØIcpw P∑w \¬In.- tN¿∂v \ne-bn¬ ^m¬t° C¥y≥ kn\nabpsS ]nXm-hmbn BZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ne-®n{X\n¿ΩmWkt¶Xsa∂ kz]v\w bmYm¿∞y-am-°nb hy‡nsb∂ ‰-dn¬sh®mWv CXns‚ {]Ya{]Z¿i\w \S-∂Xv. C¥ybv°v X\-Xmb Hcp t\Snsb-Sp-°p-Ibpw kpkw-L-SnXhyh-km-b-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp hf¿∂n-cp-∂p. ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ kn\n-am-hy-h-km-b-Øn-t∑¬ A[n-Imcw {]m[m\yw abv°v Hcp hgn-Øn-cnhv e`n-°p-∂Xv sFXn-lm-kn-I-hp-amb {]ta-b-ß-fpsSbpw N´-°q-Sn¬ HXpßn\n∂n-cp∂ kn\n- l¬ Iº-\n-bmWv CXn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xv. t]mb-Xv. Ccp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°Øn¬ I¬°-Ø-bn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ XmPva- an-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. I¬°-Ø-bmWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Iptd-°qSn apt∂m´v X-Øns‚ CX-c-`m-K-ß-fnepw KW-\o-b-amb Ne-®n{Xkwcw-`-߃ ]ptcm-K- kn\nam{]h¿Ø-\-߃ kPo-hhpw i‡-hp-amb Ah-k-c-Øn¬Xs∂ `mc- \n¿ΩmWÿm]-\-amWv ëCw]o-cn-b¬ ^nenw Iº-\n. Ø-p. Ccp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n® {it≤-b-amb as‰mcp Ne-®n{X hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ]pXnb Ne-®n{X\n¿ΩmWÿm]-\-߃ ]nd-hn-sb-Sp- ^mØna _oKw, kp¬Øm\ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. CXn-s\-Xp-S¿∂v cmPy-Øns‚ Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ Nn{X-ß-fn-eqsS Ne-®n{XcwKØv {]i-kvX-cm-b-h-cmWv (Madhava Prasad. M, 1998: 39). DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw bn-cp-∂p (tUm. Ac-hn-µ≥ h√-®nd, tebv°v t_mws_ ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ angnXpd-°p-∂Xpw Cu Ime-L-´-Øn-em- h\y-X-I-fn¬ ho¿∏p-ap-´p∂ a\p-jy-cpsS kmaqlyK‘n-bmb {]ta-b-ß-fn- B¿tZin¿ Cdm-\nbpw hntZ-i-]-cn-io-e\w t\Snb t`mKn-em¬ Zthbpw kn\namhyh-km-b-Øns‚ {][m-\- L-S-I-amb ÃpUn-tbm-IfpsS 1913 tImÃyqw {Uma-I-sf∂v ]d-bm-hp∂ Nn{X-ß-fp-sSbpw, Ncn-{X-]-chpw C¥y≥ Ne-®n{XthZn-bpsS kncmtI{µ-am-bn-cp∂ t_mws_-bn¬ 1922 -˛¬ ZmZm-km-ln_v ^m¬sI 1930 ˛¬ Ãm¿ ^n-enwkv F∂ \n¿ΩmWIº-\nbv°v P∑w \¬In. 1913 ˛Iƒ Bb-t∏m-tg°pw tNmZywsNøm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w - sabv aq∂mw XobXn t_mws_-bnse tImd-t\-j≥ Xntb- ap∏-Xp-Ifn¬ henb ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ 2003: 118,119 1924 " cmPmlcn-›{µ ˛emWv. \KckwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ). ' F∂ Nn{X-Øn\v Øn-d-ßnb `n® DZ-bm BWv Cu ÃpUntbm. DZ-bm-bpsS {]Ya Nn{Xw 1949˛¬ ]pd- ]nIvt®gvkv 1906 3. ÃpUn-tbm-I-fpsS Bhn¿`mhw tIc-f-Øn¬ Df-hm-bn-cp-∂p (kn.Fw. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, tXm-sSm∏w Hcp ÃpUntbm Dƒs°m≠ Iem-Im-c-∑m¿°pw kpc-£nXt_m[w \n¿Ωm-Xm-hn\v hy‡-amb kpc-£n-X-t_m[w B¿÷n-°m≥ Ign™p. A- j-X. ÃpUntbm k{º-Zm-b-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ne-®n{X\n¿Ωm-W-co-Xn-sIm≠v ÃpUntbm F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p D¤-h-ImewsXm´p-Xs∂ kn\n-a-bpsS khn-ti- °n-bn-cp-∂Xv ÃpUntbm k{º-Zm-b-am-Wv. Hmtcm \n¿Ωm-Xm-hn\pw fn¬ kn\n-a-bpsS GIo-IrX`mhhpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf¿®bpw Dd-∏m- ≠v.kn\na Hcp hyh-km-b-ambn tI{µk¿°m¿ {]Jym-]n-®p. BZy-Im-e-ß- kzImcytaJ-e-bm-hs´ Hcp h≥hyh-kmbtaJ-e-bmbn hf¿∂pIgn-™n-´pap- BXy-¥n-I-ambn kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-tbmSv _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠m-Wv. Cu bn¬\n∂p kwL-Sn-∏n®v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv c≥ hmdpÆn tPmk^v F∂ sI. Uªyp. tPmk-^v. N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ {][m\]¶p hln® as‰mcp hy‡n-bmWv Im´q-°m- Nn{X-߃. tIc-f-Øn¬ Ne-®n-{X-sa∂ Iem-am-[yaw km¿∆{XnI-ambn ]cn- b-hp-sam-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ {]Z¿i-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønbn-cp∂ hns‚ Pohn-XsØ B[m-c-am°n \n¿Ωn® Hcp {lkz-Nn-{Xhpw IpXn-c-∏-¥- ]nIvt®gvkvv cwKØph∂ hy‡n. FUn-k¨ _tbm-kvtIm∏v F∂ D]-I-c-W-hp-ambn t]mƒ hn≥k‚mWv Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn Ne-®n{X{]Z¿i-\-hp-ambn ]s£, AXn\p apºpXs∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ Ne-®n{X{]Z¿i\w \S-∂n-cp-∂p. bm-f-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv i_vZ-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{Xw. kmt¶-XnI]q¿W-X-tbmsS Hcp ÃpUntbm ae- ÃpUntbm Bbn-cp-∂p Zm\ntb¬ ÿm]n® Nn-{X-amb hnKX-Ip-am-c≥ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse {]Ya Ne-®n{X kn. Zm\n-tb¬ Bcw-`n-®p. ChnsSsh®mWv ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy- ˛¬ At±lw tImgn-t°mSv Xs‚ BZy{]Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. {InkvXp- 1928 F¥m-bmepw C¥y≥kn\na hf-cp-∂Xpw hnImkw {]m]n-°p-∂Xpw Ne-®n{Xhyh-km-b-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-߃ t_mws_- 1938- ˛¬ \n¿Ωn® ˛ \hw-_-dn-emWv hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥ {]Z¿i-\-Øn-s\-Øp-∂-Xv. " ' ' sh≈n-\-£-{X . F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp Ne-®n{X\n¿ΩmWÿm]\w " _me≥ ' -amWv. tIc-f-Øn¬h®v \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ BZysØ 1948 ' apX¬ Bcw-`n-°p∂p ae-bm-f-Ønse ˛emWv. Be-∏p-g-bn¬ {]h¿Ø\amcw- 2001: 30 " " Z {Smh≥Iq¿ \mjW¬ Z {Smh≥Iq¿ \mjvW¬ ). 1926 e£v-an bp. ˛¬ sP.

99

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 100 TAPASAM, 2010 July Hcp ]¶p-Im-c≥ F∂-Xn-\p-]p-dta ÃpUn-tbm-bpsS s]bvUv sk{I-´-dn- Iq- `m-Khpw tPm¨ ^nen-t∏mkpw sh≠¿ IrjvW-]n≈bpw \n¿∆-ln-®p. ÃpUn-tbmbv°p th≠ ÿew Ip©mt°m \¬In. apX¬apS-°n¬ `qcn- bn¬ A_vImcn tIm¨{Sm-IvSdm-bn-cp∂ Ip©mt°m Ah-tcmSp tN¿∂p. Ko-kns‚ HØmi-tbmsS cq]wsImSpØ ÃpUntbm BWv DZ-bm. Be-∏p-g- sIm√sØ sh≠¿ Ir-jvW-]n-≈, Be∏n hn≥k‚ bm-bpsS XpS-°w. C. tPm¨ ^nen-t∏m-kv, Sn.hn. tXma-kv, amØp-°p-´n, Db¿∂p. h¿jwtXmdpw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´p. F∂m¬ Adp-]-Xp-IƒsXm´v CXv Ccp-]-Xmbn bXv shdpw Ggv Nn{X-ß-fm-Wv. A≥]-Xp-Ifn¬ icm-icn Bdv Nn{X-߃ cma≥Ip´n, kn-\n-a-sb-t∏mepw ]pdwX≈n C¥y-bn¬ H∂mwÿm\-sØØn (sI. hn. 4. DZbm ÃpUntbm ˛ Ncn{Xw (C-S-a-dpIv. kn\n-a-I-fn¬ kp{_-“-WyØns‚ ]e- `mj-I-fn-embn DZbm \qtdmfw Nn{X-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kn\n-a-sb∂ _lp-a-Xn°v A¿l-am-Ip∂ Nn{Xhpw sh≈n\£-{X-am-Wv. DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw Øn-b-©n¬]cw ^o®¿ Nn{X-߃ kp{_-“-Wyw \n¿an-®p. h[n \n¿Ωm-W-, hn-X-c-W-°-º-\n-Iƒ ]nIvtNgvkv, Sn.-sI.- ]-co-°p-´n-bpsS N{µ-Xmcm ]nIvtNgvkv F∂n-ßs\ \nc- hns‚ sk≥{S¬ ]nIvtN-gvkv, Sn.-C.- hm-kp-tZ-hs‚ Atkm-kn-tb-‰Uv £≥kv, F≥.-FIvkv. tPm-Wns‚ Pntbm ]nIvtN-gvkv, ]n. tPm¿÷v amXyp- dns‚ Ipam-c-kzman B‚ Chbv°p ]n∂mse Be∏n hn≥k‚ ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ°v th≠{X {Iao-I-c-W-߃ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. KXn \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. \n¿Ωm-W-Ønse∂-t]mse hnX-c-W-Ønepw Cu Bfl-kJn ( {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. sacn-em‚ Øn¬ cq]w sIm≠p. F¶nepw ]e {]K¤hy‡n-I-fp-tSbpw Iq´mb kwcw`sa∂ \ne-bv°mWv DZ- ae-bmfkn\n-a-bpsS BZysØ Ccp-]Xv h¿j-ß-fn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßn- tIc-f-Ønse as‰mcp {]apJ Ne-®n{X\n¿ΩmWÿm]-\-amb ]n. DZ- b 1978 1995 mbpw sacn-em‚p-amWv Hcp Ime-L´whscbpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS 2006: 29 1952 ˛¬ 224 , ]pdw ). kXys‚ BZy-Nn-{X-am-Wn-Xv. ]e -`m-j-I-fn-embn \mev]- 123 FÆhpw tIc-f-Øn\v shfn-bn-emWv \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´-Xv ). Nn{X-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-°ns°m≠v ae-bm-f-kn-\na lnµn- " sacn-em‚ 442 v Iº-\n, Fw.-kn.-]p-∂q-kns‚ FIvk¬ s{]mU- ). 1970 v ÃpUntbm n¬\n∂v BZyw ]pd-Øp-h∂ Nn{X-amWv hsc ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-h∂ ns‚ AP¥m ÃpUntbm, Fkv.-Ip-am- 1940- ˛-I-fnepw ' Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv 50 v F∂n-h¿ Sn.Fw. hdp- -˛-I-fp-ep-ambn tIc-f- 1951 287 ˛¬ Cu kn\n-a-bmWv ae-bm-f-Ønse {]Ya kq∏¿ln‰v Nn{Xw. asØ Nn{X-am-Wv bn-cp∂p tImin-bpsS ]¶m-fn. DZbm ÃpUn-tbm-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ c≠m- Xøm-dm-°m-\mWv tImin BZyw {ian-®-Xv. Cu bXv\-Øn¬ Ip©m-t°m-bm- 324 ( Nn{X-amWv sh≈n-\-£-{Xw (hn-P-b-Ir-jvW≥: ap≥ImeNn{X-ß-fn¬\n∂v A¬∏hpw hyXn-bm\w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\m-hmØ Gsd {]i-kvX-bmb ankv. Ipam-cn-bmWv. IY-bntem Ah-X-c-W-Øntem tPmk^v F∂n-h¿°v ]pdta \mbn-I-bmbn cwK-Øp-h-∂Xv ]n¬°m-eØv Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. I≠n-bq¿ ]c-ta-iz-c≥Ip-´n, Be∏n hn≥k‚ Wv. A`-b-tZhv Km\-c-N-bn-Xmhmbn Ne-®n-{X-cw-K-sØ-Øp-∂Xv Cu Nn{X- Xv°mcw \n¿∆-ln-®Xv P¿Ω≥ hwi-P-\mb s^enIvkv sP. F®v. s_bvkm- b-Irjvv-W≥, \jvS-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Ip©mt°m AXns‚ GI Ah-Im-in-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p (hnP- Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p Ip©m-t°m. {ItaW a‰p-≈-h¿°v ÃpUn-tbm-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw j-Xbpw PohnX\uI-bv°p-≠v. PohnX\uI- \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. \mev `mj-I-fn¬ \n¿Ωn® Nn{X-sa∂ khn-ti- Ipfw cmL-h≥]n≈ Xøm-dm-°nb Xnc-°-Ysb B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv I-cn®v tImin-bpsS ]p{X-\mb tPm¿Pv cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb CXn-hr-Ø-Øn\v apXp- ]c-tZ-in-bmb thºphm-bn-cp∂p. Hcp _wKmfnIY-bpsS {]ta-bsØ A\p- £≥kns‚ _m\-dn¬ \n¿Ωn® Nn{X-amWv PohnX\uI. kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Ign-™n-√. tIminbpw Ip©m-t°mbpw tN¿∂v sI. B‚ Øn-s‚bpw dn°m¿Uv XI¿°m≥ Hcp Ime-L´w hsc as‰mcp Nn{X-Øn\pw £≥kns‚ _m\-dn¬ \√X¶ ( P-b-s∏´ Ip©m-t°m-bp-ambn tN¿∂v sI.hn. tImin sI. B‚ Øn-s\-Ønb bnI ASn-Ød krjvSn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb Nn{X-amWv ]n≈ F∂ lmky-\-S≥ Xnc-io-e-bn¬ FØp-∂Xv \√X¶-bn-eq-sS-bmWv. \p≈ Hcp t^m¿ap-e-bpsS Xnc-t\m´w \√X¶-bn¬ ImWmw. Fkv. ]n. amWv Pohn-X-\uI Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv {]Z¿in-∏n-®-Xv (sI.-Fw. -amXyp, 1952 ). Cu Nn{Xw t\Sn-sb-SpØ kmº-ØnIt\´-Øn-s‚bpw {]Z¿i-\-hn-P-b- ) F∂o Nn{X-߃ \n¿Ωn-®p. DZ-bm -Ãp-Untbm BZy-ambn \n¿Ωn® sh≈n\£-{X-Øn\v km£m- Xan-gn¬ ]Ww sImbvsX-SpØ sh≈n-\-£-{X-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]cm- tIc-f-Øn¬ kn\n-a-sb∂ am[y-a-Øn\v kpi-‡-amb Hcp- hym-h-km- 2007: 43 " PohnX\uI " \√X¶ ). ' ' .- t{]£-Isc IÆo-scm-gp-°n®v apX-se-Sp-°m- . A©p e£w cq] apX¬ apS°n \n¿Ωn® 1950 ), PohnX\uI ( " \√ X¶m-fn 2007: 44 ' s\mcp ae-bmfw ]Xn∏v 1951 ). ), hni-∏ns‚ hnfn 1951 v sI. s{]mU- -˛¬ {]Z¿i-\- v sI. s{]mU- 284 e£v-an bp. v, apf-h\ Znh-k- 2008:

101

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 102 TAPASAM, 2010 July em¿ Y-bmb tijw Xv. am-WnXv. F∂m¬ AXpw kmº-Øn-I-ambn em`w D≠m-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX- b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \So-\-S-∑m¿. ]Xn-s\´v ZnhkwsIm≠v jq´v sNbvX Nn{X- cmL-h≥amÃ-dmWv Xnc-°-Y-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xv. _l-Zq¿, hnem-kn\n XpS-ßn- \n¿Ωn-®Xv. ]Øv ]{¥≠v ZnhkwsIm≠v sa\™p≠m-°nb IYbv°v sh-gpXn X≈p-∂-Xn\pth≠nbmWv koXbpw kmº-Øn-I-ambn IpXn-®pIbdn-b-t∏mƒ hcp-am\w IqSn. Nne- ∏ns‚ hnfn £≥kns‚ \√X¶bpw PohnX\uIbpw kq∏¿ln‰mbn Ign-™-t∏mƒ d-bpsS Im¬ \neØv hbv°m≥ ]m¿´n{]h¿Ø-I¿ A\p-h-Zn-®n-√. km-£n-Iƒ A¥y-hn-{iaw sIm≈p∂ ]p∂-{]-bn¬ FØn. F∂m¬ Iyma- IY DZbm kn\n-a-bm-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ sajn≥KÆpw hmcn°p-¥-hp-ambn \S∂ G‰p-ap-´-ens‚ sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb HSp-hn¬ tImin Xv. F∂m¬ Cu Nn{XØn\p-tijw tIminbpw Ip©m-t°mbpw AI-∂p. gp-Im-c-\mb A_vZp¬ JmZ¿ F∂ t{]w\-ko¿ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bn-se-Øn-b- AXn-\p-tijw Sow DZ-bm-bn-tebv°v hcp-∂Xv Cu Nn{X-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. bpsS 1975 kq∏¿ln‰mb cma-cmPyw F∂ Nn{X-Øns‚ ae-bm-f-amWv DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw h≥hnP-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. BZysØ ap…nw IY-bmWv Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\p-tijw DZbm \n¿Ωn® Nn{X-߃ F√mw Xs∂ \-£-a-am-bn. B h¿jwXs∂ DΩ, koX F∂o Nn{X-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p- I®-hSw sNøp-hm-\p≈ ]≈n-∏dtºm, Aº-e-∏-dtºm A√; Poh≥ cp∂ Sn. hn. tXma-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS h≥]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp∂p. AtXmsS ÃpUntbm ]qt´≠ Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øn. I-\mb DZ-bm-bpsS Nn{X-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv t{]w\-ko¿ DZ-bm-bn-te°p hcp-∂-Xv. \mb- \n¿Ωn-®p. c≠pw Htc Znhkw dneokv sNbvXp. 1961 ˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb '

1968 " ]p{X-[¿Ωw Znhm-≥`-cW-Øn\pw cmPhm-gvN-bv°p-sa-Xn-cmbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬, Ip©m-t°m-bp-sSbpw tImin-bp-sSbpw sI. B‚ h¿j-߃°p-tijw, Ip©m-t°m-bpsS kplrØpw a{¥n-bp-am-bn- ˛¬ hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-Y-bm-b- 62 " ]g-»n-cmP ˛¬ \n¿Ωn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kn\n-a-bpsS jq´n-ßn\v c‡- ˛¬ kw`-h-I-Y-bmb ' - F∂ Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn®p. Cu Nn{X-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Nnd-bn≥Io- 1955 " ]p{X-[¿Ωhpw ' - h≥]-cm-P-b-am-bn. AtXmsS DZ-bm-bvs°-Xn-cmbn tImin. ' ]pd-Øn-dßn. lnµp ap…nw sFIy-Øns‚ IY-bmWv ˛¬ Ip©mt°m \n¿Ωn® " Ah≥ h-cp∂p " am \njmZ " ' `mcy - DZbm ' - ]Ww XI¿Øp-hm-cn-b-t∏mƒ tImin- ' " ' 1962 í]d-bp-∂Xv. D-Æn-bm¿® ]pd-Øn-dßn. hb-em¿˛tZh-cm-P≥ " -˛¬ 1960- Ah≥ hcp∂p " ˛¬ DZbm ho≠pw {]h¿Ø- InS-∏mSw " \oen-kmen ' " ]pd-Øn-dßn. AXn-\p- Ah≥ hcp∂p ' " kmº-Øn-I-ambn DΩ 1963 ' - F∂ Nn{Xhpw " ' koX v sI. s{]mU- F∂ Nn{Xw " ' ]p∂-{]- -h-b- . lnµn-bn¬ ˛¬ Ncn-{X-I- ' -. DΩbpw ' F∂ " " " hni- CXv mhm-Iy-am-bn-cp∂p {X-am-Wv Xnc-°-Y-sb-gp-Xn-bXv Fkv. F¬. ]pcw kZm-\-µ-\m-Wv. DZ-bm-bpsS hS-°≥ ]m´v IY-Iƒ. G‰hpw ]cm-P-b-s∏´ Nn{Xw s]m∂m-]pcw tIm´, Xptºm-em¿®, IÆ-∏-\pÆn XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS-bmWv. DÆnbm¿®, ]mem-´p-tIm-a≥, HtX-\s‚ aI≥, Xnc-°-Ym-Ir-Ømb imcw-K-]m-Wn-bp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-Øn¬\n-∂v). ߃ \nd™ IY-I-fm-bn-cp∂p DZ-bm-bpsS Nn{X-߃ (\oe-s∏m-∑m-s‚ ߃ Ccp-ssIbpw-\o´n kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cßs\ sshhn-≤y- kn-bmsX \oe-s∏m-∑m≥ Xntb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ {]Z¿i-\-Øn\v FØp-Ibpw P\- A∏-®≥ CS-s]´v {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒs°ms° ]cn-lmcw ImWp-Ibpw Xma- dneokv sUbv‰v sImSp-Øp. Ip©m-t°m-bpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb \thm-Zbm Poh≥ \jvS-s∏Spw. CXdn-bmsX tIc-f-Ønse apgp-h≥ Xotb-‰-dp-I-fnepw °p-∂Xv A\p-h-Zn- Aßs\ U¬ln-bnseØn. a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ hnjw IpØn-h®v ]co£n- cpsS ASp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn sk≥k¿ sNø-W-sa∂pw Bh-iy-s∏´p. Hm^o-k¿ X\nbv°v djy-≥`mj Adn-bn-s√∂pw AXv Adn-bm-hp-∂-h- FØn°m≥ ]e {]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw t\cn-tS≠n h∂p. a{Zm- nse sk≥k¿ ß-fp-ambmWv \oe-s∏m∑m≥ ]q¿Ønbm°nbXv. B Nn{Xw {]Z¿i-\-Øn\v dm-Ip-∂p. ∂-Xn\v Ahsf tUmIvS¿°v hnhmlw Ign®p-sImSp-°m≥ ]nXmhv Xøm- em`Øn\v F∂ Imgv®-∏m-tSmsS B acp-∂ns‚ Ah-Imiw X´n-sb-Sp-°p- Ib-‰p-Ibpw ]pXnb acp-∂ns‚ ]co£Ww \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. F¥pw ^nj¿ F∂v t]cn-´p. tUmIvS¿ kpµ-cn-bpsS ico-cØn¬ ]mºv hnjw ]mhm-S-°m-cnsb tUmIvS¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏Sp-∂p. Ahƒ°v InwKv bn¬ Im´nepw ta´nepw ]pg-bnepw BSn-∏mSn \S-°p∂ kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp Hcp tUmIvS¿ C¥y-bn¬ FØp∂p. hfsc \mfsØ Kth-j-W-Øn\nS- Xepw C¥ym°m-cm-Wv. AXn-\p≈ acp∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°p∂Xn\v djy-bnse ∑ms‚ IY Cß-s\-bm-Wv˛ temIØv ]mºp-I-Sn-tb‰v acn°p∂h-cn¬ IqSp- B Ime-L´w c≠v cmPy-ß-fp-tSbpw bi v Db¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. \oe-s∏m- CtX A\p-`-h-ß-fmWv t\cn-tS≠n h∂Xv. F¶nepw ´v, apt∂m´v sImSpØp t\Snb ]pWy`qan-bm-Wv C¥ym tkmhn-b‰v _‘sØ Bkv]-Z-am°n DZbm \n¿Ωn-®- Nn- hS-°≥]m´p-I-Y-Iƒ ae-bmfkn\n-a-bn-tebv°v hcp-∂Xv DZ-bm- Ãp- ken¬Nu[-cn-bpsS kwKo-Xhpw BI¿jIamb Hu´vtUm¿ cwK- " \oe-s∏m-∑m≥ ' F∂ ap{Zm- -°m≥ Ah¿ Xøm-dm-bn√. -A-Xn-s√-¶n¬ B ]-S-Øns‚ " C¥ym˛ tkmhn-b‰v _‘w \oWmƒ hmg-s´ ' . Gsd\mƒ C¥y-bn¬ apg-ßn-bn-cp∂ Hcp ap{Z- -hm-Iy-hp-ambn ]Sw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. Nn{X-Øns‚ ' ' F∂v Ah¿ ]d™p. hb-emdnepw " kJm-°sf apt∂m- e£v-an bp. ' sb∂v.

