4336Trends in Biosciences 8(16), Print : ISSN 0974-8431, Trends 4336-4340, in Biosciences 2015 8 (16), 2015

Inspection of Different Localities in Uttarakhand and for the Prevalence of Rust Disease of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) VINOD UPADHYAY*, K.P.S. KUSHWAHA, PUJA PANDEY Department of Plant Pathology, college of agriculture, G.B.Pant University of Agricultural & Technology, Uttarakhand, . *email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT During 2012-13, field pea (Pisum sativum L.) occupies an area of 0.76 million hectares with a Survey of different localities in Uttarakhand and Uttar production 0.84 million tonnes and productivity of Pradesh for the prevalence of pea rust was done during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. The data revealed that 1100 kg/ha in our country. In Uttarakhand, area, per cent disease incidence and percent disease production and productivity of pea during 2012- severity was ranged from 37.50 to 90.00 and 1.28 13 was 61.0 thousand hectares, 51.3 thousand to7.37. Disease incidence was highest in Rampur tones and 841 kg/ha, respectively (NCAER, 2014). district of Uttar Pradesh whereas maximum disease Pea diseases are major constraints to pea severity was observed in Udham Singh Nagar district production in the developing countries. of Uttarakhand. Pea is affected by a number of fungal (rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew, root rot, Key words Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, Rust alternaria blight, aschochyta blight, wilt, Disease, Pea, Pisum sativum anthracnose, cercospora leaf spot, damping off, seedling rot etc.), bacterial (bacterial blight and India is the largest producer, consumer and brown spot), nematode (cyst nematode, lesion importer of pulses in the world. In India pulses are nematode and root-knot nematode) and viral grown about 24-26 million hectares of area diseases (cucumber mosaic virus, pea early producing 17-19 million tonnes of pulses annually. browning virus, pea enation mosaic, pea mosaic, India accounts for over one third of the total world pea seed borne mosaic, pea streak and pea stunt). area and over 20 per cent of total world pulse These diseases, under the right conditions, can production. Consequently per capita production and significantly decrease both yield and quality. Among availability of pulses in the country has witnessed these, the rust of pea caused by Uromyces viciae– sharp decline. Per capita net pulse availability has fabae (Pers.) J. Schrot (syn. Uromyces fabae Pers. declined from around 60 grams per day in the 1950s de Bary) is considered the most important under to 40 grams in the 1980s and further to around 35 warm and humid conditions (Chand et al., 2004). grams per day in 2000s. However, in the past four It has been reported from different parts of the years, there has been significant increase in country including eastern India (Chand et al., 1997; consumption averaging around 50 grams due to Gupta, 1990), central India (Narsinghani et al., higher production, under owing to National Food 1980), southern parts of India (Sokhi et al., 1974; Security Mission (NFSM), with major emphasis Kumar et al., 1994) and from Himalayan region of on pulses and their imports, mostly of dry peas Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (Sharma, 1998; from Canada and Australia. (IIPR, 2014). Chauhan et al., 1991). U.viciae–fabae belongs to Major pulses grown in India include chickpea the Phylum Basidiomycota, class Urediniomycetes, or bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), pigeonpea or red order Uredinales (rust fungi) and family gram (Cajanus cajan), lentil (Lens culinaris), Pucciniaceae (Alexopoulos et al., 1996). According urdbean or black gram (Vigna mungo), mungbean to recent classification by Kirk et al., 2001, 2008 or green gram (Vigna radiata), lablab bean (Lablab U. viciae–fabae belongs to Phylum Basidiomycota, purpureus), moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia), horse class Pucciniomycetes, order Pucciniales and gram (Dolichos uniflorus), pea (Pisum sativum var. family Pucciniaceae. arvense), grass pea or khesari (Lathyrus sativus), The pea rust pathogen U. viciae–fabae is an cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and broad bean or autoecious and macrocyclic occurring on wild and faba bean (Vicia faba). cultivated Vicia, Lathyrus and Pisum plants in UPADHYAY et al., Inspection of Different Localities in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh for the Prevalence of Rust Disease 4337

