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Plural Perspectives in the Social Observation of John Plural Perspectives in the Social Observation of John Clare Thomas Richard Williams A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen Mary, University of London 2014 2 Statement of Originality I, Thomas Richard Williams, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. 22/10/2014 X Thomas Richard Williams Details of collaboration and publications: Thomas Williams, ‘George Crabbe and John Clare: Refinement and Reading’, Romanticism, 20.2 (2014), 174–84 3 Abstract My thesis examines social observation in the poetry of John Clare, focusing on his work in the years before he was committed to an asylum in 1837. The project illuminates a plurality of perspectives in his poetry that has not been fully recognized in previous critical studies. It resituates the conventional scholarly approach to Clare, which has been preoccupied by an overly oppositional conception of the ‘two cultures’ that he inhabited: the oral and the literary. My thesis positions him as an intellectually curious seeker whose poetry is invigorated by his experience of different value systems in both the country and the city. Each chapter considers how Clare develops different strategies of social observation in the context of different discourses, and how he unsettles the validity of various attitudes to human behaviour. Chapter One, ‘Naturalizing Perspectives’, offers a new approach to Clare’s interest in natural history, by examining its influence on his portrayal of human behaviour, when he adopts the detailed observational habits of the naturalist. Chapter Two, ‘Refined Perspectives’, shows how he negotiates the influences of poets who represented the social structure of rural life, and poets who were interested in rural subjectivity, in order to identify the distinctiveness of his presentation of customary culture in ‘The Village Minstrel’. Chapter Three, ‘Female Perspectives’, considers his interest in his female readership, and examines how his courtship tales – which have generally been neglected by critics – engage with the concerns about conduct and social elevation that occupied the literature aimed for this audience. Chapter Four, ‘National Perspectives’, examines how he responds to the ferment of political ideas in his time through his representations of the nation – another area that has been little served in critical studies. My Conclusion considers Clare’s later poetry in the asylum and his developing self-consciousness as a social observer. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 5 Abbreviations and Conventions 7 Introduction 9 1. Naturalizing Perspectives: The Representation of Vulgar Behaviour 40 2. Refined Perspectives: Representing Rural Life in ‘The Village Minstrel’ 93 3. Female Perspectives: Clare’s Courtship Tales 147 4. National Perspectives: Finding a Sense of Order 199 Conclusion 257 Bibliography 267 5 Acknowledgements Queen Mary, University of London, awarded me a three-year full-time Research Studentship to write this thesis, for which I am deeply grateful. I would like to thank the staff at the following libraries: Northampton Central Library, Peterborough Central Library, the British Library and Senate House Library. Audiences at the following conferences helped me to develop my arguments: ‘New Directions in Eighteenth-Century Studies’ Conference, Queen Mary, University of London, June 2011; ‘Eighteenth-Century Studies’ Conference, Queen Mary, University of London, June 2012; ‘Crabbe’s Tales’ Conference, Newcastle University, July 2012; London Nineteenth-Century Studies Postgraduate Day, University of London, April 2013; ‘New Directions in Eighteenth-Century Studies’ Conference, Queen Mary, University of London, May 2013; ‘Encounters, Affinities, Legacies: The Eighteenth Century in the Present Day’ Conference, University of York, June 2013; ‘Romantic Imports and Exports’, British Association of Romantic Studies Conference, University of Southampton, July 2013; Bill Overton Memorial Conference on Eighteenth-Century Poetry, Loughborough University, September 2013; British Society for Eighteenth- Century Studies Annual Conference, St Hugh’s College, Oxford University, January 2014; ‘John Clare in Space’ Conference, Oxford Brookes University, May 2014. There are several people who have advised and supported me in this academic endeavour, and whom I would like to thank. I am grateful to Michael Fontes, the teacher who introduced me to Clare. At the University of Cambridge, I benefitted from the tuition and encouragement of Corinna Russell, Robert Macfarlane, Christopher Burlinson and Heather Glen during my undergraduate studies, and Fred Parker, Mina Gorji and Philip Connell during my master’s degree. At Queen Mary, my secondary supervisor Anne Janowitz has been crucial in the development of my ideas. Markman 6 Ellis and the various members of the Queen Mary Eighteenth-Century Reading Group have always been encouraging and helpful. Thanks to Frank Brinkley, who proof-read part of this thesis for the purposes of spelling and grammar. I would also like to thank, for their help in various ways, Paul Hamilton, Sam Solnick, Peter Howarth, Michael Rossington, Gavin Edwards and the staff of the Literary Review. My greatest debt, however, is to my main supervisor Andrew Lincoln, who has been such a tireless, generous and positive influence throughout this project. I feel incredibly fortunate to have worked under his supervision. On a personal note, my friends Henry Eliot, Matthew Evans and Tom Kingsley accompanied me in retracing Clare’s 80-mile walk from Epping Forest to Northborough in the middle of a July heatwave in 2013. Their enthusiasm and good humour kept me stumbling along in the most painful, blister-bitten moments, and the result was an exhilarating and moving experience that reinvigorated my appreciation of Clare. Finally, I would like to thank Louise Blackwood and my parents, Peter and Elinor Williams; without their support and care, this project would never have reached completion. Thomas Williams Queen Mary, University of London June 2014 7 Abbreviations and Conventions Autobiographical Writings John Clare’s Autobiographical Writings, ed. by Eric Robinson (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1983) By Himself John Clare By Himself, ed. by Eric Robinson and David Powell (Ashington and Manchester: Mid-Northumberland Arts Group and Carcanet, 1996) CFTP John Clare, A Champion for the Poor: Political Verse and Prose, ed. by P. M. S. Dawson, Eric Robinson and David Powell (Ashington and Manchester: Mid Northumberland Arts Group and Carcanet Press, 2000) Cottage Tales John Clare, Cottage Tales, ed. by Eric Robinson, David Powell and P. M. S. Dawson (Ashington and Manchester: Mid-Northumberland Arts Group and Carcanet, 1993) Critical Heritage John Clare: The Critical Heritage, ed. by Mark Storey (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973) Eg. MS British Library, Egerton Manuscript EP The Early Poems of John Clare, 1804–1822, ed. by Eric Robinson, David Powell and Margaret Grainger, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) JCSJ John Clare Society Journal (Peterborough: The John Clare Society, 1982–present) Letters The Letters of John Clare, ed. by Mark Storey (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985) LP The Later Poems of John Clare, 1837–1864, ed. by Eric Robinson, David Powell and Margaret Grainger, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) MP John Clare, Poems of the Middle Period, 1822–1837, ed. by Eric Robinson, David Powell and P. M. S. Dawson, 5 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996–2003) NHPW The Natural History Prose Writings of John Clare, ed. by Margaret Grainger (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983) Nor. MS Northampton Manuscript, held at Northampton Central Library 8 Northampton Catalogue [Powell, David], Catalogue of the John Clare Collection in the Northampton Public Library (Northampton: Northampton Public Libraries, 1964) Pet. MS Peterborough Manuscript, held at Peterborough Central Library Prose The Prose of John Clare, ed. by J. W. and Anne Tibble (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951) References to Clare’s poems are cited within the text, where it is not intrusive to do so, by page number or line number as appropriate. The Egerton Manuscripts are cited using folio (fol.) numbers. Citations of newspapers and periodicals only contain page references when the publication provides page numbers. For the most part, I have not corrected Clare’s spelling or punctuation, though square brackets are used to indicate missing words or letters that have been inserted either by the editors of the quoted editions or by myself, for the purposes of clarity. I have not inserted ‘[sic]’ into any quotations
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