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 104 TAPASAM, 2010 July IqSnbmWv Nn{Xßfmbncp∂p. a‰p `mjIfnte°v U∫v sNbvXn´p≈ Nn{Xhpw "Im´pXpfkn'bpw 1970˛¬ ]pdØndßnb "Xmc'bpw. c≠pw ln‰v IrjvW≥\mb¿ F∂ kwhn[mbs‚ Nn{XßfmWv tkXpam[h≥, `cX≥, hn≥k‚ kwhn[mbIcmbn Ip©mt°msb IqSmsX Fw. IrjvW≥\mb¿, kwhn[mbI≥ Ip©mt°m Xs∂bmbncp∂p. DZbmNn{XßfpsS Ip©mt°m BWv. DZbmbn¬ \n¿Ωn® an°-hmdpw Nn{XßfpsS coXn DZ-bmbv°pw _m[-I-ambncp-∂p. DZbmsb kw_‘n®v ta[mhn ÿncwXmcßfpw, ÿncwkwhn[mbIcpw, Xnc°YmIrØp°fpw D≠mIp∂ \SØnbncp∂Xv. a{Zmknse F.hn.Fw, `cWn XpSßnb ÃpUntbmIfnemWv dn°m¿UnwKv ÃpUntbmbv°p≈n¬ ]m´pIfpsS dn°m¿UnwKv kuIcyw C√mØXn\m¬ _m\dnemWv Xntb‰dpIfn¬ {]Z¿i\Øn\v FØnbncp∂Xv. DZbm ®Xv. DZbm \n¿Ωn® Nn{X߃ ]n∂oSv FIvk¬ s{]mU£≥kns‚ s{]mU-£≥ F∂ _m\-dn-emWv Xntb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ {]Z¿i\Øn\v FØn- °m-c-\mb sI. hn. tImin-bp-ambn tN¿∂v Ip©mt°m B‚ ∏ns‚hnfn F∂o Nn{X-߃ ae-bm-f-Ønse BZysØ Ne-®n{XhnX-c-W- Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ÃpUn-tbm-Iƒ sNbvXXv. PohnX\uI, \√-X-¶, hni- ß-tf-bpw Hcp sI´n-S-Øn-\p-≈n¬ sIm≠p-h-cn-I-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ DZbm Nn{XwapX¬ sshhn-≤y-ap≈ kmaqlyIY-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Ip©mt°m ho≠pw kmaqly Nn{Xßfntebv°v Xncn™p. \√ X¶-bpw, Pohn-X-\u-Ibpw \n¿Ωn-®Xpw. tImin-bp-ambn ]ncn-™-tXmsS sNbvXp. AXn\ptij-amWv tImin Ip©m-t°m-bpsS ]¶m-fn-bm-hp-∂Xpw kmaqly{]m[m\yap≈ Nn{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. c≠pw ]cm-P-b-s∏SpIbpw ambn °-W-sa∂mbncp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ B{K-lw. AXpsIm≠mWv {]YaNn{X- B{K-ln-®n-cp∂ Bf-√m-bn-cp∂p; kmaqly{]m[m\yap≈ Nn{X-߃ FSp- ß-fn¬ Ip©mt°m hS-°≥]m´p-I-Y-Itfm t_mIvkv Hm^okv ln‰p-Itfm bn¬ BZyhpw Ah-km-\hpw A`n-\-bn® Nn{XwIqSn-bm-Wv. BZy-Im-e- sNbvXXv. DZbmbpsS ÿncwXnc°YmIrØmbncp∂p imcwK]mWn. \mSIIrØmb tXm∏n¬`mknXs∂bmWv DZbmbn¬ h∂v kwhn[m\w hn≥k‚ 1966 DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw ˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb sh≈n-\-£-{Xhpw AXn-\p-tijw InS-∏m-Shpw \n¿Ωn-®Xv. c≠pw Hmtcm ÃpUntbmbv°pw ta[mhnbpw AhcpsSXs∂ kn\n-a-bpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw hnX-cWhpapƒs∏Sp∂ F√m LS-I- v amÃdmWv. {]kn≤\mSIamb "\nßsfs∂ IΩyqWnÃm°n' " Xmc ' . "K‘¿∆t£{Xw' F∂ Nn{XØns‚ kwhn[mbI≥ " Xntem-Ø-a vamÿ XpSßnbhcpw D≠mbncp∂p. ' -bm-Wv. CXv a[p F∂ \S≥ DZ-bm- 1965 ˛¬ ]pdØndßnb " DΩ ' F∂ v sI. "CW{]mhpIƒ' ap´Øph¿°nbpw "]©h≥ImSv' ssh°w N{µtiJc≥\mbcpw "`mcy' s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°nbpw Xnc°Y efnXmw_nI A¥¿P\hpw "]g»ncmP' Xns°mSnb\pw 1960 {]m[m\yw sImSpØv FgpXn°p∂Xnepw bmsXmcp ]nip°pw DZbm ImWn®n´n√. ]m´pIƒ°v bmbncp∂p. Xnc°YmIrØv A`nt\XmhpIqSnbmbncp∂ apXpIpfw cmLh≥]n≈ ÿncw Xnc-°YmIrØmbn amdn. imcwK]mWn°papºv DZbmbpsS °Y cNn®p. imcwK]mWn ssIsh®sX√mw hnPbn®tXmsS "DZbm'bpsS BtcmaepÆn, IÆ∏\pÆn XpSßn \nch[n kn\naIƒ°v At±lw Xnc- DZbmbpsS ln‰v Nn{Xßfmb DÆnbm¿®, ]mem´ptIma≥, Xptºmem¿®, ]IpXnbntesd Nn{X߃°v Xnc°Y FgpXnbXv imcwK]mWnbmWv. imcwK]mWn Cu sI´nSw C∂pw \nehnep≠v. IqSmsX cmKnWnsbt]mep≈ \SnIƒ {]tXyIw sI´nSap≠mbncp∂p. "t{]w\ko¿ tIzm¿t´gvkv' F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ Xmakn®ncp∂Xv. t{]w\kodn\v DZbmbn¬ hcptºmƒ Xmakn°m\mbn \So\S∑m¿ F√mhcpw Xs∂ ÃpUntbmbv°p≈n¬ Xs∂bmbncp∂p kl\S∑mcmbncp∂p. DZbmbn¬ A`n\bn°m≥ h∂ncp∂ BZyIme ASq¿ `mkn, Bepwaq-S≥, Pn.-sI.-]n≈ XpSßnb hsc√mw DZbmbpsS tXSp∂ Xnc' F∂ Nn{XØneqsSbmWv, Fkv.-]n. ]n≈, tIm´bw sN√∏≥, Nn{Xßfn¬ A`n\bn®hcmWv. aΩq´n BZyambn DZbmbn¬ hcp∂Xv "Xocw ko¿, kXy≥, DΩ¿, hn≥k‚ ]pdØndßnb CW{]mhpIƒ F∂ Nn{XØneqsSbmWv. Xn°p-dn-»n, t{]w\- In´nb imcZ aebmf kn\nabnte°v IS∂phcp∂Xv DZbmbpsS 1965˛¬ tPmSn aebmfkn\nabn¬ {it≤-b-cmIp∂Xv. A©v XhW D¿∆in]´w \mbnI. AXn\ptijamWv joebpsS hchv. Cu ImeØmWv \ko¿˛joe fmWv. DΩ, DÆnbm¿® XpSßn Gsd kn\n-a-I-fn¬ cmKn-Wn-bm-bn-cp∂p cmbncp∂p. Xn°pdn»nsb Gsd {]ikvX\m°n-bXv DZbm-bpsS Nn{X-ß- AKÃn≥ tPmk^v, ankv Ipamcn, _n. Fkv. ktcmPw XpSßnbh IrØp°fmbn amdn F∂p≈Xv {it≤bamWv. Xnc°YmIrØp°sf√mw ]n¬°meØv Adnbs∏Sp∂ Xnc°Ym F≥.sI. BNmcnbpamWv FgpXnbXv. DZbmbneqsS h∂ Cu "]p∂{] hbem¿' Fkv.F¬.]pcw kZm\µ\pw "sImSpß√qcΩ' PKXn ˛¬ DΩ F∂ Nn{XØneqsSbmWv Xnc°YmIrØv \nebn¬ aebmfkmlnXyXdhm´nse {]amWnamscs°m≠v kv{In]v‰v DZbmbnse BZyIme \So\S∑m¿ Xn°pdn»n kpIpamc≥ \mb¿, DZbmbn¬ {]thin°p∂Xv. AXn\ptijw DZbm \n¿Ωn® 1965 ˛¬ ]pdØndßnb "iIp¥f' F∂ Nn{XØns‚ v, Pb≥ XpSßnbhsc√mw Xs∂ DZbmbpsS " Im´pXpfkn' tXm∏n¬ `mknbpw e£v-an bp.

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 106 TAPASAM, 2010 July kn\n-a-bmb amb CXn-hr-Ø-ßsf B[m-c-am-°n-bp-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A©m-asØ {]Ya ]pcm-W-Nn-{Xw. bpw ˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb 1967 ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ka-Im- a-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. bpsS C¥-y-bnse {]Y-a-Nn-{X-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂Xv ZmZm-km-l_v ^m¬s°- kn\n-a-Ifpw ]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp-≈hbm-bn-cp-∂p. ∂-h-bmWv DZbm \n¿Ωn® Ne-®n-{X-߃. aIƒ, hS°≥ ]m´pIYIƒ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ KW-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp-Øm-hp- Ifpw FgpXnbncp∂Xv. kmaq-ly-Nn-{X-߃, ]pcmWNn{X߃, Ncn{Xkn\n- bv°p≈n¬ Xs∂ Xmakn®mWv hbem¿ DZbmbv°pth≠n ]e ]m´p A¿÷p\≥amÃdpw DZbmbpsS kwKoXkwhn[mbIcmWv. ÃpUntbm kwKoXkwhn[mbI\mbn _m_pcmPv FØp∂Xv. tZhcmP≥amÃdpw as¶mºv tKm]meIrjvW≥ XpSßnbhcmbncp∂p. Adp-]XpIfnemWv kl\S∑m¿°v Xmakn°m\mbn "Fkv.]n. tIzm¿t´gvkpw' D≠mbncp∂p. °mbn "cmKn DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw °p-∂Xv bmWv ssa\-Ø-cp-hn sIme-t°kv. ØpIbpw, ]ptcm-ln-Xs\ Xq°n-s°m-√m≥ hn[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX IY- eØv \S∂ kw`-h-am-Wv. Hcp ]ptcm-lnX≥ kv{Xosb sIme-s∏-Sp- bncp∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Nn-{X-߃ Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmaq-l Nn{X-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-Ww. F∂m¬ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Ahÿ hyXy-kvX-am- Øn-bn-´p-≠v. DÆn-bm¿®, ]mem´v tIma≥, ∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw DZ-bm-bpsS hS-°≥]m´pIY-Iƒ Atß-b‰w kzm[o\w sNep- Øp∂Xnepw hS-°≥]m´pIsf ae-bm-fn-bpsS P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-ep-d- kw`m-h-\. ae-bmfkn\n-a-bnse hoc-\m-b-I-˛-\m-bn-Im-k-¶ev]w cq]-s∏-Sp- ]pdsa hS-°≥]m-´p-I-fmWv DZbm ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abv°p \evInb {][m\ -˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ëssa\Ø-cp-hn sIme-t°kví F∂ Nn{Xw A°m- " ]p∂{] hb-emdpw DZ-bm-bpsS BZy-Im-e-Nn-{X-ß-sf√mw kmaq-ly-{]-[m-\-amb Nn{X- BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ C¥y≥`mj-I-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ ]e DZbmbpsS Km\cNbnXm°ƒ A`btZhv, ]n. `mkv°c≥, hbem¿, Ncn-{XsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n DZbm \n¿Ωn® Nn{X-ß-fmWv ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf Bkv]-Z-am°n DZbm kn\nam-\n¿Ωm-W-am-cw-`n- " cmPm-l-cn›{µ 1960 " Wn tIzm¿t´gvkpw' BepwaqS≥, Fkv.]n. ]n≈ XpSßnb {]Àm-Z- ˛-em-Wv. B h¿jw ]pd-Øp-h∂ " iIp-¥f ' bn-emWv Hcp ]pcm-tW-Xn-hrØw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy- -en-I-kw-`-h-ß-sfbpw DZbm kn\n-a-bm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. 1961- ' bmWv. ]pcm-W-I-Ysb Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv Cu ' . ]pcmW, Ncn-{X, kmaqlyIYm-Jym-\-߃°p ˛¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ' bpamWv DZ-bm-bpsS a‰p ]pcm-W-Nn-{X-߃. HtX-\s‚ aI≥, Btcm-a-ep-Æn, " IrjvW-Ip-tN-e " koX ' bmWv DZ-bm-bpsS " ]g»ncmP ' bpw n - I-hp- - 1965- - ' ambncp∂p. "DΩ' apXentßm´v "BtcmaepÆn'°v apºphscbp≈ Cßs\ sNøpambncp∂p. kz]v\ßfpw a‰pw \ndw]nSn∏n®p ImWn°p B¿´nÃpIƒ \ndw sNøpambncp∂p. kmcn, s]m´v XpSßnbhbnsems° {]Z¿i\Øns\Øn°pI F∂p≈Xv. ªm°v B‚ ambncp∂p ´hpw Hs° Ir{XnaamsW∂v tXm∂n°mØhn[wXs∂ Nn{XoIcn°p apºpXs∂ an° Nn{Xßfnepw Hcp ]ms´¶nepw lm‚ bnemWv. DZbmbpsS as‰mcp {]tXyIX, kºq¿ÆIf¿Nn{Xw hcp∂Xn\v Nn{XoIcWw hb\m´nembncp∂p. IqSpXepw Nn{XoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv s]cn߬IpØnemWv. ]g»ncmPmbpsS c≠v semt°j\pIƒ s]cn߬IpØpw tX°SnbpamWv. hS°≥]m´pIƒ tbmbv°p≈n¬ {]tXyI Ipfhpw D≠mbncp∂p. DZbmbpsS {][m\s∏´ ÃpUntbmbv°p≈n¬ Xs∂bp≠mbncp∂p. \ocmSp∂Xn\pth≠n ÃpUn t{]acwK߃ Nn{XoIcn°p∂Xn\pth≠n ]m¿°pIfpw ]qt¥m´ßfpw kn\naIfn¬ Imfnµnbmbpw, tImc∏pgbmbpw Hs° Nn{XoIcn®n´p≠v. Nn{XoIcWw {]m[m\yw t\Sn. Be∏pgbnse tXmSpIƒ DZbmbpsS \SØpw. DÆnbm¿® apXentßm´p≈ Nn{Xßfn¬ ]pdwhmXn¬ at\mlcamb ÿeßfnepw, \ZnIfnepw, ISenepsams° Nn{XoIcWw kwhn[mbI\pw Ombm{KmlI\pwIqSn Xocpam\n°pw. Aßs\ Hcp kn\nabn¬ FhnsSsbms° ]pdwhmXn¬ Nn{XoIcWw thWsa∂v ߃°pw ]e-t∏mgpw ]pdwhmXn¬ Nn{XoIcWwXs∂ thWambncp∂p. ߃ Nn{XoIcn®p. F¶nepw ]pcm-W-Nn-{X-߃°pw hS-°≥]m-´p-Nn-{X- s\√p]mIn Infn¿∏n®v t{]£I¿°v a\ nemImØ hn[Øn¬Xs∂ cwK- F∂ ]m´n\pth≠n ^vtfmdn¬ aÆn´v \Znbp≠m°n AXns‚ IcIfn¬ "BtcmaepÆn' F∂ Nn{XØn¬ "IÆm BtcmaepÆn IÆm...... ' Ir{Xnaambn \n¿Ωns®SpØncp∂Xmbpw ]dbp∂p. DZmlcWØn\v bncp∂p If¿Nn{Xw hcp∂Xn\paptº lm‚ F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ip©mt°mbpsS G‰hpw henb tamlßfnsem∂m XnI {]h¿ØI¿ ]dbp∂Xv °pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. CXns\°pdn®v DZbmbnseXs∂ ]gbIme kmt¶- Nn{XoIcnt°≠nhcptºmƒ {]IrXnsb bm{¥nIambn \n¿Ωns®Sp Xs∂bmbncp∂p Nn{XoIcn®ncp∂Xv. ÃpUntbmbv°p≈n¬ Xs∂ kn\na F∂n-h-bmWv DZ-bm-bpsS hS-°≥ ]m´p-I-Y-Iƒ. s]m∂m]pcw tIm´, Xptºm-em¿®, IÆ-∏-\p-Æn, ]mem´v Ip™n-°-Æ≥, tIcfØn¬ BZyambn s{Ibn≥ D≠m°p∂Xv DZbm ÃpUntbm DZbmbpsS BZyIme]Sßsf√mwXs∂ ÃpUntbmbv°p≈n¬ '' îF∂mWv. \Zn-Ifpw a‰pw jq´nwKv \S°p∂ ^vtfmdn\IØv " " Ip∂pIfpw, aeIfpw, ImSpIfpw, sh≈®m vs]-bn‚ v sNbvX Nn{X߃ v ssh‰v ^nenan¬ vs]-bn‚ e£v-an bp. v sNøpI

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 108 TAPASAM, 2010 July Ip©mt°m kwhn[m\w sNbvX BZyNn{Xamb "B\∏m®≥' \SØpIbpw kn\na \n¿Ωn°pIbpw sNbvXp XpSßn. t_m_≥ acWtijw aI\mb t_m_≥ Ip©mt°m ÃpUntbm Gs‰SpØv A\pP\mb A∏®\mWv Cu Nn{Xw ]q¿Ønbm°nbXv. Ip©mt°mbpsS Ahkm\ an\p°p]Wn °papºv At±lw acWaS™p. Ip©mt°mbpsS "IÆ∏\pÆn'. Cu Nn{Xw ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ Ip©mt°mbv°v Ign™n√. G‰hpw henb kq∏¿ln‰v Nn{XamWv Ahkm\n°pIbpw sNbvXp. "PohnX\uI'bv°v tijap≠mb DZbmbpsS an°h DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw DZbmbpsS kn\nam\n¿ΩmWw \n¿Ωn®p. IcWw \SØnbn´p≠v. Cßs\ ]e `mjIfnembn \qtdmfw Nn{X߃ aq∂masØ ^vtfm¿ s]mfn®phn¬°pIbp≠m-bn. F∂m¬ Ip©mt°mbpsS aI\mb t_m_≥ ImeØv kuIcyßtfmSpIqSn aq∂masØ ^vtfm¿ \n¿Ωn°pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw FSpØ ]Sßsf√mw kq∏¿ln‰mIpIbpw, B[p\nI IqSpIbpw \√coXnbn¬ ^vtfm¿ ]pXp°n ]WnbpIbpw sNbvXp. ta™Xmbncp∂p. "DΩ' F∂ kn\nabpsS \n¿ΩmWtØmsS hcpam\w ambncp∂p. BZyImeßfn¬ DZbmbpsS jq´nwKv \S°p∂ ^vtfm¿ Hme ]m´pItfmSpIqSn ]pdØnd°m≥ samØw Nnehv 75,000 cq]tbmf sNbvXncp∂Xv. BZyImeßfn¬ Hcp ªm°v B‚ s]mfn®pIf™p. ]n∂oSv a{ZmknemWv em_ns‚ Imcyßsf√mw DZbmbn¬ D≠mbncp∂p≈q. If¿Nn{XØns‚ hcthmSpIqSn em_v DZbmbpsS BtcmaepÆnbmWv. ªm°v B‚ Ip©mt°m {ian®ncp∂p. DZbmbneqsS Actßdnb IemImc≥am¿ ]ecpw ]n¬°meØv Gsd \nc-h[n IemImc∑msc kn\nabntebv°v sIm≠p-hcnIbpw sNbvXn´p≠v. DZbm ÃpUntbm aebmfkn\nabv°v [mcmfw kw`mh\Iƒ \¬IpIbpw ÃpUntbm as‰mcmƒ°v hn¬t°≠ Ahÿ bnte°v \oßn. Nn{XoIcn®Xv. t_m_≥ Ip©mt°mbpsS "Bgn' ]cmPbamb-tXmsS Cu Nn{Xw ]IpXn DZbmbnepw _m°n \thmZbbnepw BWv DZb˛\thmZb th¿]ncn-ben¬ FSpØ Nn{XamWv "ISØ\m´v am°w'. th¿s]´v "\thmZb' F∂ ÃpUntbmbv°v cq]w sImSpØp. ]pdØndßn. Ip©mt°m bpsS acWtijw A∏®≥ DZbmbn¬\n∂v mdpw ªm°v B‚ Xangv, I∂S XpSßnb ]e `mjmNn{Xßfpw DZbmbn¬ Nn{Xo tIcfØnse BZysØ kºq¿ÆIf¿Nn{Xw 1971˛¬ ]pdØndßnb Hcp ImeL´Øn¬ aebmfkn\nabpsS i‡ntI{µambncp∂ 1949 ˛¬ "sh≈n\£{Xw' F∂ Nn{XØn¬ Bcw`n® v ssh‰v Nn{Xßfn¬ Hcp ]ms´¶nepw If¿sNøm≥ 1985 ˛¬ "Bgn' F∂ Nn{XtØmsS 1977 v ssh‰v em_v am{Xta v ssh‰v Nn{Xw A©mdv ˛¬ ]pdØndßnb 1978 ˛¬ 1950 1949 h¿jw DZbm \n¿Ωn® Nn{X߃ 1955 1954 1952 1951 DZbmbnse kmt¦XnI {]hÀ¯IÀ Nn{XoIcWØns‚ BthihpamsW∂p ]dbmw. {][m\ImcWw Ne®n{XhyhkmbØns‚ hntI{µoIcWhpw ]pdwhmXn¬ ÃpUntbmIƒ Gsd°psd AkvXan® Hcp ImeL´amWv C∂v. CXns\mcp DZbmbpsS t]cpw s]cpabpw C∂v Gsd°psd \jvSambn Ign™n cn°p∂p. AhnsS \S°p∂Xv. ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v apJy]¶p hln® ßfptSbpw Npcp°w Nne kn\naIfpsSbpw Nn{XoIcWw am{XamWv C∂v F∂ t]cnemWv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. ^vtfm¿ hmSIbvs°Sp-°p∂ ]cky hn¬°pIbpw sNbvXp. DZbm ÃpUntbm C∂v hn.-Sn.-sP. ^nenw kn‰n Ip©mt°m Gs‰SpØp \SØpIbpw ]n∂oSv sIm®nbnep≈ Hcmƒ°v Cu‰n√ambncp∂ DZbm Ip©mt°mbpsS acWtijw aI\mb t_m_≥ bnte°v h∂Xv DZbm ÃpUntbmbneqsSbmWv. aebmfkn\nabpsS sNbvXXv DZbmbmWv. BZysØ kºq¿Æ If¿Nn{Xw aebmfkn\na ]pe¿Ønbn´p≠v. hS°≥ ]m´pIYIƒ aebmfkn\nabv°v kw`mh\ {]ikvXcmbn. kn\nabpsS hnjbkzoIcWØnepw DZbm anIhv \√X¶ sh≈n\£{Xw kn\na InS∏mSw Ah≥ hcp∂p A—≥, hni∏ns‚ hnfn PohnX\uI Iymadam≥ sse‰vam≥ ta°∏vam≥ Akn FUn‰¿ B¿´v UbdIvS¿ B¿´v Akn ku≠v dnt°mUnÃv Ãn¬ Imadam≥ A\p-_‘w ˛ c≠v A\p-_‘w ˛ H∂v v UbdIvS¿ ˛ v ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ IrjvW≥Ip´n _me≥ the∏≥ iinIpam¿ hn√ywkv sP.sP. sacm‚ ]njmcSn A∏p°p´≥ hn≥k‚ kwhn[mbI≥ ]n.-hn.- Ir-jvW-ø sP.-F-®v.-t_bvkv Fw. B¿.Fkv aWn taml≥ dmhp Fw.B¿.Fkv aWn, sI. thºp v ,, e£v-an bp. ¿

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 1

10 TAPASAM, 2010 July 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 DZ-bm-: Ãp-Un-tbm- k¶ev]\hpw kn\namNcn{Xhpw 1985 1983 1980 1978 1977 1976 1975 1975 1974 1973 K‘¿∆t£{Xw BtcmaepÆn ]©h≥ImSv temd \o FhnsS A·narKw Xmc HtX\s‚ aI≥, t]ƒhyq \nß-sfs∂ IΩyq-Wn-Ãm°n ZØp]p{X≥ Pzme Iq´pIpSpw_w ]p∂{] hbem¿ sImSpß√qcΩ ssa\Øcphn sImet°kv XntemØa Pbn¬ A\m¿°en iIp¥f Im´pXpfkn CW{]mhpIƒ Abnj ISeΩ, dt_°, ]g»ncmP \oenkmen, `mcy, ]mem´v tIma≥ IrjvWIptNe, DÆnbm¿® DΩ, koX Bgn Xocw tXSp∂ Xnc ]mem´v Ip™n°Æ≥ B\∏m®≥ Xncn®Sn, IÆ∏\pÆn A®mcw AΩnWn Hmimcw Hma\ a√\pw amtXh\pw sN∂mbhf¿Ønb Ip´n \oes∏m≥am≥ am\njmZm [¿Ωt£t{X Ipcpt£t{X No\he Xptºmem¿® s]m∂m]pcw tIm´, tX\cphn ]mh߃ s]Æp߃ t]mÃpams\ Im¨am\n√ Hcp kpµcnbpsS IY sI.Fkv tkXpam[h≥ F. hn≥sk‚ Ip©mt°m cLp\mYv Fw. IrjvW≥\mb¿ Ip©mt°m tXm∏n¬ `mkn Ip©mt° Fw. IrjvW≥\mb¿ Ip©mt°m Ip©mt°m Fw. IrjvW≥\mb¿ Ip©mt°m t_m_≥ Ip©mt°m Ip©mt°m tXm∏n¬ `mkn ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, m v

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included important information about lacking until 1958, when the Israeli scholar Naftali Bar-Giora Bar-Giora wrote his article, a disproportionate amount of some early studies of the Kerala Jews the organization of Kerala Jews can be gained by examining Barbara C. Johnson and Galia Hacco Some Hebrew Sources Translated Jewish Communal Organization: J tcJm-ti-J-c-Øn¬\n∂v each in C cent centuries: two in Ernakulam, three Kochi, and one use of the groups, especially the St. Thomas Christians whose historical comparative study of Jewish and other Kerala cultural and culture, this material may also contribute to the for understanding the Jews within context of Kerala history of relevant excerpts from his article. In addition to its value more widely available, we offer here an English translation Synagogues in Kochin processes in his Hebrew article, “On the History of century. Though the emigration of most Kerala Jews to Israel in the mid-20 communities which still existed in the region until Jewish practice.

u uu uu

y tapa o Historical insights into the social, religious and political There were eight Jewish communities in Kerala re- gam f y

nnama

as a governing system for each of the eight Jewish

o

l ll ll

l ll gam ll i

Y

3

structure was similar in some ways to Kerala o oo oo nn gam alam, M

y o ” gam 2 . In order to make this information in Kerala al system was mentioned briefly in a and Pa / F rom the Archives 1 , details about it were

4u

y o r. In the 1950s when gam structure and th

111

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 1 12 TAPASAM, 2010 July

ever, building – in the life of each Kerala Jewish community. How- gogue) reflected the centrality of maintained some rights in her birth community. nity, though current research shows that she may have also apparently acquired membership in her husband’s commu- mained a member of his birth community and the bride members of different Jewish communities, the husband re- ance of Jewishness itself. In case a marriage between birth through the father, in contrast to matrilineal designation was the place for worship and community meetings. The income, and for the upkeep of a synagogue building, which owned lands, for the collection and disbursement of other From the Archives scholarly attention was still being focused on the Parade many modern Jews in Israel and elsewhere. egory than a synagogue “congregation” as experienced by y each local community of Kerala Jews was constituted as a rience of community governance. add pertinent information from their own more recent expe- from Ernakulam and C consulting in person with and citing two knowledgeable Jews examining the documentary sources, he made a point of documents had actually originated in Ernakulam. Also, while ship. The Middle East and Europe since the 16 most of whose ancestors had migrated to Kerala from the community of Kochi (sometimes called the “white Jews”), to him were from Parade con ties refreshing perspective in showing important basic similari- called “black Jews”). Bar-Giora’s 1958 article work offered a Kerala communities known as Malabari Jews (sometimes ous conflicts between them and the seven more ancient o gam, among all eight communities, rather than focusing on flicts among them.