Table 1. Disease severity scale for rust in pea (Mayee and Datar, 1986)

Rating Description 0 No symptoms on leaf 1 Rust pustules small, scattering covering 1% or less of leaf area 3 Rust pustules more in number covering 1-10% of leaf area 5 Typical rust pustules covering 11-25% of leaf area 7 Typical rust pustules covering 26-50% of leaf area. Leaf shedding 9 Typical rust pustules covering 51% or more of leaf area. Defoliation severe epidemic forms throughout the world (Wilson and respectively were surveyed. Areas under pea crop Handerson, 1966; Cummins, 1978; Duke, 1981; were found in the range of 0.3 to 0.9 acres. Varieties Azbukina, 1984; Guo and Wang, 1986; Hiratsuka preferred by the farmers were Pant pea-13, PM- et al., 1992; Thurstan, 1998). Although pea rust 14, Aparna, Arkel, Pant pea-42, Vikas, Bonneville has been reported from different states of the and VL-42. country, status of pea rust is still unclear. Therefore, Survey during 2013-2014 revealed that mean survey on pea rust is very important to know the per cent disease incidence was highest in Rampur prevalence of the pathogen and to realize the district (80.00) followed by Nainital (78.33), Udham intensity of disease in different localities of states Singh Nagar (77.97), Varanasi (77.50), Dehradun in order to know its importance in lowering pea (71.66), (61.94), Bijnaur (57.5) and production. Lucknow (54.99) (Fig.1). Within , MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilaspur recorded per cent disease incidence of 80.00. Ramnagar recorded maximum per cent Roving survey was carried out during disease incidence (83.33) within district Nainital February and March of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 followed by Lalkuan (76.66) and Haldwani (75.00). in the field pea growing areas of Uttarakhand and In district Udham Singh Nagar, Kichha showed its adjoining areas of Uttar Pradesh (Table 2.) in highest per cent disease incidence (100.00) order to record the prevalence of rust disease. followed by Sitarganj (93.33), Khatima (87.5), Disease incidence and disease severity was Bazpur (80.00), Gadarpur (73.33), Jaspur (71.66) recorded by counting the number of diseased and and Kashipur (40.00). Within , healthy plants in a randomly thrown quadrate of Ramnagar recorded higher per cent disease 2 1m of five different places in a field and average incidence (80.00) as compare to Sarnath (75.00). disease severity was determined using 0-9 rating Within Dehradun district, Selaqui showed maximum scale (Mayee and Datar, 1986) (Table 1). per cent disease incidence (95.00) followed by Observations on variety grown and stage of crop Chakrata (70.00) and Kalsi (50.00). Darshannagar were also recorded. recorded maximum per cent disease incidence RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (63.33) of district Faizabad followed by Bandanpur (62.5) and (60.00). In district Bijnaur, A total of 23 locations i.e., 7, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, Nagina showed higher per cent disease incidence and 2 in Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital, Dehradun, (60.00) as compare to Dhampur (55.00). Kakori Faizabad, Bijnaur Rampur, Lucknow and Varanasi,

Table 2. List of different localities of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh surveyed for prevalence of pea rust.

State District Uttarakhand Udham Singh Nagar Kashipur, Bazpur, Jaspur, Gadarpur, Kiccha, Sitarganj, Khatima, Pantnagar Nainital Lalkuan, Haldwani, Ramnagar Dehradun Chakrata, Kalsi, Selaqui Uttar Pradesh Faizabad Darshannagar,Bandanpur, Gaddopur Bijnaur Dhampur, Nagina Lucknow Mohanlalganj, Kakori Varanasi Varanasi, Ramnagar

