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Afghanistan Assessment AFGHANISTAN COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Afghanistan April 2004 CONTENTS 1 Scope Of Document 1.1 - 1.7 2 Geography 2.1 - 2.6 General 2.1 Languages 2.2 - 2.6 3.Economy 3.1 - 3.4 4 History 1992-1994: Mujahidin Government 4.1 - 4.4 Emergence of the Taliban 4.5 - 4.6 February 1995-June 1996 4.7 - 4.8 September 1996- December 1999 4.9 - 4.30 January 2000 - December 2000 4.31 - 4.34 January 2001 - December 2001 4.35 - 4.50 January 2002 – December 2002 4.51 - 4.70 January 2003 – December 2003 4.71 - 4.92 January 2004 onwards 4.93 - 4.111 5.State Structures The Constitution 5.1 - 5.12 - Citizenship and Nationality 5.13 – 5.15 Political System 5.16 - 5.47 -Before 22 December 2001 5.16 - 5.19 -Interim Administration 5.20 - 5.22 -The Emergency Loya Jirga and Transitional Administration 5.23 - 5.28 - The Constitutional Loya Jirga 5.29 - 5.32 -Elections 5.33 - 5.44 -Situation in Herat 5.45 - 5.47 Judiciary 5.48 - 5.67 Legal Rights/Detention 5.68 - 5.78 - Death Penalty 5.79 - 5.85 Internal Security 5.86 - 5.169 - Before 22 December 2001 5.86 - 5.88 - After 22 December 2001 (The Bonn Agreement) 5.89 - 5.147 -National Security Directorate 5.148 – 5.152 -Accountability Department 5.153 -Army 5.154 - 5.160 -Police 5.161 - 5.169 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.170 - 5.193 Military Service 5.194 - 5.202 Medical Services 5.203 - 5.238 Educational System 5.239 - 5.249 6.Human Rights 6.A Human Rights issues -General 6.1 - 6.26 -Independent Afghan Human Rights Commission 6.27 - 6.37 -Domestic and International Non Governmental Organisations 6.38 - 6.41 Freedom of Speech and Media 6.42 - 6.47 - Journalists 6.48 - 6.54 Afghanistan April 2004 Freedom of Religion 6.55 - 6.96 -Background and Demography 6.55 - 6.68 Religious Groups 6.69 - 6.96 -Shia Muslims 6.69 - 6.73 -Ismailis 6.74 - 6.76 -Sikhs and Hindus 6.77 - 6.92 -Converts 6.93 - 6.96 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.97 - 6.99 Employment Rights 6.100 - 6.102 People Trafficking 6.103 - 6.107 Freedom of Movement 6.108 - 6.113 6 B Human Rights - Specific Groups Ethnic Groups 6.114 - 6.159 -Introduction 6.114 - 6.120 -Pashtuns 6.121 - 6.132 -Tajiks 6.133 - 6.135 -Hazaras 6.136 - 6.151 -Uzbeks and Turkomans 6.152 - 6.154 -Baluchis 6.155 -Nuristanis 6.156 -Panjsheris 6.157 -Kuchis 6.158 - 6.159 Women 6.160 - 6.219 -Overview 6.160 - 6.190 -Legal Provisions 6.191 - 6.199 -Women’s Participation in Public Institutions 6.200 - 6.206 -Marriage/Divorce/Child Custody 6.207 - 6.214 -Situation of women and girls in Herat 6.215 - 6.219 Children 6.220 - 6.230 -Child Care Arrangements 6.231 – 6.233 -Homosexuals 6.234 – 6.236 KhAD (former Security Services) -Background 6.237 - 6.239 -Treatment of former KhAD members 6.240 - 6.245 Former Members of the PDPA 6.246 - 6.250 Intellectuals 6.251 - 6.254 6 C Human Rights - Other Issues Mines and Unexploded Ordinance 6.255 - 6.262 Humanitarian Situation 6.263 - 6.287 -Humanitarian Situation Kabul 6.288 - 6.301 Taliban 6.302 - 6.313 Former Taliban Members 6.314 - 6.321 Hisb-e-Islami 6.322 – 6.328 Refugees Outside Afghanistan 6.329 - 6.344 Al Qa’ida 6.345 - 6.349 Documents 6.350 Annexes Chronology of Major events Annex A Political Organisations and other groups Annex B Prominent People Annex C Afghanistan April 2004 Cabinet Members/Vice Presidents/Advisors of the Annex D Transitional Administration Deputy Ministers in Transitional Administration Annex E List of former Taliban Ministers Annex F List of Source Material Annex G 1 Scope Of Document 1.1 This Country Report has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, for use by Home Office officials involved in the asylum/human rights determination process. The Report provides general background information about the issues most commonly raised in asylum/human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. It is not a detailed or comprehensive survey. 1.2 The Report is compiled from a wide range of recognised sources and does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. All information in the Report is attributed, throughout the text, to original source material, which has been made available to those working in the asylum/human rights determination process. The Report aims to provide only a brief summary of the source material quoted. For a more detailed account, the relevant source documents should be examined directly. 