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Volume 5, Number 1 Fall(Winter, 1996

A Richard Wright Bibliography Supplement

Keneth Kinnamon © K.K.

No portion of this text may be reproduced in any manner without permission from the author. A RICHARD WRIGHT BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1986 by Keneth Kinnamon

Highlighted by Joyce A. Joyce's Richard Wright's Art of Tragedy and the . special Callaloo issue edited by Maryemma Graham, 1986 was an extraordinary year for Wright studies. Joyce's emphasis is on Wright's artistry in achieving a tragic effect in Native Son. This book belongs on the required reading list of anyone with a serious interest in our author. The same can be said of Graham's rich collection of some of the best papers delivered at the Mississippi symposium in 1985. Especially distinguished are Robert Bone on Wright and the "Chicago Renaissance"; Thadious Davis's comparison of Wright to that other great Mississippi novelist, William Faulkner; Miriam DeCosta Willis's classification of black women characters in Wright's fiction; Donald B. Gibson's careful analysis of the first chapter of Black Boy; James Miller 's Bakhtinian approach to Native Son; John Reilly's exploration of the relation of history to autobiography in The Color Curtain; and Jerry Ward's thoughtful assessment of past and future Wright scholarship. Notable articles also appeared elsewhere: William Burrison, Yoshinobu Hakutani, and Arnold Rampersad on Lawd Today; Robert Butler, Tony Magistrale, and Louis Tremaine on Native Son; Jacob Howland and Keneth Kinnamon on Black liQy; Dasha Nisula on The Outsider; and John Loftis on "The Man Who Was Almost a Man." At the end of the year the new film version of Native Son was released, occasioning a spate of reviews, mostly unfavorable. Finally, Frank E. Smith's publication of a 1937 letter from Wright to Dale Mullen, editor of a literary magazine in Oxford, Mississippi, reminds us of how acutely needed is a collection of Wright's correspondence. . 1986 Native Son." New York: Harper & Row . Flyer providing free admission to 1. Andrews, William L. To ~ S the New York screening of the Free Story: The First Century Qf film NS. Afro-American Autobiography. ~ 1865. Urbana: University of 9. Appiah, Anthony. "Are We Ethnic? Illinois Press, p. 291. The Theory and Practice of American Mentions briefly sa. Pluralism." ~ American Literature Forum, 20 (Spring 2. Anon. "About the Author," in Summer), 209-224. Going to the Territory. By Ralph Review of Beyond Ethnicity: Ellison. New York: Random House, Consent and Descent in American p. 339. Culture mentioning Wbriefly (p. Biographical sketch of Ellison 216). mentioning Wbriefly. 10. Axelrod, Rise B., and Charles R. 3. Anon. Arts ~ Humanities Citation Cooper. "Narrative," in their The Index, 1985. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: St. Martin's Guide to Writing. Short Institute for Scientific edition. New York: St. Martin's Information, pp. 11418-11419. Press, pp. 386-403. Lists sixty-four items s.v. Reprint of 1985.15. WRIGHT R, not all on W. 11. Baker, Miriam, Donald Mcquade, 4. Anon. Index Translationum 34. and Nancy Sommers. "Richard Wright , Paris: UNESCO, pp. 89, 366, 807. 'Discovering Books,'" in their Lists translations of BB into Instructor's Manual to Accompany German and Finnish and 8H into Student Writers st Work and Student Russian. Writers st Work and in the Company of Other Writers. New York: St. 5. Anon. "Kaffir Boy by Mark Martin's Press, pp. 137-138. Mathabane." The Nation, 242 (3 May), Pedagogical notes on an excerpt 623. from sa. Advertisement claiming that "if Richard Wright had grown up in 12. [Baym, Nina]. "American South Africa, this is the book he Literature Between the Wars, 1914- would have written." 1945," in ill Norton Anthology of American Literature. Second edition, 6. Anon. "MisSissippi Writers Share shorter. Ed. Nina Baym et al. New Childhood Memories." The Southern York: Norton, pp. 1637-1671. Register, 4 (Winter/Spring), 3-4. Reprint of 1985.22. Notes W's inclusion in Mississippi Writers: Reflections 13. Bellman, Samuel Irving. "The Qf Childhood and Youth. American Short Story 1900-1945: A Critical History, edited by Philip 7. Anon. "This Week's N. Y. Stevick." Studies in Short Fiction, Showcase." Variety (31 December), p. 23 (Winter), 124-125. 