DOCSLIB.ORG

Botryosphaeria-Related Dieback and Control Investigated in Noncoastal California Grapevines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Botryosphaeria-Related Dieback and Control Investigated in Noncoastal California Grapevines RESEARCH ARTICLE ▼ Botryosphaeria-related dieback and control investigated in noncoastal California grapevines by Lynn Epstein, Sukhwinder Kaur and Jean S. VanderGheynst Dieback, or “dead arm,” in noncoastal runk and cordon cankers that cause the ribosomal DNA (called ITS), was California grapevines is most com- vine dieback are serious economic routinely isolated from the margins of monly caused by Botryosphaeria spp. problemsT in vines 12 years and older. cankers in woody tissue in all parts of Using Koch’s postulates, we demon- Vines are infected, at least primarily, the vines. B. dothidea, B. stevensii and through pruning wounds. Historically, E. lata were also occasionally isolated. strated that isolates of B. obtusa are dieback in California vineyards was at- Except for a loss of vigor in shoots pathogenic on grapevines. We initi- tributed to the fungus Eutypa lata, but adjacent to cankered regions, the vines ated studies to investigate the life cy- many of the vines, particularly in the were relatively free of foliar symptoms. cle of B. obtusa and ways to control it Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, Nonetheless, in springtime some vines are actually infected by fungi in the with multiple dead spurs had de- with cultural practices. Fungal spores genus Botryosphaeria (Urbez-Torres et al. formed, chlorotic (yellow) leaves consis- disseminated by rainstorms were 2006); cankers caused by Botryosphaeria tent with symptoms of Eutypa dieback. collected in traps in an Arbuckle vine- spp. are called “Bot canker.” In all 21 vines with foliar symptoms sampled, only B. obtusa was isolated yard from December 2006 through Signs of disease on grapevines from the margins of discolored woody spring 2007. The data suggests that Between fall 2004 and spring 2007, tissue. B. obtusa was rain-disseminated we monitored ‘Zinfandel’ grapevines B. obtusa pycnidia were observed, throughout winter and spring, and in Arbuckle, Calif., in an approximately generally infrequently and at low den- that pycnidia on deadwood in the 18-year-old vineyard with many dead sity, on the surface of completely dead spurs and cordons (arms of a grape- wood on vines. (Pycnidia are fl ask- vines is a major source of inoculum vine). Our sampling included the exten- shaped structures that contain conidia, for new infections. Transmission sive dissection of 36 vines in decline. which are asexual spores.) In contrast, may also be possible via vegetative There were two predominant signs of pycnidia were observed frequently on disease in woody tissue: a brownish, of- propagation, pruning shears and prunings and detached wood on the ten wedge-shaped necrosis (dead tissue) vineyard fl oor. Individual pycnidia are insects. Durable latex paints were in- in cross-sections of cankered regions, black and approximately 0.01 inch (0.25 vestigated for protecting pruning and and dark brown to blackish streaks in millimeter) in diameter. They are gen- surgical wounds; a self-priming latex longitudinal sections of wood adjacent erally aggregated but sometimes sepa- to pruning wounds. B. obtusa, identi- rate. When fi rst formed, the pycnidia paint was shown to be an effective fi ed by a combination of microscopy are submerged in wood, but as they barrier and was nonphytotoxic. and DNA sequencing of a portion of mature they erupt above the trunk sur- Pycnidia of Botryosphaeria obtusa form on prunings on the vineyard fl oor. Left, B. obtusa pycnidia are primarily clustered in aggregates (white outline) with some separate individual pycnidia (circle). Right, immature pycnidium (IP) are still partially buried in the plant tissue; mature pycnidium (MP) before spore release; and discharged pycnidium (DP). Microscopic examination of spores is required to identify pycnidia as B. obtusa rather than other Botryosphaeria spp. http://CaliforniaAgriculture.ucop.edu • OctOBER–DEcEMBER 2008 161 Stands were used to collect fungal