1.3 The information contained in this Country Report is, by its nature, limited to information that we have been able to identify from various well-recognised sources. The contents of this Report are not exhaustive and the absence of information under any particular heading does not imply that any analysis or judgement has been exercised to exclude that information, but simply that relevant information on the subject has not been identified from the sources that have been consulted. Equally, the information included in the Reports should not be taken to imply anything beyond what is actually stated. 1.4 The great majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. Copies of other source documents, such as those provided by government offices, may be provided upon request. 1.5 All sources have been checked for currency and, as far as can be ascertained, contain information, which remained relevant at the time, this Report was issued. Some source documents have been included because they contain relevant information not available in more recent documents. 1.6 This Country Report and the accompanying source material are publicly disclosable. Where sources identified in this Report are available in electronic form the relevant link has been included. The date that the relevant link was accessed in preparing the report is also included. Paper copies of the source documents have been distributed to nominated officers within IND. 1.7 It is intended to revise this Report on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. Information contained in Country Reports is inevitably overtaken by events that occur between the 6 Afghanistan April 2004 monthly publications. Caseworkers are informed of such changes in country conditions by means of Country Information Bulletins. Return to Contents 2 Geography General 2.1 The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan is a land-locked country in Southwest Asia. It is bordered by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the north, Iran to the west, China to the northeast, and Pakistan to the east and south. Covering an area of some 251,773 square miles, there are 32 provinces. The five largest towns are Kabul (the capital), Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad. [1] Population movements across the border and internal displacements make it difficult to obtain reliable population figures [11b] although a July 2002 estimate of the population was 27,755,775. [23] For further information on geography, refer to Europa Yearbook, source [1] Languages 2.2 There are a variety of languages spoken in Afghanistan, the principal two being Pashtu and Dari. [1] These have been the official languages of the country since 1936, using an augmented Arabic script. Pashtu (spoken by the Pashtun ethnic group) is an Indo-European language, and Dari is a dialect of Farsi/Persian (spoken mainly by the Tajiks, Farsis, Hazaras and Aimaq). [11a] 2.3 Since 1978 a multitude of languages used by ethnic minorities such as the Uzbeks, Turkomans, Baluchis, Nuristanis and Pashai have been officially recognised. [11a] Article 16 of the new Constitution, approved and signed in January 2004, recognised six additional languages, besides Dari and Pashtu, as official languages in the regions where they are spoken by the majority of the population – Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri . [15c] 2.4 Some 50% of the population are able to speak Pashtu, which is one of the two official languages taught in schools. [16] Pashtu is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pashtu speaking area is defined as the south-eastern third of Afghanistan and the area of Pakistan between the Afghan border and the Indus. The language is equally understandable on both sides of the border. It is noted that within Pashtu there are dialectical variations in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary. Using the test of pronunciation, the two principal dialects identified are western/Kandahari and eastern/Peshwarin; this division approximates to a division along the border. [15b] 2.5 Dari, which itself contains dialectical variations, is the Afghan variant of Farsi and differs from the national standard dialect of Iran. There are however Farsi dialects within Iran that have much in common with Dari. Dari speakers may not therefore be able to communicate easily in standard Farsi. Because of its literary and commercial importance, Dari generally serves as the means of communication between speakers of Afghanistan April 2004 different languages rather than Pashtu. [15b] The formal style of Dari is closer to Tehrani Persian (Farsi), and the informal style in some parts of Afghanistan is closer to Tajiki of Tajikistan. Phonological and lexical differences between Iran and Afghanistan cause little difficulty in comprehension. [16] 2.6 Afghan Sikhs retain the use of Punjabi amongst themselves, given their involvement in trade.
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