10. Review mentioning Wbriefly. Reports gross receipts of $110,000 for the new liS film 14. Benson, Peter. Black Orpheus, during the first week. Transition, and Modern Cultural Awakening in Africa. Berkeley and 8. Anon. "Your invitation to see Los Angeles: University of 2 California Press~ pp. 25, 26. patrons (Embree, Rosenwald, Notes coverage in Black Orpheus Stark), and its journals of the W-Cesaire debate and (Abbott's Monthly, Lgf1 Front, comments on Ulli Beier's New Challenge, and NggrQ Story) . discussion in the same magazine Whereas the Harlem Renaissance of aa and BP. looked back to folklore and the Southern past, the Chicago group , 15. Bernstein, Margaret. "Breaking under W, looked toward the urban Hollywood's Race Barrier." USA ~ future and existential freedom. (30 December), pp. 10-20. Notes that the 1986 film version 20. Bradley, David. "On Rereading of NS has been criticized for its 'Native Son. "' I.hg New York Times "negative images of blacks." Magazine, 7 December, pp. 68, 70 , 71, 74, 78-79. 16. Berry, Faith. "A Question of Relates his four readings of the Publishers and a Question of novel over a period of fifteen Audience." The Black Scholar, 17 years. He originally hated it: (March-April), 41-49. "The plot was improbable, the Mentions Margaret Walker's narrative voice intrusive, the biography of Wand notes prurient language often stilted and the interests of some early white characters ... were stereotypical readers of NS. beyond belief" (p. 70). Even worse, Bigger's brutality was 17. Blau, Robert. "Starring Role a repulsive. The realization that Labor of Love." Ch i cago Tr i bune (10 whites thought Bigger plausible Apr i l), Sec. 5, pp. 1,3. was frightening. Bradley final ly Article on Victor Love, who plays regarded NS as a book of its Bigger in the film ~. Contrasts time, a sad reminder of the the actor with his privileged racism of the past and the middle -class background to blurred vision it created. Also Bigger. comments on BB and NS . Repr i nted: 1988 18. Bloom, Alexander. Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their 21. Brotman, Barbara . "New ' Native World. New York: Oxford University Son' Sad Old Truth to Guests. " Press, pp. 59, 65. Chicago Tribune (11 December), Sec. Mentions Wearly in his career. 2, pp. 1, 4. Interviews with members of the 19. Bone, Robert. "Richard Wright audience at the premier of the and the Chicago Renaissance." film ~, a benefit for the United Callaloo, 9 (Summer), 446-468. Negro College Fund. Most Argues for a Chicago Renaissance confirmed the work's portrayal of (1935-1950) following the Harlem racism in Chicago. Renaissance (1920-1935) as an integral part of African American 22. Brown, Beth. "A Daughter's literary history. Wwas its Geography. By Ntozake Shange; Black central figure and guiding Women Writers g1 Work. By Claudia spirit, but Bone deals also with Tate; Qyr Ni9i ~ Sketches from the its other creative writers, its Life .Qf ~ Free Black. Ed. Henry social milieu of migrants, its Louis Gates." ill Journal, 29 sociological connections (Park, (March), 378-386 . Wirth, Cayton, Drake), its Mentions briefly W in Ntozake

3 Shange's poem "Take the A Train." Wuses colors (especially green), numbers (especially three), and 23. Burns, Edward, ed. ~ Letters objects as devices to enhance of Gertrude .s..t.tln and Y.rl m this pattern. The novel is yechten, 1913-1946. Vo-l~ · 2. New structurally sound, balancing York: Colu~~ia University Press, pp. comic and tragic elements. 