Community or To summarize the basic material in Bar-Giora’s article,

y o gam a legal body with different categories of member-

y o gam J

was a more comprehensive and complex cat- u tapa

was financially responsible for communally

l y l

i y o 4 gam

Though the written sources available f o nnama gam s i manuscripts, he noted which membership was acquired by (

y

nn o gam alam, who were able to th century — and on vari- pa

of the Jewish syna-

l l i – the synagogue 5 inherit- s i tion for his article, he also consulted personally with two stayed in the home of Mr. S.S. Koder, head Parade his two trips to Kerala, in 1952 and 1955. While Kerala he gathered information and studied Hebrew records during based on ethnographic and textual research. He initially trate on his information about the the 1952 census of Kerala Jewry. But here we will concen- inscriptions. It also includes demographic information from was known about their history, founding dates and related of the eight Kerala synagogue buildings, documenting what Giora’s substantial 1958 article describes in some detail each documents noted below. procedures were contested, as recorded in several of the Efforts within some of the communities to depart from these most of the Jewish members. Occasionally a representative council of all or and its properties, sometimes to settle disputes among concerning the welfare and governance of community demic journal THE AUTHOR AND HIS CONSULTANTS ter an introduction to the author and his two consultants. convening an assembly of the and in other community rituals. They were responsible for el ac scripts the Sassoon manuscript collection — in particular manu- made translators for conversations in Malayalam. In Israel he documents available to him and also acted as one of his community in Kochi, who made certain (unidentified) conflicts, including disputes among the various seven (male) elders of each Jewish ties and economic responsibilities mentioned above. The ders had the right to certain ritual honors in synagogue cording to seniority, with the eldest at head. These In addition to the material about governance, Bar- Published in an early issue of the respected Israeli aca- Each y a close study of Hebrew manuscripts from Kerala in #1030 and #880. o gam appointed officials to carry out the du- Sefunot

y o gams , Naftali Bar-Giora’s 1958 article was 6 To gather and interpret informa- was convened to settle larger

y o gam

y y

o o Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco gam gam to deal with matters were designated organization, af-

y o gams. s i

1

13

- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 1 14 TAPASAM, 2010 July From the tural community ( school until 1936, when he moved to a collective agricul- him. He apprenticed as a carpenter and studied in night tine to join his older brother, who had moved there before many in 1933, the young Naftali immigrated alone to Pales- was only 14 years old. When the Nazis rose to power in Ger- rabbi and scholar, but his formal education ended when he lar education under the influence of his father, a well-known Hamburg, Germany, he had received a solid Jewish and secu- representative of the Israeli government. As a young boy in meticulous scholar who visited Kerala twice in the 1950s as a Naftali Bar-Giora in the preparation of this article”. (1958:214, n.3) their “clarification of terms… and for useful comments whom he acknowledged and thanked in a footnote for recently immigrated to Israel, P.M. Elias and Yosef Malabari Jewish attorneys and community leaders who had Jewish defense organization known as the Calcutta, and helping to arrange for their economic situation of its Jews in Kerala, Bombay and offi gration to Israel. In 1952 and 1955 he visited India as an He was eventually put in charge of the Indian Jews’ immi- tion ( worked in the Jewish Agency, which oversaw immigra- met there. appreciation for the social and religious life of Jews he A memoir describing his North African adventures shows communities and encourage their emigration to Palestine. insure the welfare of long-established North African Jewish German occupation of North Africa. There he worked to sia and Libya, beginning after the Allied armies ended ing World War II he served as an underground agent in Tuni- Bar-Giora wrote about his first visit to India in June-August cial emissary aliyah) After the founding of state Israel, Bar-Giora Naftali Bar-Giora (1919-2000) was a self-educated and In a Hebrew book entitled Archives 7 and integration of Jews from all over the world.

of the Jewish Agency, studying socio- kibbutz ) . He also joined the clandestine An Indian Journey aliyah Haganah. . h ai Itzhak, (1953) Dur- Attorney Yosef behalf of his community there. activities, and after reaching Israel he continued working on While still in Kerala, he assumed a leadership role Zionist munity, as we wanted to do in the “the social security of the people was secured by com- those of early she said. He compared their social structure and values to found among the Kerala Jews. “This was very high in his eyes,” Giora, he was impressed with the group commitment day levels. According to his widow, the late Mrs. Yaffa Bar- est in their religious life, on both the institutional and every- and as a knowledgeable religious Jew he took special inter- 1952. He visited all eight of the Kerala Jewish communities, Yosef munity center. [Their synagogue] was not only a synagogue, it com- elderly and the poor people. Everyone was looked after. him telling her that “they did not want to leave behind the nity which evolved in Israel after the Jewish community in Kerala and of Kochini commu- Jerusalem writing his articles. Both were political leaders of and then turned to them for additional help when he was in Jewish attorneys. He first met them during his visits to India gogues was enhanced by his consultation with two Kerala and Ka was appointed as trustee of the C ing law, he was a political leader in both the T of College in Ernakulam, and graduated from the Law School dren. He studied in St. Albert’s High School and Maharajah’s H in the operation of three different Kerala Jewish Synagogue, giving him first-hand administrative experience ai) was born in Ernakulam 1912, the eldest of eight chil-

University After he and his family immigrated to Israel in 1954, The accuracy of Bar-Giora’s research on Kerala syna- Yosef h hhhh ai Itzhak and P.M. Elias t avu h m ai Itzhak (known in Kerala as Attorney Joseph of Travancore bh ” h kibbutz 9 ai passed his bar examinations in Hebrew, a a gam communities of Ernakulam and later life in Israel, telling her that India in 1947. In addition to prac aliyah 10 Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco kibbutz” . f nnama . She recalled f kku m

nn y bh o gams a alam gam tic- 8 .

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 1 16 TAPASAM, 2010 July From the P .M.Elias, Eliyahu ( Archives

Kaikk a ran

Photo from the collection of Galia Hacco from Ernakulam), Naftali Bar-Giora their problems. so that he could effectively represent the local Jews and and personnel of the Jewish Agency in Bombay Israel, lutions, and he also became acquainted with the structure learned about the problems of Through his inquiries and application on their behalf, he seventeen C Israel. In 1949 Mr. Elias helped in organizing the first group of lieved in a better future for them the newborn State of the Malabar Jews, P.M. Elias and Yosef that subject. Mr. Elias died in 1987. tory and helped youngsters to prepare school essays about side of Israel. He wrote two articles about Kerala Jewish his- place for any guests of the Kochini community in and out- Israeli Ministry of Finance. His home in Jerusalem was an open and all over India. He traveled widely in the Kochin and Travancore kingdoms Raja’s government, working in M Registration Department, in the Interior Ministry of Kochin from 1938-1943 served as a District Registrar in the Land of Travancore in 1936. He practiced law Ernakulam and Economics, and graduated from the Law School of B. A. in Maharaja’s College Ernakulam History and school studies in Gothuruthi Christian High School and of a land-owning joint family ( T Shimonai Muliyaru, Torah teacher and prayer-leader of religious and secular education. His uncle was the well-known Ernakulam to his aunt’s family for a higher standard of of C in 1985. High Court in Jerusalem, and lived Jerusalem until his death purposes. He worked for many years in the law library of prior knowledge of Hebrew had been mainly for religious significant accomplishment for a man in mid-career whose f kku f nnama P.M. Elias arrived in Israel 1956 and worked the m Taking interest in the social and economic welfare of Pallivatukal Mordecai (P.M.) Elias was born in the village bh a gam-Ernakulam. P.M. Elias completed his high nn f nnama alam in 1910, as the eldest son and grandson nn alam and Pa aliyah ta

al a and K 4 av

Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco

4u and their possible so- at

r immigrants to Israel. v h ). He was sent to ai Itzhak both be- qt u nn all u University r Districts. his

1

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 1 18 TAPASAM, 2010 July more than 25 different places all over Israel: cially important because the immigrants were scattered in grants in the 1950s and 1960s. This organization was espe- senting the special needs and problems of Kerala immi- founding the Kochin Immigrants’ Association in Israel, repre- associations was in favor of and one opposed to there were three congregations). One of the Kochi were two congregations), and in Kochi Jewtown (where they waited for their turn. welfare assistance, with many sleeping in school corridors as very difficult, as they had no means of survival and needed including Naftali Bar-Giora. Their situation in Bombay was working through representatives of the Jewish Agency, the Kerala Jews had to wait for their flights from Bombay, Bombay Jewish Association. On their way to Israel many of in cooperation with the Israeli representatives and four associations around the issue of immigration, working Pa 1950 on, Yosef ship fund for Kochini students undertaking higher studies. helped in building Kochini synagogues and set up a scholar- ganization. Among its various activities, the Association then tomb, to discuss and agree on the establishment of or- meeting in Jerusalem, held the prayer hall near King David’s Kochini representatives from these diverse locations for a borders. The two community leaders brought together ricultural settlements), city neighborhoods, and along the the author’s many footnotes (identified in our notes as B-G), the article on the synagogues of Kerala. From the formed in Kerala: one representing the three villages of M 4u y

r and C o These excerpts were selected for their information on In 1957 P.M. Elias and Yosef The passages below are translated from Bar-Giora’s 1958 During this period four local Jewish associations were gam Archives TRANSLATIONS FROM THE 1958 ARTICLE system of governance. We include only some f nnama h ai Itzhak and P.M. Elias tried to unite these nn alam, one in Ernakulam (where there h ai Itzhak cooperated in moshavim aliyah. 11 From (ag- al a, find quotations from Maimonides, law, and in legal decisions of Indian judges we the Indian courts were judged according to Jewish property which were brought for judgment before that disagreements between Jews in matters of from certain services. It is worth pointing out those belonging to it were eligible benefit vidual member ( the local religious laws. According framework which owns common property according to and their commentaries. tions: A. I. Excerpts from pages 215-219 literation of Malayalam terms. brew terms and preserve Bar-Giora’s inaccurate English trans- and add explanatory notes of our own. We define key He- A. relations between factions. once the boundaries were made unclear because of functions was not kept in every period. More than diaspora of Israel. This distinction between the services were held, as is the custom in all of worship,

property of the synagogue was in hands member of the synagogue. The management and does not carry any power. He was the oldest karanavan. congregation stands the “First Elder”, called a members are elders. C. thority over the Jewish quarters by means of religious and social framework imposing its au-

( Administration of the Congregation Synagogues in Kochin fulfilled three func- The congregation is called a kehillah Congregation Synagogue 15

within the limits of which religious yogakar[anmar]. This position is an honor of old age )

ya h id ) is called a (beit ha knesset) ( 13 kahal B. 14 At the head of Community Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco 12 ), a public legal

yogam to “Agreements yogakaran Shul

( , an indi- h and place an Arukh edah , and ), a ” ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 120 TAPASAM, 2010 July From the title was served as keeper of the key to box and his special box. in special protocols, which also were kept the The decisions in each meeting were written down and come to an early agreement among themselves. important groups, they would discuss in advance to guarantee the election of members from for one year, two years or three years. In order Malayalam year, where the trustees were chosen eral meeting was called at the beginning of bers, and the decisions were by majority. A gen- sions and approval in a meeting of all the mem- many documents which required safe-keeping. there were several boxes because so era, ending in August-September; and arranged according to the calendar of Malayalam nalvazhi obliged to keep account books of two types: closed box called a of the documents were kept in synagogue a and debtors. The account books also the rest personal account according to names of creditors tru “seven good men of the city” ent periods they were also called by the term Their number was between two and four. In differ- was not fixed for all places and at times. time to non-Jews were elected or appointed cepted at a meeting of the congregation. From court or according to a compromise decision ac- either according to a ruling by the religious administrators were appointed from time to time, cause of this the disputes increased. Special property of the congregations increased, and be- stees, At the beginning of this [20 Financial matters usually required discus- Archives , a daily account of expenses and incomes memputkar[an] kaikaran[mar] memput. . 16 18 . The number of trustees In different synagogues One of the trustees 17 The trustees were th ] century the peredu , a David Jonah Passover and before According to the agreement of members, before issue of giving a share money for festivals. gogues of Ernakulam about 30 years ago, over the property of the congregations began in syna- themselves. Their claims about ownership of the those days they did not dare to claim a share for status of converts in the synagogue, although jenmi assembly having a right to be elected were called of other synagogues. Permanent members the that is to say guests [visitors] who were members tom in the synagogue of Parur. The rest were staying. This arrangement was also the cus- portion was sent to them in the places where they who were not regularly staying in the place, their according to the number of people. For members household, whether rich or poor, would receive tion of the moneys and it was decided that each dispute broke out over the order of distribu- selling of one the properties. At time a synagogue offerings, rentals, and the leasing or the needy. The money for distribution came from Year] different sums of money were distributed to trustee from those known as Both these social classes agreed not to elect a able, even though today they have equal rights. myukhasim not afraid to do this a non-Jew. court even if he abused his office, but they were that they were hesitant to take a Jew the civil age they were called “manager.” The reason was to [this] position, and in the spirit of new In the year 5617 (1857) an “Agreement” of R. The distinction between 21 , meaning native-born. 19 22 in the synagogues is still recogniz- was fixed in order to regularize the Rosh Hashanah myukhasim Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco varuteies [the Jewish New (H)and non [sic] 20 , -

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 122 TAPASAM, 2010 July sum equal to that given everyone else. year 5710 (1950), it was decided to give them a usual distribution of money for holidays. In the gogue. Members of this group received half the of a very rich family... the Tekkumbhagam Syna- converts from a low caste]... who had been slaves there were members descended from [a group of before reciting third elder, etc. up to seven elders. they are called according to age second elder, tion, invites the rest of elders to join him; who is like a president ( pointed because of their age. The first elder, role of the elders, who are not elected but ap- members, in which can be seen the significant discussed in the framework of assembly his clai a member of the synagogue in which he announces of another synagogue who has a complaint against assembled. This right is also given to a member to make heard his claims in the presence of those kaddish From the a poor synagogue to its rich neighbor. in order to prevent people from moving over which they belonged by origin. This decision came where they were staying, but in the synagogues to were not eligible to receive money in the place not have an abundance of property. The synagogues could not do this, because they did B. Administration of the Community ( Chennamangalam. lar groups were also found in the synagogue of In the Kadavumbhagam Synagogue of Ernakulam Every Saturday night at the close of prayers All the individual and social matters are Archives 26 ms. Women may also bring their complaints, , a chance is given for anyone who wishes Shir HaMa’alot nasi ) of the congrega- and the final 23 varuteies 25 edah) Simi- 24 special fine. in writing or before witnesses, and he paid a one expressed complete repentance of his deeds, authority of the elders, when excommunicated did not declare an excommunication ( the elders are seated a time for special assembly. need for further clarification,the first elder fixes there answer heard, and he suggests a compromise. If party, if he is found in the place, to make his hearing the claims, first elder asks second against the synagogue or one of members. After synagogue and asked a judgment of their claims and cases tives. The revoking of the and they would not circumcise or bury his rela- they would not have trade connections with him, municated person was banished from the community; excommunication was the most serious. The excom- openly, or committing adultery. The punishment of sils and selling them, desecrating the sabbath crime, such as for example stealing the holy uten- dict, or against someone who committed a serious against someone who refused to accept the ver- reciting the verse “And lo he is merciful.” was also customary to give “thirteen lashes” while the synagogue funds. Until a short time ago, it ish, except for imposing fines to be deposited in elder. Nowadays the court of elders does not pun- and the verdict is publicly announced by first ders withdraw for consultation among themselves rupted until both sides have been heard. The el- to remain standing. The discussion is not inter- sembled and especially the two parties are obliged The custom is that during such a meeting only is no chance of a compromise, or if there are known when non-Jews appeared in the ;

the remainder of those as- h erem Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco

was done by the h erem) except 27 They

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 124 TAPASAM, 2010 July synagogues gogues, the court of elders all seven C. Administration of the Synagogue kept in the box of documents synagogue. synagogues. The invitations and the decisions were Saturday night they read the decisions in in seven copies on palm leaves. On the following read the decision of court, which was written was led by the eldest of elders. He would also conducted with the help of host synagogue and if the court found him guilty. The trial was decided that his claims were a lie or deceit, the fine to which he would be liable, if it was the travels of court, and as guarantee for fixed by the elder for expenses connected with deposited one third of a sum money which was individual making the claim through his synagogue received. The synagogue making the claim or thus acknowledging that the invitation had been small coins for the delivery of invitation, From the [by the member. Invitations, written on dried palm-leaves gogue in which the one serving claim was a four. by an equal number of elders, generally numbering the synagogue by hand of served in the synagogue. Questions of fundamental rabbis or judges from the people of place who riod of Cranganore we do not know the names and they fix the order of prayers. From pe- Jewish people. The elders are [ [sic] invited synagogue would give the yogam When a quarrel broke out between two syna- A synagogue is called Archives 29 31 of seven]. Each synagogue was represented The invitation was issued from the syna- , that is to say a gathering place of the gabai 28 was called together, the ?], were delivered to the elders of Jutapalli yogakar gabaim shamash shamash [officers] ezhu yogam 30 several . Each 32 ments are the property of synagogue. synagogue. Crowns made of gold or costly orna- the congregation, to cover deficit of sum which was transferred from the property of mitzvah revenue from ritual honors (H: the synagogue did not balance its budget from and it had special incomes expenses. But when tion ( courts. gogues they gave these questions to the civil learned in the Jewish law. In other syna- they tried to find among them at least one who was gregation from a religious law court of three and of inheritance were accepted in the Paradesi con- circumcision and marriage. Decisions in matters as compulsory contributions for the ceremonies of also have systematic records of donations given ing record books note these activities, and we account of debts, or if a foreclosure order was the synagogues were forced to pawn ornaments on of the Jews. In different periods elders to this, many cases of theft occurred on the part very hesitant to harm a holy place. In contrast investment of capital, inasmuch as robbers were ments for the Torah were thought to be a safe the teachers arranged divorces. leaders conducted betrothals and marriages, leaders, cantors] rabbi to rabbis in other countries. The function of a certain cases questions were directed in writing countries who happened to be in the place. In before “scholars of the Jewish law” from other binical emissaries from the Land of Israel or Jewish law were brought for decision before rab- A synagogue was not identical to a congrega- 33 kehillah was divided between the ), the congregation would decide on ). It was established independently 34 and the teachers. The prayer Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco mitzvot,

35 Various remain- h azzanim singular 36 [prayer Orna-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 126 TAPASAM, 2010 July 3. A special payment on the day of wedding 2. The arranging of blessings for those called to 1. The sale of ritual honors every sabbath and sources: 5. For borrowing a 4. law court ordered them to sell. acquired property of the poor synagogues when put on them by the law court. Rich synagogues 6. From the father of the bride, called from the father of groom and bridegroom and the sabbath of best men. ding, which are called the sabbath of two consecutive sabbaths following the wed- of the circumcision; for a bridegroom on cised child on the sabbath before and day the Torah reading; for father of a circum- and of the portion from Prophets. Torah, holiday: taking out and putting back the his slave. who wants to obtain this This money is sometimes given by a relative forms A special compulsory payment from one who per- nity. honor on the family in eyes of commu- month of their mourning. From mourners, upon finishing the eleventh tion to the deceased person. curtain which was embroidered with a dedica- curtain to the synagogue along with a new this payment, but they returned the borrowed to the cemetery. The rich did not usually give to rest on a coffin in the house and way The incomes of the synagogues were from these

Archives h alitzah the reading of weekly Torah portion 39 or divorces his wife frees

paro h et [curtain of the Ark] Pathinu Nalu mitzvah 37 to bring [sic] sefer 38 . day of [the month of] times a year: the eve of 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. Sivan of Esther, and the new moon [the month of] 1. Salary to the prayer leader, scribe, 7. weight. books of income, in value according to their etc. The gifts are weighed and recorded in the the shape of an eye, to save a diseased shape the cause of giving. For example, ornament made of silver or gold, showing in its by Jews or gentiles. The custom was to give an For different vows of money or ornaments, made Yom Kippur. and 4 For membership dues in the synagogue, 3 anna all members are obliged to give at least one On the two holidays of oil for lighting lamps. gious court of elders, in the form money or For fines imposed on offenders by the reli- certificates. For the seal of synagogue on documents and court, the court presented a special payment. presence of a representative the civil law For opening the ark for this purpose in sho young children, and the swear by resting his hand on the peared in the civil court, he was required to For an oath in the synagogue. If a Jew ap- The debts of the synagogue were paid off four The expenditures of the synagogue were:

. h per person. et paisa [ritual slaughterer], the teacher of per person, given on the eve of Kislev Yom Kippur Purim , the eve of Fast shamash and Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco Hoshana Rabbah , the new moon sefer Torah . Generally annas in , .

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 128 TAPASAM, 2010 July 5. 4. Assistance for the poor among members of 3. The writing and repairing of the community’s 2. Upkeep of the property synagogue and From the sonal donations. course, wealthy individuals also made per- the authorizing of a special collection; about in one synagogue’s budget, and it led to was the major cause of a deficit which came to them through commercial agents. This sum from the Persian Gulf, and money was sent letter was sent from other cities in India or the emissary did not come to Kochin, but a saries or sent for their purposes.In many cases Israel], which were given to rabbinic emis- Donations to holy cities [i.e. in the Land of wayfarers. the by Jews. many available books which were hand-written sefer Torahs the cemetery. his generosity. the animal added to payment according cattle from outside the place and owner of received a certain payment for slaughtering functions, but the one man fulfilled the first three or four were not ordered by the elders. The of other Biblical books] and certificates which the writing of mons in a house of rejoicing or mourning; for gogue and for arranging prayers, songs or ser- were given for conducting prayers in the syna- fill one of the other functions. The salaries Archives kehillah . In most synagogues there were , and on certain occasions for sefer Torahs shamash , could never ful- megillot [scrolls

sho h et who sought by means of the office households, especially from the people of Syria, this period the Paradesis were increased by new the circumstances which caused his writing. In Tsarfati records the items in it, and he explains F. Text of regulations establishing the eleven days after the “Recording of events”..... ment signed by the seven elders and the end of document is added [another] docu- men of the city” synagogue E. II. location in the manuscript, it seems that was in the synagogues of Ernakulam. Judging by its [Paradesi] record book, according to regulations were copied by the scribe Tsarfati into elder is the In the rest of synagogues Kochin first them was elected from outside the seven elders. the other synagogues. many quarrels in the Paradesi group and also all the other synagogues. This tendency caused to establish the rule of house Rahabi over By means of this document they tried indirectly the house of Rahabi special document to proclaim the leadership of have all the members of synagogue sign a made clear that the duties of elders (Ernakulam), pp. “Agreements and Regulations” Excerpts from the section titled 5566 (1806), p. 240. Recording of events from the year We have no date for these regulations; they At the beginning of this document scribe 41 to lower the status of “seven good nasi 42 and he is one of the seven. At 43 ; hence they saw the need to nasi for the coming generations. 44 From this document it is [president] ruling over 40 Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco gabai 243-244 of the nasi ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 130 TAPASAM, 2010 July From the tury. the city things will be done according to the custom of words, and by his words with permission head of the community and must not go against his myukhasim. synagogue was made spiritual heirs of the first that they were copied in the Paradesi book, this ticed from the days of Cranganore. From fact tions we find ancient customs which were prac- copied in the year 1831 or later. In regula- only from the beginning of last [19 was this appointment a regular one, and there not have a special position; only for the Paradesi and over them two others. The prayer leader did recognized in the fixing of five “first elders” honor shall not be diminished at all. place and do all that is expected of him, but his recite prayers, then the next may stand in his above-mentioned does not know how to read or wealth or their wisdom, and if one of the five honors according to their years and not all the community and they should ascend to their dents, and they should be the eldest in years of born and not from converts or [temporary] resi- five recognized elders should be from the native- heads of everything in the community; but these Days of Awe sions, behold the five prayer leaders for who were asked....”: Kochin(may the Lord found it well) who were those of the generation in holy congregation “the eminent and respected gentlemen, the leaders Text of the regulations By necessity the community must listen to It is known and well-known in all our disper- Archives 46 50 , but he does not have the power or 45 48 The antiquity of the regulations is are those who the elders, 47 which were made by 49 th ] cen- material may further illuminate the ways in which each tion and governance of various Kerala groups. a basis for comparative study of the community organiza- tion. It is our hope that scholars of Kerala will find it useful as glish translation as a resource for further scholarly explora- in the community, and above must inform him of all the events happening and ministers, then these five elders mentioned is rich and has a close relationship with kings enumerated portions] in the Giora’s work on the Kerala Jewish as a Traditional Institution of Kerala Life The Importance of Y the words which he commands us….” words and they should not turn aside from any of community, then the community must listen to his to the times, but if on [the fast of] authority to begin the liturgy for festivals and the community; and to him community gives au sefer Torah is not able to recite the prayers or read in Rosh Hashanah and the concluding prayers for second day of the prayers on second night of but no one else will take his place. then he may give permission to another person, festival of] ritual meals and the afternoon prayer for [the begin] the singing at beginning and end of thority to overturn custom without the will of And if by God’s blessing we have a Two of the above-mentioned five must recite The purpose of this article has been to make Bar- For Kerala Jews and scholars writing about them, this at one of these recognized times,

and for Sim h Tisha b’Av

at Torah

o oo oo gam Yom Kippur nasi nasi ....[etc.], and if he and to read [certain sefer Torah y is an elder of the

will act according Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco o gam ... [etc.]. available in En- Rosh Hashanah nasi and [to who

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 132 TAPASAM, 2010 July

Kochi or M 1 Notes Jewish community of C with Kerala and Israel, but also a very particular monly used, many still carry a strong sense of identity not just (and sometimes conflict), the community of Kerala Jews. As a primary small unit warmth and family status within the larger framework of entire a central arena for demonstrating and negotiating personal power as well religious activity for its members -- and thus J y ethnic group, even though the traditional authority of though they may all be regarded as members of one though they may be scattered in many parts of Israel, even identification with their particular Kerala communities. Even there are older Kochinim in Israel who still exhibit a strong today, more than 60 years after their migration from India, of identity and group pride. Hence it is not surprising that From the

