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An Analysis of East Tennessee Dalton Projectile Points University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1977 An Analysis of East Tennessee Dalton Projectile Points Wayne D. Roberts University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, Wayne D., "An Analysis of East Tennessee Dalton Projectile Points. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1977. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2663 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Wayne D. Roberts entitled "An Analysis of East Tennessee Dalton Projectile Points." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Charles H. Faulkner, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Jeff Chapman, C. R. McCollough Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Wayne D. Roberts entitled "An Analysis of East Tennessee Dalton Projectile Points." I recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology, Charles H. Faulkner, Major Professor . we have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Vice Chancellor Graduate Studies and Research \__o�'-\d- AN ANALYSIS OF EAST TENNESSEE DAL'ION PROJECTILE FOINTS <:..otp."d-. A Thesis Presented for the Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Wayne D. Roberts December 1977 134EiZ7 ACKNOWIEDGMEN'IS I wish to express my appreciation to my thesis committee, �r. Charles H. Faulkner (Chairman), Dr. Major C. R. McCollough, and �r. ,Jefferson Chapman. Their advice, criticisms and aid were invaluable. 1 am especially indepted to Dr. Faulkner who suggested this thesis topic. I also wish to thank D-r. William M. Bass, Chairman, Department of Anthropology, for providing financial assistance for my comparative research in Alabama.. I am grateful to Dr, Alfred K. Gu the and Dr, John Walthall for making collections available at the Frank H. McClung and Mound State Monument Museums respectively. This thesis would not have been possible without the gracious cooperation of people who made their private collections available. I wish to thank in Tennessee, Messrs. Beverly Burbage, Al Carrol, James E. Cobb, Jack East, Ralph Garland, Frank Hodges, Herman McGhee, Richard Polhemus, Cleve Smith, and John Woolsey; in Alabama, Messrs. James W, Cambron, Ralph Allen, David C, Hulse, and Harry Smith; and in North Carolina, Mr. David 0. Rich. I am irrlebted to Mr. Tracy Brown for assistance while examining the Alabama collections. Ms. Pat Cridlebaugh's proofreading is greatly appreciated, Ms. Nel ta. Sain generously permitted the use of her type­ writer. The photographs used in this thesis were developed by !{r. Miles Wright. Special thanks are extended to my parents and to my aur.t, Ms, Laura Roberts. Their sup:port and encouragement made this thesis possible, Finally, I cannot begin to express my gratitude and appreciation ii iii for all of the many contributions made by my wife, Carol. She has assisted in examining collections, typed the rough and final drafts of this thesis, and in general preserved my sanity and assured a smooth flow of work. ABSTRACT East Tennessee projectile points, previously described as the Early Woodland period Candy Creek type, are analyzed. Through the in­ tensive examination of l?continuous attributes an:i three discrete attri­ butes reflecting morphology, function and manufacturing techniques, 112 of these East Tennessee projectile points are compared with 46 Dalton and Quad projectile points from northern Alabama am 37 Hardaway-Dalton projectile points from the Piedmont of North Carolina. As a result of the observations an:i a linear discriminant function program, it is deter­ mined that the Candy Creek projectile point is a regional variant of the Dalton projectile point type. Dalton manifestations described in the literature and the significance of the newly identified East Tennessee Dalton projectile point variant are summarized. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAP'IER PAGE I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . 1 The Development of the Candy Creek Pro jectile Po int Type 1 The Concept of Time Depth in the Eastern United States 4 The Relevance of Typology to the Problem . • • . 7 The Dalton Variants of Alabama arrl North Carolina . 13 II . THE STUDY • . • 17 III. PROJECTILE POINT MORPHOWGY . 20 I I I I IV. THE ATTRIBUTES • . • . I I I I I I I 26 Continuous Attributes Ill ..... 26 Discrete Attributes 35 v. RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS 36 Tennessee Group . 