768, 769, 771, 772, 775-776, 778, 780, 781, 784, 786, 788-789, 790, 27. Butler, Robert James. "The 796, 798, 806, 808, 811, 816, 819- Function of Violence in Richard 823, 825, 826, 827, 829. Wright's Nat iye ~." Bill American Van Vechten and Stein comment ~jter~Jure £ru:ym, 20 (Spring extensively on Wfrom March 1945 Summer), 9-25. to Stein's death sixteen months Far from being gratuitous, later. Both express admiration violence in W's novel is for Wand his work, Stein saying carefully controlled to express of UTC that "I'm mad about it, Bigger's personality split there is a tremendous mastery in between romantic aspiration and the thing" (p. 789). By late June naturalistic entrapment. His of 1946, however, Stein is relation to Mary reveals the expressing reservations because W first, his relation to Bessie the "does not seem to me very Negro" second. In killing them, he is (p. 827). also destroying two aspects of himself. In Book Three he strives 24. Burns, Landon C., Janet P. to transcend both "shallow Alwang, and Elizabeth Buckmaster. romanticism" and "confining "The Twelfth (1985) Supplement to a naturalism" so as to achieve Cross-Referenced Index of Short wholeness, but the final scene Fiction Anthologies and Author-Title shows that he falls short. Listings." Studies in Short Fiction, 23 (Spring), 225-363. -- . - - -.-- 28. Byrd, Rudolph. "Continued Lists two items on W (p. 263). Relevance."CallaJoQ, 9 (Fall), 751- 752. 25. Burr, Nelson R. "New Eden and Favorable review of Michel New Babylon: Religious Thoughts of Fabre's Ihg WQrlQ Q[ Richard American Authors: A Bibliography Wright· ------VII." .H.istorjcaJ Magaztne .Qf w Protestant Episcopal Churc,b, 55 29. Canby, Vincent. "Screen: 'Native (September), 213-247. Son,' Based on Wright's Novel." The Notes dissertations treating Wby ~~~ Y9r~ lJmes (24 December), p. Richard Lehan (p. 217), Cynthia C14. Janis Smith (p. 244), Esther Mixed review criticizing the Alexander Terry (p. 245), Ramon film's softening of the novel, Kumar Singh (p. 245), and Evelyn but praising most of the Gross Avery (p. 245). performances. The residual power testifies "to the headlong 26. Burrison, William. "Another Look simplicity and mysterious at ~ IQdax: Richard Wright's - durability of Wright's classic" Tricky Apprenticeship." ill ~ournil, as well as to the screenplay. 29 (June), 424-441. After reviewing criticism of the 30. Chametzky, Jules. QMr novel, Burrison analyzes its Q,ej;j!.otraJi zed Lj teTaJur~ :Cu lJura 1 comic pattern of fool/trickster. M~'&'iiatioo~ in ~~les:ted ~e\t!isb anq 4 Southern Writer~. Amherst: The Argues that power is the main University of Massachusetts Press, issue between men and women in p. 9. W's fiction. "Women's power can Mentions Wbriefly. result from either their independence or dependence" (p . 31. Coles, Nicholas. "Democratizing 82), and both threaten male Literature: Issues in Teaching independence. So threatened, W' s Working-Class Literature." College male characters lash back, often English, 48 (November), 664-680. violently. Mentions briefly Wand NS (p. 675). 37. Davis, Thadious M. "Wright , Faulkner, and Mississippi as Racial 32. Colter, Cyrus. "Wright Memory." Callaloo, 9 (Summer), 469 - Revisited." Chicago Tribune (21 478. December), Sec. 14, pp. 1, 4, 10. Relates Wand Faulkner to the Sketches W's life, focusing on social and historical context of NS. Colter recalls seeing W in their native state, which they Chicago in 1936, then meeting him must reconstitute imaginatively in 1941 and attending with him and then transcend. Faulkner must and others a Marian Anderson come to terms with the past and a concert. Describes W's dress, closed society, even while demeanor, and appearance, criticizing them. Wcould ach iev e thinking "can this urbane, his human potential only by agreeable personage ... be the rejecting the state's past with man who created that native son its racism and oppression . But and archetype Bigger Thomas?" both were indelibly marked by Mississippi. 33. Couturier, Maurice. "'Le continent postmoderne': Le Nouveau 38. Davis, Ursula Broschke. Pa r is Roman americain." Les Langues Without Regret: James Baldwin, Kenny Modernes, 80, no. 3, 27-36. Clarke, Chester Himes, and Donald Mentions Wbriefly (p. 29). Byrd. Iowa City: University of Iovla Press, pp . 10-11, 12 -15, 43 , 84 , 85 - 34. Cunliffe, Marcus. The Literature 86, 91-92, 96. of the United States. Fourth Discusses the relation of Baldwin edition. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: and Himes to W. Notes that Himes Penguin Books, pp. 366-367, 386-388. considered ~ W's best novel Contrasts Wand Thomas Wolfe. "because its characters seemed Sketches W's career, mentioning real and they were absurd " (p . aa and most of the fiction. 92). 35. Davis, David Brion. "Violence in 39. DeCosta-Willis, Miriam. American Literature," in his From "Avenging Angels and Mute Mothers: Homicide to Slavery: Studies in Black Southern Women in Wright ' s American Culture. New York: Oxford Fictional World." Callaloo, 9 University Press, pp. 41-51. (Summer), 540-549. Reprint of 1966.42. Examines W's black women characters not as realistic 36. Davis, Jane. "More Force than representations, but as "the dark Human: Richard Wright's Female side of a Southern womanhood that Characters." Obsidian Ii, 1 has been violated and distorted (Winter), 68-83. in the crucible of racism and