2

u o gam tapa nities were located in the kingdom of Kochin, with only P is now the state of Kerala. In fact seven eight Jewish commu- to refer the entire group of Jews living since ancient times in what In his title and throughout the article Bar-Giora uses term “Kochin” in Weil 1985:40-59. This Hebrew article appeared in Johnson 1985:149-154. Anantha Krishna Iyer 1912:417-418; Lord 1907, pp. 84, 94, 99. See also a whole in Israel, who refer to themselves Hebrew as siders reporting on the group. It was adopted by community as very recently the term “Cochin (Kochin) Jews” was used by all out- as the state of Kerala in 1956, most Jews had left for Israel. Until being part of Travancore. By the time two kingdoms were united in Kerala as tinue to relate each other in terms of their geographical identities Israel or elsewhere, though when speaking in Malayalam, many con- ral sentation of historical diversity among the eight communities. Jews” is gradually becoming recognized as a more accurate repre- specifically for those from the city of Kochi. However, term “Kerala Archives Kochinim)

is no longer in effect and the term com-

l l i y

al o a or Pa gam Ernakulatukk in their communication with other ethnic groups was the site of political and economic 4u

r. a f ran, Pa nnama

y Sefunot o

gam 4u kk

nn a , 1:243-278, ran, was also a major source alam or Ernakulam etc., using and was re-printed Kochini Koccikk a4u Kochini

r Jews a (plu- ran 6 4 3 5 7

Supreme court case regarding synagogue property in M This collection is catalogued in Sassoon Parade translated here. His earlier article emphasized the conflicts and Kochin”, cited as “Sources” throughout his notes for the 1958 article the History of Relations between White and Black Jews in This approach was in contrast to Bar-Giora’s 1957 article, “Sources for sented here is a joint effort of co-authors Hacco and Johnson. early translation of Bar-Giora’s article. The revised pre- Donna R. Divine of Smith College, USA, for significant help with her translation. Johnson also expresses her appreciation to Professor out some of these similarities and for encouraging us to publish this Zacharia 2001:3-4. We thank Professor Scaria for pointing monly used Malayalam place names and proper names. more accurate transliteration Kocci), along with certain other com- Here we will use the common English spelling Kochi (rather than The M legal status in the case to a Jewish woman based on her birth y cates that women did not have voting rights in either their native bers of all eight Kerala Jewish communities. Preliminary data indi- director. The project involves collecting information from former mem- results of a current oral history project in Israel, for which she is the article. Hacco expects to find new evidence on this topic from the ments presented by Bar- Giora, and he does not raise the issue in his Ms. # 1030 is described in lem. of the Sassoon manuscripts in library Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusa- University Library in Jerusalem. Bar-Giora used photocopies of some manuscripts are available on microfilm in the Jewish National and memoir available in English translation. (n.d.) tures in North Africa an unpublished manuscript Bar-Giora described his childhood and told the story of adven- various scribes, in Hebrew, Malayalam and English. relating to the History of Jews Cochin”. It includes 64 pages by Ms. #880 is described in also a composer of Malayalam songs. dated from 1762-1874, copied by the scribe Moses Tsarfati, who was It includes 112 pages with varied material in Hebrew and Malayalam Jewish Community of Cochin collected by Moses b. David Sarfathi”. o al gam a, despite her marriage to a man from another

y o . We thank his daughter Dr. Yocheved Dayan for making this gam s or the s i perspectives. status of women is not specifically discussed in the docu-

y o gam s of their husbands. However, a recent Kerala Ohel David Ohel David II: 1056-1057 as “Miscellanies II: 973-974 as “Records of the Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco Ohel David

y (1932), and the o The Early Years gam. al a granted

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 134 TAPASAM, 2010 July From the 18 17 8 16 10 9 14 13 15 12 11 Scaria Zacharia notes that a 6:480; 10:1568; 13:1351. dic references to a governing body of seven. The phrase “seven good men of the city” appears in various Talmu- erations. tion, in which seven trustees served recent gen- B-G p.215, n.6: Especially in the Paradesi congrega- some Jewish Agency officials at the time, who argued that This comment seems to imply that Bar-Giora questioned the view of The plural should be the oldest male in certain Kerala extended families. a locks. Personal communication, 2000. Hacco recently photographed probably have been two or more people with keys to the different lock, assuring that no one has sole access to it. Thus there would Yosef P.M. Elias was the father of Galia Hacco. Both authors interviewed Bamberger. of Germany by her late husband, using the name Naftali Bar-Giora Jerusalem. She also mentioned additional publications on the Jews of her husband’s papers and photographs to the Israel Museum in ate the late Mrs. Bar-Giora for this interview and donating copies Yaffa Bar-Giora, Jerusalem, interview December 2004. We appreci- the sick and socially handicapped should be limited. Ernakulam synagogue. Parade Regulations” (below), noting that the divisions of authority in B-G p.215, n.5. or attorneys. Perhaps the texts were introduced by Jewish plaintiffs, defendants out considering how they might have been known to Indian judges. Here Bar-Giora refers to well-known Hebrew texts of Jewish law, with- and can be used in the same way. kahal gathered more information from his widow Mrs. Zipporah Yosef In colloquial Jewish Malayalam congregations of Ernakulam. Elsewhere in the article Bar-Giora uses term Excerpts are taken from pp. 215-219, 240 and 242-243 of the article. Itzhak for this article. We thank her kind assistance. memput Archives h for “congregation.” The Hebrew words have the same root ai Itzhak - Johnson in 1981 and Hacco 1982; s i congregation of Kochi differed somewhat from those in the with four different locks in the Ka Here he refers to his section on “Agreements and

kaikk a ranmar. memput karanor

is a box with more than one f . Karan Encyclopedia Judaica

kehillah a t van avu is the title for m rather than bh aliyah a gam - h of ai 25 24 23 22 21 27 26 19 20 B-G p.216, n.11: According to Attorney Yosef still needed to clarify these matters. families and individuals among the Kerala Jews. Careful research is and personal misunderstandings about the status of various groups, mission. In this confusion, such writers have contributed to scholarly the Kerala Jewish interpretation of Biblical laws slavery and manu- different types of servitude historically found in Kerala, and also about article “Sources”) were uninformed or confused about the several ber of outsiders (including Bar-Giora, here and especially in his 1957 been called “slavery” among Jews in Kerala. Unfortunately a num- Readers should be aware that there is a complex history of what has that sum for several weeks. living at the time, a family could maintain itself on 150-200 for each family. According to the cost of pounds sterling), which was on the average rupees Ernakulam reached rupees 10,000 (approximately 750 amount for distribution in the two synagogues of B-G p.216, n.9: In the years 5713-15 (1953-55) tion. synagogue’s contribution to the expenses of immigra- a document giving up these rights in exchange for the B-G p.216, n.8: Immigrants to Israel gave the below. B-G p.216, n.7. “Sources” 1957:256. Kerala. I.e. having hereditary rights, as in the ownership of land punishment for some misdeeds, specifying a maximum of 39 lashes – Talmudic guidelines for judicial procedures authorize flogging as a the end of sabbath. night. These are the concluding psalm and prayer for service at The Jewish sabbath ( with voting rights in her cided to move his wife’s community could not be a full member Myukhasim eages. In Kerala documents the term non- The term should be v gregational membership. (discussed below), the two factions agreed on definition of con- seems to be making the point that, despite their difference in status family history was not respected for other reasons. Here Bar-Giora times applied to Jews who were descended from converts or whose is a Hebrew term for Jews of respected families or lin- aruttukk Shabbat

y o

gam a . ) ends after sundown on Saturday ran. For example, a man who de- Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco myukhasim For details see n. 29 was some- kehillah H ai .

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 136 TAPASAM, 2010 July From the 29 33 32 30 28 31 B-G p.217, n.12: When a 1907:99. gations, excluding the Parade Rabbinic commentaries known as the ars who made decisions about Jewish law based on the Hebrew written records of the Kerala Jewish past for evidence local schol- In this section of his article Bar-Giora first looks to the very limited cifically financial responsibilities. not clear whether Bar-Giora is referring to general managerial or spe- By referring to the elders in general as “ ship, as distinct from a Hindu temple. also used for a church or mosque, place of congregational wor- court case (discussed in Bar-Giora’s It should be noted that this 1844 agreement and a subsequent gogues did not participate. was not legal if representatives of all seven syna- order to complete the number”. Therefore assembly pointed in the place of their representatives “in 255), four elders from other synagogues were ap- violation of the agreement 1844 (See “Sources”, p. Kadavumbhagam [Kochi] synagogue on account of their 6:1348-1352. Also Tractate “And He is merciful, forgiving iniquity.” See tion to be recited while administering lashes include Psalms 73:38, three times the number mentioned here. Biblical verses of consola- term “seven invitations were written by a synagogue. Bar-Giora’s text is unclear here, but implies that these The Hebrew term issue of whether the outsiders, and in his footnote 13, he includes a list of “rabbis” Kerala tion to a few such written decisions about Kerala made by Jewish Ka individual congregation – a principle which was contested by cluded from the Bar-Giora does not state which of the eight synagogues was ex- Makkot The term should be simply of delivering invitations. the building and performs various other official duties, such as this job ing all the things needed for worship services. He keeps keys of responsible for the physical upkeep of a synagogue and arrang- t Archives avu m %203-14.doc) bh a

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of seven had legal authority over each u but earlier sources are clear that the tapa gabai.

s h is. Anantha Krishna Iyer 1912: Lord erem

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l l i . The Malayalam term Sources, The was proclaimed on the Talmud. gabaim mishnah shamash Encyclopedia Judaica He refers by implica- ” (plural of 1957) dealt with the yomit.org/ is the person gabai makkot

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36 39 35 34 37 38 H interested older children and adults. Often a only taught Torah to the small children but also Talmud nities of Ernakulam and P only by another Each synagogue had at least one for a divorce. simply wrote divorce documents or actually made the arrangements refers. learning, including the tions from Kerala in Slapak 1995:57-69. The or gold and adorned with additional costly ornaments. See illustra- made of or covered with silver, topped a crown silver usually several. Each role of the Jewish teacher, who was called Likewise Bar-Giora does not elaborate on the respected scholarly with the correct tunes. pa among Kerala Jews of the prayer leader, who was called Bar-Giora does not elaborate on the important and honored role make decisions interpreting Jewish law. title Jewish communities. In Kerala and elsewhere the honorific Hebrew hensive authority was not characteristic of many traditional eastern prehensive authority of a rabbi in Jewish community. This compre- here reflects his modern and western perspective about the com- mation about them. Bar-Giora’s phrase “the function of a rabbi” by the brother of her deceased husband. certain ritual ornaments from the ancient Jewish community of P B-G p.218, n.15. See below p.229. Old Testament). Torah Torah services of worship. A coveted ritual honor is to be “called the gogue, from which they are removed to be read during certain decorated wooden cabinet (Ark) on the western wall of syna- mentioned by a 17 pa came into the possession of Ka It is not clear to what monetary unit the number gregation.

alitzah

tt tt rav akk akk ” to recite a blessing during such reading (see below). The includes the first five books of Hebrew Bible (the Christian

or a a ran. ran, (H) is a Jewish ritual freeing widow to re-marry, performed ha

It is not clear from Bar-Giora’s text whether teachers h and was given am pa was given to scholars who were masters of Jewish

th tt century visitor, noting the lack of detailed infor- akk sefer

Talmud a ran a4u was kept in a decorated case, often pa r, and presumably elsewhere, he not after he had learned all the prayers

; and these local leaders did in fact tt am t avu or the right to conduct prayers Torah Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco m bh Torah scroll ( muliy Here he explains how a gam -Ernakulam con- patinn muliy

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 138 TAPASAM, 2010 July From the Bar-Giora, Naftali Anantha Krishna Iyer, L.K. References 50 49 48 47 46 40 45 44 43 42 41 were known to be shorter than Ernakulam tunes. GH: For an example of a “custom the city”, Pa be called to the Torah as he deserves it. removed from his place in the synagogue, and he will B-G p.243, n.107: An illiterate elder will not be K Kippur The “Days of Awe” are the holy days B-G p.243, n.104: Sassoon ms.1030, p.19. Bar-Giora does not seem clear on this point. today. where in his article he indicates assumption that the Parade This document is taken from the 19 date back to the early history of Kerala Jews in K Bar-Giora does not explain why he thinks these particular customs “Sources”, p.250. B-G p.240, n.91: For details about this period, see See Weinstein 2002:40-54. the Dutch East India Company and confidants of Kochin Raja. Kochi in 1646, and his son grandson were “chief merchants” for chant ancestor Ezekiel Rahabi migrated from Aleppo (in Syria) to nent in the Parade Members of the Rahabi (now spelled Roby) family have been promi- Presumably the seven elders, though see n.17 above. I.e. by controlling the synagogue finances? See n.6 above. Sassoon ms. # 1030, compiled and written by Moshe David Tsarfati. Jews descended at least in part from the early qt Archives u nn and the days between. all u r – an assumption that is not supported by most scholars s i community since the 17 n.d. 1912. Courtesy of Yocheved Dayan. manuscript, English translation. The Early Years. Vol. II. Madras: Higginbotham. The Cochin Tribes and Castes. th century Parade Rosh Hashanah th Unpublished century. Their mer- 4u r liturgical tunes qt s myukhasim i Record Book, u nn all and u r. Else- Yom of s i Zacharia, Scaria Weinstein, Brian Weil, Shalva, ed. Slapak, Orpa, ed. Sassoon, David Lord, J. Henry Johnson, Barbara C. Encyclopedia Judaica. 2001 2002 1984 1995. 1932. 1907. 1985. 1972 1958. 1957. 1953. . of Goa. Department of Philosophy, University Model,” Seminar paper for “Religious Identification – A Kerala 5:40-54. Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies Malabar Coast: The Rahabis,” “Jewish Pepper Traders of the Jerusalem: Kumu Berina. Hebrew. From Kochin to the Land of Israel. Museum. Communities. The Jews of India: A Story Three Orpa, ed. 2 volumes. Oxford: Oxford Slapak, Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library. of the Hebrew and Samaritan Ohel David: Descriptive Catalogue Kolhapur: Mission Press. The Jews in India and the Far East. Massachusetts. Israel Cochin Paradesi Jews in India and “Our Community” in Two Worlds: The Jerusalem: Keter. Jerusalem. Hebrew. Cochin,” “On the History of Synagogues in 278. Jerusalem. Hebrew. Black Jews in Kochin,” Relations between the White and “Sources for the History of Company. Hebrew. Tel Aviv: Moreshet Publishing An Indian Journey (Masa beHodu). . Ph.D. dissertation, University of Barbara C. Johnson & Galia Hacco Sefunot Jerusalem: The Israel , 2:214-245.

Sefunot , 1:243- The

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 140 TAPASAM, 2010 July Xyhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sØ-°p-dn®p ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm- Øm\pw {ia-ap-≠v (]pdw 36). hmsamgnkmln-Xyhpw hc-samgnkmln- Xn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw t^mIvtem¿]mc- Xs∂-bmWv B[p-\nIkmln-Xyw.' (]pdw 34). cma-N-cn-Xw, IÆ-»-Ir- jI Is≠-Øp∂ _‘w {i≤n-°p-I: "t^mIvtem-dns‚ hnI-knXcq]w `mK-ambn \mtSmSnkmln-Xyhpw B[p-\nIkmln-Xyhpw XΩn¬ Kth- ]p-kvX-I-hn-⁄m\w efn-X-ambn ChnsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. CXns‚ °p-dn-®p≈ s]mXp\nco-£-W-ß-fm-Wv. t^mIvtem-dn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mT- s∏-SpØn ]Tn-°p-∂' {]_-‘-Øns‚ H∂mw A[ym-bw t^mIvtemdns\- ß-fp-≠v. "CS-t»-cn-°-hn-Xsb t^mIvtem¿ kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn _‘- Bap-Jw, D]-kw-lmcw {KŸkqNn F∂n-hbv°p ]pdta 5 A≤ym-b- hmbn®p t\m°n. an\n sI. ka¿∏n® 258 ]pd-ap≈ {]_-‘-Øn¬ c-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ F∂ Kth-jW{]_‘w Rm≥ {i≤m-]q¿∆w tUm. kvIdnbm k°-dnb ®p≈ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ £Wn-°p-∂p. ∂-h-cpsS {]_-‘-ß-sf-°p-dn- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ _ncpZw e`n-°p- h-Ip-∏p-I-fn¬\n∂p tIc-f-]-T-\- ]w‡n-bm-Wn-Xv. hnhn[ ]T-\- ‘-߃ ]cn-N-bs∏SpØp∂ _ncpZw e`n-°p-∂h-cpsS {]_- im-e-I-fn¬\n∂p tUmIvS¿ bßfn¬ hnhn[ k¿h-I-em- tIc-f-]-T-\-kw-_-‘-amb hnj- an\n sI.- k-a¿∏n® CS-t»cn°hn-X-Iƒ t^mIvtem¿ kwkvIm- Kth-j-W-cwKw t^mIvtem¿kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ shfn®Øn¬ Hcp ]T\w Kth-j-W-tI-{µw: ae-bm-f-hn-`m-Kw, tIc-f- k¿h-I-em-ime - ºcyØn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp- am¿§-Z¿in: CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-Iƒ

tUm. kp[o¿ InSßq¿.- an\n sI. (2008) cp-s∂-¶n¬ ]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvNIƒ \evIm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp- X-Itfm k¶ve-]-\-ßtfm Bg-Øn¬ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn t\m°n-°m-Wm≥ {ia-an-√. Nne Ihn- dm-Ip-∂n-√. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m[w CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bn¬ F∂ hnj-bsØ CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-Iƒ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ Kth-jI Xøm- c-W-Iƒ ka-Im-en-I-am-Wv. F∂m¬ B k¶ev]-\-߃ ap≥\n¿Øn tim-[n-°p-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Kth-j-I-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-[m- [hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-Iƒ ]cn- S-°hpw {]_-‘-Øn-\n-√. Ah-iyw-th≠ ssk≤m-¥nI ASn-Ø-dbpw coXn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb A®- A`mhwsIm≠v Zp¿_-e-amWv Cu {]_-‘w. kmln-Xy-K-th-j-W-Øn\v am-Wv. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ imkv{Xo-b-amb {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øns‚ hnjbw CS-t»-cn-bpsS KpakvXPohn-Xhpw Ihn-Xbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘- ´m-Wv. AtX-]p-dØv AtX JWvUnI Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ N¿®m ß-p-∂Xv CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bnse ]Z-t®¿®-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bp-am-bn- bn-√m-bva-bm-Wv. as‰mcp DZm-l-cWw 71-˛mw ]pdØv Hcp JWvUnI XpS- XpS-°hpw HSp-°hpw XΩn¬ F¥p_‘w? Ihn-X-I-fpw.' (]p. 82). am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Ihna\ v F∂-Xn\v \nZ¿i-\-amWv an° Ønepw kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kmwkvIm-cnIØ\n-a-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X- b-Øns‚ kam-]-\-hmIyw Cß-s\-bm-Wv: "a\p-jy-k-a-Xz-Ønepw XymK- {KmaoWkwkvIr-Xn-I-fmWv {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F¶nepw c≠mw A[ym- s]mXpth Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. jn-∏n-°m≥ sRcp-°-ap≈ ssk≤m-¥nI ASn-Ød Cu Kth-j-WsØ hpw ssk≤m-¥n-I-hp-amb ]T\w th≠nhcp-∂p. ka-Im-en-I-sa∂v hnti- hp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw {]k‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CØcw ]T-\-Øn\p kq£va hni-Z-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°-∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. Ahn-sS-bmWv hc-sam-gn-km-lnXy- kuµ-cy-]-£-]m-X-ßfpw Pohn-Xm-Z¿i-ßfpw CØcw {]_-‘-Øn¬ \mtSmSnkmln-Xy-Øns‚ BJym-\-am-Xr-I-Ifpw `mjm-k-t¶-X-ßfpw hn-√. IqSp-X¬ hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ \nco-£-W-am-Wn-Xv. \nINp‰p-]m-Sn¬ CØcw \nco-£-W-߃ s]s´∂v AwKo-I-cn-°m-\m- Kn-I-hp-amb ]T-\-߃ Gsd ]ptcm-K-an-®n-cn-°p∂ C∂sØ ssh⁄m- aq∂mw A[ymbw \mtSm-Sn-kw-kvIm-chpw ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m- an\n-bpsS Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-Øns‚ apJy-]-cn-anXn GIm-{K-X- c≠mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bnse Im¿jnI˛ th¿Xn-cn-s®-SpØp hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNbvXn- Kth-j-W-cwKw ∂p. AXn-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 142 TAPASAM, 2010 July ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ß-tfm-sSm∂pw hntbm-Pn-°m-\m-hn-√. A{Xbv°v ASn- hym]vXnbpw sshNn-{Xyhpw {]I-S-am-°p-∂n√ Kth-j-I-bpsS ]T-\-߃. ∏m´pw Imhnse ]m´p-am-Wv. CS-t»-cn-bpsS Imhy-a-WvU-e-Øns‚ \mtem Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Spw. XpSsc ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xp ]qX- I-bn-ep≈ XpS°w Chn-sSbpw ImWmw. Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T\w aqt∂m A-[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®m-hn-j-bw. ]Xn-hp-t]mse hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-am-Xr- ®p≈ H‰-bm≥ {]kvXmhw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. cn® hmIy-Øn\p sXm´p-Xmsg CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bnse ]pXp-a-sb-°p-dn- I-kz-`m-hw. CØcw imkv{Xo-b-X-bpsS A`m-hw-sIm-≠mWv ChnsS D≤- D]-]m-Z-\-bp-‡n- D-≠m-h-Ww. AXm-Wt√m imkv{Xo-b-]-T-\-Øns‚ auen- Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-Øn¬ CØcw H‰-bm≥ {]kvXm-h-ß-f√ th≠-Xv. CS-t»-cnsb ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ Fs¥√mw bp‡n-I-fp-≠v. GXm-bmepw Øn¬ km[q-I-cn-°mtam? ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn¬ ]pXp-a- ]m-Snb Ihn-bmbn Cß-s\-sbmcp {]kvXm-h\ CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-I-fpsS s]mXp-]-›m-Ø-e- Xm-temIw' F∂ \nco-£-W-Øn-emWv Cu JWvUw kam-]n-°p-∂-Xv. °m-Wm-hp∂ tIc-f-]-g- hf¿® ChnsS Hm¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. "Krlm-Xp-c-X-tbmsS am{Xw t\m°n- tb-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pcm-hrØ \ncq-]-W-Ønepw a‰pw ae-bm-f-Øn-\p-≠mb tbm-K-ØneqsS F¥p t\´-ap-≠m-°p∂p F∂p Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ Ign- tI≠ sXfn®w Chn-sS-bn-√. CS-t»-cn-°hn-X-Iƒ anØp-I-fpsS D]- Ncn-{Xw, kmln-Xy-hn-⁄m\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS GtIm-]\wsIm≠p≠m- D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´n-√. a\-»m-kv{Xw, \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\w, ]p\¿hn-h-c-Ww. ]pcm-hr-Ø-]-c-amb ]T-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ Xosc tI´p ]cn-N-bn-®n-´p≈ Imcy-߃ efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv X-Iƒ ]p\¿hn-h-cn-°p-∂p. {]i-kvX-ß-fmb Cu Ihn-X-I-sf-°p-dn®p ep≈ hnh-c-ti-J-c-am-Wv. XpS¿∂p ]qX-∏m-´v, Imhnse ]m´v F∂o Ihn- hnj-bw. {]mcw-`-`mKw (C-Xv 14 ]pdw hcpw) hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-am-Xr-I-bn- ÿn-Xn-I-hm-ZsØ ]p\-cp-≤m-c-W-hm-Z-am°n am‰-p-∂nt√? ]cn-[n-hsc Ign-bpw' (]pdw 124) F∂ Kth-j-I-bpsS {]-kvXmhw ]mcn- {]mNo\ BNm-cm-\p-jv-Tm-\-߃°pw kwkvIm-c߃°p-sams° Hcp `oj-Wn-bm-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI{]iv\sØ C√m-Xm-°m≥ XpS-ßnb tNmZy-߃°p {]_-‘-Øn¬ DØ-c-an-√. "C∂p a\p-jy\p t»-cn-bpsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m-[-Øns‚ X\na F¥v, ]cn-anXn F¥v \p≈ Ihn-Xm-]-cn-N-bhpw D]-]m-Z\ssh`-hhpw Kth-j-I-bv°p-≠v. CS- Kth-j-W-cwKw CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bnse _nw_-ß-fpsS \mtSm-Sn-Ø-amWv Bdmw - ]pcm-hr-Øhpw CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bp-amWv \memw A[ym-b-Øns‚ -a-bpsS {]Z¿i-\-im-e-bmWv CS-t»-cn-bpsS Ihn- bva-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-®p-thWw CXp {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥. kwhn-[m\w sNbvX Kth-jI tUmIvS¿ _ncpZw A¿ln-°p-∂p. t]mcm- tºmƒ, kmc-amb hntbm-Pn-∏p-Iƒ tXm∂m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ Cu {]-_‘w ssk≤m-¥nI]cn-⁄m-\hpw Bh-iy-ap-≠v. C°m-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°p- hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Gsd klr-Z-b-Xzhpw hn]p-e-amb kmln-Xy-]-cn-N-bhpw kwkvIm-c-Nn-”-߃ D≈-h-bm-Wv. Ch-bpsS LS-\bpw {]h¿Ø-\hpw (Chbn-emWv Kth-j-I-bpsS {i≤) H‰ t\m´-Øn¬Xs∂ \mtSmSn Gsd N¿® sNø-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. ]qX-∏m´v, Imhnse∏m´v XpS-ßn-bh- Ihpw coXn-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb kml-kn-I-X- th-Ww. CS-t»-cn-°-hnX t^mIvtem¿ shfn-®-Øn¬ Kth-j-W-]-T\w \S-Øm≥ ssk≤m-¥n- Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xm-Wv. kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®p (]pdw 180), "sXmgp-ssI-tømsS' 161) F∂nh t\m°p-I. ∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v "\mK-coIX' (]pdw 120), "am\-koIm-\p-`q-Xn-Iƒ' °m-\p≈ CS-amWv D]-kw-lmcw. ae-bm-f-hn-⁄m-\-Øn\v Fßs\ apX¬°q-´m-Ip∂p F∂p hy‡-am- Sp-Øp∂p F∂ a´n-ep≈ ho≠phnNm-c-amWv ChnsS {]k‡w. {]_‘w hns\ \ho-I-cn-°p-∂p, CS-t»-cn-°-hn-X-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\sØ Bg-s∏- ∂n-√. ]T-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Ønb Imcy-߃ Fßs\ \ΩpsS Adn- {]_-‘-Ønse D]-kw-lm-cw. CXv BZ-c-Wo-b-amb coXn-bmbn tXm∂p- cm-KXcoXn-bn-se-¶nepw h¿§o-I-cn®p ]Tn-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. ÿm-\-]-c-amb Im-cy-ß-fmWv Ah-X- temI-{I-a-Øn¬ \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ hn\n-a-b-aq-ey-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ \m´p-Nn-In-’-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®p-≈ ]c-º-cm-KX Adn-hp-Isfbpw ]pXnb tUm. F. Fw. {io[-c≥ {]_-‘-c-N-\-bn¬ Kth-jI Gs‰-SpØ sh√p-hn-fn-bpsS kz`mhw Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-Øn¬ A£-c∏n-g-Ifpw hmIy-∏n-g-Ifpw ImWp- hnhn[ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ ]d™ Imcy-߃ Npcp-°n-∏-d-bp-∂-XmWv \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ \m´-dn-hp-kz-Xz-sØbpw \m´p-a-cp-∂p-I-sfbpw tIc-fØnse \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw Kth-j-W-tI-{µw: tIc-f-h¿Ω tImfPv, tImgn-t°mSv k¿h-I-em-ime -cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. _nw_-ßsf ]c-º- am¿§-Z¿in : tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]me≥ C. DÆn-°r-jvW≥ Kth-j-W-cwKw (2005)