spores disseminated in rainstorms. Left, each stand had a funnel under the cordon for estimating available inoculum within the vine, and a plate on the ground (2.5 inches high by 20 inches wide) at a 45º angle to collect In a pathogenicity test, Botryosphaeria obtusa splash from debris; right, stands also had two tented plates (8 inches high by 12 caused a wedge-shaped lesion. inches wide), which were designed to collect wind-blown rain. face. After conidia are released during to black streaks in a longitudinal sec- vines and constructed plates to collect rainy weather and disseminated via tion. B. obtusa isolates are pathogenic, wind-blown rain. Four replicate spore wind-blown rain, the empty pycnidial and B. obtusa grows more quickly in collectors were placed in each of two cavities remain on the plant surface. woody tissue than E. lata (table 1). Our fields on Dec. 1, 2006, and removed B. obtusa pycnidia were never observed results are in agreement with other on May 8, 2007. In order to inhibit on grape berries, and no sexual spores reports in which B. obtusa and other germination during collection, the of either Botryosphaeria spp. or E. lata Botryosphaeria spp. are identified as im- receptacle bottles contained sufficient were ever observed. portant grapevine pathogens (Leavitt acetic acid for a final concentration of and Munnecke 1987; Phillips 1998, 2002; 12% or more. Rainwater (figs. 1D-G) Pathogenicity of B. obtusa Savocchia et al. 2007; van Niekerk et al. and prunings on the ground (figs. 1B- When we started our work, the liter- 2004, 2006). C) were collected. After rainwater was ature was unclear on whether B. obtusa filtered through membrane filters with Life cycle of B. obtusa in a vineyard isolates are pathogenic or saprophytic grids, conidia were quantified micro- (living on dead tissue). To test for Spore dissemination. Rain is critical scopically at 100×. Weather data were pathogenicity, own-rooted ‘Cabernet in the life cycle of Botryosphaeria spp. obtained from an on-farm monitoring Sauvignon’ with stems approximately at several stages, including the oozing station and the Nickel’s Soil Laboratory 0.7 inch in diameter were inoculated in of conidia out of the pycnidia and then in Arbuckle (fig. 1A). the greenhouse with a disc of fungal the dissemination of conidia in wind- B. obtusa was observed in all rain- mycelium (a mass of fungal hyphae) blown rain. To monitor spores (the re- water collections; other Botryosphaeria into a wound 5 inches above the soil. productive cells) quantitatively in the spp. and E. lata were occasionally ob- After 1 year the plants were examined, vineyard, we used funnels under the served. The most spores were trapped Koch’s postulates were completed and the experiment was repeated with TABLE 1. Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeria obtusa isolates from Arbuckle, Calif. similar results. (Koch’s postulates are a process that allows one to conclude Inoculation* Mean lesion length ± SEM† Replicate isolates that a particular organism causes a inches no. particular disease.) Botryosphaeria obtusa 20 ± 0.8 a 3 The greenhouse pathogenicity test Eutypa lata 14 ± 0.8 b 2 produced the two major symptoms that Mock-inoculated control 7 ± 0.8 c 2 we had observed in the field in infected * ’Cabernet Sauvignon’ own-rooted cuttings were inoculated on June 2, 2005, and examined 1 year later. wood: a brownish, wedge-shaped ne- † Six determinations per isolate and three determinations for each mock-inoculated control, each on a separate vine. The F-test P value = 0.0009. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different by tukey’s HD, α = 0.05. crosis in a cross-section and brownish 162 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 62, NUMBER 4 2 80 Pycnidia/in : A 1 icon/column = < 5, Immature, below surface 70 2 icons/column = 5–30, and Mature, before release 60 3 icons/column = > 30 pycnidia After spore release 50 B (current prunings) 40 Avg. temp. (ºF) Avg. Dec. 15 pruning 30 ▲ Fig. 1. Biological and meteorological data 1.00 * from a vineyard in Arbuckle, Calif., between 0.75 Dec. 2, 2006 (Julian day −30), and May 8, 2007 C (old prunings and dead wood) (Julian day 128) (Julian dates start with 1 on 0.50 Jan. 1 of each year). (A) Daily precipitation and average air temperature. (B, C) Development Rain (inches) 0.25 and abundance of pycnidia on (B) current 0 prunings (* indicates Dec. 15 pruning); and (C) D (vine drip/sanitation) E (vine drip/no sanitation) old prunings and dead wood on the vineyard 30 floor. Prunings were partially submerged in soil and partially exposed; examinations occurred 25 each day that spores were collected. Icons are not shown on examination dates when 20 there were no changes from the previous date. New pycnidia were produced on older 15 prunings and wood in multiple years. (D–G) Means ± SE of rainstorm-disseminated spores 10 retrieved in various collectors in a field trial Conidia (thousands) with (D, F) surgical removal of deadwood in 5 the vines, painting of all surgical and pruning 0 wounds and sanitation of pruning debris on the ground, and (E, G) without these measures. F (wind-blown/sanitation) G (wind-blown/no sanitation) (D, E) Total number of Botryosphaeria obtusa 50 conidia collected in a 7.25-inch-diameter funnel 2 below the vine. (F, G) Wind-blown B. obtusa 40 conidia collected on plates facing north, south, east and west. 30 Conidia per in 20 in collectors designed for within-vine drip under an infected cordon in a “no 10 sanitation,” area; that is, with neither surgical removal of infected wood, –30 –10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 –30 –10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 painting of pruning wounds or burial Julian day Julian day of prunings (fig. 1E). Conidial dis- semination occurred throughout the pruning period and into the springtime conidia also were collected in angled trunks in springtime.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Ascomycetes Associated with Grapevine Dieback in Algeria
    Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 11, No.2 2015 New Ascomycetes Associated with Grapevine Dieback in Algeria Faiza Ammad1,2, Messaoud Benchabane2 and Mohamed Toumi1 ABSTRACT This study was conducted during spring 2012 to detect the causal organism (s) responsible for a new grapevine dieback disease in Algeria. Samples of grapevine wood were collected from 10 grapevine fields located in two regions (Medea and Tipaza). Several fungi were isolated from the margin between healthy and diseased tissues. Botryosphaeria spp, were identified based on the morphological characteristics of the culture and confirmed by Beta tubulin (ß-tubulin) region. The sequences submitted to the GenBank (NCBI) under accession numbers (KC960991)( HQ660477)( AY236931), revealed 99-100% homology. Other fungal species Entoleuca mammata and Rosellinia merrilli. were also isolated at low frequency. Inoculation In vitro of grapevine plantlets, with the two Botryosphaeriaceae species, produced smallest necrosis after five-week incubation; Botryosphaeria obtsusa (Diplodia seriata) were virulent compared with B. dothidea. The species tested were re-isolated from necrosis symptoms on infected plantlets . Keywords: Algeria, grapevine dieback, Phylogenetic analysis, Pathogenicity test. INTRODUCTION Eutypa. lata, and longitudinal brown streakings along the affected tissues (Castillo-Pando et al., 2001; Taylor et al., Black dead arm (BDA) is a frequent trunk disease of 2005). BDA foliar symptoms reported by Larignon and grapevine occurring in vineyards all over the world that Dubos (2001), include an early red or yellow-orange patchy leads to a slow decline and the death of the plant. However, discoloration of the leaves (in red- and white-berried grape it is the cause of fatal decline in vine producing countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytotoxins Produced by Fungi Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases
    Toxins 2011, 3, 1569-1605; doi:10.3390/toxins3121569 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Review Phytotoxins Produced by Fungi Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases Anna Andolfi 1,*, Laura Mugnai 2,*, Jordi Luque 3, Giuseppe Surico 2, Alessio Cimmino 1 and Antonio Evidente 1 1 Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell’Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici I-80055, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (A.E.) 2 Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione Protezione delle piante, Università degli Studi di Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, Firenze I-50144, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Departament de Patologia Vegetal, IRTA, Ctra. de Cabrils km 2, Cabrils E-08348, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (L.M.); Tel.: +39-081-2539-179 (A.A.); +39-055-3288-274 (L.M.); Fax: +39-081-2539-186 (A.A.); +39-055-3288-273 (L.M.). Received: 8 November 2011; in revised form: 29 November 2011 / Accepted: 30 November 2011 / Published: 20 December 2011 Abstract: Up to 60 species of fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, genera Cadophora, Cryptovalsa, Cylindrocarpon, Diatrype, Diatrypella, Eutypa, Eutypella, Fomitiporella, Fomitiporia, Inocutis, Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella have been isolated from decline-affected grapevines all around the World. The main grapevine trunk diseases of mature vines are Eutypa dieback, the esca complex and cankers caused by the Botryospheriaceae, while in young vines the main diseases are Petri and black foot diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Fruit Diseases Appearing at Harvest by John Hartman
    University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food & Environment Extension Plant Pathology College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Cooperative Extension Service Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS-FR-T-02 Fruit Diseases of Apple Nicole W. Gauthier Extension Plant Pathologist Importance Primary Fruit Rots Apple fruit diseases can cause significant losses in Bitter Rot (Colletotrichum acutatum complex, yield and quality. Often, these diseases go unnoticed C. gloeosporioides complex) until just prior to harvest, during harvest, or after Bitter rot infections produce sunken, circular brown fruit has been stored. Although there are no curative spots (Figure 1) that may be surrounded by a red halo. treatments for infected fruit, many diseases can be As lesions expand, spores (conidia) or spore-bearing prevented with cultural practices and (optional) structures (acervuli) appear in concentric circles fungicides. Accurate diagnosis, however, is critical (Figures 1 & 2). The most common forms of bitter to determine the best management practices and to rot (caused by species in the C. acutatum complex) prevent future losses. develop exuding spore masses that may take on a slight orange or pink color. Fruit decay extends from Following is an overview of the various fruit diseases the outer skin into the flesh to form a cone-shaped that occur on apple in Kentucky. Bitter rot, black rot, rot (Figure 3). Infections can occur as early as bloom and white rot cause the most serious damage, while or petal fall, but symptom development may be other diseases, such as apple scab, cedar-quince delayed until later in the season. In Kentucky, bitter rust, powdery mildew, and sooty blotch/flyspeck, are rot symptoms can occur as early as mid-June and as less frequent and less damaging.
    [Show full text]
  • Grapevine Botryosphaeria Dieback Fungi Have Specific Aggressiveness
    Grapevine Botryosphaeria dieback fungi have specific aggressiveness factor repertory involved in wood decay and stilbene metabolization Elodie Stempien, Mary-Lorène Goddard, Kim Wilhelm, Céline Tarnus, Christophe Bertsch, Julie Chong To cite this version: Elodie Stempien, Mary-Lorène Goddard, Kim Wilhelm, Céline Tarnus, Christophe Bertsch, et al.. Grapevine Botryosphaeria dieback fungi have specific aggressiveness factor repertory involved in wood decay and stilbene metabolization. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2017, 12 (12), pp.e0188766. 