5 sexism" (p. ~48). So considered, First Catch." Cottonwood, 38/ 39 they fall into the categories of (Summer/Fall), 7-9. the Mother Avenger (Aunt Sue), Mentions Wbriefly. the Mother Sufferer (W's own mother and Lulu), and the Earth 46. __ . "Working Girl Blues: Mother (Sarah). Mothers, Daughters, and the Image of Billie Holiday in Kristin Hunter's 40. DelFattore, Joan. "Contemporary ~ Bless 1M Child." Black American Censorship Pressures and Their Literature [Qrym, 20 (Winter), 423 - Effect on Literature Textbooks." AD.f. 442. Bulletin, No. 83 (Spring), pp. 35- Quotes briefly from BB (p. 429) . 40 . Notes that Ginn removed "the 47. Ellison, Ralph. "On Initiation first and fifth stanzas from Rites and Power: Ralph Ellison Richard Wright's "Hokku poems" Speaks at West Point," in his Going (p. 38). 1Q ~ Territory. New York: Random House, pp. 39-63. 41. Dinnerstein, Leonard. "The Reprint of 1974 Origins of Black Anti-Semitism in America." American Jewish Archives, 48. __ . "Remembering Richard 38 (November), 113-122 . Wright," in his Going to the Quotes from BB (pp . 113-114). Territory. New York: Random House, pp. 198-216. 42 . Dissanayake, Wimal. "Richard Reprint of 1984.47. Wr ight: A View from the Third Wo r ld." Callaloo, 9 (Summer), 481- 49. __ , James Thompson, Lenno x 489 . Raphael, and Steve Cannon . "' A Very Points out that W's appeal to Stern Discipline,'" in Ellison's Third World intellectuals resides Going to the Territory. New Yo rk: in "his concept of power and its Random House, pp. 275 -307 . implications for those who are Reprint of 1967.29. marginal members of society" (p. 481) . Like Foucault, Wunderstood 50. Engel, Leonard W. "Alienat ion the "need for subverting the and Identity: Richard Wright ' s dominant cultural discourse so as Outsider in 'The Man Who Lived to create a more satisfying human Underground. /II Ph i1 0 109 i ca 1 Papers, one" (p. 483). In this context 32, 72-78. Dissanayake comments on NS and aa Emphasizes W' s use of the dev ice as well as li£, ~, and HMb. of enclosure in developing his existential theme. He is indebted 43. Duff, Gerald. "Reed, Ishmael to Poe in this respect . (1938- ), " in Postmodern Fiction: A Bio-Bibliographical Guide. Ed. Larry 51. Ensslen, Klaus. "Michael G. McCaffery. Westport, Conn.: Cooke, Afro-American Literature in Greenwood, pp . 493-496. !hg Twentieth Century: Ihg Mentions Wbriefly. Achievement Qf Intimacy; Mary Frances Berry and John W. 44 . Early, Gerald. "Book Review." Blassingame, lQng Memory: The Black Obsidian 11, 1 (Winter), 162-170. Experience in America." Mentions Wbriefly (p . 168). Amerikastudien, 31, no. 4, 477-480. Review noting Cooke's treatment 45 . "Guest Editor's Note: of W. 6 52. Estes, David. C. IIAn Interview Truth: The Theory g.nQ Practice of with James Baldwin. 1I New Orleans Documentary Fiction. Ithaca, N. Y.: Review, 13 (Fall), 59-64. Cornell University Press, pp. 46, Estes mentions Wbriefly in an 108, 255, 256-257. introductory note. Comments on ~, UTC, and Was Repri nted: 1989 Harry Ames in ~ Mgn WhQ Cried 1 Am. 53. Fabre, Michel. IIRichard Wright, Negritude and African Writing,1I in 58. Franklin, V. P. "Black Marxism: European-Languge Writing in Sub The Making Qf ~ Black Radical Saharan Africa. Ed. Albert S. Tradition by Cedric Robinson . " Gerard. Vol. 2. Budapest: Akademiai phylon, 47 (Fall), 250 -251. Kiado, pp. 1155-1168. Review mentioning Wbriefly. Reprint of 1985.60. 