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Paddling the Seas of Tsunami Capitalist Persuasion Harnessing the Power of Adventure Paddling the Seas of Tsunami Capitalist Persuasion: Manipulated or Self-determined? By Nils Vikander All friluftsliv, or “open-air living,” is to Separation some degree a “quest.” This certainly applies to paddling the big, open waters, I began this voyage by examining my although William James (1981) originally paddling life history, which now spans used the term to deepen our understanding more than half a century and includes both of the Canadian soul during expeditionary private and pedagogically oriented ventures. travel on the great northern rivers. James This was supplemented by a review of my was inspired in his task by the classical friluftsliv writings as well as a wide-ranging quest sequence of Preparation, Separation, document analysis of quantitative and Tribulation and Return. Gaining insight into qualitative texts and illustrations of canoeing the panorama of paddling the seas and great and kayaking. lakes of the world could be no less well served through viewing such voyages in Tribulation terms of these historical quest segments. An intensive examination was undertaken Preparation of the assembled material with the objective to arrive at a just and sober comparative All friluftsliv beyond nude swimming evaluation of the kayak/canoe debate. Now involves equipment as mediating links the paddling vessels are truly launched . between humans and nature, whether impediments, enhancers, or simply as “Put-in” necessities in the nature experience. Today, equipment for the outdoors is generally As prominent Canadian naturalist Neil commercially produced, and this raises Evernden (1993) has pointed out, “the map the question “Cui Bono?” or “To Whose is not the territory.” This compass needle Advantage?” Is the friluftsliv devotee affirmed my conviction that personal likely to gain maximum satisfaction from experience overrides all information from equipment purchases or are the producers other sources. In the present case, I trust and retailers the main beneficiaries? Since my finding that a canoe performs equally the capitalist system of production is driven or, indeed, outperforms a kayak in open by the principle of profit maximization, the water. “Maps” are external and virtual answer to “Cui Bono?” appears to favour worlds based on educated guesses, or at industry. Reflections of this type are the best, a series of tested hypotheses. As the result of my experiencing deep personal philosopher of science Karl Popper (1957) disjunctions over many years between wisely advised, “science must begin with paddling canoes and kayaks on the big myths, and with the criticism of myths.” waters in North America and Europe. Although I enjoyed both, my canoeing in A major problem of industry is that, as such settings has drawn bafflement and medical researcher Servan Schreiber (2008) sometimes outright hostility from observers, phrased it, “changes in lifestyle cannot who must have viewed me as paddling be . patented.” This observation is against a tsunami of ideological correctness. especially pertinent in the present context, Immersing myself into relevant literature since friluftsliv is very much a lifestyle in the area has confirmed my heresy. Being phenomenon. What, then, is industry’s PATHWAYS an “outlier” provided the impetus for my solution to this profit barrier? Its response writing presented here. is the “persuasive communication” 8 (Robert Tamilia, 2011) of advertising as the Harnessing the Power of Adventure tool of client shaping. Its desired socio/ River Kayak: Gaspé coast (Quebec), north psychological process may be described in and south Stockholm archipelagos, Alta the following steps: Fjord (Finnmark, Northern Norway), Trondheim Fjord and Nord-Trøndelag Perception Recognition Interest Atlantic coast (Norway), mountain lakes Desire Need Addiction in Jämtland and Härjedalen (Sweden) and Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag The key to an individual’s journey along (Norway). this trail is, according to Canadian scholar Marshal McLuhan (1965), repetition. The Canoe: West coast of Vancouver Island; lifestyle product is presented as an integral Lake Superior; Georgian Bay (Lake Huron); part of larger social purposes, and its Gaspé coast (Quebec); Åland Baltic Sea commercial success is tied to “ad repetitions archipelagos (Finland); Åbo Baltic Sea . quite in accord with the procedures of archipelagos (Finland); Vasa archipelago brainwashing.” What can individuals do (North Baltic Sea, Finland); High Coast to protect themselves from this onslaught? islands (North Baltic Sea, Sweden); Swedish Consumer psychologists Chartrand & Baltic Sea archipelagos Väddö – Kråkelund Fitzsimons (2011) maintain that individuals (ca. 350 km aerial straight distance); in the marketplace can “defend themselves Sweden’s three largest lakes: Vänern (5,655 when unconscious processes can lead to sq km), Vättern (1,912 sq km), Mälaren negative outcomes.” There is a growing (1,140 sq km); Trondheim Fjord (Norway); literature with this purpose of equipping mountain lakes (Lapland, Jämtland and buyers with weapons of