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 144 TAPASAM, 2010 July tbm-K-Øn¬ tacn Ae≥tIm-l≥ 20 hsc \S∂ Ata-cn-°≥ t^mIvtem¿ skmssk-‰n-bpsS hm¿jn-I- £-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \yqtbm¿°nse tdms®-Ãn¬ 2002 HIvtSm-_¿ 16 apX¬ ≠n-emWv C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Hcp ka-kvX-]-Z-ambn "Ct°m-t^mIv-tem¿' {]Xy- {]kn-≤-am-sW∂pw {]_-‘-Im-c≥ \nco-£n-°p-∂p-≠v. c≠m-bn-c-Øn-c- t^m¿Wnbbnse "¢m≥Un-°≥' Kmb-I-kwLw CØcw ]m´p-Iƒ°p t^mIv' F∂ ]Zw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®phcp-∂p-s≠∂pw Imen- ]d-bmw. lcnXktµ-i-ap≈ \mS≥]m´p-Isf kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ "Ct°m- ]≤-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]T-\-߃ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-´n-s√-∂p-Xs∂ ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv Cu Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Ønse hnip-≤-h-\-߃' AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. \bv°p kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ hn]-cn-Wm-a-ßsf "DØc tIc-f- √msX IrXy-amb ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-t_m-[-tØmsS \ΩpsS ssPh-L-S- am-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. A°m-Z-anIv ]T-\-Øns‚ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-X-I-fn- tUm. Sn. ]n. kpIp-am-cs‚ IrXn-am-{Xta Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ KW-\o-b- AXn-\p-apºv "]cn-ÿnXnkuµ-cy-im-kv{X-Øn-s∂mcp apJ-hpc' F∂ Sn-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w Cu cwK-Øp-≠mb {it≤-b-amb kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. cNn® "DØc tIc-f-Ønse hnip-≤-h\߃' F∂ ]cn-ÿnXn \mtSm- \sΩ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. ]n-Sn-°p-I-am-{X-amWv {]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ \m´p-h-gn-sb∂v Cu -{]-_-‘w W-{]-_-‘w. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ A\y-am-hp∂ \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ Xncn-®p- \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ ]cn-ÿnXn \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw' Folklore At\z-j-Wm- ¥-]p-cw, Xriq¿, ]ø-∂q¿ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse Huj-[-®-¥-Iƒ tI{µo- f-Ønse F√m Pn√-I-fnepw \S-Øn-b -a-WvU-e-hr-Øn-Ifpw Xncp-h-\- {i≤- tI-{µo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn {]_-‘-Im-c≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. " Cu {]_-‘w. D]m-Zm-\-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\mbn Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {]tXyI ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Pm{K-X-bmWv CXn-eqsS A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu {]_-‘-Øn¬ bp‡n-]q¿∆w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. {Kma-a-\- ns‚ kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw ]T-\-co-Xn-im-kv{X-߃ ∏n-®n-´p-≠v vation in Kth-j-W-cwKw t^mIvtemdns‚ ssPh-apJw {]I-S-am-Ip∂ "Ct°m-t^m-Ivtem¿' DØctIc-f-Ønse Imhp-I-sf-°p-dn®v 1995-˛¬ DÆn-Ir-jvW≥ tIc-f-Ønse \m´psshZy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ s]mXp-hmb ]T-\-amWv ’ Appalachian ecofolklore’ F∂ t]cnepw sse≥tamkv km≥tU¿Uv (www fl-I-]-T-\-amWv tUm. C. DÆn-Ir-jvWs‚ " .afsnet.or g/Annual meet/2003). F∂ t]cnepw {]_‘w Ah-X-cn- ‘ Developing method in Eco- Cßs\ {]Ir-Xn-im- ‘water conser- ' F∂ Kth-j- "tIc-f-Ønse "tIc- ßfpw Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v. hn-[yw, `£y-kp-c-£n-XXzw XpS-ßnb ImenI {]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b- A≤ym-bw. Bhm-k-ÿm-\-߃, ssPh-ssh-hn-[yw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-ssh- kvImcw kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ At\z-jWw IqSn-bmWv Cu Iq´m-bva-bpsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-t_m-[sØ Ah-cpsS kmaq-ln-I-kw- amb coXnbnem-Wv hni-I-e-\-ß-fnepw \nK-a-\-ß-fn-ep-ta¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp ]cn-Iev]-\-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ A¥¿hn-⁄m-\ob]c- aq∂m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ \m´-dn-hn-t\m-sSm∏w ]cn-ÿnXnimkv{X-Øn-s‚bpw Xncn®v Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. Ihpw A`u-a-hp-amb coXn-t`-Z-ßsf aX-]-c-sa∂pw am{¥n-I-sa∂pw ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv c≠m-a-≤ym-bw. tIc-fob NnIn-’-bpsS {]mIr-Xn- º-cm-KX k¶-ev]-ßsf t^mIvtemdns‚ k¶-ev]-\-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X- °p-dn®v kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. NnIn-’, {]k-h-Nn-In-’, hnj-sshZyw XpS-ßnb hnZ-Kv≤-ta-J-e-I-sf- Iƒ hniI-e\w sNøp-I-bpw, tIc-fob NnIn-’m-]m-c-ºcy-Ønse Ifcn cn-°p-Ibpw {Kmao-Whpw hwio-b-hp-amb ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ {]tXyI-X- tIc-fob ]mc-ºcyhpw XΩn-ep≈ sIm≈-s°m-Sp-°-ep-Isf hni-Zo-I- ambpw hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p. \m´psshZyhpw Bbp¿th-Z-Øns‚ sshZy-]m-c-º-cysØ kmam-\y-ambpw sshZKv≤ytaJ-e-Isf kq£va- BZy-L-´-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]mcn-am-Wn-I- hn-i-I-e-\-co-Xn-Iƒ \mtSmSnhn⁄m-\-]-T-\-ßfn¬ s]mXpsh kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xp-amb kmaq-ly-im-kv{X]T\-ß-fn¬ Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hm-ØXpw F∂m¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS B[m-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w ]cn-ÿnXn an° Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fp-sSbpw t^mt´m, sl¿t_-dn-bw, hoUntbm j-I≥ t\cn¬°≠v Xncn-®-dn-™-h-bm-sW∂v km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ tIc-fob Huj[{Zhy-߃ an°-hbpw Kth- W-imkv{Xw kz¥-ambn ]Tn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp' Øp≈ hnZ-Kv≤-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-Ibpw kkyh¿§o-I-c- Xncn-®-dn-b¬ Cu ]T-\-Øn\v AXym-h-iy-am-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ cwK- Øn-eqsS sshZy-co-Xn-Iƒ a\- n-em°n. {Zhy-ß-fpsS imkv{Xo-b-amb ßm-Sv, tIm∂-°mSv XpSßn tKm{X-h¿§-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ kl-\n-co-£-W- {][m I-cn®p \nc-¥cw \S-Ønb hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-hp-amWv Cu ]T-\-Øn\v \ B[m-cw. A´-∏m-Sn, ]o®n, Bd-fw, hb-\m-Sv, s\øm¿, s\Sp-a- \m´pNnIn-’-bpsS ssPh-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-k-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ NnIn-’-bpsS coXn-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Bbp¿th-Z-Øns‚ ]c- Bd-≤ym-b-ß-fmWv Cu {]_-‘-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. H∂m-a-≤ym-b-Øn¬ (Quantitative analysis) '. C u ]mT-hn-Nm-c- ]T-\-Øns‚ Kth-j-W-cwKw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 146 TAPASAM, 2010 July Kth-j-W-cwKw I-\m-´-dn-hns‚ Isf {]_-‘-Im-c≥ Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p. \mK-cn- XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse ]c-º-cm-K-X-co-Xn-I-fp-ambn tIc-f-Ønse \m´p-co-Xn- \mem-a≤ym-bw. {Zhy-ß-fpsS \ma-h-XvI-c-Ww, h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, tiJ-c-Ww sfbpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ `uXnIkwkvIm-c-sØ-bpw -]-‰n-bmWv º-cy-ssh-Zyw. X\Xv tIc-f-Øns‚ \m´psshZy-]m-c-ºcyw {¥-߃, BJym-\-cq-]-߃ F∂nh A\p-_-‘-ambn \evIn-bn-´p-≠v. K-ß-fp-sSbpw NnIn-’m-\p-`-h-ß-fpsSbpw hni-Zmw-i-߃, NnIn-’m-a- Iƒ, hnizm-k-߃, ]mT-hn-Nm-c-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°-s∏´ Huj[{]tbm- j-W-Øn-emWv Cu {]_‘w Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv. [-A-dn-hp-Iƒ Fßs\ {]Xnt-cm-[-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂ At\z- ≠n-cn-°p∂ ]pXn-b -tem-I-{I-a-Øn¬ Iq´m-bva-bpsS ]c-º-cm-KX Huj- ≠v. ]c-ºcmKX Adn-hp-I-fpsS {]tbm-K-Øn\v hn\n-abaqey-ta-dn-s°m- `mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ {]Xo-£bpw Bi-¶bpw ChnsS ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂p- kw_-‘n® \nK-a-\-ß-fm-Wv D]-kw-lm-c-Øn¬. \m´p-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. At\z-jn-°p-∂p. LS-\m-fl-I-hn-i-I-e-\-co-Xn-bmWv CXn-te°v D]-tbm- F∂nh Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂pw A©m-a-[ym-b-Øn¬ °-߃, \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ, BJym-\-cq-]-߃ F∂o hmsamgn hg-°-߃ sshZy-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, IS-¶-Y-Iƒ, am{¥nI hg- cq-]o-I-cWØn\pw kaq-l-Øn\v ss\XnI Dƒ°mgvN \evIp-∂-Xn\pw A≤ym-b-Øn-ep-≠v. h-{Z-hyw, Af-hp-Xq-°-߃ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-Whpw Cu ey-ßfpw AI-‰p-Ibpw sNbvXv kmaq-ln-Imw-Ko-Imcw t\Sp∂ hy‡n- am\-kn-Itam Bb \∑ {]Zm\w sNøp-Ibpw tcmK-Im-c-W-ßfpw sshI- aX]ctam Bb NnIn-’m-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsStbm kap-Zm-b-Øn\v `uXn-Itam NnIn-’m-{Z-hy-ß-fn-eq-sStbm kmaq-ln-I-tam, kmwkvIm-cn-I-tam, kky-߃, P¥p-°ƒ, [mXp-e-h-W-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ XpS-ßnb hnhn[ t]cp-I-fn¬ ]mc-ºcysshZyw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. {]mIr-Xn-I-Nn-In-’bv°v B[m-c-amb hnhn[ Huj-[-{Z-hy-ß- {]mNo-\hpw P\-]-Z-_-‘-ap-≈-Xp-amb NnIn-’m-co-Xn-bmWv ]mc- \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ, Huj[tiJ-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hne-°p- A©-[ym-b-ß-fn-embn \nco-£-W-hn-t[-b-am-°nb hkvXp-X-Isf \m´p-ssh-ZysØ Iq´mbva Fßs\ ImWp-∂p-sh∂pw kaq-l- (urbanlore) (indegenous) ]T-\-h-kvXp-°-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ ambw, A`m- ]mc-º-tcy-Xcw (unorthodox) _Z¬ sshZyw ®n-cp-∂-Xv. sNdp-≈n-]´¿, \©p-≠-\m-Y≥ F∂n-h-cmWv {Zmhn-U-k-{º- U-]m-c-ºcy-Øn-\mWv tIc-f-Ønse an°-bn-S-ß-fnepw {]Nmcw kn≤n- Nn-In-’-bpsS BWn-°-√mbn \ne-\n-∂-Xv. hnj-Nn-In-’-bnse Cu {Zmhn- hn-Zy-bm-bn-cp∂p Ign™ \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZyw htc°pw tIc-fob hnj- hnZy ambn kwtbm-Pn®p ImWp-∂-Xv. a{¥-ß-sf-s°m-≠p≈ hnj-i-a\w XpS¿∂p sNøp-∂-Xv. hnjNnIn-’-bn-emWv Cu c≠p am¿§-ßfpw IrXy- ssZh-hym-]m-{i-b-hp-amb ssIh-gn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv cp-∂p-sh∂pw Cu D≤-cWn hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Xs∂ NnIn-’-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp Btcy-Xc]mc-ºcyw ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n- Fgp-X-s∏´ Bbp¿thZ-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw tIc-f-Øn¬ {]N-cn-°-s∏Spwapºp- b-XmWv tIc-fo-bm-bp¿th-Z-sa∂pw kwkvIr-Xhpw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bn¬ Xm-{K-Ÿ-ßfn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn- kw`mh\ sNøm≥ Chn-SsØ \m´pNnIn-’bv°p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. kwln- NnIn’, arK-Nn-In’ XpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw Nne {]tbm-K-]-≤Xn-Iƒ X-∑m-cmWv CØcw IrXn-I-fpsS I¿Øm-°ƒ. hnj-Nn-In-’, a¿Ω \mS≥ Huj-[-sØ-°p-dn®pIqSn, Bg-Øn-e-dn-bp∂ Bbp¿th-Z-]-WvUn- k¿∆-tcm-K-Nn-In-’m-cXv\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv C°q-´-Øn¬ {][m-\w. sshZy-a-t\m-c-a, NnIn-’m-a-RvP-cn, tbmK-c-Xv\-{]-Im-in-I, tbmKm-ar-Xw, ap-≈Xv Nne tIc-fob {KŸ-߃°m-Wv. kl-{k-tbm-Kw, [mcm-I-ev]w, lr-Z-bw F∂n-h-tb-°mƒ tIc-f-Ønse sshZy-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-c- {X-bn-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Nc-I-kw-ln-X, kp{ip-X-kw-ln-X, AjvSmw-K- Xn-Iƒ°v tIc-fo-bm-bp¿th-Z-cw-KØv {]mapJyw ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. _rl- tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-en-√m-ØXpw X\n tIc-fo-b-hp-amb NnIn-’m-co- th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmØhn[w IqSn-°p-g™p InS-°p-I-bm-Wv. a‰p-{]- fsØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Bbp¿t∆-Zhpw \m´pNnIn-’m-co-Xn-Ifpw F∂n-h-bmWv tIc-fob \m´psshZy-]m-c-ºcy-Øns‚ ssIh-gn-Iƒ. tIc- PmXo-bhpw hwio-b-hp-amb ]mc-ºcyapƒs°m-≈p∂ \m´p-sshZyw W-Øn\v {]_-‘-Im-c≥ apXn-cp-∂-Xv. fob \m´psshZy-]m-c-ºcy-Øns‚ ssIh-gn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j- t^mIvtem¿ kt¶-X-ßsf \n¿∆-Nn-®p-Zm-l-cn-®-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv tIc- practices in the bmWv ' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p; Huj-[-{]-tbm-K-߃sIm-≠p-≈Xv -tIc-fo-b -NnIn’mk{º-Zm-b-Ønse bp‡n-hym-]m-{i-bhpw tIc-fo-bm-bp¿th-Zhpw AXns‚ Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-I-fpw, Krl-ssh-Zyw, " ]mc-ºcy-Nn-In-’-I≥ ' F∂pw. imkv{X-bp‡n A‘-hn-izm-k-sa-∂p -hn-fn-°p∂ hnj- W .H.O. Regions). '

(Jan S ]mc-ºcyNnIn-’, NnIn-’-I≥ F∂o tephan, A Profile of traditional Kth-j-W-cwKw " " hnj- hnj-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 148 TAPASAM, 2010 July Kth-j-W-cwKw Øn¬s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Krl-ssh-Zy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cm-a¿i-߃ Cu Iebpw hnZybpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS K-°m¿°p-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. (Ip-´n-Ir-jvW-ta-t\m≥ hn. Fw., j-ssh-Zy-{K-Ÿ-Øn-eqsS Bcy ]mc-ºcysØ tIc-f-Ønse F√m hn`m- \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Imcm´p \ºq-Xn-cn-bmWv "tPym’n-\nI' F∂ `mjm-hn- kpi-‡-amb Hcp {_m“W ]mc-ºcyhpw {ZmhnU ]mc-ºcy-tØm-sSm∏w hp-amb Bcy-hn-⁄m\w hnj-Nn-In-’-bn-te°pw kw{I-an-®p. Aßs\ kwkvImcw {]mapJyw t\Sn-b-tXmsS Xm{¥n-Ihpw am{¥n-Ihpw B¿j- Zm-b-Øns‚ Iqe-Iq-Sÿ Kpcp-°-∑m¿. F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy tbm-e-bn¬\n-∂v) AXn-c-lkyw' tX°. {]k-hn®p adp-]n-≈bpw ]nd-∂m¬ hnc-b-°-gp-In-°-f-t™-°. shÆ-bpw-Iq´n sNºn¬ Im®n-b-c-®p- h-b-‰Øp Iogvt∏m´p \m`n-tbmfw k-hn-°m-™m¬ tat¥m-∂n-°n-gßpw \ne-∏-\-°n-gßpw I≈n-∏mepw f™v at‰-th-c-c®p taevt]m-´p-tX-°. thKw IqSpw. t\mhp-≠m-bn- {]- bn¬ tX°. D]-ÿw- hn-cn-bpw. hncnb {]khw; AXp-tX-®p-I-gp-In-°- t∏m-Ipw.' °nb FÆ Xe-bn¬ hogvØp-Ibpw thWw. As√-¶n¬ IÆv s]m´n- at‰ ssIsIm≠v i‡n-sb-SpØv XSp-°p-I, IqsS {]tXyIw Xøm-dm- Øn¬ ImWn-°p-I. tbm\o-apJw hep-Xmbn Ip´n ]pd-Øp-hcpw. DS≥ fn¬ Dc®p shbv°p-I. he-Xp-ssI-øn¬ inh≥ FSpØv tbm\o-ap-J- s∏-Sp∂p. c≠pw sht∆-sd-b-c®v Hmtcm ]pØ≥ a¨]m-{X-Øn\p apI- at‰Xp hep-Xpw. sNdpXv i‡n-sb∂pw hepXv inh≥ F∂pw Adn-b- Xs∂ ]pd-Øm-Ipw. tat¥m-∂n-bpsS c≠p Ing-ßp-Iƒ H∂p sNdpXpw hnZy-bm-Wn-Xv. kq£n®p sNø-Ww. As√¶n¬ K¿`n-Wn-bpsS IpS-ep- dn®pw kmµ¿`n-I-ambn Kth-j-I≥ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. fo-bm-bp¿th-Z-Ønse emwK-eo-{]-tbmKw F∂ cl-ky-{]-tbm-K-sØ-°p- kv{XoIfpsS Ipe-sØm-gn-emWv t]sd-Sp∏pw {]k-h-ip-{iq-j-bpw. tIc- Øn-bmbn kzoI-cn-®-h-cmWv. the¿, ae-b¿ XpS-ßnb kap-Zm-b-ß-fnse IWn-bm≥, the¿ XpS-ßnb kap-Zm-b-߃ _me-ssh-ZysØ Ipe-hr- sshZyIpSpw-_-ßfpw tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse s]cp-h-Æm≥, ti-j-]p-tcm-K-Xn- ssI-h-∂n-´p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ hnZ-Kv≤-cmb Nne °¬ NnIn-’-bpsS ssIh-gn-I-fm-sW-¶nepw tIc-f-Øn¬ Chbv°v khn- C∂v GXm≠v arX-t^mIvtemdns‚ "emwKen {]tbmKw' c≠phn[-Øn-ep-≠v. 1. " _me-Nn-In-’, IÆp-Nn-In’, D∑m-Z-Nn-In’ XpS-ßn-bh ¢m n- ' 2. tat¥m-∂n-°n-gßv c≠p-≈-Xn¬ \of-ta-dp-∂-X-c®v \m`n- ' (1. CS-t®cn Ip™-ºp-s∏m-Xp-hmƒ, Bth-Z-I≥. 2. Xmfn- ]pdw 366) (Dead Floklore) "{]k-h-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ KW- ’-bn¬ {]m[m-\yw. AXp-sIm≠v BZnahmkn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ a{¥-hm-Zn- Ahsb D∑q-e\w sNøm-\p≈ aXm-\p-jvTm-\-߃°mWv tKm{X-Nn-I sImSpwsNbvXnItfm ssZh-tIm-]tam ]nim-Np-_m-[tbm BWv. hm-kn-Isf kw_-‘n®v tcmK-tlXp tcmKm-Wp-°-f-√, i{Xp-°-fpsS a-am-Wv. {KmaoW-ssh-Zy-Øn¬ acp-∂n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. F∂m¬ BZn- Huj-[-tI-{µo-Ir-Xhpw A`u-a-hp-amb c≠p LS-I-ßfpw {]tbm-K-£- °p-∂p. PmXo-b-ssh-Zy-Ønse D∂X]mc-ºcy-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbpw ]cn-K-Wn- h¿§]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\n-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb kh¿Æ kap-Zm-b-ßsf Xn-cn-am¿, aq -Xp-am¿ XpS-ßnb Db¿∂ kmaq-ly-\n-e-bp-≈-hcpw tKm{X- ß-fmWv {KmaoW-ssh-Zy-Øns‚ hwio-b-[m-c-bpsS {]tW-Xm-°ƒ. \ºq- \-{Km-a-L-S-\-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ Iogm-f-tKm-{X-k-aq-l- h-cp-amb P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sf-bmWv BZn-hm-kn-I-fmbn KWn-°p-∂-Xv. {]mNo- hn-`-h-ti-J-c-Ww, \mbm´v XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w tXSn-b- ºcy-hn-Nm-c-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. HcpImeØv h\-hm-kn-Ifpw h\- ≠v. BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ, {Kmao-W¿, \mKcn-I¿ F∂o hn`-P-\-{I-a-amWv ]mc- °p-dn®v khn-kvX-c-ambnØs∂ Cu {]_-‘-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p- ß-fpsS hym]-\-Øn\v aq∂m-asØ Imc-Ww. t\Snb-h-cn-eqsS CXp {]N-cn-°p-∂p. CXmWv Krl-Nn-In’m {]tbm-K- Huj-[sØ a‰p-≈-h¿°pIqSn ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. tcmK-i-a\w ’n®p tcmK-\n-hrØn ssIh∂ tcmKn X\n°v tcmK-i-a\w hcpØnb Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn CXv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. {]kn-≤-cmb NnIn-’-I¿ NnIn- ∂-tXmsS AXns‚ {KŸ-_‘w ssIhn-Sp-∂p. ]ns∂ -I-≠dn™v Iƒ Krlu-j[hn[n-I-fm-bn- am-dmw. Huj[w BZy-ambn {]tbm-Kn-°p- Kw-t]m-ep≈ {KŸ-ß-fnse Ffp∏w {]tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Huj-[-hn-[n- \-am-Wm-Zy-tØ-Xv. tIc-fo-b-Kr-l-ß-fn¬ km[m-c-W-amb kl-{k-tbm- aq∂p -hn-[-Øn-emImw. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ssIam-dn-h-cp∂ Huj-[-⁄m- hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. Krlu-j-[-{]-tbm-KßfpsS e`y-Xbpw hym]-\hpw tcm-K-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-emWv Ch¿ {]K- j-Iƒ, ]\n, Xe-th-Z-\, Pe-tZm-jw, Npa, ssii-h-tcm-K-߃, IÆp- Zy-co-Xn-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. {]k-hw, \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hn-\p -th≠ ip{iq- ]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂ sshZKv≤yhpw A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw Fs¥∂v Krl-ssh- {]tXyIn®pw kv{XoIƒ {]mNo-\-Imew sXmt´ NnIn-’m-cw-KØv hcp∂ NnIn-’m-]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. Ain-£n-X-cmb kmam-\y-P-\-߃ {]_-‘sØ {it≤-b-am-°p-∂p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ho´-Ω-am¿ sNbvXp " \m´p-ssh-Zy-Ønse PmXo-bhpw hwio-b-hp-amb ]mc-ºcy-sØ- "BZn-hm-kn-bpsSbpw {Kmao-W-s‚bpw hwio-b-ssh-Zy-co- -ev`cm-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v {]_‘w Kth-j-W-cwKw -Xn-I-fn¬