59. Gallantz, Michael. Richard 54. Feuser, Willfried F. IIFrench Wright's Native Son ~ Black Boy. English-Portuguese: The Trilingual Woodbury, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Approach: 1. The Rise of an Urban Series, x + 134 pp. Civilization in African Fiction,1I in Study guide to the two works European-Language Writing in Sub including plot summaries, Saharan Africa. Ed. Albert S. character analYSiS, discussion of Gerard. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, themes and style, biographical pp. 1088-1105. background, sample test and Briefly compares Alex La Guma's A answers, topics for writing , a Walk in the Night (p. 1101) and brief bibliography, and four Ezekiel Mphahlele's Down Second quotations from critics. Avenue to lili (pp. 1104-1105). 60. Garrow, David J . Bear i ng the 55. __ . "Richard Wright's Native Cross: Martin Luther ~ Jr. and Son and Ousmane Sembene's [sic] Le 1hg Southern Christian Leadersh ip Docker Noir . " Komparatische ~, Conference. New York : William 14, 103-116 . Morrow, p. 113. Although Le Docker Noir has been Mentions King's meeting with W. compared to Claude McKay's Banjo, it is much more similar to ~. 61. Gelmis, Joseph. "'Native Son ' As Feuser discusses similarities in Unconsoling as It Is Disturbing ." theme (alienation, exploitation), Long Island Newsday (24 December), structure (point of view, time, Part I I, p. 9. space, action), style, Unfavorable review of the film NS characterization, and world-view. criticizing the contrived - NS had a profound effect on melodrama, superficial Sembene Ousmane's novel. characterization, and unimaginative screenplay and 56. Fleming, Robert E. IIKingsblood direction. Royal and the Black 'Passing' Reprinted: 1987 Novel,1I in Critical Essays Q.D. Sinclair Lewis. Ed. Martin Bucco. 62. Gerard, Albert S. "Birth and Boston: G. K. Hall, pp. 213-221. Early Growth of a New Branch of Mentions briefly ~ and aa (p. Learning," in his European-Language 213). Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Vol.2. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 57. Foley, Barbara. Telling the pp . 1239-1257 .

7 Revised reprint of 1980 "aesthetic concerns within the context of the social and 63. __ . "Black Consciousness," in political realities that shaped his European -Language Writing in Wright's world and being" (p. Sub -Saharan Africa. Vol. 1. 439). Budapest : Akademiai Kiado, pp. 333- 339. 69. Green, Leonard. "Joanne V. Mentions Wbriefly (p . 336). Gabbin. Sterling ~ Brown: Building the Black Aesthetic Tradition." 64. __ . "Comparative Vistas: ~ American Literature forum, 20 Introduction," in his European (fall), 327-334. Language Writing in Sub-Saharan Mentions Wbriefly (p. 332). Africa. Vol.2. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, pp. 1013-1020. 70. Greenspon, Joanna, ed . Mentions briefly W's Humanities Index: 8Qril 1985 to correspondence (p. 1018). March l2aQ. New York: H. W. Wilson , p. 1160. 65. Gibson, Donald B. "Richard Lists eleven items s.v. W. Wright ' s Black Boy and the Trauma of Autobiographical Rebirth." Callaloo, 71. Guerin, Wilfred L. , Michael L. 9 (Summer), 492-498. Hall, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan , Barry Analyzes the first chapter of ali Nass, and John R. Willingham . to show how it is arranged to "Discussion Topics," in their LIT: emphasize parental rejection and Literature and Interpretive failure. The result is the early Techniques. New York: Harper & Row , development of self-reliance in p. 277. W. His individualism allowed him Three topics following "The Man to resist authority--parental, Who Was Almost a Man." social, racial, or other. 72. __ . "Richard Wright, " in 66. Gibson, Morgan. "American Poetry their ~ Literature and and Japanese Culture. By Sanehide Interpretive Techniques. New Yor k: Kodama. " Comparative Literature Harper & Row, p. 268. Studies, 23 (Spring), 85-90. Brief biographical headnote to Notes Kodama's treatment of W (p. "The Man Who Was Almost a Man. " 89) . 73. Hakutani , Yoshinobu . "Richard 67. Gill, Walivy. "The Western Film: Wright's Experiment in Naturalism Hollywood Myths and One Black and Satire: Lawd I..Qill. " Studies in Rea 1ity." The Western Journa 1 Qf American Fiction, 14 (Autumn), 165 Black Studies, 10 (Spring), 1-4. 