defence. Härjedalen provinces in Sweden; Nord- Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag provinces in How does this intellectual discussion Norway). compare with my personal paddling experience? Have I done sufficient Reflecting on the variety of these paddling in challenging environments to paddling experiences, and in particular, be certain of my position on the canoe/ the vast archipelagos of the Baltic Sea, kayak evaluation issue? A list of the waters my self-assessment is that the volume of paddled may provide an indication. In comparative data is sufficient for me to addition to seas and large lakes, I have regard my evaluation of the merits of the included mountain lakes where low water canoe and the kayak in open waters as and air temperatures in combination with reliable and valid. often rapidly changing wind conditions provide challenges comparable to big- Kayak and Canoe in Writing and Colour water paddling: Photography/Art Solo Sea Kayak: West coast of Vancouver Although having lived and worked in Island, Princess Louisa Inlet (British Norway for many years, I am by origin Columbia), Puget Sound and San Juan Swedish, and have also spent a large part Islands (Washington State), Stockholm of my life in North America. My text below archipelagos, south Swedish Baltic Sea will span both sides of the Atlantic, and archipelagos (provinces of Småland and in view of my theme, this is appropriate. Östergötland), Strömstad archipelago Canada and the Scandinavian peninsula (Swedish Atlantic coast), Trondheim are northern, sparsely populated regions, Fjord and Nord-Trøndelag Atlantic coast with lengthy coastlines and numerous (Norway). lakes and rivers ideal for paddling craft. The geographical and cultural parallels are Double Sea Kayak: Väddö/Örskär striking. My long-term memberships in archipelagos (Baltic Sea, north of Sweden’s historic outdoor organizations Stockholm). opened doors to examining their journals for PATHWAYS the topic at hand. 9 Harnessing the Power of Adventure The Swedish Touring Club (STF), established organization Friluftsfrämjandet (established 1885, is one of Sweden’s largest voluntary 1892, ca. 100,000 members), from 2004 to organizations (ca. 300,000 members), and 2010. As made clear from its name, this is has a marked friluftsliv profile. Its journal, specifically a friluftsliv body. The content Turist, reaches a readership far beyond its analysis of the seven-year period is shown in membership. A paddling content analysis the table below for both journals of the journal from 1994 to 2003 was undertaken in two five-year segments. In Turist the exposure of the canoe remained modest at slightly reduced levels, while The most striking change that took place the kayak industry’s advertising eased off over these years is the massive growth of somewhat from the previous high level. The kayak advertising in the second five-year battle for the consumer was perhaps regarded period. From having been virtually invisible, as being “won”? The spectacular growth of the kayak industry began to present itself free advertising through the journal’s own with great vigour. Was there a specific year kayak presentations rendered industry-paid that could be regarded as a watershed? Yes. advertising less important. In 2000 there were 18 kayak advertisements, as opposed to only two in 1999. In both The Friluftsliv kayak exposure was not these years Turist had no features on less than extraordinary over this period. kayaking whatsoever. In 2001, however, Advertisement and journal features stroked five such features appeared (together with virtually synchronously at a high rate. The 11 advertisements); clearly the editors canoe was left far behind in the kayak’s had changed their editorial policy as a wake. Of interest, though, is that the minimal consequence of industry advertising efforts. canoe exposure was virtually identical in the two publications, while the kayak in In addition to Turist, I analyzed issues of Friluftsliv was given nearly three times the the journal Friluftsliv, published by the coverage it received in Turist. Table 1: The Kayak and the Canoe in Swedish Touring Club Journal Turist, 1994–2003 Years Vessel Features Advertisements 1994–1998 Kayak 9 2 (2,392 pages) Canoe 15 19 1999–2003 Kayak 11 55 (2,628 pages) Canoe 10 17 Table 2: Canoe and Kayak in Turist and Friluftsfrämjandet’s Friluftsliv, 2004–2010 Journal Vessel Features Advertisements STF Journal Turist Kayak 36 46 (3,726 pages) Canoe 15 16 PATHWAYS Journal Friluftsliv Kayak 113 111 (2,368 pages) 10 Canoe 17 15 Harnessing the Power of Adventure It should be noted that by far the majority of the cost of paddling is that most open-water the items featuring the kayak in Turist from kayaking is done in solo kayaks, whereas 1994 to 2010, and in Friluftsliv from 2004 to most canoeing in all types of water is 2010 were in open-water settings, while very performed in tandem. Thus, for two people, few such articles featured canoes. Combining kayaking tends to double the number of the two journals from 1994 to 2010, 88 percent vessels, not to mention more than double the of the kayak presentations were open-water cost.
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