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 150 TAPASAM, 2010 July ÿ-I-fn¬\n∂p ]cn-W-an- Ø-Xp-amb Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-I-fp-≠v. " hwio-b-am-Wv. {Kmao-W-cpsS sshZy-k-{º-Zm-b-߃°v hwio-bhpw A√m- hn`m-K-amWv hwio-b-ssh-Zyw. BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS sshZy-k-{º-Zm-b-߃ CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv' IƒIqSn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ tKm{X-P-\-X-bpsS kI-e-am\ hnizm-k-ßfpw sa∂p Icp-Xp∂ tcmK-߃°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ NnIn-’m-co-Xn- {]mIr-Xn-Itam Aam-\p-jn-Itam Bb i‡n-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w aqe- NnIn-’m-am¿§-ß-sf-sb√mw Dƒs°m-≈-p-∂-Xp-amWv hwio-b-ssh-Zyw. - p 68). bmWv Xm-{¥nI k{º-Zm-bw.' cn®v tcmKm-\p-k-cWw A\p-im-k-\-t`-Z-ß-tfmsS {]tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn- apJy-{]-Nm-c-Icpw Ch¿X-s∂. ck-K-‘-ImZn Huj[ßsf kwkvI- ssh-Zy-sa∂v Xan-gv\m-´n¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Xm{¥n-I-k-{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ cn¬ an°-hcpw kn≤-ssh-Zy-∑m-sc-∂mWv Adn-bs∏Sp∂-Xv. AK-kvXy- amb ]e- a-cp-∂p-Ifpw Cu sshZy-∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. Ch- Xv. AK-kvXy-Iq-S-Øn-tebpw acp-Xzm-a-e-bn-tebpw A]q¿∆hpw X\-Xp- Ip-amcn Pn√-I-fnse \mSm¿ kap-Zm-b-Ønse sshZy-∑m¿ ]n¥p-S-cp-∂- ’-bpsS X\n-a-bm¿∂ ]mc-ºcycoXn-I-fmWv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw I\ym- imkv{Xw t{ImUo-Ir-Xtam {Kma-_-‘-ap-≈tXm A√. " k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw PmXob]mc-ºcy-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-cpsS NnIn-’m- {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ Bbp¿th-Z-_m-ly-amb F√m ]mc-ºcy-Nn-In’m Aº-e-hm-kn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb kh¿Æ-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fn-epw-s]´ sshZy-∑m¿ XpSßnb ]nt∂m°kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw \mb¿, s]mXp-hmƒ, \ºq-Xn-cn, Ønse hwiob ]mc-ºcy-°m-cmbn Icp-Xmw. Xoø¿, aWnbmWn h¿§-th-cp-I-fp≈ kap-Zm-b-ß-fnse sshZy-∑msc {KmaoW sshZy- J-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnizm-k-ßfpw hne-°p-I-fp-am-Wv. Xn-cn-°p-I, \q¬_-‘-an-√msX acp-s∂-Sp-°pI XpS-ßn-bh Huj-[-ti- ´p-t]mb thcp-am{Xw FSp-°p-I, acp∂p ]dn-°p-tºmƒ kwkm-cn-°m- S-Øp-\n∂pw ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-I, {hX-ip-≤n-tbmsS hS-t°m- Sp-∂p. Ccp-ºp-sXm-So-°msX acp-∂p -]-dn-°p-I, \oscm-® -tIƒ°m-Øn- te-Xn-t\-°mƒ i‡-am-Wv. AΩm-bn-im-kv{X-ß-sf∂v Ch Adn-b-s∏- bn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-ßfpw hne-°p-Ifpw {Kmao-W¿°n-S-bn- Iƒ acp-∂p-Im Kth-j-W-cwKw BZn-hmkn {KmaoWNnIn-’-I-fpsS ssNX-\y-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp hÆm≥, ae-b¿, ]mW≥, ]p≈p-h¿, th´p-h¿ XpS-ßnb tKm{X- -cp-am-Wv.' ' (International Encyclopedia of the social sciences ' Huj-[-ti-J-c-W-hp-ambn BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°n-S- ® p-≠m-bXpw `uatam A`u-atam Bb \nZm\ ' "tKm{X-h¿§-Øns‚ X\Xp ]cn-tXm-h- "{KmaoWNnIn- {i≤-b¿ln-°p-∂p. ߃°m-bp≈ NnIn-’m-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw (ap-…ow, {InkvXy≥) khn-tij NnIn’m-co-Xn-Iƒ t£{XsshZy-Øn-ep-≠v. am{X-a√ hyXykvX aX- `mK-am-Wv. ssZh-hy-]m-{i-bhpw bp‡n-hym-]m-{i-b-hp-amb c≠p Xcw ß-fpsS ]cn-]m-e\{]Nm-c-W-ßfpw \ΩpsS t£{XkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ NnIn-’-Iƒ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Cg-]n-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-hn[w a{¥-hm-Z-hp-ambpw aX-]-c-amb ssZh-hym-]m-{i-b-hp-amb k{º-Zm-b-߃ Hcp-t]mse ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p. [sØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xv. aX-]-c-amb NnIn-’-bn¬ {ZhytI{µo-Ir-Xhpw tI-X-c-i-‡n-I-tfmSv a\p-jy-\p≈ at\m-`m-h-amWv Ahs‚ aX-t_m- _mly-i‡n-tbm-Sp≈ B{in-X-Xz-Øns‚ {]I-S-\-amWv aXw. `uXn- Xn-\p-≠v. kwln-Xm-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-amb Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-an- ly-imkv{Xw F∂n-ßs\ imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-Ø-d-Iƒ Bbp¿th-Z-Øn-\p-≠v. Zm-bhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. coXn-im-kv{Xw, ⁄m\-im-kv{Xw, kmaq- Øn-ep-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w ck-K-‘-Iu-j-[-kn-≤-amb Xm{¥nI k{º- NnIn-’-bp-tSbpw ikv{X-{InbmsshZ-Kv≤y-Øn-t‚-Xp-ambn Abp¿th-Z- ∏n-°p-∂Xv. Bt{X-b-s‚bpw [\z-¥-cn-bp-tSbpw c≠p k{º-Zm-b-߃ ssk≤m-¥n-Im-Sn- co-Xn-I-sf "imkv{X-]cw' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. kphy-‡-amb {Zhy-tI-{µo-Ir-Xhpw bp‡y[n-jvTn-Xhpw A\p-`-h-kn-≤-hp-amb NnIn-’m- fn-eq-∂n-s°m-≠p≈ \nco-£-W-ß-fn-emWv Kth-j-I≥ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. coXn-t`-Z-ß-f-]-{K-Yn-°p-tºmƒ aXw, a{¥w, imkv{Xw F∂o {XnXz-ß- amb kl-h¿ØnXzw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. sshZy ˛ tPymXnjn a{¥-hmZn F∂o aq∂p-t]-cp-tSbpw [¿Ω-]-c- Øp-∂-Xv. {KmaoWIq´m-bva-bnse A`u-a-amb NnIn’m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ tcK-ß-fpsS \nZm-\-amWv tPymXn-j-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Is≠- Xym-XoXImc-W-߃sIm-≠p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv F∂v Iq´mbva hniz-kn-°p∂ ’m-tPym-Xn-jhpw Cu {]_-‘-Øn¬ ]T\hnt[-b-am-°p-∂p-≠v. {]Ir- \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.' " am{¥n-Ihpw aX-]-c-hp-amb ho£-W-tØm-sSm∏w BtcmKy-X-Øz- Bflo-b-sat∂m [m¿Ωn-I-sat∂m hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ Hcp t "ImcyØn¬\n∂pw Imc-W-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw Imc-W-\n-hm-cWw Ic-fob \m´psshZy-Øns‚ {]mIr-Xn-Ihpw A`u-an-I-hp-amb -Ø-d-bp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv imkv{Xob-sa∂p hnti-jn- ' tPymXn-jsØ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ NnIn- Kth-j-W-cwKw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 152 TAPASAM, 2010 July CsXms° tN¿∂ ssPh kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-k-c-amWv \m´p-ssh-ZysØ sshhn-[y-߃, Cu sshhn-[y-Øns‚ `mK-amb NnIn-’m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ AXns‚ hyXykvX D]-tbm-K-߃ a\- n-em-°nb kmwkvIm-cnI Xv. Hcm-hm-k-ÿm-\w, AhnsS hf-cp∂ kkyw As√-¶n¬ P¥p F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ h\ym-hmkÿm\-ß-fmbn N¿®- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- S≥ sN¶¬°p∂p-Iƒ, Imhp-Iƒ, I≠¬°m-Sp-Iƒ, IS¬, IS¬°c ÿm-\-ß-fm-Wv h\ym-hm-kÿm-\-߃. kly-]¿∆-X-h-\-߃, CS-\m- IrXy-ambn shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. A]-{K-Yn-°p-t∂-SØv {]_-‘-Im-cs‚ kq£va-\n-co-£WIuXpIw WnI {]tXyI-X-Ifpw Ct°m t^mIvtem-dns‚ Xe-Øn¬\n-∂p-sIm≠v Huj-[-t{km-X- p-I-fmb P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw Bhm-k-ÿm-\-ßfpw em£- ssPh kmwkvIm-cnI]cn-kcw IqSn-bm-Wn-h. Huj[kkyß-fp-sSbpw sa-∂pw, a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-sa∂pw c≠mbn hn`-Pn-°mw. \m´p-Nn-In-’-bpsS Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. a{¥w, [¿Ωw, I¿Ωw, acp∂v F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ am{¥nINnIn-’-bpsS \o°¬ XpS-ßnb BN-c-W߃ kmµ¿`n-I-ambn IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. A]-{K-Yn-°p-hm-\p≈ {iaw {it≤-b-am-Wv. ]mXm-f-tlmaw, AIw \mƒ baw F∂nh tIc-fob ]mcºcyNnIn’m]≤-Xn-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Øn-ep-≠v. a{¥-hm-Z-Øn-∂-Sn-ÿm-\-amb kmZr-iy-\n-b-aw, kº¿°-\n- Kth-j-W-cwKw sshZy≥ a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-√msX cq]s∏´ {]mIr-{XnI Bhm- Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS hnf-`q-an-bmb Bhm-k-ÿm-\-ßsf h\y- a{¥-X-{¥-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Z-amb ]T-\hpw Cu {]_-‘- imkv{Xw tPymXnjn aXw a{¥-hmZw a{¥-hm-Z-n- ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p-≠v. CtXm-sSm∏w {Zhy-kw-_-‘n-bm-bp-≠mb k ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS {]tXyI-X-Iƒ hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ s°m≠v Cu sshZy-k-{º-Zmbw ]n¥p-S-cp∂ \ma-I-c-W-h¿§o-I-cW KpWw, I¿aw, t{kmX- v, {]`mhw XpS-ßnb LS-I-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn- tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Bbp¿thZw {Zhy-ß-fpsS KpW-ß-f-dn-™-Xv. Ønse Hcp {Zhyhpw Huj-[-a-√m-Xn-√ (A-jvSmw-K-lr-Z-bw). Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ temI- I¿aw F∂n-h-bm-Wv. KpW-I¿a-߃°v B[mcw {Zhy-am-Wv. Hcphn[- sshti-jnIZ¿i-\-{]-Imcw kØ-bp≈ ]Zm¿∞-߃ {Zhyw, KpWw, {Zhyw. kwkvIr-Xhpw {]tbm-K-k-∂-≤-hp-amb {Zhy-amWv Huj-[w. CXn¬s∏Spw. cmkm-Zn-Iƒ°v B{i-b-amb ]©-`u-Xn-I-]n-WvU-amWv sØ-t`-Z-am-°p-∂-sX¥pw t`j-P-am-Wv. Im‰pw kqcy-{]-Im-i-hp-sams° \mep- ]m-Z-ß-fn¬ sshZy≥ Ign-™m¬ {Zhy-Øn-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. tcmK- ßs\ \mep- ]m-Z-ß-fp≈ `uXnIkwkvImchnNn-¥-\-am-Wn-Xn¬. Cu b-sa∂v kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. sshZy≥, {Zhyw, ]cn-Nm-c-I≥, tcmKn F∂n- gnbpw hc-sam-gn-bp-am-Imw. Bbp¿th-Zw-t]m-ep≈ t{ImUo-IrX NnIn- Kv≤-X-Ifpw hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p. D]-I-c-W-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p- hn-[y-߃ kzm[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Øns‚ sshNn-{Xy-hp-am¿∂ Huj-[-k-º-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-am Cu Bhmkÿm\-߃X-s∂-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse sshhn-[yhpw c-Øn-s‚bpw sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w {]I-S-am-Wv. hyXy-kvX-amb h-iy-߃°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm- am-b-am-b-h Is≠-Øp-∂-Xnepw kkyP¥p-k-©-bsØ A\p-jvTm-\m- tcmK-ßsf k_-‘n® \nZm-\-Nn-In-’m-k-¶-ev]-ß-fnepw `£y-tbm-Ky- am-Wv. Huj-[-k-ky-ß-fpsS h¿§o-I-c-WØnepw \ma-h-XvI-c-W-Ønepw kmwkvIm-cnI ho£-W-Ønepw h\-{]-IrXn sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w aqe- Øn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-bXv Ah-cpsS Btcm-Ky-Z¿i-\-Ønepw h¿§-Øns‚ NnIn-’m-co-Xnbpw imkv{Xhpw {Kmao-W-cpsS \m´psshZy- ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv D≠m-bn-´p-≈-Xv. h\-hm-kn-I-fmb tKm{X- hyXykvX NnIn’mk{º-Zm-b-ß-fpsS DZv`-hhpw hym]-\hpw ssPh- sb∂ \ne-bn¬ am{X-a√ ssPh]cn-k-c-߃ {]k‡-amIp∂-Xv. Poh- p-‰-Xm-°n-Øo¿°p-∂-Xv. Hcp {]tXy-I-bn\w {Zhy-Øns‚ hnf-`q-an h\-hm-kn-I-fp-tSbpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-tSbpw Im´-dn-hp-Isf D]- \m´p-ssh-Zy-sa∂ ⁄m\-cq-]-Øns‚ t{]j-W-am¿§w hmsam- Bbp¿th-Z-Ønse {ZhyIev]-\-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ Huj-[-ß-sfbpw \ma-t`-Z-߃, D]-tbm-K-hy-Xymkw F∂n-h-bnepw Bhm-k-ssh- -≈-XmWv C u {]_-‘-Ønse \memw A[ym- -bn-´p-≈-Xv. {Zhy- Kth-j-W-cwKw µ