178. Mentions briefly the film ~. Maintains that LI fails as a naturalistic novel because it 68. Graham, Maryemma. does not develop the tensions "Introduction." Callaloo,9 between social determinism and (Summer), 439-445. individual will . It is more Introducing a special W issue successful as a satire on the deriving from the November 1985 average man, black or white. symposium at the University of Irony is the predominant mode of Mississippi, Graham emphasizes Wright's satire. The effort to the need for new critical combine naturalism and satire approaches that examine fa il s, however. 8 74. __ and TGru Kiuchi. "The 79. Hellenbrand, Harold. "Speech, Critical Reception of Richard Wright After Silence: Alice Walker's ~ in Japan: An Annotated Third life .Qf Grange Copeland." Bibliography." Black American ~ American Literature Forum, 20 literature Forum, 20 (Spring (Spring-Summer), 113-128. Summer), 27-61. Includes discussion of the Consists of 134 items, "all of reworking of racial confrontation the critical books and articles in tis. and "Big Boy leaves Home" of substance on Richard Wright by Walker in her novel. published in Japan through 1984." The introductory paragraphs (pp. 80. Hoberman, J. "Bigger Than life. " 27-29) trace W's reputation in The Village ~ (30 December), pp. Japan. 64, 77. Review of both film versions of 75. Harmetz, Aljean. "Problems of tis.. The first "is a documentary Filming 'Native Son.'" ill New Y2rk of a novelist trapped in his own Times (23 December), Sec. C, p. 14. myth." The second is poorly Discusses producer Diane Silver's directed and badly acted. omission of Bessie's murder in Hoberman also comments on the the film NS over the objection of nove 1 ~: "A product of '30s director Jerrold Freedman. Quotes political culture that looks comments by Richard Yarborough forward to the turmoil of the and Arnold Rampersad on the '60s, a philosophical tract with importance of the novel and by lurid tabloid immediacy, and a Valerie Smith on W's unfavorable Dreiserian expose that portrayal of black women, as well anticipates French as comments by Silver, Freedman, existentialism, Native Son takes and lindsay law on the film. the 'proletarian realism' of its era into a hallucinatory realm." 76. Harris, Norman. "The Black Repr i nted: 1987 University in Contemporary Afro American Fiction." ClA Journal, 30 81. Hodges, John O. "'Wondering (September), 1-13. About the Art of a Wanderer': Mentions briefly ~. langston Hughes and His Critics. " The langston Hughes Review, 5 77. Hazard, Geoffrey C., Jr. "Rising (Fall), 19-23. Above Principle." University of Mentions briefly NS and Ra (p. Pennsylvania law Review, 135 19). (December), 153-191. Mentions briefly W, aa, and NS (pp. 158-159). 82. Hogue, W. lawrence. Discourse gnQ 1hg Other: ~ production of the 78. Hedgepeth, Chester, Jr. Theorjes Afro-American Text. Durham, N.C.: of Social Action in Bllik Duke University Press, pp. 8-9, 13, literature. New York: Peter Lang, 14, 26, 29-31. pp. 3, 11, 15-21, 30, 32, 34, 38-43, Discusses Was an integrationist 144-145, 154. writer, quoting from "The Explains NS as exemplifying both literature of the Negro in the the "Samson Syndrome" of self United States," noting his destruction and a "Sartrian treatment in Arthur P. Davis's nihilism. " f.r.Qm 1M DArk ~ and Robert Stepto's From Behind the ~,

9 and contrasting the favorable the nature of his own reception of ~ to the specifically artistic quest" (p. unfavorable reception of ~ 117). Howland analyzes at length ~ Were Watching God. the opening scene, stressing the metaphor of fire. 83. [Holland, Laurence B., and Nina Baym]. "Richard Wright 1908-1960," 88. Howorth, Lisa N. "A Bibliography in The Norton Anthology Qf American of Dissertations Relating to Literature. Second edition, shorter. Mississippi--1986" Journal of Ed. Nina Baym et al. New York: Mississippi History, 48 (February), Norton, pp. 2183-2184, 2636. 67-70. Reprint of 1985.91. Lists Jacquelyn Logan Jackson's 1983 dissertation on "The Black 84. Homberger, Eric. American Novelist and the Expatriate Writers and Radical politics, 1900- Experience: Richard Wright, James 39. New York: St. Martin's Press, Baldwin, Chester Himes" and pp . 