55 North Carolina Group 66 Alabama Group . 69 VI. LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNC TION PROGRAM 76 The Program . • . 76 Results of the Linear Discriminant FUnction Program . 78 VII. SUMMARY I • • • • • • • • • I I 90 Dalton Manifestations Outside the Study Area 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ........ 102 VI TA •••• 110 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Summary of the Continuous Attributes • • 37 2. Beveling • :JJ J. Griming 51 4. Serration 5· Summary of Radiocarbon Dates Associated with Dalton Type Projectile Points • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Dalton Projectile Point Orientation , . • 21 2. Morphology of a Dalton Projectile Point , . 23 3. Transverse Sections of a Dalton Specimen 25 4. The Location of Continuous Attributes . 27 5. The Location of Five Continuous Attributes 28 6. The Location of Continuous Attributes (A) Basal Thickness; (B) Thickness (Maximum Thickness) . • . • . 29 7. The Location of the Haft Inclination Angl-es ...•. 30 8. The Candy Creek Projectile Points From the Candy Creek Site (40BY14) as classified by Lewis and Kneberg (Frank H. McClung Museum Files) ..... 9. East Tennessee Dalton Specimens Collected From the McGhee site (40MR65) on the Little Tennessee River (McGhee Collection) 56 10 . Top; Dalton Specimens From Various East Tennessee Locations. Bottom; Dalton Specimens From the LeCroy site (40HA43). • 57 11. Top; The First Three Specimens of the Top Row are From the Little Tennessee River Valley, the Rest are From Various East Tennessee sites. Bottom; Dalton Specimens From the LeCroy Site (40HA.43). 57 12. East Tennessee Dalton Specimens From the Webster Site (40KN49) on the Holston River (Cobb Collection) 13. East Tennessee Dalton Specimens From the Holston River Valley (Polhemus Collection). • • • • • • , , , • , • • , • .58 vii viii FIGURE PAGE 14 . Dalton Specimens From Various Upper East Tennessee Sites (Smith Collection) •••••••.•••••• , ••, , 59 15. Dalton Specimens From Various Upper East Tennessee wcations (Garland Collection) ••••.••••• ••, ••• , , 59 16. Comparison of the Blade Outline During the Resharpening Stages of the Arkansas Dalton Variant (Row 1), and the East Tennessee Dalton V ariant (Row 2) • • • . • • • 17. Typical Examples of the Flake-Point Orientation of the East Tennessee Dalton Variant • • • • 18 . Fifteen Hardaway-Dalton Projectile Points From the North Carolina Piedmont (Rich Collection) . • . • • • • 67 19. Eighteen Hardaway-Dalton Projectile Points From the North Carolina Piedmont (Rich Collection) 67 20 . Eight Hardaway-Dalton Projectile Points From the North Carolina Piedmont (Rich Collection) 68 21. Dalton Projectile Points From the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (Mound State Monument Museum Collection) • • • • • • 70 22 . Five Quad and Dalton Points From Northern Alabama 71 2) . Eight Quad and Dalton Points From Northern Alabama • 71 24 . Six Quad Projectile Points From Northern Alabama 72 25. Quad Projectile Points From Northern Alabama • 72 26. Graph of the Relative Distance of Z-Numbers of the Tennessee Group From Means of the Other 'l.Wo Groups . • • • • • 79 27. Graph of the Relative Distance of Z-Numbers of the Alabama Group From Means of the Other Two Groups • • . 80 ix F1GURE PAGE 28 . Graph of the Relative Distance of Z-Numbers of the North Carolina Group From Means of the Other Two Groups • • . 81 29. The location of the Major River Drainages ani Imp:>rtant Dalton Sites Discussed •••••..•, .. 84 JO . Graph of the Relative Distance of Z-Numbers of the Tennessee Group From Means of the Other Two Groups When Geographically Aligned ..... 85 31 . Graph of the Relative Distance of Z-Numbers of the Alabama Group From Means of the Other Tho Groups When Geographically Al..ign� . o • • • " o • • • • • • • • • 86 32. Graph of the Relative Distance of Z--Numbers of the Alabama Group From Means of the Other Two Groups When Geographically Alignro ani the Quad and Pine Tree Sites are Grouped 'l'ogether . o • • • • • • • • 87 33 . Graph of the Relative Distance of Z-Numbers of the North Carolina Group From Mean of the Other 'I'Iw Groups When Geographically Aligned 88 "If the labeling system does not keep up with thought, it is demonstrably a short time before thought ceases ... Putting the label on is only half the game; taking it off again
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