10.1371/journal.pone.0188766. hal-02106555 HAL Id: hal-02106555 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02106555 Submitted on 23 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. RESEARCH ARTICLE Grapevine Botryosphaeria dieback fungi have specific aggressiveness factor repertory involved in wood decay and stilbene metabolization Elodie Stempien1☯, Mary-Lorène Goddard1,2☯, Kim Wilhelm1,2, CeÂline Tarnus2, Christophe Bertsch1, Julie Chong1* a1111111111 1 Universite de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Colmar, France, 2 Universite de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, Mulhouse, France a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract Grapevine trunk diseases: Eutypa dieback, esca and Botryosphaeria dieback, which inci- OPEN ACCESS dence has increased recently, are associated with several symptoms finally leading to the Citation: Stempien E, Goddard M-L, Wilhelm K, plant death.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae
    STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 55: 235–253. 2006. Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae Pedro W. Crous1*, Bernard Slippers2, Michael J. Wingfield2, John Rheeder3, Walter F.O. Marasas3, Alan J.L. Philips4, Artur Alves5, Treena Burgess6, Paul Barber6 and Johannes Z. Groenewald1 1Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, South Africa; 3PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, 7505 Tygerberg, South Africa; 4Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; 5Centro de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; 6School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, WA, Australia *Correspondence: Pedro W. Crous, [email protected] Abstract: Botryosphaeria is a species-rich genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, commonly associated with dieback and cankers of woody plants. As many as 18 anamorph genera have been associated with Botryosphaeria, most of which have been reduced to synonymy under Diplodia (conidia mostly ovoid, pigmented, thick-walled), or Fusicoccum (conidia mostly fusoid, hyaline, thin-walled). However, there are numerous conidial anamorphs having morphological characteristics intermediate between Diplodia and Fusicoccum, and there are several records of species outside the Botryosphaeriaceae that have anamorphs apparently typical of Botryosphaeria s.str. Recent studies have also linked Botryosphaeria to species with pigmented, septate ascospores, and Dothiorella anamorphs, or Fusicoccum anamorphs with Dichomera synanamorphs. The aim of this study was to employ DNA sequence data of the 28S rDNA to resolve apparent lineages within the Botryosphaeriaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Fungi Causing Twig Blight Diseases on Peach Trees in South Carolina Martha Jennie Hudgins Froelich Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 12-2018 Investigation of Fungi Causing Twig Blight Diseases on Peach Trees in South Carolina Martha Jennie Hudgins Froelich Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Recommended Citation Froelich, Martha Jennie Hudgins, "Investigation of Fungi Causing Twig Blight Diseases on Peach Trees in South Carolina" (2018). All Theses. 2983. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/2983 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVESTIGATION OF FUNGI CAUSING TWIG BLIGHT DISEASES ON PEACH TREES IN SOUTH CAROLINA A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Plant and Environmental Sciences by Martha Jennie Hudgins Froelich December 2018 Accepted by: Dr. Guido Schnabel, Committee Chair Dr. Ksenija Gasic Dr. Julia Kerrigan ABSTRACT In 2016, fungal pathogens causing twig blight disease were isolated from symptomatic one-year-old shoots from peach orchards in 6 locations in South Carolina. Four twig blight pathogens, which included Phomopsis amygdali, Botryosphaeria obtusa, Leucostoma persoonii, and Cytospora sp., were isolated. L. persoonii was isolated in the highest frequency, followed by P. amygdali and B. obtusa. All pathogens were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl (FRAC 1), pyraclostrobin, and azoxystrobin (both FRAC 11). However, they were not sensitive to boscalid and fluopyram (both FRAC 7). L. persoonii exhibited less sensitivity to difenoconazole and propiconazole (both FRAC 3) while P.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycosphere Essays 5: Is It Important to Name Species of Botryosphaeriaceae?
