Yellowstone National Park Submerged Resources Survey
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YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK a product of the NATIONAL PARK SERVICE SYSTEMWIDEARCHEOLOGICAL INVENTORY PROGRAM YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK Submerged Resources Survey James E. Bradford Archeologist Matthew A. Russell Archeologist Larry E. Murphy Archeologist Timothy G. Smith GPS Coordinator Submerged Resources Center Professional Reports Number 16 Cultural Resources Management Professional Paper Number Submerged Resources Center Region National Park Service Santa Fe, New Mexico 2003 ... 111 Submerged Resources Center Cultural Resources Management Region National Park Service US Department of the Interior iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... ... FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... xv PART I: REMOTE SENSING SURVEY ................................................................................. 1 Matthew A. Russell, Larry E. Murphy and Timothy G. Smith INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ........................................................................................... 3 SURVEY DESIGN AND RATIONALE ...................................................................... 4 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ......... ................................ 5 Data Archiving ................................................................... Survey Blocks and Sample Intervals ......... ............................ ... Positioning ........................................................ .................6 SURVEY INSTRUMENTATION ............................................................... ......7 ... Positioning ............................................................................................................. RoxAnn Bottom Classification Device ................................................................. 8 Depth Sounder ................................................................................ Side Scan Sonar ..................................................................................................... 9 Magnetometer ................. ............................................................................... 10 SURVEY METHODOLOGY..... ............................................................................ 10 Objectives ............................................................. ..... .........10 Digitizing ......................................... ................................................................ 10 Survey Planning... ............................... ................................................................ 12 Survey Positioning ............................................................... ....................... 12 RoxAnn Survey ........ ....................................................................................... 13 Side Scan Sonar Surv ....................................................................................... 14 Magnetometer Survey ... ..... ............................ SURVEY OPERATIONS ...... .................................................. 15 ... Geodetic Positioning .................................................................. 15 Hydrographic Survey ....................... .................................................. 16 ROXANN TRAINING SITES .............................................. ................................. 17 RoxAnn Bottom Type Classifications ................................................................. 17 RoxAnn Classification Boxes .............................................................................. 19 V SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................... 22 Survey .................................................................................................... 22 Side Scan Sonar Survey ....................................................................................... 23 Depth Sounder ..................................................................................................... 23 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................... 23 PART CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS ................................................ James E. Bradford and Matthew A.Russell 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 46 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ........................................................................ Geology ......................................................................................................... 49 Volcanism ................................................................................................. 49 Glaciation.. ................................................................................................. 52 Climate ........................................................................................................... 53 Biology........................................................................................................... 53 Flora and Fauna ....................................................................................... 3 HISTORICAL CONTEXT .................................................................................. Brief History of Yellowstone National Park ................................................... 58 Yellowstone Use .................................................................................... 61 American Indian Lake Use ..................................................................... 61 Euro-american Lake Use .......................................................................... 63 4 PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK .......................................................... 85 Fishing Bay ............................................................................... 85 Bay ............................................................................................. 87 ................................................................................................... 87 SoutheastArm ................................................................................................ 88 1995 SCRU Reconnaissance .......................................................................... 88 5 SURVEY RESULTS ............................................................................................ 91 Frank Island .................................................................................................... 91 Dot Island ....................................................................................................... Pumice Point .................................................................................................. 94 Little Thumb Creek ........................................................................................ 94 West Thumb Geyer Basin ............................................................................... Lake Boat Docks .......................................................................................... 100 Small Craft ................................................................................................... 103 and Jean D ......................................................................................... 108 E. .................................................................................................. vi Hull Remains ......................................................................................... 117 Propulsion System and Related Features ..................................................... 126 Disarticulated Machinery and Other Features ............................................. 132 Analysis and Discussion .............................................................................. 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... Recommendations ......................... ........................................... 146 Management .............. ................................. Future Research ...................................................... REFERENCES .......................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES PART I Planned survey blocks and side scan sonar coverage ................................... 2. Category 1: Cobble and rubble with sand .................................................... 3. Category 2: Rubble and sand on hard bottom .......................................... 4. Category 3: Mud and fine sand ...................... ............................................ 5. Category 5: Dispersed rubble with sand .......................................................... 6. Category 7: Sand with dispersed rubble ........... ......................................... 7. RoxAnn boxes generated during the YELL Sub Survey, August 1996 .................................... ............................................. 21 8. Raw RoxAnn data, survey block .................................... 25 9. Raw RoxAnn data, survey block . ............................................. 10. Raw RoxAnn data, survey block ...................................................... 11. Raw RoxAnn data, blocks YELL009 and 010 ....................................... 12. Sonograph of single small boat located