n-

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 154 TAPASAM, 2010 July 1. IS-¶YIƒ fpsS kmam-\y-h-XvI-c-W-amWv Cu ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw ssien-I-fpw. sshZy≥, tcmKn, acp∂v XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A\p-`-h-ß- 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. ssien-Iƒ 10) 9) 8) 7) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p∂ acp-∂p-sNm-√p-Iƒ°p-Zm-l-cWw A[ym-b-Øn¬ \S-Øp-∂-Xv. amWv Cu {]-_-‘-Ønse "\m´psshZy-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-]m-cºcyw' F∂ sshZy-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hmsam-gn-h-g-°-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-j-W- sFXnlyIY-I-fpw-t]m-ep≈ \mS≥ BJym-\-cq-]-߃ XpSßn \m´p sshtZy-X-c-am-btXm Bb \m´p-hm-Mva-b-߃, ]pcm-hr-Ø-ßfpw √p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, A\p-jvTm\NnIn-’-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´tXm \m´p sshZy-Øns‚ ⁄m\-am¿§w IqSp-Xepw hmsam-gn-bm-Wv. ]g-s©m- ’m-am¿§-߃°v hc-sam-gn-bpsS {]_-e-amb ]n≥_-e-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Kth-j-W-cwKw D≠-s∏-´n-bn¬ N{µ-°√v/Im™n-c-hnØv \m´p-ssh-Zy\p \m\mgn Np°n-√mØ Ijm-b-an√ sshZy\p sshZys\ I≠qSm ]gw ]pÆmfn ]mXn sshZy≥ sshZys‚ a°ƒ ]pgptØ Nmhq Np°p-ap,- fIp-Xn,- ∏en Np≠-th-c-Xn-s√-¶n¬ I≠-th-c-Xp- tN¿ØnSmw ]pXnb sshZy-t\-°mƒ ]g-b-tcm-Kn- t`Zw apdn-ssh-Zy≥ Bsf-s°m√pw \√ acØnte CØnƒ ]nSn°q \√ acp∂p Ibv°pw. Aev]w AIØv hnjw ]pdØv. s\t∑\n tX®m¬ s]mt∑-\n-bmIpw. Ingn-bn¬ ]ng-®m¬ Ipgnbn¬. \mbv°p-cpW aq°p-t¥mdpw sNmdnbpw. N°bv°v Np°v, amßbv°p tXß. N° -Xn-∂m¬ Np°v. tNcp-\m-b¿ NXn-®m¬ Xm∂n-\m-bsc ]nSn-°pI. tat¥m-∂n-°p-\m-bvØo´w tat¥m-∂n°pw Xmt¥m-∂n°pw acp-∂n√ Huj-[-Øn-s‚tbm NnIn-’m-co-Xn-I-fpsStbm KpW-tZm-j-ßfpw Ifn-∏m-´pIƒ Bt£-]m-\p-I-c-W-߃ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. \nco-£n® Hcp P\-X-bpsS {]Ir-Xn-Z¿i-\-amWv Cu \mK-tØm-‰-Øn¬ \mS≥]m´pIƒ 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. B\-s°m-ºn¬ s\Sn-b-cn-\osf/sXßn≥]q-°pe B\-s°m-ºn¬ s]mSn-bcn/hgp-X-\ß Im´n-e-Ω-s]m-∂-Wn™p/IWn-s°m∂ taemsI ap≈v Xe-bn¬]´v/apcn°v BIm-i-ap-´mbn/s]m´n° CØn-°p-™≥ Ipt´y-I-c-bn®p/Ipcp-ap-fIv s\\-s°¥v s_cpØw Ip™n-°p-™n-°p-dp°m ]c-temIw Kan-®n-Smw. ae-cn¬ tN¿Øp tkhn-®m¬ ]pe¿Imse ]nSn-®p-S≥ 3. ]c-se-∂p≈ a’ysØ s\™-sØ -apeam™nSpw I™n-sh-®p -Ip-Sn-®o-Sn¬ IÆn-aqØ ISp-°bpw 2. a™-t®c ac-Ø-hf \mep-\m-fn-eIw hcpw. tIfn-bp-t≈mcp `¿Ømhv Imfw-sh®p `pPn-°p-In¬ 1. kky-ß-fpsS cq]-L-S-\bpw CX-c-{]-tXyI-X-Ifpw kq£va-ambn Ba-∏p-d-sam-Ø-ap-Xp-Ip-S-tbmsc tN\-Ø-s≠mØ hSn-hp-S-tbmsc Nqcn-ap-s≈mØ ]√p-S-tbmsc Idp-I-∏p-s√mØ \mhp-S-tbmsc Ip∂n-°p-cp-shmØ IÆ-p-S-tbmsc Xm∂n-°-sbmØ Xe-bp-S-tbmsc hmf-sb-s∂mcp a’ysØ Kth-j-W-cwKw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 156 TAPASAM, 2010 July Kth-j-W-cwKw I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. K¿`n-Wn-bmb acp-a-Iƒ s]s´-∂p- h-∂p. Ahƒ°p sImSp- D¬∏-Øn-IY: IÆn-ao-\m-bn-cp-∂p. No™ncp-∂p.' tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ hr≤≥ ]d-™p. " acp-∂p-≠m-°n-b-Xnse ]mI-∏n-g-bm-sW∂v sshZy¿°p a\- n-em-bn. \p-tijw Ie-i-emb O¿±n-bp-ambn Ip´nsb ho≠pw sIm≠ph∂p. ]cntim[n®v Ijm-b-Øn-\p≈ Ipdn-∏-Sn- sIm-Sp-Øp. c≠p Znh-k-Øn- ASpØv Hcp ap…ow hr≤≥ t]c-°p-´n-bp-am-sb-Øn. sshZy≥ 2. ∑mcpw Xo´w Xn∂p. Iq´-Øn¬ Hcmƒ ]d-™p. ]´n- Xo´w Xn∂p. CXp -I≠p IWn-bm- Hcp-Ø≥ Ch≥ F¥p-sN-øp-∂pthm AXp-t]mse \ap°pw sNømw.' \mb \mhp-\o´n sh≈-sam-en-∏n-®p-sIm≠p h∂p. " aq°nepw IÆnepw sh≈w \nd™v Fcn-s]m-cn-sIm-≠p. At∏mƒ Hcp Np°v BWv. Np°p Xn∂ IWn-bm-∑m¿ FcnhpsIm≠v hmbnepw °mØ Fs¥-¶nepw Xn∂m≥ Xcm≥ ]d-™p. IS-°m-c≥ sImSp-ØXv £oWn-®-h-i-cmbn k¶-S-tØmsS Hcp Nmb-°-S-bn-se-Øn. Cu®-bn-cn- HmSn-t∏m-b-sX∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. ]nSn-°m-\mbn Iptd kabw HmSn. Xp≈n-tbm-Sn-b-t∏mƒ Ipº-fß hoWp-s]m-´n. B\-bpsS Ip´n-bmWv tXm∂n. B\-ap´ Hcp ac-Øns‚ tNm´n¬sh®v Xqdm-\n-cp-∂p. apb¬ hgn°v Hcp Im´n-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ae-hn-k¿÷\w \S-Ø-W-sa∂p Ipº-fß sImSp-Øp. AXp-ambn Ah¿ t£{X-Øn-te°p \S-∂p. ]e-bnSØpw \S∂p. Hcp hncp-X≥ B\-ap-´-sb∂p ]d™v sI´ ]W-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ B\-ap-´- hm-ßm≥ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. ap´-b-t\z-jn®p B\-bn-√. IWn-bm-∑m¿°p \mW-t°-Sp- tXm-∂n. B\sb hmßm≥ 1. ^en-X-I-Y-Iƒ Hcp ho´n¬ AΩm-bn-A-Ωbpw aIfpw IqSn hcn-°-®° apdn-°p- Xr°-cn-∏q-cnse {]kn-≤-ssh-Zy-\mb A∫mkv sshZy-cpsS F√m-h-cp-tSbpw Aº-e-Øn¬ B\-bp-≠v. R߃°p-am{Xw ]d-]-d-Øq-dWw Idp-ap-d-Øn-∂Ww I°n-cn° ]dn-t°Ww I°-cn-I-≠-Øn-t∏m-tIWw AXn-s\¥v _bn-Øyw Xe-°pØpw ]\nbpw ' ao\m-¶Æn F∂ ]®-a-cp-∂n-\p-]-Icw Abmƒ tN¿ØXv : (D-Z-ml-c-Ww)- "sshZy-tc, B IÆn-ao≥ sImd®v "CXm \sΩ-t∏mse ' sN-Sn-IƒX-s∂. sshZy≥ s]m\w- sIm-ØmsX Xncn-®p-h-∂p. ImSp sh´n®p-S-Ww. Im´nseØnb sshZy\v ImWp-∂-sX√mw acp-∂p- Kp-W-ap-s≠-¶nepw Idn°p sIm≈n-√. I≠Xv "Nn‰-ar-Xp'-am-{Xw. AXpw- hm-ßn- ho-´n-se-Øn. Nn‰-ar-Xn\v F¥p- ap≠v KpW-tØm-sSm∏w tZmj-hpw. HSp-hn¬ tZmj-sam-∂p-an-√m-Ø-Xmbn hmßm≥ t]mbn. ]mh-bv°, ]S-h-ew, sh≈-cn, Ipºfw Hmtcm-∂n-\p- ]g-s©m¬°Y: jn-bp-s≠∂v C∂pw Icp-Xp-∂p. e-`n® IS-∏p-dsØ aJm-anse InW-‰nse sh≈-Øn\v tcmK-i-a-\-ti- ™n°p {`m¥p ]nSn-®p. Ftßm ]pd-s∏´p t]mbn. Ct±-l-Øn\p kn≤n- [mcmfw ]Ww In´n. AtXmsS a{¥-kn≤n \jvS-s∏-´p. apl-Ω-Zp-Ip- {]Xn-^-e-ambn apl-Ω-Zp-Ip™n Bh-iy-s∏-´p. AwK-s∏-´n-bn¬\n∂v K-i-a-\m¿∞w Ct±-lsØ tXSn-sb-Øn. Cbm-fn¬\n∂v hen-sbmcp XpI Bbn-Sbv°v aZn-cm-in-bn¬\n∂v AwK-s∏-´n-sb∂ Hcp henb {]`p- tcm- \nd-™p. Xr°-cn-∏q¿ Hcp {][m-\-tÃ-j-\m-bXv CXn\p tij-am-W-s{X. Xr°-cn-∏q-cn¬ Cbm-fpsS hoSv tcmK-i-a-\m¿∞w FØp-∂-h-sc-s°m≠v ]n∂oSv \nc-h-[n-t]¿°v sh≈w a{¥n®p \evIn tcmK-i-a\w hcp-Øn. bmb kv{Xosb I≠p-ap´n. sh≈w a{¥n®p \evIn tcmKw ian-∏n-®p. s]s´∂v Abmƒ A{]-Xy-£-\m-bn. apl-Ω-Zp-Ip-™n -h-gn-bn¬ tcmKn- Aev]w sh≈w a{¥n-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw BK-X≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. kv{Xo- h-b-dp-th-Z-\-sIm≠p hnj-an-°p-∂Xp ImWm-sa∂pw Ahƒ°v AtXmsS IpjvT-tcmKw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ian-®p. t]mIpw-hgn Hcp ]pe-b- Sp-Øp-sh®v Ct±lw Hcmsf I≠pap´n. -A-t\ym\yw Benw-K\w sNbvXp. co-c-hp-ambn Xr°-cn-∏q¿ IS-∏p-d-Øp-IqSn \S-∂p. IS-∏p-dsØ aJm-an-\- F∂ Hcm-fp≠mbncp-∂p. IpjvT-tcm-Kn-bm-bn-cp∂p Cbmƒ. Agp-In-b- i- ]pcm-hrØw: kw`-h-IY ‰n-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Ws{X hcn-°®° ]pfn-©-°-bm-b-Xv. t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ tX≥h-cn° ]pfn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. K¿`n-Wn-bpsS sImXn-]- In. Ipsd-°-gn™v K¿`nWn ImWmsX N° -aq-Snb Ip´-sb-SpØp °m-Xn-cn-°m≥ N°- aq-Sn-sh®v AΩbpw aIfpw a‰p -]-Wn-I-fn¬ apgp- {]IrXntI{µn-Xhpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[ym-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb \m´p "sshZy≥ s]m\w sImØm≥ t]mb-t]mse'. Irjn°v "sshZy≥ ]®-°dn hmßm≥ t]mb-t]mse.' sshZy≥ GXm≠v Aº-Xp-sIm-√w-apºv Xr°-cn-∏q-cn¬ apl-Ω-Zp-Ip™n Kth-j-W-cwKw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 158 TAPASAM, 2010 July Kth-j-W-cwKw ]T\w ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xv. H. hn. hnP-bs‚ kmwkvIm-cnI{]h-W-X-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠mWv {]-_-‘-Im-cs‚ I-e-sbbpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ ]T-\-߃ hfsc ]cn-an-Xw. sb-°p-dn®v GXm\pw IrXn-Itf D≠m-bn-´p-≈p. kmln-Xy-sØbpw Nn{X- \nI kmlnXyw a\- n-em-°m≥ hnj-a-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Nn{X-I-e- h-∂n-´p-≈Xv Nn{X-I-e-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Nn{X-I-esb Adn-bmsX B[p- b-hp-am-Wv. `mj Imcy-am{X{]k-‡hpw ssien sXfn-™-Xp-am-Wv. Nn¥-bp-sSbpw ^e-am-Wv. kwhn-[m-\-{I-a-XØzw bp‡n-`-{Zhpw imkv{Xo- ≈-Xp-am-Wv. ]T\w \nc-¥-c-amb At\z-j-W-Øn-s‚bpw \nkvX-{µ-amb ´n-√. B \nebv°v {]_-‘-hn-jbw {]k‡hpw Imen-I-{]m-[m-\y-ap- sNøp-Itbm sNøp∂ ]T-\-߃ H∂pwXs∂ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn- Xsb ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Itbm AXns‚ cmjv{SobNmbvhp-Isf hni-I-e\w Fw. _jo¿ Xs∂ Cu At\z-j-W-]-T-\-Øn\v Imen-I-{]-k-‡n-bp-≠v. b-Øns‚ {]k-‡n-bn-emWv Cu {]_‘w Du∂p-∂-Xv F∂-Xp-sIm≠p ‘-Im-c≥. Imew Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ \oXn-bp-‡-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-\- kao-]n-°p-Ibpw IrXy-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂p≠v {]_- _lp-Im-en-I-hp-amb Hcp ⁄m\-cq-]sØ A¥¿ hn⁄m-\-]-c-ambn KØv Gsd {]m[m-\yhpw {]iw-k-bp-a¿ln-°p-∂p. \m\m-tZ-io-bhpw hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ Cu Kth-j-W-{]-_‘w t^mIvtem¿ Kth-j-W-cw- sshZy-Øns‚ hnh B[p-\n-IXmhmZ-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w t\mh-enepw Nn{X-I-e-bnepw : Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-‰m-≠n¬ hym]-I-ambn I≠ B[p-\n-I-Xsb Hcp ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Iƒ kmln-Xy-Ønepw a‰p Ie-I-fnepw IS-∂p- kmln-Xy-sØbpw Nn{X-I-e-sbbpw _‘-s∏-SpØn B[p-\n-I- Kth-j-W-tI-{µw: ae-bm-f-hn-`mKw, {ioi-¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿h-I-em-ime æ n-[- h-i-ßsf A©v A[ym-b-ß-fn-embn hni-Ie-\- ae-bm-f-t\m-h-en-s\bpw C≥Uy≥ Nn{X-I-e-sbbpw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ At\z-jWw Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lmkw am¿§-Z¿in : tUm. ]n. ]hn-{X≥ kp\n¬ ]n. Cf-bnSw (2006) cq]-Øns‚ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw Ønse A[n-\n-th-i-`m-cw, B[p-\n-I-X-hn-a¿i\w Jkm-°ns‚ CXn- tZio-bm-[p-\n-I-X-bnse _u≤nI{]k-‡n, B[p-\n-I-Xm-hn-a¿i-\- {]h-W-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. A[n-\n-th-ihpw tZio-bm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw C≥Uy≥ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb ]Wn-°-cpsS ae-_m¿ I¿j-I-s‚ Pohn-X-Øn-eq-sSbpw sXfn™phcp∂ e-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS amXr-I-bmbn Icp-Xm-hp∂ sI. kn.- Fkv. Icp-Xm-hp∂ Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lm-k-Øn-eq-sSbpw C≥Uy≥ Nn{X-I- F∂ A©mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬, B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ amXr-I-bmbn e\w sNøp-∂p. "sImtfm-Wn-b¬ B[p-\n-I-Xbpw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Zhpw' Fkv ]Wn-°-cpsS "ae-_m¿ I¿j-Is‚ PohnXw' F∂ Nn{Xw hni-I- b-Øn¬ C≥Uy≥ Nn{X-I-em-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ sI. kn. øp∂p. "B[p-\n-I-Xm-hn-a¿i-\-Øns‚ Ir-jn-]mTw' F∂ \memw A≤ym- kv{X-Øns‚ XmØzn-I-\n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Imcy-߃ N¿-®-sN- lm-k-Øns‚ `mh-]-chpw cq]-]-]-c-hp-amb {]tXyI-X-Iƒ, {]Xy-b-im- sNøp-∂p. ChnsS B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{So-bw, Jkm-°ns‚ CXn- ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lmkw F∂ t\mh¬ hni-I-e\w BJym\w Hcp kmaq-lnI {]Xo-I-hr-Øn-bmWv F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ sNøp-∂p. "Jkm-°ns‚ Ncn-{X-_-‘-߃' F∂ aq∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ I-hrØn F∂ \ne-bn¬' {KŸw N¿®bv°v hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw dnIv Pbnw-ks‚ "cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w: BJym\w Hcp kmaq-lnI {]Xo- Øn¬ cmjv{So-b- At_m[w F¥v F∂p hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw s{^U- "cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w: Ncn-{X-Øns‚ hos≠-Sp∏v' F∂ c≠mw A≤ym-b- (Enlightenment) s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ⁄mt\m-Z-b- B[p-\n-I-X, B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw F∂o kw⁄-I-fpsS s]mcpƒ \nP- b-ß-fp-≠v. B[p-\n-I-X, B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw F∂ H∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ [sØ hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{So-b- At_m- I-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv ]T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ∂p. {]Xo-I-hr-Øn amb XmØzn-I-Nn-¥-Iƒ°v {]_-‘-Im-c≥ hymJym\w \evIn-bn-cn-°p- PohnXw F∂ t\mhepw sI.kn.Fkv. ]Wn-°-cpsS {]_-‘-Øn\v Bap-Jhpw D]-kw-lm-chpw IqSmsX A©v A≤ym- F∂ Nn{Xhpw ap≥\n¿Øn cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp- Øns‚ {]tXyI-X-Isf Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. (Symbolic act), (Ideology of form) {]Xy-b-imkv{X GI-Iw F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p LS- ae-_m¿ I¿j-Is‚ (Ideologeme) Kth-j-W-cwKw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 160 TAPASAM, 2010 July t]mIp∂ Imcy-ßfpw CS-bv°nsS FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-∂p. Bap-Jhpw D]-kw-lm-chpw A≤ym-b-ß-fmbn tN¿t°-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cw•ojv {KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw kqNn \evIn-bn-cn°p-∂p. ®n-cn-°p-∂p. {]_-‘-Øns‚ HSp-hn-embn ae-bm-f-{K-Ÿ-ß-fp- Øns‚ ^e-ambn e`n® Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw \nK-a-\-ßfpw t{ImUo-I-cn- hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿®-sN-øp-∂p-≠v. D]-kw-lmcØn¬ At\z-j-W- Xt±-io-bm-[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw ]cn-an-Xnbpw XpS-ßnb lm-k-Øn¬, ae-_m¿ I¿j-Is‚ Pohn-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-hpw, Kth-j-W-cwKw hp∂tXbp-≈q. ≠v. ChnsS Nq≠n-°m-´nb tZmj-߃ {]_-‘-Im-c-\p-Xs∂ Xncp-Øm- {]_-‘-hn-j-b-hp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßfm-b-Xn-\m¬ Aßnßp Nne A£-c-sØ-‰p-Ifpw kvJen-X-ßfpw ImWp-∂p- b-Øn¬ {ian-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv (]pdw 210). im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb {]h-W-X-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\mWv Cu A≤ym- I-Xm-hm-ZsØ \n¿Æ-bn-®p-t]m-∂-Xp-amb Ncn-{X-]-chpw {]Xy-b- \S-Øn-b-Xv. CXn-eqsS sXfn-™p-h-cp-∂Xpw C≥Uy≥ B[p-\n- PohnXw X-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmb sI.kn.Fkv ]Wn-°-cpsS lm-kw Øns‚ amXr-Im-]m-T-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ ßfn¬ \S-Øn-b-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-km-ln-Xy- bn-cp∂p F∂p-ap≈ hni-I-e-\-amWv aq∂pw \mepw A≤ym-b- B[p-\n-I-Xm-hmZw GsX√mw khn-ti-j-kz-`m-h-߃ ]pe¿Øn- B[p-\n-IXmhna¿i\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ ChnsS hnI-kn-®p-h∂ Fßn-s\-sbms° kµn-Kv≤-am°n F∂pw CXns‚ ^e-ambn A[n-\n-th-im-fl-I-L-S-I-߃ C≥Uy≥ B[p-\n-Io-I-c-WsØ " DZm-l-cWw: Ign™ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]d-™-Im-cy-ßfpw C\n ]d-bm≥ cq-]-Øn¬ \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p' b-s∏-Sp∂ {_m“-Wn-I-aqeyw Jkm-°ns‚ At_m-[-Øn¬ _oP- " DZm-l-cWw: Nnte-SØp kµn-Kv≤-amb `mj D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. "B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS tZio-b-kz-cq-]-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´p \nev°p∂ "hnPbs‚ cN-\-I-fn¬ ]nev°meØv hnI-kn®ph∂-Xmbn ]d- , C≥Uy≥ Nn{X-I-e-bnse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns‚ D∂- F∂o cN-\-Isf ap≥\n-dp-Øn-bmWv Cu hni-I-e\w ' (]pdw 239). ae-_m¿ I¿j-Is‚ Jkm-°ns‚ CXn- -sSbpw Øns‚ h‡m-hp-amb s{^U-dnIv Pbnw-ks‚ D]-Z¿i-\-ßsf apJy ASpØ A[ym-bw. \ntbm am¿Ivkn-b≥ Nn¥-I\pw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´n-√. cmjv{So-bm-t_m-[-sa-∂ -kw-⁄-bpsS hni-I-e-\-amWv kq£vahpw hy‡-hp-ambn ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CXn\p ap≥s]m-cn-°epw N¿®- b-Øn¬. B[p-\n-I-X, B[p-\n-Xm-hmZw ˛ Cu kw⁄-Iƒ C{X c≠p k¶-ev]-\-߃ ^e-{]-Z-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv c≠m-a-[ym- Øn¬ hfsc A\n-b-X-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn®p t]mcp-∂-Xp-amb a-[ym-bw. Cu {]_-‘-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ambn IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xpw ae-bm-f- {]_-‘-kz-cq-]-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ hy‡-amb [mcW \evIp-∂p H∂m- Un. _©-an≥ anI-hp-I-fm-Wv. IWn-iXzw ]men®n´p≠v. CsX√mw Cu {]_-‘Øns‚ kmam-\y-amb kw⁄-Iƒ {]bp-‡-am-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw `mjm-{]-tbm-K-Øn¬ th≠ Aaq¿Øhpw kq£va-hp-amb hnj-b-am-sW-¶nepw Ht´sd kmt¶-XnI coXn-im-kv{X-Øn\v `wKw h∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-√. Ipd-t®sd coXn-im-kv{X-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. {]_-‘-Øns‚ Hcp `mKØpw ∂n-´p-s≠∂v ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. XnI®pw ]cym-]vXhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb tØmfw Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-am-b, Nn´-bmb At\z-jWw CXn\p ap≥]v \S- hna¿i-\-Øntem Kth-j-W-ta-J-e-bntem Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v C{X- Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. bm-t_m[w t\mh-enepw Nn{X-I-e-bnepw' F∂ {]_‘w {]kn-≤-s∏- apX¬°q-´mhpw F∂-Xn\p kwi-b-an-√. Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw ]T-\-߃ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-Øn¬ Hcp Nn{X-sØbpw tI{µ-am°n kmwkvIm-cnI cmjv{So-b-]-T-\-amWv \S- e-I-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-c-an√ F∂-Xm-Wv. ChnsS Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-sbbpw Xy-\n-cq-]-W-Øns‚ {][m-\-tZmjw kmlnXyw Adn-bp-∂-h¿°v a‰p- I- ]pe¿Øp∂ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ A[nI-an√. aebmf kmln- Im-c≥ apºp-Xs∂ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Nn{X-I-e-bp-ambn ASp-Ø-_‘w I¨h-gn-Iƒ ImgvN-h-´-߃ Xmev]-cyhpw Adnhpw D≠v. Nn{X-I-e-bn¬ {]mho-Wy-ap-≈-bm-fmWv F∂v Xm≥ kzoI-cn-°p∂ coXn-im-kv{X- kp\n¬ ]n. Cf-bnSw cNn® "B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns‚ cmjv{So- {]_-‘-Im-c\v kmlnXy-Ønepw Nn{X-Iebnepw Hcpt]mse Cu {]-_-‘-Øns‚ hnjbw km[m-cW `n∂-am-Wv. ae-bmf æ (2003) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-eqsS {]_-‘- -sØbpw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ Kth-j-W-cwKw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 162 TAPASAM, 2010 July Z-am-°n-bm-sW-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu N¿® Hgn-hm-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xm-Wv. ∂p. XpS¿∂p≈ {]mtbm-KnI ]T-\-߃ Cu k¶-ev]-\-ßsf {Xw, {]Xy-b-imkv{X GIIw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-\-߃ hniZo-I-cn-°p- Ahe-w-_-am°n cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w, cmjv{SobNcn-{Xw, kmaq-ln-I-N-cn- km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, {]_-‘-Im-cs‚ At\z-j-W-Øns‚ ssh]p-eyhpw Bghpw bp‡n-Iƒ _en-jvT-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. epw, B \nK-a-\-߃ km[n-s®-Sp-°m≥ {]_-‘-Im-c-\p-∂-bn-°p∂ {]_-‘-Im-c≥ FØn-t®-cp∂ \nK-a-\-ß-tfmSv tbmPn-°m-Ø-h¿°p-t]m- Im-c\p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. A`ym-k-amWnXv. hfsc ^e-{]-Z-ambn AXp \n¿h-ln-°m≥ {]_-‘- {]_-‘-ß-fn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw ImWmsX t]mIp∂ Hcp ss[j-WnI kn≤m-¥-h-XvI-c-W-hp-amWv A©m-asØ A[ym-bw. ae-bmf Kth-jW ∂p-s≠∂ \nK-a\w {it≤bwXs∂. X-bpw, sshcp-≤y-ßfpw Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ LS\ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp- Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lm-kw em-]-T-\-Øns‚ anI® amXr-I-bmbn Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bp-an-Xn-s\. Iqe-¶-j-amb hni-I-e-\-am-Wv. kzX-{¥-am-b-S¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øm¬ Nn{X-I- kn.-F-kv. ]Wn-°-cpsS ae-_m¿ I¿j-I-s‚ Pohn-X-sa∂ Nn{X-Øns‚ C¥y≥ Nn{X-I-e-bnse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns‚ {]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈ sI. s∏-SpØm\pw Cu At\z-j-W-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂p. Øm\pw sshcp-≤y-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ _e-X-{¥-Øns‚ kz`mhw shfn- {ian-°p-∂p.' °m≥ {ian-°p-∂-sX¥v? F∂o tNmZy-߃°p adp-]Sn Is≠-Øm≥ ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX¥v? tIc-fob at\m-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ AXp {]t£-]n- ∂p-sIm≠v " am{Xw hmbn-®n-´p-ap-≠v. Cu {]_-‘-Im-c≥ Xs‚ hnj-b-]-cn-[n-bn¬\n- °n-bn-´p-≠v. CXns\ AXo-h-km-[m-c-W-amb Hc-kvXn-Xz-hmZt\mh-embn lm-ksØ ae-bmfhna¿i\w "chnbpsS CXn-lm-k-'ambn sh´n-®p-cp- °ns‚ CXn-lm-k Z-am-°n-bm-sW-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Cu N¿® Hgn-hm-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xm-Wv. ∂p. XpS¿∂p≈ {]mtbm-KnI ]T-\-߃ Cu k¶-ev]-\-ßsf {Xw, {]Xy-b-imkv{X GIIw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-\-߃ hniZo-I-cn-°p- Ahe-w-_-am°n cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w, cmjv{SobNcn-{Xw, kmaq-ln-I-N-cn- Kth-j-W-cwKw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, {]_-‘-Im-cs‚ At\z-j-W-Øns‚ ssh]p-eyhpw Bghpw bp‡n-Iƒ _en-jvT-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. epw, B \nK-a-\-߃ km[n-s®-Sp-°m≥ {]_-‘-Im-c-\p-∂-bn-°p∂ {]_-‘-Im-c≥ FØn-t®-cp∂ \nK-a-\-ß-tfmSv tbmPn-°m-Ø-h¿°p-t]m- Im-c\p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. A`ym-k-amWnXv. hfsc ^e-{]-Z-ambn AXp \n¿h-ln-°m≥ {]_-‘- {]_-‘-ß-fn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw ImWmsX t]mIp∂ Hcp ss[j-WnI kn≤m-¥-h-XvI-c-W-hp-amWv A©m-asØ A[ym-bw. ae-bmf Kth-jW ∂p-s≠∂ \nK-a\w {it≤bwXs∂. X-bpw, sshcp-≤y-ßfpw Cu Nn{X-Øns‚ LS\ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp- Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lm-kw em-]-T-\-Øns‚ anI® amXr-I-bmbn Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bp-an-Xn-s\. Iqe-¶-j-amb hni-I-e-\-am-Wv. kzX-{¥-am-b-S¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øm¬ Nn{X-I- kn.-F-kv. ]Wn-°-cpsS ae-_m¿ I¿j-I-s‚ Pohn-X-sa∂ Nn{X-Øns‚ C¥y≥ Nn{X-I-e-bnse B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-Øns‚ {]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈ sI. s∏-SpØm\pw Cu At\z-j-W-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂p. Øm\pw sshcp-≤y-߃ krjvSn-°p∂ _e-X-{¥-Øns‚ kz`mhw shfn- {ian-°p-∂p.' °m≥ {ian-°p-∂-sX¥v? F∂o tNmZy-߃°p adp-]Sn Is≠-Øm≥ ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX¥v? tIc-fob at\m-a-WvU-e-Øn¬ AXp {]t£-]n- ∂p-sIm≠v " am{Xw hmbn-®n-´p-ap-≠v. Cu {]_-‘-Im-c≥ Xs‚ hnj-b-]-cn-[n-bn¬\n- °n-bn-´p-≠v. CXns\ AXo-h-km-[m-c-W-amb Hc-kvXn-Xz-hmZt\mh-embn lm-ksØ ae-bmfhna¿i\w "chnbpsS CXn-lm-k-'ambn sh´n-®p-cp- °ns‚ CXn-lm-k ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ Cu am]-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu {]_-‘Øns‚ Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn\pwtijw tN¿Øn-´p≈ Ah-km\ A[ym-b-Øn¬ \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS t{ImUo-I-c-W-am-Wv. Cu hni-I-e\ßfn¬ \ns∂-Øp∂ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS N¿®bpw B[p-\nI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Irjn]mTw F∂ ASpØ A[ymbw ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ Cu am]-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu {]_-‘Øns‚ Hmtcm A[ym-b-Øn\pwtijw tN¿Øn-´p≈ Ah-km\ A[ym-b-Øn¬ \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS t{ImUo-I-c-W-am-Wv. Cu hni-I-e\ßfn¬ \ns∂-Øp∂ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS N¿®bpw B[p-\nI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Irjn]mTw F∂ ASpØ A[ymbw ' kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A¿∞-Øns‚ At\-I-a-S-cp-Iƒ Is≠- ' kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A¿∞-Øns‚ At\-I-a-S-cp-Iƒ Is≠- "Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI ]mT-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Jkm-°n¬ AS- "Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI ]mT-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Jkm-°n¬ AS- sØ A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw Jkm-°ns‚ CXn- sØ A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw Jkm-°ns‚ CXn- -t]m-se-Xs∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb k¶o¿Æ- -t]m-se-Xs∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb k¶o¿Æ- Bkv]- Bkv]- Jkm- Jkm- ae-bm-f-Ønse kmln-Xy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bpw. amb ⁄m\-Øns‚ N{I-hmfw hfsc hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v; H∏w bmfKth-j-W-Øn\v A\y-am-bn-Øo-cpw. f-Pn-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚bpw coXn-im-kvv{X-߃ ae- I≠m¬ kv{SIvN-d-en-k-Øn-s‚-bpw, \yq{In-´n-kn-k-Øns‚-bpw, \c-t‰m- Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv kXyw. CXns\ Hcp ]cn-an-Xn-bmbn ka-{K-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°p∂ Hcp kao-]\w AØ-c-samcp \nb-{¥Ww {]-Z-am-hp-I-bn-√. `mj-tbbpw {]Xo-I-ß-tfbpw kwkvIm-c-Nn-”-ß-sfbpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw Xtem-Sn-t∏m-Ip∂ kao-]\w ChnsS ^e- hp-amb A]-{K-Y-\-am-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xm-W-Xn\p Imc-Ww. At\I cn-®n-´p≈ coXn-imkv{Xw Cu c≠p ]mT-ß-fp-sSbpw kq£vahpw hni-Z- Øn-ep-sam-Xp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂Xp icn-bm-Wv. {]_-‘-Im-c≥ kzoI- I-e-bn-ep-sa∂ hfsc hn]p-e-amb hnjbw Hscm‰ t\mh-enepw Nn{X- ae-bm-f-Ønse kmln-Xy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bpw. amb ⁄m\-Øns‚ N{I-hmfw hfsc hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v; H∏w bmfKth-j-W-Øn\v A\y-am-bn-Øo-cpw. f-Pn-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚bpw coXn-im-kvv{X-߃ ae- I≠m¬ kv{SIvN-d-en-k-Øn-s‚-bpw, \yq{In-´n-kn-k-Øns‚-bpw, \c-t‰m- Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv kXyw. CXns\ Hcp ]cn-an-Xn-bmbn ka-{K-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°p∂ Hcp kao-]\w AØ-c-samcp \nb-{¥Ww {]-Z-am-hp-I-bn-√. `mj-tbbpw {]Xo-I-ß-tfbpw kwkvIm-c-Nn-”-ß-sfbpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw Xtem-Sn-t∏m-Ip∂ kao-]\w ChnsS ^e- hp-amb A]-{K-Y-\-am-h-iy-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xm-W-Xn\p Imc-Ww. At\I cn-®n-´p≈ coXn-imkv{Xw Cu c≠p ]mT-ß-fp-sSbpw kq£vahpw hni-Z- Øn-ep-sam-Xp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂Xp icn-bm-Wv. {]_-‘-Im-c≥ kzoI- I-e-bn-ep-sa∂ hfsc hn]p-e-amb hnjbw Hscm‰ t\mh-enepw Nn{X- B[p-\n-IXm- B[p-\n-IXm- Cu {]_‘w Kth-j-Is‚ kmln-Xo-bhpw ssk≤m-¥nI-hp- Cu {]_‘w Kth-j-Is‚ kmln-Xo-bhpw ssk≤m-¥nI-hp- - - hm-Z-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w t\mh-enepw Nn{X- hm-Z-Øns‚ cmjv{So-bm-t_m[w t\mh-enepw Nn{X- Kth-j-W-cwKw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 164 TAPASAM, 2010 July fnepw Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ I¿°-i-amb Xo¿∏p-Iƒ ]pXnb I-Xz-Ønepw {ZpX-N-e\w A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. Adp-]Xp-I-fnepw Fgp-]-Xp-I- K-am-Wv. Ihn-X-bpsS FÆ-Øn¬ am{X-a√, {]tab sshhn-[y-Ønepw `mhp- t]mIp-tºmƒ s]s´∂p A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xp Imhy-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ KXn-th- sI. Fw. \tc-{µs‚ ]T-\hpw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂ IhnXmkam-lm-c-am-Wv. \qtdmfw Ihn-X-I-fp≈ Cu kam-lm-c-Øn¬ ´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ Fs‚ Iøn-en-cn-°p-∂Xv sI Pn- Fkv Ihn-X-Iƒ (1997˛2007) cs‚ ]T-\hpw F≥. iin-[-c-\p-ambn Ihn \S-Ønb kw`m-j-Whpw tN¿Øn- t©mfw Ihn-X-I-fS-ßnb Cu kam-lm-c-Øn¬ tUm. ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J- tI{µ-kmlnXyA°m-Z-an-bpsS Ahm¿Up t\Snb IrXn-bm-Wv. Fgp-]-Ø- ≤o-I-cn® sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ (1969˛1996) F∂ kam-lmcw ≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. 1997˛¬ H∂mw ]Xn∏pw 2003˛¬ c≠mw ]Xn-∏p-ambn {]kn- {]hm-l-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ c≠p kam-lm-c-߃ Un. kn _pIvkv {]kn- kvIdnbm k°-dnb sI Pn Fkv Ihn-X-Iƒ Ign™ ]Øp h¿jsØ sI. Pn. Fkv Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS IS∂p sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ ae-bm-f-I-hnXmNcn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp ]pdw 218, hne 110 cq]. 2007. Un kn _pIvkv, tIm´bw sI Pn i¶-c-∏n≈ sI Pn Fkv Ihn-XIƒ 1997-˛2007 ]pkvX-I-]q-cWw ]w‡n-bn-te°p £Wn-°p-∂p. Xp∂ ]qc-W-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ Cu \-°mtcm {KŸ-I¿Øm-°tfm Fgp- {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®p hmb- tIc-f-]-T-\-kw-_-‘-amb ]pXnb COMPLEMENTING THE BOOKS ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿ ]n-°p-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv: NnXbpw NnX-depw (C-XmWv kam-lm-c-Ønse Ah-km-\sØ Ihn-X) kam- ]pXnb Ihn-X-I-fn¬ XpSsc {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. kam-lm-c-Ønse t_m[w Xo£vW-X-c-am-b-Xp-t]mse tXm∂p-∂p. Km¿ln-Im-\p-`h-߃ F¶nepw AXn-\p≈ `uXnI]cn-kcw \mSp am{X-a√ hoSp-amImw F∂ Imhy[¿Ω-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu [mc-W-bn¬ am‰w- h-∂-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂n-√. tIƒ°q. sØ-°p-dn®p iin-[-c-\p-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-Øn¬ sI.-Pn.-Fkv ]d-bp-∂Xp _p≤n-hn-kvXm-c-ambn AXp ]e-t∏mgpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw. Ihn-X-bpsS e£y- ß-fnepw sI.-Pn.-F-kns‚ Ihn-X. hnkvXr-X-amb Ncn-{X-ÿ-e-tØ-°p≈ ∏n-te-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. `n∂kzc-ß-fpsS knw^-Wn-t]m-se-bmIpw ]e kµ¿`- Øns‚ AXn-km-[m-c-W-X-bn¬\n∂p A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS Bg-ß-fn-te°pw ]c- Ihn-X-bpsS Ne-\w, hnti-jn®p Ign™ ]Øp h¿j-ß-fn¬ h¿Ø-am-\- IXn¿°p-e-I-fpsS kzmX{¥yw F°m-eØpw B Ihn-X-bv-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. s°-´nb IXn¿°p-e-I-f-√. aÆn¬ thcp-I-fp-≈, Im‰-Øn-f-Ip∂ hnf™ £-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. I-߃ F∂- \n-ebn-emWv ]pXnb kam-lm-c-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ {]Xy- Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂n-√. _wKmƒt]m-se-bp≈ Ihn-X-Iƒ KX-Imekvamc- XpS°w apX¬Xs∂ sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ apdp-°n- CSbv°p s]bvX- Ip-fncv In\m-sh∂p tXm∂p-∂pt≠m? GXp hoSm-bmepw. t_°tdm i¶tdm sI´nb Ipfn¿°qtSm IpSntem sIm´m-ctam A{K-lm-ctam ^vfmt‰m Ct{X-bp≈p ho´p-I-Y; shdpw sI´p-IY AI-em-™m¬ sImØn-b-I‰pw. ]d-° -ap-‰n-bm¬ AXpw Xo‰ -tXSn AIepw Ip™p- hn-cn-™m¬ Xo‰ -sIm-Sp°pw Iq´v -IqSpw IqSp-Iq´pw ]d-°-ap-‰n-bh Xo‰ -tX-Sn-t∏mhpw Hcp hoSn\pw ÿmbn. Hcp Infn-°q-Sns‚ Poh-\-∏p-d-an√ Hc-Ω-bpsS Bbp- p-am{Xw [¿Ωw. {]_p-≤-X-bpsS Hcp cq]-I-amWv Ihn-X. cpsS kØ-bpsS Bg-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-I-bmWv Ihn-X-bpsS " " Hcp hoSns‚ Hcp-abv°v a\p-jysc Ah¿ Pohn-°p∂ Ime-Øns‚ Bg-Øn-te°v, Ah- kvIdnbm k°-dnb ' '

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 166 TAPASAM, 2010 July £-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. t{]a-hn-Nm-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-߃ P\-{]nbkwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Hmf-ß-fmbn Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xy- tNmtZym-Ø-c-ssi-enbpw X¿°-hn-X¿°-ß-fp-sa√mw Cu Ihn-X-I-fn-ep-≠v. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ Np‰n \S-°p-∂-Xv. -C-S-Ø-c-°m-cpsS h¿§-°m-cpsS A\p-Zn\Pohn-X-Øn¬ AXn-km-[m-c-W-X-bn-emWv sI. Pn. Ønse ]T-\-Øn¬ FSpØp ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse CS-Ø-c-°m-cpsS/a[y-a- `uXnI]cn-kcw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. sI. Fw. \tc-{µ≥ ]pXnb kam-lm-c- ®n-cn-°p-∂Xv A—\pw AΩ-bv°p-am-Wv.) hoSv ImSmhpw ImWpw. \n¿hn-Im-c-\mbn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS amXr-I-Iƒ Ihn-X-bn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw I-hm-Z-amWv Ihn-X-bpsS hnj-bw. XI-gn-bpsS, cmap-Im-cym-´ns‚. t{]aw Hm¿Ω-i-ey-am-I-cpXv F∂ {]mtbm-Kn- ChnsS ca-W-\p-≠v, sNΩo-\p-≠v. BcpsS sNΩo≥ F∂p tNmZn-°-cpXv ˛ F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ hcp∂ Hcp ]cm-a¿iw CXm-Wv: NnXbpw NnX-depw F∂ Cu Ihn-X-bpsS XpS°wXs∂ Xm-Wv: C\n-b-tßm-´p≈ \mep- h-cn-Iƒ ]Xn-hp-hn´p hnIm-cm-thKw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂- ]pkvX-I-]q-cWw ChnsS D≤-cn® `mK-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ sI. Pn. Fkv Ihn-X-bpsS am[y-ao-I-cn-°-s∏´ ka-Im-enI tIcfkaq-l-Øns‚ Ah-ÿ-tbmSp AI-e-cptX ]ncn-b-cptX Fs∂mcp tXßepw. " " " ]co-£n-Øn-s\-t∏m-en-cp-∂p. ]gp-X-S®pw Rm≥ ]Sn-b-S®pw ^vfm‰n¬ Fen-tI-dm-a-e-bn¬ ]mhw \nemhv ]co-°p-´n-bmbv aqV-c-Sn-bp∂ XocØp ]mSs´ Hcp hnfn, imk-\, \nd-IÆ AΩ acn-®- ho-´n¬ sXfnbpw sNfn-am-f-ß-fn¬ \n-s∂√mw Dbsc kvt\l-Øn-\mbn kzbw- Nmhpw AXm-bn-cp∂p hoSns‚ Poh≥, ' F∂ s\mº-c-hm-Iy-Øn-em-Wv. v ; '