4338 Trends in Biosciences 8 (16), 2015

Fig 1. Survey of different localities in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh for the prevalence of pea rust during 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. of district Lucknow showed higher per cent disease (1.24). Within Bijnaur district, Nagina showed incidence (66.66) than Mohanlalganj (43.33). higher per cent disease severity (1.75) as compare to Dhampur (1.33). Mean percent disease severity was maximum in district Udham Singh Nagar and Dehradun (7.37) Similarly, Survey during 2014-2015 revealed followed by Rampur (5.12), Nainital (4.64), that mean per cent disease incidence was highest Faizabad (2.83), Lucknow (2.35), and Varanasi in Rampur district (90.00) followed by Udham (1.96) and Bijnaur (1.54) (Fig.1). Within district Singh Nagar (78.33), Nainital (75.83), Lucknow Udham Singh Nagar, Bazpur showed highest per (63.75), Dehradun (63.33), Varanasi (62.50), cent disease severity (9.24) followed by Kichha Faizabad (52.50) and Bijnaur (37.50) (Fig.1). Within (8.65), Jaspur (8.22), Kashipur (7.36), Khatima Rampur district, Bilaspur recorded per cent disease (6.24), Sitarganj (6.21) and Gadarpur (5.67). incidence of 90.00. In district Udham Singh Nagar, Within Rampur district, Bilaspur recorded per cent Sitarganj showed highest per cent disease incidence disease severity of 5.12. In Dehradun district, (100.00) followed by Khatima (93.33), Bazpur Selaqui showed maximum per cent disease severity (86.66), Kichha (80.00), Jaspur (78.30), Kashipur (18.24) followed by Chakrata (2.24) and Kalsi (60.00) and Gadarpur (50.00). Haldwani recorded (1.63). Haldwani recorded maximum per cent maximum per cent disease incidence (85.00) within disease severity (5.48) within district Nainital district Nainital followed by Lalkuan (72.50) and followed by Ramnagar (5.30) and Lalkuan (3.24). Ramnagar (70.00). Kakori of district Lucknow Darshannagar recorded maximum per cent disease showed higher per cent disease incidence (67.50) severity (3.24) of district Faizabad followed by than Mohanlalganj (60.00). Within Dehradun Bandanpur (2.67) and Gaddopur (2.59). district, Selaqui showed maximum per cent disease Mohanlalganj of district Lucknow showed higher incidence (80.00) followed by Kalsi (56.66) and per cent disease severity (3.28) than Kakori (1.43). Chakrata (53.33). In Varanasi district, Sarnath Ramnagar of Varanasi district recorded higher per recorded higher per cent disease incidence (66.66) cent disease severity (2.67) as compare to Sarnath as compare to Ramnagar (58.33). Darshannagar UPADHYAY et al., Inspection of Different Localities in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh for the Prevalence of Rust Disease 4339 and Gaddopur recorded higher per cent disease Pavgi and Upadhyay, 1966 and Kapooria and Sinha, incidence (55.00) than Bandanpur (47.5). In district 1966 who reported the distribution of this pathogen Bijnaur, Dhampur showed higher per cent disease in the regions of Uttar Pradesh. Butler, 1918 incidence (40.00) as compare to Nagina (35.00). reported the occurrence of Pea rust (U. fabae) in Mean percent disease severity was maximum the Indo-Gangetic plains. There were reports of in district Udham Singh Nagar (7.12) followed by occurrence of U. fabae from different parts of the Nainital (4.59), Rampur (4.25), Dehradun (3.74), country including eastern India (Chand et al., 1997; Varanasi (2.96), Lucknow (2.84), Faizabad (2.09), Gupta, 1990), central India (Narsinghani et al., and Bijnaur (1.35) (Fig.1).Within district Udham 1980), southern parts of India (Sokhi et al., 1974; Singh Nagar, Sitarganj showed highest per cent Kumar et al., 1994) and from Himalayan region of disease severity (11.43) followed by Kichha (9.51), Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh (Sharma, 1998; Bazpur (8.42), Khatima (7.18), Jaspur (6.13), Chauhan et al., 1991). Prasada and Verma, 1948 Kashipur (4.58) and Gadarpur (2.58). Lalkuan reported the occurrence of U. fabae on lentil crop recorded maximum per cent disease severity (6.17) from Delhi. Roy, 1949 in his list of fungi of Bengal within district Nainital followed by Ramnagar (4.29) recorded the prevalence of U. fabae on the leaves and Haldwani (3.31).Within Rampur district, and stems of pea (Pisum sativum). Bilaspur recorded per cent disease severity of 4.25. LITERATURE CITED In Dehradun district, Selaqui showed maximum per cent disease severity (4.77) followed by Kalsi (3.58) Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), 2014. E- Pulses and Chakrata (2.89). Sarnath of Varanasi district data book. recorded higher per cent disease severity (3.33) as National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), compare to Ramnagar (2.58). Kakori of district 2014. India’s Pulses scenario. Lucknow showed higher per cent disease severity Chand, R.; Srivastava, C.P.; Singh, R.M. and Singh R.B. (3.32) than Mohanlalganj (2.37). Darshannagar 1997. Pea specific strains in Uromyces fabae. Indian J. Pul. Res., 10:127-128. recorded maximum per cent disease severity (3.33) of district Faizabad followed by Bandanpur (1.58) Gupta, R.P. 1990. Evaluation of pea germplasm for their reaction to powdery mildew and rust. Indian J. Pul. and Gaddopur (1.37). Within Bijnaur district, Res., 3:186-188. Dhampur showed higher per cent disease severity Chand, R.; Srivastava, C.P.; Kushwaha, C. 2004. Screening (1.43) as compare to Nagina (1.28). technique for pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes against Survey conducted in pea fields over two years rust disease (Uromyces fabae Pers. de Bary). Indian J. recorded per cent disease incidence and per cent Agric. Sci., 74: 166–167. disease severity of 37.50 to 90.00 and 1.28 to 7.37. Narsinghani, V.G.; Singh, S.P. and Pal B.S. 1980. Note on The average incidence as well as severity was more rust resistance pea varieties. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 50:453. during 2013-2014 in most of the parts surveyed as Sokhi, H.S.; Sokhi, S.S. and Rawal, R.D. 1974. Vertical compared to 2014-2015. The data revealed that the reaction of pea to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) prevalence of the disease was more in Rampur and rust (Uromyces vicia fabae). Mysore J. Agril. Sci., 8:529-532. district of Uttar Pradesh during both the years. District Lucknow of Uttar Pradesh was having Kumar, T.B.A.; Rangaswmy, K.T. and Ravi, K. 1994. Assessment of tall field pea genotypes for slow rusting lowest percent disease incidence during 2013-2014 resistance. Legume Res., 17:79-82. and district Bijnaur of Uttar Pradesh showed lowest Chauhan, R.S.; Sugha, S.K. and Singh, B.M. 1991. A note on disease incidence in 2014-2015. Per cent disease the prevalence and distribution of pea rust in Himachal severity was highest in district Udham Singh Nagar Pradesh. Him. J. Agric. Res., 17: 105-107. of Uttarakhand whereas Bijnaur district of Uttar Sharma, A.K. 1998. Epidemiology and management of rust Pradesh recorded lowest per cent disease severity disease of French bean. Veg. Sci., 25:85-88. during both the years. Thus, the survey during Alexopolus, C.J.; Mims, C.J. and Blackwell, M. 1996. 2013-14 and 2014-2015 revealed that there is the Introductory Mycology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. pp prevalence of rust disease in Uttarakhand and Uttar 869. Pradesh region of country and Udham Singh Nagar Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J.A. can be considered as one of the hot spots for rust 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th edn. Wallingford, disease in pea. Similar statements were given by UK: CAB International. ISBN9780851998268. numerous researchers. Mitter and Tondon, 1930; 4340 Trends in Biosciences 8 (16), 2015

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Received on 06-08-2015 Accepted on 12-08-2015