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Vývoj Telekomunikační Techniky S Důrazem Na Komunikační Technologie Pro Neslyšící

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Vývoj Telekomunikační Techniky S Důrazem Na Komunikační Technologie Pro Neslyšící České vysoké učení technické v Praze Fakulta elektrotechnická Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící Disertační práce Ing. et Ing. Zdeněk Bumbálek Praha, září 2019 Celoškolský doktorský studijní program: P 7108 Historie techniky Studijní obor: Historie techniky Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 2 České vysoké učení technické v Praze Fakulta elektrotechnická Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící Disertační práce Ing. et Ing. Zdeněk Bumbálek Praha, září 2019 Celoškolský doktorský studijní program: P 7108 Historie techniky Studijní obor: Historie techniky Školitelka: prof. PhDr. Marcela Efmertová, CSc. Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 3 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem disertační práci napsal samostatně s využitím pouze uvedených a řádně citovaných pramenů a literatury a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze, dne 20. září 2019 Ing. et Ing. Zdeněk Bumbálek Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 4 Poděkování: Rád bych zde poděkoval školitelce mé disertační práce, paní prof. PhDr. Marcela Efmertová, CSc., za její rady a čas, který mi věnovala při řešení dané problematiky. V neposlední řadě také děkuji mé rodině a blízkým přátelům za pomoc a podporu během studia. Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 5 Abstrakt/Anotace Předložená disertační práce je zaměřena na historický výzkum praktického uplatnění telekomunikační techniky v životě osob se zdravotním postižením, zejména osob ohluchlých a těžce nedoslýchavých. Ačkoliv samotné počátky vzniku oboru telekomunikační techniky byly motivovány snahou pomoci osobám s hendikepem, stal se právě telefon v moderní industrializované společnosti po dlouhá desetiletí symbolem diskriminace osob se sluchovým postižením. Přesto lze v historii celého oboru pozorovat neúnavnou snahu využít technologický pokrok ve prospěch osob se sluchovým postižením. Prvotní solitérní práce nadšených techniků vedly k pozdějšímu vzniku specializovaných center asistivních technologií zejména při univerzitních výzkumných pracovištích a k zakotvení standardů a doporučení v rámci mezinárodní telekomunikační unie - International Telecommunication Union (ITU). I přesto, že se v Československu a později i v České republice této problematice po technické stránce věnovala řada odborných pracovišť, chybí ucelená historická charakteristika vývoje telekomunikačních technik pro sluchově hendikepované, která by jejich práci a výsledky začleňovala do širších souvislostí v mezinárodním srovnání s vývojem obdobných asistivních technických oborů v zahraničí. Cílem mé disertační práce je zmapování historických souvislostí (politických, technických, ekonomických a sociálně-kulturních) ovlivňujících vývoj a dostupnost technických pomůcek a asistivních technologií pro osoby se sluchovým postižením především po roce 1945. Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 6 Abstract The study is focused on historical research of practical application of electrical engineering and telecommunication technology in lives of persons with disabilities, persons deafened and hard of hearing seriously. Although the beginnings of telecommunication technology were motivated by a desire to help people with hearing impairment, telephony become a symbol of discrimination against deaf people in modern industrialized society for decades. Nevertheless, in the history of the whole field we can observe tireless efforts to harness technological advances for the benefit of hearing impaired people. Originally solitary work of enthusiastic technicians led later to the emergence of specialized centers of assistive technologies especially in university research departments. Based on this work, standardization process and release of recommendations were anchored in the International Telecommunication Union. Although numerous professional institutions worked in this field in Czechoslovakia and later in the Czech Republic, the comprehensive historical overview mapping work and results of these institutions is missing. Broader context and comparison with the international development of similar industries is missing as well. The aim of my dissertation is to map the historical context (political, technical, economic and socio-cultural) influencing the development and availability of technical aids and assistive technologies for people with hearing disabilities mainly after 1945. Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 7 Klíčová slova: Historie, historie techniky, historie elektrotechniky, historie telekomunikační techniky, historie po roce 1945, osoby se sluchovým postižením, C – K teorie, české země, Československo, Česká republika Key words: History, history of technology, history of electrotechnology, history of telecommunications technology, history after 1945, people with hearing impairment, C – K theory, Czech Lands, Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic. Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 8 Obsah 1. Úvod ............................................................................................................................ 10 1.1. Vymezení problematiky a cíle výzkumu ......................................................................... 14 1.2. Vymezení základních pojmů týkajících se sluchového postižení ................................... 24 1.3. Metodologie ................................................................................................................... 30 1.4. Metodický rámec práce a aplikace C-K teorie v rámci historického vývoje komunikačních prostředků pro osoby se sluchovým postižením ............................................. 35 1.5. Zdroje a literatura .......................................................................................................... 45 2. Analýza historického vývoje telekomunikačních sítí a technologií a jejich přijetí neslyšící komunitou podle jednotlivých období po roce 1945 ............................................................. 65 2.1. Éra analogových telekomunikačních sítí ........................................................................ 74 2.2. Období digitálních telekomunikačních sítí ..................................................................... 87 2.3. Období vývoje internetu ................................................................................................ 93 2.4. Etapa mobilní celulární sítě .......................................................................................... 115 2.5. Vznik domácího osobního počítače a jeho přijetí neslyšící komunitou ....................... 127 2.6. Pohled na vývoj počítačové vědy v Československu v kontextu emigrace českých vědců v období komunismu ............................................................................................................... 133 2.7. Dopad osobních počítačů na komunitu neslyšících a jejich kvalitu života .................. 149 3. Vybraná telekomunikační zařízení a služby, které používají lidé se sluchovým postižením ........................................................................................................................ 152 3.1. Psací telefony pro osoby se sluchovým postižením ..................................................... 152 3.2. Faxové služby ............................................................................................................... 166 3.3. Telex ............................................................................................................................. 171 3.4. Videotex ....................................................................................................................... 176 3.4.1. Francie – Minitel ....................................................................................................... 176 3.4.2. Velká Británie – Prestel ............................................................................................. 188 Vývoj telekomunikační techniky s důrazem na komunikační technologie pro neslyšící 9 3.4.3. Německo – Bildschirmtext ........................................................................................ 192 3.5. Teletext ......................................................................................................................... 193 3.6. Služby zasílání zpráv v mobilní síti................................................................................ 205 3.7. E-mail ............................................................................................................................ 210 3.8. Paggery ......................................................................................................................... 214 3.9. Okamžité zasílání zpráv (Instant messaging services) .................................................. 217 3.10. Multimediální komunikační nástroje (Total Communications) ................................... 220 3.11. Evoluce sociálních sítí (Crowdsourcing) ....................................................................... 224 3.12. Automatické rozpoznávání řeči (ASR) .......................................................................... 230 4. Telekomunikace jako aktivátor sociálního podnikání v komunikačních službách pro neslyšící a nedoslýchavé ...................................................................................................
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