    Mycosphere 7 (7): 870–882 (2016) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article– special issue Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/si/1b/3 Copyright © Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences Mycosphere Essays 5: Is it important to name species of Botryosphaeriaceae? Chethana KWT1,2, Phillips AJL3, Zhang W1, Chen Z1, Hao YY4, Hyde KD2, Li XH1,* and Yan JY1,* 1 Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China 2 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Bio systems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal 4The Yellow River Delta Sustainable Development Institute of Shandong Province, Dongying 257091, People’s Republic of China Chethana KWT, Phillips AJL, Zhang W, Chen Z, Hao YY, Hyde KD, Li XH, Yan JY 2016 – Mycosphere Essays 5: Is it important to name species of Botryosphaeriaceae?. Mycosphere 7(7), 870–882, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/si/1b/3 Abstract Botryosphaeriaceae is species rich family comprising numerous plant pathogens and endophytes. Due to their importance, many studies have focused on this family and as a result, the family, genera and species are relatively well defined. Plant pathologists as well as workers involved in the agricultural and forestry sections rely heavily on accurate information concerning species. Scientific names are the primary means of communication concerning these fungal taxa. Names are linked to information such as their biology, ecological niches, distribution, possible threats and even control measures. Hence, naming Botryosphaeriacae species is of utmost importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Susceptibility of Selected Apple Cultivars to Fruit Rot Caused
    PLANT PATHOLOGY HORTSCIENCE 39(2):303–306. 2004. juniperi-virginianae) (Kiyomoto et al., 1998; Rosenberger et al., 1996; Yoder et al., 1997), white rot (caused by B. dothidea) (Biggs and Relative Susceptibility of Selected Miller, 2003), and bitter rot (caused by Colle- totrichum acutatum) (Biggs and Miller, 2001). Apple Cultivars to Fruit Rot Caused The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative susceptibility of apple cultivars to the by Botryosphaeria obtusa black rot pathogen, B. obtusa. 1 Alan R. Biggs Materials and Methods West Virginia University, Kearneysville Tree Fruit Research and Education Center, P.O. Box 609, Kearneysville, WV 25430 Test planting. The 23 apple cultivars se- lected for the NE-183 project were budded Stephen S. Miller2 on M.9 337 rootstock. Trees were planted in USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, north–south oriented rows in Apr. 1995 at a spacing of 2.5 m × 4.3 m using a mechanical tree Kearneysville, WV 25430 planter. The design was a randomized complete Additional index words. Malus ×domestica, black rot, cultivar evaluation, disease block with five single-tree plots per cultivar. susceptibility Drive middles were planted with Kentucky-31 fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and a weed-free Abstract. Twenty-three apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars were tested in the field and strip (1 m wide in 1995; 2 m wide in the remain- laboratory for their relative susceptibility to the black rot pathogen, Botryosphaeria obtusa. ing years) was maintained in the tree row using Wounded fruit were inoculated in the field at 2 to 3 weeks preharvest with mycelium from paraquat plus oryzalin at recommended rates 14- to 21-day-old cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Redisposition of Species from the Guignardia Sexual State of Phyllosticta Wulandari NF1, 2*, Bhat DJ3, and To-Anun C1*
    Plant Pathology & Quarantine 4 (1): 45–85 (2014) ISSN 2229-2217 www.ppqjournal.org Article PPQ Copyright © 2014 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/ppq/4/1/6 Redisposition of species from the Guignardia sexual state of Phyllosticta Wulandari NF1, 2*, Bhat DJ3, and To-anun C1* 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2Microbiology Division, Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong Science Centre, Cibinong, Indonesia. 3Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa-403 206, India Wulandari NF, Bhat DJ and To-anun C. 2014 – Redisposition of species from the Guignardia sexual state of Phyllosticta. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 4(1), 45-85, Doi 10.5943/ppq/4/1/6. Abstract Several species named in the genus “Guignardia” have been transferred to other genera before the commencement of this study. Two families and genera to which species are transferred are Botryosphaeriaceae (Botryosphaeria, Vestergrenia, Neodeightonia) and Hyphonectriaceae (Hyponectria). In this paper, new combinations reported include Botryosphaeria cocöes (Petch) Wulandari, comb. nov., Vestergrenia atropurpurea (Chardón) Wulandari, comb. nov., V. dinochloae (Rehm) Wulandari, comb. nov., V. tetrazygiae (Stevens) Wulandari, comb. nov., while six taxa are synonymized with known species of Phyllosticta, viz. Phyllosticta effusa (Rehm) Sacc.[(= Botryosphaeria obtusae (Schw.) Shoemaker], Phyllosticta sophorae Kantshaveli [= Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenbacher & Duggar], Phyllosticta haydenii (Berk. & M.A. Kurtis) Arx & E. Müller [= Botryosphaeria zeae (Stout) von Arx & E. Müller], Phyllosticta justiciae F. Stevens [= Vestergrenia justiciae (F. Stevens) Petr.], Phyllosticta manokwaria K.D. Hyde [= Neodeightonia palmicola J.K Liu, R. Phookamsak & K. D. Hyde] and Phyllosticta rhamnii Reusser [= Hyponectria cf.
