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Review of Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary Sections in the Rhenish Slate Mountains (Germany)

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Review of Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary Sections in the Rhenish Slate Mountains (Germany) Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00469-6 REVIEW PAPER Review of Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary sections in the Rhenish Slate Mountains (Germany) R. Thomas Becker1 & Sven Hartenfels2 & Sandra I. Kaiser3 Received: 1 April 2020 /Revised: 29 September 2020 /Accepted: 1 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Thirty Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary sections of the Rhenish Slate Mountains and adjacent subsurface areas are reviewed with respect to litho-, event, conodont, ammonoid, sequence, and chemostratigraphy. In the interval from the base of the uppermost Famennian (Wocklum Beds, Wocklumian) to the base of the middle Tournaisian (base Lower Alum Shale), 11 conodont and 16 ammonoid (sub)zones are distinguished. The terminology of the Hangenberg Crisis Interval is refined, with an overall regressive Crisis Prelude below the main Hangenberg Extinction, which defines the base of the transgressive Lower Crisis Interval (Hangenberg Black Shale). The glacigenic and regressive Middle Crisis Interval (Hangenberg Shale/Sandstone) is followed by the overall transgressive Upper Crisis Interval that can be subdivided into three parts (I to III) with the help of conodont stratigraphy (upper costatus-kockeli Interregnum = upper ckI, Protognathodus kockeli Zone, and lower part of Siphonodella (Eosiphonodella) sulcata s.l./Pr. kuehni Zone). Protognathodus kockeli includes currently a wide range of forms, which variabilities and precise ranges need to be established before a precise GSSP level should be selected. Returning to its original definition, the former Upper duplicata Zone is re-named as Siphonodella (S.) mehli Zone. It replaces the S. (S.) jii Zone, which is hampered by taxonomic complications. The S. (S.) quadruplicata Zone of Ji (1985) is hardly supported by Rhenish data. The entry of typical S. (S.) lobata (M1) characterises an upper subdivision (subzone) of the S. (S.) sandbergi Zone; the new S. (S.) lobata M2 enters much earlier within the S. (S.) mehli Zone. The ammonoid-defined base of the Wocklum-Stufe (Upper Devonian = UD VI) begins with the Linguaclymenia similis Zone (UD VI-A1). The oldest S. (Eosiphonodella) enter within the Muessenbiaergia bisulcata Zone (UD VI-A2). The traditional Parawocklumeria paradoxa Zone of Schindewolf (1937)is divided into successive P. paprothae (VI-C1), P. paradoxa (VI-C2), and Mayneoceras nucleus (VI-C3) Subzones. In the lower Tournaisian (Lower Carboniferous = LC I), the Gattendorfia subinvoluta Zone is subdivided into G. subinvoluta (LC I-A2)and “Eocanites” nodosus (LC I-A3) Subzones. The Paprothites dorsoplanus Zone (LC I-B) can be divided into Pap. dorsoplanus (LC I-B1)andParagattendorfia sphaeroides (LC I-B2) Subzones. Potential subdivisions of the Pseudarietites westfalicus (LC I- C) and Parag. patens Zones (LC I-D) are less distinctive. The unfossiliferous or argillaceous upper part of the Hangenberg Limestone and the overlying Lower Alum Shale Event Interval remain regionally unzoned for ammonoids. Keywords Rhenish Massif . Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary . Lithostratigraphy . Biostratigraphy . Hangenberg Crisis . Carbon isotopes This article is a contribution to the special issue “Global review of the Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary” * R. Thomas Becker 1 Institut für Geologie und Paläontologie, Westfälische [email protected] Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 24, 48149 Münster, Germany 2 Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Sven Hartenfels Straße 49a, 50674 Cologne, Germany [email protected] 3 Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, Sandra I. Kaiser 70191 Stuttgart, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Palaeobio Palaeoenv Introduction DCB revision and selection of a future GSSP level and sec- tion. Since significant parts of the reviewed information have The Rhenish Slate Mountains, especially the northern and previously been published in German, our paper aims to recy- eastern Sauerland in the east of the river Rhine, are the most cle the incredibly rich Rhenish DCB record for a wide inter- important of the classical regions for the study of the national audience. Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary (DCB) and of the global mass extinction interval that is now known as Hangenberg Crisis (e.g. Kaiser et al. 2015). Following a proposal by Abbreviations and repository Paeckelmann and Schindewolf (published in 1937), the DCB type section was defined during the Second Heerlen DCB = Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary, FAD/FOD = first Congress in 1935 in a railway cut near Oberrödinghausen. appearance (global) and occurrence (local) datum, LAD/LOD This was the first international chronostratigraphic boundary = last appearance (global) and occurrence (local) datum, LC = that was established at all. Unfortunately, it had to be Lower Carboniferous, Tn = Tournaisian, UD = Upper discarded when a hiatus was discovered right at the chosen Devonian; for the ammonoid zonal key see Becker (1996) boundary level (Alberti et al. 1974). During the following and Fig. 1. search for a new stratotype, many old and new lateral sections Lithostratigraphic units: HBS = Hangenberg Black Shale, were investigated in detail. Results were published in a series HS = Hangenberg Shale, HSS = Hangenberg Sandstone, LAS of monographs, review papers, and field guidebooks. = Lower Alum Shale (= Kahlenberg Formation). Important summaries are, for example, Stoppel (1977), Sequence stratigraphy: LST = Lowstand System Tract, Paproth and Streel (1982, 1984), Paproth (1986), Paproth TST = Transgressive System Tract, HST = Highstand et al. (1986b), Clausen et al. (1989a), Streel et al. 1993, System Tract, FSST = Falling Stage System Tract. Becker et al. (1993), Korn et al. (1994a), Korn (2002), Conodont genera/subgenera: Bi. = Bispathodus, Br. = Hartenfels et al. (2016), and Becker et al. (2016b). There is a Branmehla, Eo. = Eosiphonodella, Neo. = Neopolygnathus, flood of individual papers (e.g. many contributions by D. Pa. = Palmatolepis, Po. = Polygnathus, Pr. = Protognathodus, Korn, F.W. Luppold, and co-authors), which are fully refer- Ps. = Pseudopolygnathus, S. = Siphonodella, Sc. = enced in the individual section descriptions. These form the Scaliognathus. fundament of our review, which includes a smaller amount of Ammonoid genera/subgenera: Ac. = Acutimitoceras, B. = unpublished information. Since research is ongoing, this paper Balvia, C. = Cymaclymenia, Cost. = Costimitoceras, Cyrt. = will be completed soon by forthcoming publications. For ex- Cyrtoclymenia, Eff. = Effenbergia, Eoc. = Eocanites, Epi. = ample, a new study will provide details of the currently best Epiwocklumeria, F. = Finiclymenia, G. = Gattendorfia, Gl. = Rhenish DCB section at the Borkewehr near Wocklum (north- Globimitoceras, H. = Hasselbachia, K. = Kalloclymenia, Kamp. ern Sauerland). A palaeogeographical overview was given by = Kamptoclymenia, Kaz. = Kazakhstania, Ken. = Kenseyoceras, Paproth et al. (1986a), with recent updates by Koltonik et al. Kos.=Kosmoclymenia, L. = Linguaclymenia, Liss. = (2018). Lissoclymenia, M. = Muessenbiaergia, May. = Mayneoceras, For details concerning the global, first order Hangenberg Mim. = Mimimitoceras, N. = Nicimitoceras, P. = Crisis or mass extinction, the reader is referred to the review Parawocklumeria, Pap. = Paprothites, Parag. = by Kaiser et al. (2015). Becker et al. (2016a)summarisedthe Paragattendorfia, Post. = Postclymenia, Pseud. = DCB bio- and event stratigraphy, with the Rhenish succession Pseudarietites, R. = Rectimitoceras, Sph. = Sphenoclymenia, St. as a sort of “standard reference” for global correlations. This = Stockumites, Str. = Streeliceras, Tria. = Triaclymenia, V. = approach is elaborated here by the introduction of a new for- Voehringerites, W. = Wocklumeria, Wey. = Weyerella. mal subdivision and nomenclature for the distinctive intervals SMNS = Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart of the Hangenberg Crisis. We supply a summary of Rhenish (figured conodonts). All ammonoids, collection numbers DCB conodont and ammonoid zones, with new subzones, and B6C.54.1 to B6C.54.11, are deposited in the Geomuseum of the evidence they are based on. Due to the considerable num- the WWU at Münster. ber of Rhenish DCB sections and the wealth of literature, our review will exploit the extensive published evidence by quot- ing for each section all relevant papers, and by focusing on the Conodont biostratigraphy (Fig. 1) staged entries (FADs, local FODs) and disappearances (LADs/local LODs) of stratigraphically relevant taxa and The DCB conodont stratigraphy has been reviewed by rare/unusual taxon occurrences. For detailed data on sedimen- Becker et al. (2016a), with subsequent nomenclatorical tology and the complete faunal records, the reader should changes by Spalletta et al. (2017) and with a discussion survey the quoted papers. In the section discussions, we em- in Söte et al. (2017). The pelagic facies zonation of the phasise aspects that are of especial importance for the current Sauerland cannot be applied to the shallow-water Palaeobio Palaeoenv Fig. 1 Correlation of chrono-, litho- bio-, and event stratigraphy around (1996); m.T. = middle Tournaisian, (quad.) = approximate level of former the Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary, showing both zonal index taxa Siphonodella (S.) quadruplicata Zone, SLBS = Stockum Level Black (in bold) and important auxiliary marker species [in brackets]. The am- Shales, sdst. = sandstone. s.l. = sensu lato (in a wide taxonomic sense) monoid zonal
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