129, 138, 228. . Charles Atangana Noma's 1984 Mentions Wand the John Reed dissertation on "Aesthetics and Club. Ideology in African and Afro American Fiction: Ngugi Wa 85. Horne, Gerald. Black and Red: ~ Thiong'O, Ayi Kwei Armah, Toni ~ ~ Ou Bois and the Afro-American Morrison and Richard Wright. " Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963. Albany: State University of New York 89. Hudson-Withers, Clenora. "Toni Press, pp. 260, 273, 341. Morrison's World of Topsy -Turvydom: Quotes Ou Bois to George Padmore A Methodological Explication of New sharply criticizing BP. Black Literary Criticism." The Western Journal of Black Studies, 10 86. Houston, Helen R. "Weixlmann, (Fall), 132-136. Joe and Chester J. Fontenot, eds. Concludes with a quotation from Belief vs. Theory in Black American an article on Wby Hudson Literary Criticism." Obsidian 11, 1 Withers. (Winter), 174-178. Includes a paragraph on Keneth 90. Irele, Abiola. "The Negritude Kinnamon's "Call and Response: Debate," in European -Language Intertextuality in Two Writing in Sub -Saharan Africa. Ed. Autobiographical Works by Richard Albert Gerard. Vol. 1. Budapest: Wright and Maya Angelou." Akademiai Kiad6, p. 387. Comments on W's attitude toward 87. Howland, Jacob. "Sllli BQy: A Senghor and negritude. Story of Soul-Making and a Quest for the Real." Phylon, 47 (June), 117- 91. Jackson, Richard L. "The Human 127. Legacy of Black Latin-American "In the first part ... I try to Literature." ill Journal, 30 set forth the general character (December), 154-170. and significance of the quest One of four epigraphs is a which gives ~ BQy its special quotation from the end of Ali. In form, and which I describe as a the essay Jackson cites Julius quest for the real. In the second Lester on N.S.. part, I attempt to state how Black Boy displays the 92. Jeyifo, Biodun. "Tragedy , development of Wright's soul and History, and Ideology," in Marxism 10 and African Literature. Ed. Georg M. Wright's ALl Qf Tragedy. Iowa City: Gugelberger. Trenton, N. J.: Africa University of Iowa Press, 129 + xvii World Press, pp. 94-109. pp. Quotes a passage from p. 153 of Taking issue with biographical, BE and compares it to Wole social, naturalistic, and Soyinka's play ~ and 1hg existential interpretations of W, King's Horseman, written twenty Joyce stresses his artistry in years later (pp. 99, 108). developing ~ as a tragedy. Her concluding paragraph summarizes 93. Johnson, Joe. "Books." ill her argument: "The structure of Crisis, 93 (February), 12-13, 64. the novel (the arrangement of Review of James Baldwin's The parts that result in the ironic Price of ~ Ticket mentioning reversal of roles between Bigger briefly W, ~, and Bigger Thomas. and Max), Bigger's ambiguous personality, and the paradoxical 94. __ . "Books." The Crisis, 93 nature of the image patterns all (March), 14-15, 48. function integrally as a well Includes a review of James orchestrated discord that becomes Baldwin's The Evidence of Things harmonized in Bigger's suffering Not Seen comparing Wayne as his consciousness grows. The Williams, convicted of killing complexity of Wright's symphonic children in Atlanta, to Bigger characterization of Bigger Thomas. reaches a crescendo in the rhythmical repetition and 95 . __ . "A Crisis Report on interlocking relationship between Literature." The Crisis, 93 the sentence patterns, the colors (January), 11-15, 44. black, white, and yellow, the Discusses and quotes from image of the wall, and the "Blueprint for Negro Writing" metaphors of the snow, the sun , before commenting on dissent from and blindness. The polarity W's position by Ellison and expressed in these weblike Baldwin. Mentions NS and Ba. linguistic chords synthesized in Max's speech captures the tension 96. __ . "Going 1Q the Territory By in Bigger's psyche, a tension Ralph Ellison." I.hg Crisis, 93 that evokes the awe and power (December), 10-11. responsible for the success and Review discussing the Ellison-W lastingness of Native Son" (pp. relationship and commenting on 119-120). "Blueprint for Negro Writing." 99. Julien, Claude. "Michel FABRE.- - 97. Joyce, Donald Franklin. Blacks 19, ~ Noire ~ Harlem i J.s Seine." in 1hg Humanities, 1750-1984: A ~ francaise d'etudes Selected Annotated Bibliography. americaines, 27/28 (February), 171- Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, pp. 108, 172. 