    [Show full text]
  • PWV Jan/Feb 2005 Final
    1 JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2005 GRAPEGROWING RESEARCH UPDATE Grapevine trunk diseases in California BY W. D. Gubler, P.E. Rolshausen, F. P. Trouillase, J. R. Urbez, T. Voegel Dept. of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA G. M. Leavitt, University of California Cooperative Extension, Madera, CA E. A. Weber, University of California Cooperative Extension, Napa, CA rapevine trunk diseases are responsible for significant eco- nomic losses to the wine industry Gworldwide. Symptoms of these diseases include dead spurs, arms, and cordons and eventual vine death due to canker formation in the vascular tis- sue. In Eutypa dieback, deformed leaves and shoots occur as the pathogen invades spur positions. As cankers develop, yield reductions occur due to the loss of productive wood. The impact of grapevine wood diseases can be significant in older for most canker development in California Figure I: Fruiting bodies (perithecia) of E. vineyards, and usually becomes more vineyards. However, recent findings have lata on a grapevine previously grafted for variety change. The large pruning wound severe as vineyards become older. highlighted the importance of other fungi favored formation of E. lata perithecia on Eutypa dieback, caused by Eutypa lata involved in the death and decline of the dead trunk of the old variety. was originally thought to be responsible grapevines in California. In this regard, Botryosphaeria species have also been recovered from cankers, and were determined to be the main cause of canker diseases in some California vineyards. Recent research has also indicated the occurrence of several new fungal trunk disease pathogens of grapevine belong- ing to the family Diatrypaceae (the same family as Eutypa).
    [Show full text]
  • Frogeye Leaf Spot & Black Rot of Apple
    University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Plant Pathology Extension COOPEratIVE EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVErsITY OF KENtuckY COllEGE OF AGRIculturE, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PPFS-FR-T-03 Frogeye Leaf Spot & Black Rot of Apple Nicole Ward Gauthier, Extension Plant Pathologist Paul Andrew Rideout, County Extension Agent Introduction Black rot and frogeye are common names of an apple disease that occurs in three phases: (1) leaf infections result in frogeye leaf spot, while (2) fruit rot and (3) branch infections are referred to as black rot. All three phases can cause significant damage in Kentucky home and commercial orchards. Symptoms Frogeye Leaf Spot Tiny, purplish specks appearing on foliage are the first indications of frogeye leaf spot. Enlarging spots are circular and 1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter. Spot centers become tan with dark brown to purplish margins, giving spots a frogeye appearance (Figure 1). Fungal reproductive structures (pycnidia) may develop in spot centers; they are visible as tiny black specks, but may best be seen with a hand lens. Pycnidia are filled with spores that are the source of continued infections. As leaf spots become FIGURE 1. FROGEYE LEAF SPOT RESULTS IN CIRCILAR LESIONS THAT HAVE TAN CENTERS AND DARKDER MARGINS. more numerous and coalesce, leaves yellow and fall prematurely. it is often characterized by a series of concentric rings alternating from black to brown; pycnidia Black Rot Fruit Rot appear as black dots scattered over decayed fruit Fruit infections, which may follow frogeye leaf surfaces. Eventually, rotted fruits dry up, shrivel, spot, usually begin in the blossom (calyx) end of and mummify, sometimes hanging on trees until developing fruit (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]