(]p-Xnb kam-lmcw ka¿∏n- " ca-W-bmaw Ign™v ' " AΩ t]mbm¬ ' ap≈ AXn-km-[m-c-W-X- km-[m-c-W-amb Hcp Zriyw Ihn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. `mj-bnepw `mh-Øn-ep- bphm-°ƒ adp-\m-´n-te°p IpSn-tb-dp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ k¿h- ae-bmf Ihn-X. `mh-\-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS k¶ev]hmbphnam-\-Øn-tedn hniz-kn-°p∂ Ihn-b√ sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈. Ag-Inb Ihn-X-b√ ]pXnb ≠m-hpw. Ah-cpsS Adn-hn-te-°v. Ihn-X-bpsS kuµ-cy-h¬°-c-W-Øn¬ ChnsS D≤-cn® Imhy-`m-K-߃ Nne-sc-sb-¶nepw Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p- NØp Nncn-®p-Nn-cn®v F‚ I≠v, I≠v IYm-k-cnXv kmK-cw, aqjnI hn{Ia˛ sPdn aqjn-I≥... an°n aqjn-I≥... Im¿´q¨ s\‰-vh¿°v: hc-hmbn D]-{K-l-\n-em-hmbn Hcp ]IpXn {]⁄-bn¬ c≠p Icn-°-e߃ ]g-t©mdp \nd™ hb- mb A—-\-Ω-am-cn-cn-°p∂p Ddn-t]m-en-dp-Inb skz‰-dn¬ ]gb DΩ-dØv \m´n¬ Ah¿ Iq-Sp-sI´n Dbsc Dbsc ^nem-sU¬^n-bm-bn¬ s_¿en-\n¬ Zn√n-bn¬ a°ƒ hf¿∂p. kzXz-hn-Nmcw hnf™v kzØv Xs∂ kuµcyw F∂ " ]´-W-ß-fn¬ t]mbn ]Tn®v njvSm ' (Hcp ]IpXn {]⁄-bn¬ F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬) s Im≠v {it≤-b-am-Ip∂p Cu `mKw. ' (]g-t©mdv) kvIdnbm k°-dnb

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 168 TAPASAM, 2010 July Un kn _pIvkv {]kn-≤o-I-cn® (2008) bn-e√ Pohn-X-Øns‚ GSp-Iƒ F∂ a´n-emWv Ah kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn- ]q°m-e-am-Wv. BZn-a-[ym-¥-ß-fp≈ kpL-SnX Pohn-X-I-Y-Iƒ F∂ \ne- io¿j-I-ß-fn-embn ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kvIdnbm k°-dnb tLmj-bm{X F∂p-t]mepw i¶-c-∏n≈ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ihn-bpsS {]kvXmhw tIƒ°q: Imcy-an-√. Ihn-Xbv°v G‰hpw t{Zmlw sNbvXn-´p≈ Hcp hm°mW k©-cn-°m≥ sImXn-°p-∂-h¿ sI. Pn. Fkv Ihn-X-bn-te°p Xncn-™n´p ]pkvX-I-]q-cWw XpS¿®-bmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp∂ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ bm-Wv. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Imhyam¿§w ae-bmfIhn-X-bn¬ apJy-[m-c-bmbn hf-cp-I- F∂p-IqSn Ihn Imev]-\n-I-Xsb Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈ K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. N¥-bpsS anØp-Isf N¥w Nm¿Øp-I-bm-W-Xns‚ ]Wn {]i-kvX-]-{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ Sn.- sP. Fkv. tPm¿Pns‚ kvac-W-I-fmWv Ct∏mƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Bfl-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fp-sSbpw I¨kyqa-dn-k-Øns‚ tXmgn-bm-bn-´mWv Ihn Imev]-\n-I-Xsb ]cn- " ]Wn, ]c-ky-ß-fpsS ]Wn. Ihn-X-bp-sS-b√. a\p-jys\ \mSp-I-S-Øm-\p≈ {]tem-`-\tam? AXp I©m-hns‚ Ihn-Xsb¥m km¶-ev]nI Sqdn-ktam? bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬\n∂p (2008) Un kn _pIvkv Sn.-sP.-F-kv. tPm¿Pv tLmj-bm{X tLmj-bm-{X ]pdw 351, hne 160 cq]. . ae-bmfw hmcn-I-bn¬ 350 ' ]pd-ß-fn¬ v k¶ev]w 35 aXn `-h-am-Wv. B \nebv°p ae-bm-f-Ønse anI® kmlnXykrjvSn F∂ _lp- b-s∏-Sp-∂-hcpw A√m-Ø-h-cp-amb kl-Po-hn-Iƒ Xn°n-Øn-c°n apJw I-am-Wv. Ip∂p tLmj-bm-{X. ]I-cp∂p. Aßs\ B[p-\n-Im-\-\-¥c `mhp-I-Xz-hp-ambn CW-°-Øn-em- I-I-fpsS hnfp-ºn-ep≈ hnNn-{X-`m-j-W-hr-Øn-I-fmbn {]Xy-£-s∏´p ]pXpa I-fp-sSbpw Bfl-I-Y-bp-sSbpw X∂n-S-߃ hn´p hyXykvX BJym-\-am-Xr- cy-am-°m≥ D’-ho-I-c-W-Øn\p Ign-bp-∂p. Aßs\ tLmj-bm{X Hm¿Ω- h-lm-c-Øn¬ \ncm-I-c-Wtam sR´tem D≠m-°p∂ Imcy-߃IqSn kzoIm- bm-{X-bn¬ CXn-\p-]-tbmKn-°p∂ X{¥w D’-ho-I-c-W-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-hy- XΩnep≈ hnS-h-S-bv°m≥ ]e cN-\-Ifpw Xo{h-{iaw \S-Øm-dp-≠v. tLmj- kv]jvSo-`-hn-°p-∂Xv. BJym-\-ssi-en-sIm≠v Bfl-I-Ybpw IYbpw \m-hm-Zm-\-¥c Nn¥ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p-≠v. Bfl-I-Y-bpsS IYm-Xz-amWv ChnsS AXp tIhe ]c-am¿∞-Øn¬\n∂p th¿]n-cn-™p-\o-ßp∂p F∂p LS- F∂m¬ `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fpsS hym-Jym-\-kz-`m-hhpw cq]-I-L-S-\bpwsIm≠v kXym-fl-I-amb {]Xn-\n-[m\w F∂ I]-S-Ku-chw Bfl-I-Y-bv°p-≠v. I-Ym-]-c-amb kwth-Z-\sØ khn-ti-j-am-°p-∂p. X∑qew bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ]d-®n-emWv ]pXnb cN-\-I-fp-sS, Hm¿ΩI-fpsS {]tXy-IX. {]IS-am-Ip-∂-Xv. IYbpw Ncn-{Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ t`Zw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ChnsS Ncn-{X-X-Øz-ß-sf-°mƒ kmlnXyXØz-ß-fmWv ߃ Ah-bpsS AS-cp-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°msX Hscm‰ `mh-J-WvU-ambn AS- Wv. A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS ssPhnI XpS¿®-bn-emWv {i≤. Hmtcmtcm A\p-`-h- tLmj-bm-{X Ime-{I-aw-t]mepw adn-I-S-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈-XmWv BJym-\-co-Xn. tPm¿Pns‚ cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bfl-I-Y-I-fpsS A\p-kyq-Xnbpw ]q¿hm-]-c-{I-a-hpw F¥n\p X-c-Øn-emWv BJym-\w. AXp-sIm≠v ßp -X-I¿°p-∂n-√. Hcp A\p-`-h-ÿm-\-ambn I¿ØrXzw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-∂- F∂ {KŸw Nn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb Bfl-I-Y-b-√. tIa-\mb Rm≥ AXn¬ Ac- D’ho-I-cWw F∂p ]d-bmw. Sn. sP. -F-kv.- tPm¿Pns‚ HcpXcw _l-f-k-t¥m-j-amWv tLmj-bm-{X \evIp-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ ImWm\pw tIƒ°m\pw A\p-`-hn-°m\pw hI-bp-≈-XmWv tLmj-bm-{X. ]cnanXs∏-Sp-∂n√ B bm{X. AXn¬ {]IS\hpw BÀm-Z-Øn-an¿∏p-ap-≠v. tLmj-bm-{X tLmj-bm-{Xbn¬ Bƒ°q-´-ap-≠v. tPm¿Pns‚ kvac-W-I-fn¬ Adn- tLmj-bm{X cN-\-bpsS hnj-bhpw hnj-bnbpw H∂p-Xs∂ F∂ {]tXy-IX Bfl- tLmj-bm{X bpw Ime-{Iaw Ku\n-°p-∂n-√. Ime-kq-N-\-IƒXs∂ hnc-f-am- A¿ln-°p-∂p. F∂ ]pkvX-I-t∏cv ]pXnb cN-\m-ssi-en-bpsS {]Xo- bm{X-X-s∂. ]t£ tZim-¥-c-K-a\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ tLmj-bm-{X al-Ømb Ncn-{Xm-\p- kvIdnbm k°-dnb tLmj-bm-{X

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 170 TAPASAM, 2010 July tLmj-bm-{X tIm´-b-Øn\pw Be-∏p-g-bv°p-an-S-bn-ep≈ thº-\m-´p-Im-b-ens‚ Hcp Zriyw ®n-ens‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ shfn-hm-°p-∂p. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ ImgvN tlmt¶m-ßp-sa√mw CØ-c-Øn¬ Btcm-]-W-hp-ambn U¬lnsb At±lw hnNm-c-W-sN-øp-∂p. \yqtbm¿°pw ß-f-\p-k-cn-®mWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\p ae-bm-fnsb Ah-KWn-°p∂p F∂ Xnc-s™-SpØp kwhn-[m\w sNbvXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xp kwth-Z-\-e-£y- ]mI-Øn-ep≈ kw`-h-߃ Xnc-s™-SpØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. SsØ Pohn-X-Øns‚ {]I-S-\hpw Hgp°pw Xmfhpw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tlmt¶mßpw \yqtbm¿°p-sa√mw tPm¿Pns‚ tI{µ-ß-fm-Ip-tºmƒ Ahn- ÿe-߃. Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈nbpw tIm´-bhpw U¬lnbpw t_mws_bpw a-߃apX¬ alm-\-K-c-߃hsc hym]n®p InS-°p∂p tLmj-bm-{XbpsS ImWn-°p-∂p. \m\m-`m-h-ßfpw cq]-ß-fp-ap≈ a\p-jy¿. tIc-f-Ønse Ip{Km- ]pkvX-I-]q-cWw Cusbmcp °p-tºm-gmWv izmkw t\tc h Ccp-h-i-ßfpw ASpØp ImWm-hp∂ Hmf-an-√mØ ]pg-bn-te°p IS- Iƒ AS-bpw. \nc-ßn-\o-ßp∂ t_m´v HSp-hn¬ ]p∂-a-S-°m-b-en¬ Øn\p aq¿®-Iq-´pw. {]m¿∞-\-bpsS Xo{hX h¿[n-∏n-°pw. IÆp- b-S®v H∂pw ImWm-\m-ImsX Ccn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv D≈nse `b- ¶nepw ]Sp-X-bn¬ Im‰-p-X´n t_m´p IqSp-X¬ De-bpw. IqSmsX aqSn- A¥n-a-amb \oXn? (]p.25-˛26). Im-b¬. C∂Xp ZpjvS-∑m-cpsS Ifn-°-f-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Po¿Æ-X-bmtWm c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ kz¥w Pem-i-b-am-bn-cp∂p thº-\m-´p- ]SpX ag-bØv Agn®nSpw. \\-b ßn-bm¬ a\- p-Iƒ {]m¿∞-\m-\n¿`-c-am-Wv. t_m´ns‚ Sm¿t]m-fn≥ Iw-t]cpw izmk-a-S-°nbm-bn-cn°pw \nanj߃ FÆp-∂Xv. ag XpS- Im‰-p -ho-in-b-Sn-°pw. Hmf-߃ Db¿∂p-Xp-≈pw. bm{X°mcn¬ A[n- Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂n´v Imb-en-te°p IS-∂p-I-gn-™m¬]ns∂ ]pdw-I-S-en≥ {]Xo- Øp-\n∂p ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ t_m´v tXmSp-I-fpsS Hcp sNdn-b-L´w Xp-I-fn¬ thº-\m-´p-Im-b¬ thº-\m-´p-Im-b-em-bn-cp-∂p. tIm´-b- A∂sØ `mKy-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn B A\p-`hw. Imc-Ww, \mev]- ∏pg˛tIm´bw˛Be-∏pg t_m´p-bm-{X-Iƒ ÿncw ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn. " hoSv Aº-e-∏p-g-bnepw hnZym-`ymkw tIm´-b-Øp-am-b-t∏mƒ Be- bn¬\n∂p hmbn-°mw: B `bw F{X kpJ-am-bn-cp-∂p. Imb¬]-c∏v kpµ- JWvUw tLmj-bm-{X tLmj-bm-{X o gp-∂-Xv. -bnse {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-en-bpsS, ]d- m- Xn-cn-°m≥ -bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

AXp klm-bn-s®- `mhw-sIm≠v hmb-\-°msc Atem-k-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ t\´-߃ B¿`m-S-ß-fn-√msX Cu IrXn-bn¬ hmbn-®-dn-bmw. ASn-ÿm\tNmZy-ambn apgßn \n¬°p-∂p. A¥n-a-amb \oXn F∂ {]iv\w ka-Im-enI kmaq-lnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Wv. thº-\m-´p-Im-b-ens‚ ]cn-Wmaw Db¿Øp∂ tNmZyw ˛ Po¿Æ-X-bmtWm ChnsS D≤-cn® JWvUw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xp Zm¿i-\nI \nizm-k-Øn-em- t\Sp-∂-Xv. AXp Hm¿Ω-®n-{X-ß-fmbpw XØz⁄m\-ambpw hnI-kn-∏n-°mw. bn-e√ a‰-t\Iw hnNmchnIm-c-_-‘-ß-fpsS irwJ-e-bv°p-≈n-emWv DW¿∆p ImWp-∂-Xnse√mw ]pXp-a-bpsS \nd-∏-I¿®-I-fp-≠v. ImgvN-Iƒ H‰-s∏´ \ne- ÿm\Øp \n∂psIm≠mWv tPm¿Pv ]g-a-bn-te°p ZrjvSn- ]m-bn-°p-∂-Xv. ]d-bp-∂Xp tIƒ°q: ssSw am-kn-Ibv°p ssIam-dn-b-t∏mgpw D≠mb Imcy-߃ kw{K-ln®p kph¿Æ-Im-eØv dotUgvkv ssUP-Ãn\p hn‰t∏mgpw AXv Xma-kw-hn\m hnUvVn-bmb ]¶m-fn-bmbn kzbw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Gjym-ho°v AXns‚ dp∂ \mS-I-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bmbn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. Nne-t∏m-sg-¶nepw tLmj-bm-{X s∏-Sp∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°p \s√mcp km¥z\NnIn’-bm-bn-cn°pw tPm¿Pns‚ Gjy -ho-°ns‚ ÿm]I]{Xm-[n-]¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ tPm¿Pns‚ hp∂ A{X-am-{Xw. Pohn-X-Øn\p ]q¿ÆX \evIp-∂Xpw Ch am{Xw. Hcp a\- m£n Hcp \mSv Hcp `mj kz¥-sa∂p hnfn-°m≥ F¥m-Wp-≈Xv? a‰m¿°pw Hcn-°epw A]-l-cn-°mt\m \ntj-[n-°mt\m BhmsX b-W-]n-≈-tbmSp tN¿∂v Hcp tNmZyw: l-Øns‚ ssien Iq-Sp-X¬ XØz-\n-jvTam-Ip-∂p. Fw. ]n. \mcm- Cß-s\-bßp ]d™p-hn-´p-I-f-bm≥ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv Xøm-d-√. At±- ac-Øeb-∑m-cm-sW∂ ]d-®n¬ F{X icn-bm-Wv. Cu \jvS-°Y ssIbpw-sI´n hmßm-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ _nkn-\- n¬ bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Ipd-™Xv A©p -an-ey¨ tUmf-sd-¶nepw R߃°v G‰hpw henb kºm-Zyw. _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw B a\- . CXn¬ Rm\p-≠v. ]t£ B Rm≥ kaq-l-Øn¬ Ac-tß- CXp Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ a\-ÿn-Xn-bmWv a\p-jy\p t\Sm- temIw sh´n-∏n-Sn®p Ign-™mepw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn " Hcp an√n _p≤n-sb-¶nepw ssa°-ent\m F\nt°m D≠m- ' Bfl-I-Y-°msc `b- kvIdnbm k°-dnb " Rms\∂

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 172 TAPASAM, 2010 July CXm Hcp kn≤m-¥-°m-c≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ hmb-\-°m-c-s\-s°m≠v cm-KX⁄m\-Øns‚ ]p\-c-h-X-cWw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv {KŸ-I¿Ømhv CØcw \nco-£-W-߃ kz¥w Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn-e√, ]c-º- {]Jym-]-\-Øn\pw Pohn-X-k-tµiw F∂ \ne-bn¬ henb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. s∏-Sp∂ ka-Im-enI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tPm¿Pns‚ [oc-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°pw tXm∂mw. hn]-Wn, a’-cw, em`w F∂ {Xnaq¿Øn-Iƒ k¿∆{X Bcm-[n-°- Ihn-hm-Iy-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m≠v tPm¿Pv Fgp-Xp-∂p: I-ambn hnI-kn-°p-∂Xp {KŸm-h-km-\-Øn¬ hmbn-°mw: PohnXkpJ-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥ kmln-Xy-Øn-te°p IS∂p `mh-\m-fl- ]pkvX-I-]q-cWw {KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ Cu \nK-a-\-߃ ]g-©-\m-sW∂p ]e¿°pw sa-¶n¬ kz¥w aÆn-te°p aS-ß-W-sa∂p Rm≥ Adn-™p, aSßn ¥n-I-amb kpJw, ZpxJhpw kpJ-am-Ip∂ ÿnXn, A\p-`-hn-°-W- Xew am{X-a-dn-bp∂ ]{X-{]-h¿ØI a\-s -hnsS? F¶nepw BXy- ZpxJhpw kpJ-amWv. kpJ-am-Wv. CXp -am-{X-amWv kpJw. Cu kpJw tXSm-\p≈ tb‰w kpJ-amtWm? Ah-cpsS adp-]Sn Rm≥ Bh¿Øn-°mw. CXp amtWm? Cu cmK-e-lcn kpJ-amtWm? t{]a-hm-bv]ns‚ then- ’-h-Ønse IS-en-t\mSp tNmZn-®-Xm-Wv. Cu hnImkw kpJ- ®-Xm-Wv. [\p-am-k-Ønse Ipbn-en-t\mSp tNmZn®-XmWv. Nt{µm- adp-]Sn: Cu tNmZyw Rm≥ ]e-h´w ]\n-\o¿sam-´n-t\mSp tNmZn- Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿°p Ihn-Xm-c-N\ kpJ-amtWm? °n-Ø-cWsa∂ At]-£-tbmsS Hcp\mƒ A°nØw tNmZn-®p. ®n-´p-≠v. Xs‚ ]°-ep≈ GXm\pw tNmZy-߃°v A¿∞-ap-≠m- ™m-ep≈ ]c-am-\µw alm-Ihn ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿ h¿Æn- (]p. 343) Ah¿ Adn-bp-∂n-√. \SØn ckn-°p-∂p. t]cn¬ lnwk-bn-te°p Xncn-bp-∂p. AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ hmWn`w Im-c-Øn-an¿∏n¬ a\pjyXzw ad-°p-∂p. As√-¶n¬ Cuiz-cs‚ ÿnXn A{]m-]y-am-Wv. Ah¿ h\-`qan Itø-dp-∂p. As√-¶n¬ A[n- " " bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ah¿ ]cm-Pn-X-cm-Ip-∂p. a\- ns‚ kpJw AKm-[-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ Ihn lrZ-b-sa-hnsS? D]-cn- imiz-X-amb kºm-Zy-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ a\- n-em-°n-°-gn- ' ' (]p 343) F∂p ]d-bn-°m≥ tPm¿Pv CS-h-cp-Øp-∂n-√. ' " AºSm, ' ∂Xp t\m°pI: bX CS-X-S-hn-√msX apt∂m´p t]mIp-∂p. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-≈-bpsS ¶nepw s]mXpth ]c-s∂m-gp-Ip∂ P\-{]n-b-ssi-en-bnemWv cN-\. Fw. Zhpw Adnhpw CS-I-e¿s∂m-gp-Ip-∂p. CS-bv°n-Sbv°v Bg-°-b-ß-fp-s≠- cpsS I≠n-´n-√mØ apJ-߃ A{X-tØmfw Ncn-{X-]-cX AXn-\p-≠v. BÀm- At\Iw apJ-߃ sXfn™pImWmw. \ap°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-cmb At\-I- i_vZ-tLm-j-ßfpw \nd-∏-In-´p-I-fp-ap-≠v. tamSn-bmb {]I-S-\-ap-≠v. AhnsS ChnsS D≤-cn® `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂p hmb-\-°m¿°v Xncn-®-dnbmw. AXn¬ hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv Adnhpw hnt\m-Zhpw Ie¿Øp- dn-™p. tImgnbpw \mgnbpw hmg-®p-h-´n¬, Adntøm? em-bn-cn°pw Xmc-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\w: sNbvXm¬ ae-bm-fn-°p-am{Xw hg-ßp∂ hn[-Øn-ep≈ D®m-c-W-Øn- °m≥ Xmc ]Tn-®p. Xs‚ ae-bm-f-sØ-°p-dn®v Bsc-¶nepw tNmZyw Øn-sh-´n. chn-tb-°mƒ \∂mbn tImgn-t°m-S≥ ae-bmfw kwkm-cn- chn kz¥-am-°n-b-Xv. Ipd™ Ime-b-f-hn¬ Xmc chn-sbbpw IS- alm-cm-jv{S-bpsS Bfl-ku-µcyw Xp-fp-ºn-\n∂ Xmcm-[-cm-[-dn-s\-bmWv hnhmlw \S-Øn-b-Xv. Xv. Ccp-Ip-Spw-_-hpw th≠-hÆw Atd©p sNbvXp-X-s∂-bmWv g-°mcn AΩnWn aØm-bnsb BWv CjvS≥ Pohn-X-]-¶m-fn-bm-°n-b- ehvam-tcy-Pm-bn-cp-∂p. {^o {] n¬ kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-bmb aqhm-‰p-]p- tcyPv Unktd©vUv BsW∂pw A\p-am-\n-°tWm?) InS∏v? Atd©vUv amtcy-Pn¬ ehv F∂ km[\w Cs√∂pw ehvam- Atd©vUv˛ Unkvtd©vUv, ehv-˛-tl‰v F∂-Xt√ FXn¿]-Z-ß-fpsS Atd©vUv amtcyPns‚ hn]-co-X-]Zw ehv amtcy-Pm-b-sX-ßs\? Hcp hn[-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ Atd©vUv At√? AXns‚ A¿∞w Xs∂ hgn-sX-‰n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. F√m amtcyPpw Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ Im-c≥ a≤y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-Im-cnbmb AΩp-hns\ ]≈o-e-®-∑m-cpsS te°p IS-∂p. aq∂p-t]¿ aq∂p ssien-bn¬. a≤y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp- hg-ßp-∂n-s√∂p am{X-a√ Sn.- sP. Fkv. tPm¿Pns‚ Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS tLmj-bm{Xkz`mhw ]n. sI. cho-{µ-\mYv Rßsf c≠p-t]-scbpw IS-Øn-sh-´n. Fs‚ hnhmlw Atd©vUv Bbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ inh-dm-an-t‚Xv " A[nIw Xma-kn-bmsX " Btem-N-\-°-eymWw " Ah-Xm-cn-I- " Atd©vUv amtcy-Pn " ' sFIy-tI-cfw bn¬ XpS-ßp∂ P\-{]nbck-\o- " " \mgn FSpØv tImgn-°n-s´- ' Ign-®p. (sam-gn-am-‰-Øn\p ' Krl-ÿm-{i-a-Øn- kvIdnbm k°-dnb ' s‚ {]iv\w. ' ' aX-Øn\pw

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 174 TAPASAM, 2010 July Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ. Wv. AtX, tLmj-bm-{X-t]mse C≥t^m-sS-bn≥sa‚ am-{X-a-√, Imcy-hp-am-Wv. am[y-a-k-t¶-X-Øn¬ \o¥n-°fn IeymWw Ifn-a-´n-emWv Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hmb-\-°m-c-\Xp Ifn- ]pkvX-I-]q-cWw tPm¿Pns‚ sIm≠pXs∂ hne-s∏´ kmln-Xy-hn-`-hhpw hn⁄m\hn`-h-hp-amWv hnti-jn-∏n-t°≠ hnZybm-Wn-Xv. CXp shdpw s]m¥n-°-fn-b-√. AXp- ( semiotic value °p∂ i{Xp-X-Iƒ F{X A¿∞-iq\yw. `mjbv°pw aosX Db-cm≥ Fs¥-fp∏w. Ah-bpsS t]cn¬ krjvSn- tLmj-bm-{X ) t]cpw s]mcpfpw XΩn-ep≈ s]mcpØw {]iw-k-\o-b-am- . tLmj-bm-{X F∂ t]cns‚ Nn”-]-c-amb aqeyw ' (]p. 113) v hn`-h-amWv tPm¿Pns‚ (shallow play) F∂p Pottekkat’ Darkness Invisible: Difference and Indifference in Santhosh Abraham Native Criminality in Early British Malabar Colonial Law and the Construction of History Sabitha T V K. T Bara Bhaskaran’s Visual History of Kerala Drawing the Dr V Kerala Shaping the Life: Filippo Osella & Caroline South India Islamic Reform and Business in Kozhikode (Calicut), ‘Globalisation is ruining us’: Neo-liberal Capitalism, Sharmila Sreekumar Pennezhuthu as Women Reading, Re-reading R Making of the Jungle Mappilas: Amruth M. Constitution of a Game Sanctuary in Colonial Travancore Logic of Extraction and Spatiality Exclusion: Sujith Kumar P isuality of Ethnography: ajesh Komath a . R . J. V p , Representation and ≥ Y ammohan outh in a Changing Socio-economic Order s e-° arghese T . P Absences, Erasing the Stereotypes ravelogues on . w : arayil V & R ol - V July 2009 April 2010 Xm]kw T AP T akk exts and Contexts Africa Ambivalence ASAM ee Thimothy

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw 176 TAPASAM, 2010 July M M D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R S R A. M. SREEDHARAN BARBARA C. JOHNSON SCARIA ZACHARIA. DILEEPK GALIA HACCO M. BASHEER.

. LAKSHMI. OPHIRA GAMLIEL. BIJU K. D. BENJAMIN. University of Sanskrit, K Jerusalem. Guest R Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, K Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, K Mahatma Gandhi University She has published extensively on the Kerala Jews. Visiting Scholar at Cornell University in Ithaca, New Y and Jewish Studies, retired from Ithaca College now a courses in Jewish History completed her Master of Social W in Kerala and moved as a teenager to Israel, where she group performing Malayalam Jewish songs. She was born in 20th Century Kerala, and leader of the Nirit Singers, a K Malayalam Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kerala. K alady and curr annur University UMAR K. V

Postgraduate Student, Department of Malayalam, Sree

P Professor Emeritus of Malayalam. h.D Note on Contributors is director of an oral history project on Jewish Life Professor Emeritus of Malayalam, University . . . student, Department of Malayalam, Sree

Reader and Head, Department of Malayalam,

R Formerly Professor & Head, Department of eader in Malayalam, Sr R ently Visiting P esear is an Associate Professor of Anthropology . esear cher alady cher . , Kottayam, Kerala. , The Hebr , Calicut University . r ork and took post-graduate ofessor , School of L ee Sankaracharya alady alady ew University . . . etters, ork. ,

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- 2010 Pqsse- 2010 Xm]kw Xm]kw