148, 149, 150, 151-152, 156-157, Review mentioning Wbriefly. 158, 159-160. Mentions W in several items and 100. Kart, Larry. "To Play Bigger, includes items on Michel Fabre's Love Belies His Name." Chicago biography and Jane M. Davis's Tribune (22 December), Sec. 5, p. 3. dissertation. Article on the actor in the film ~. Love interprets Bigger's 98. Joyce, Joyce Ann. Richard personality and background, 11 contrasting them to his own. white racism and the hostility of Notes a conflict between the his own family; Angelou shows the producer and director: "Silver same racism at work, but treats wanting to portray Bigger Thomas respectfully black cultural in relatively sympathetic terms, patterns designed to survive it. while [Jerrold] Freedman hoped to Reprinted: 1995 retain the brutality of Wright's original vision." Love notes that 104. Klamkin, Lynn, and Margot the murder of Bessie was filmed Livesey. "Biographical Notes," in but subsequently cut. their Writing AQQy1 Literature: An Anthology for Reading and Writing. 101. Katrak, Ketu H. "Trudier New York: Holt, Rinehart and Harris. ~ ~ in ~ Fiction Winston, pp. 977-991. of James Baldwin." Black American Includes a brief note on W. Literature Forum, 20 (Winter), 449- 458 . 105. __ . "Suggestions for Writing Mentions Wbriefly. and Discussion," in their Writing About Literature: An Anthology for 102. Kehr, Dave. "'Native Son' Reading gnQ Writing. New York: Holt, Absurd Rendering of Famous Book." Rinehart and Winston, p. 440. Chicago Tribune (26 December), Sec. Seven suggestions to accompany an 7, pp . A, H, L. excerpt from "The Man Who Saw the Extremely unfavorable review of Flood." the film NS. Praises Victor Love's acting as Bigger, but pans 106. Kraft, Eugene. "An Interview all other aspects of the with Gwendolyn Brooks." Cottonwood , production. The film dilutes W's 38/39 (Summer/Fall), 52-69. rage, resulting in "a dim weepie" Mentions briefly ~ (p . 55) . (p . L). Repr i nted: 1987 107. Lara, Oruno D. "u rive noire : de Harlem ~ ls Seine, par Michel 103. Kinnamon, Keneth . "Call and Fabre." Presence Africaine, Nos . Response: Intertextuality in Two 137-138 (First and Second Quarter), Autobiographical Works by Richard 262-263. Wright and Maya Angelou," in Belief Review mentioning Wbriefly . vs. Theory in Black Amerjcan Literary Criticism. Ed. Joe 108. Lauter, Paul. "Looking a Gift Weixlmann and Chester J. Fontenot. Horse in the Mouth." San Jose Studies in Black American Studies, 12 (Winter), 6 - 1~ Literature, vol. 2. Greenwood, Mentions briefly "Bright and Florida: Penkeville, pp. 121-134. Morning Star" (p. 7). Compares Ra and 1 ~ WhY ~ Reprinted: 1991 Caged Bird ~ "to ascertain how gender may affect genre in 109. Lester, Julius. "Some Tickets these two autobiographical quests Are Better: The Mixed Achievement of for freedom and literacy and, in James Baldwin." Dissent, 33 Angelou's case, community as (Spring), 189-192, 214 . well" (p. 123). Numerous Quotes from a taped conversation similarities, both general and with Baldwin commenting on W' s specific, are revealed. The relation to young Third World difference is in the treatment of writers in Paris (p . 191) . childhood episodes: Wemphasizes 12 110. Levine, Lawrence W. "Comment," York: Oxford University Press, pp . in Ihg ~ Qf Afro-American 173, 176, 178, 183, 194, 195, 198 , History: ~ Present, ~ Future. 200, 201, 206, 210. Ed. Darlene Clark Hine. Baton Rouge: Lists all of W's books through LI Louisiana State University Press, except .sti. pp. 123-129. Relates an anecdote about W 116. Lynch, Michael Francis . talking to a white Frenchman and "Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, and an African at a Paris cafe (pp. Dostoevsky: The Choice of Indiv idual 128 -129). Freedom and Dignity." Dissertation Abstracts International, 47 (July), Ill. [Levitt, Morton P.]. "1985-1986 179A. Annual Review." Journal Qf Modern Abstracts a 1985 Kent State Literature, 13 (November), 347-584. University dissertation. Compares Lists nineteen items on W in the move from collectivism to whole or in part. individualism in the three writers . 112. Lindfors, Bernth. "~ Orpheus," in European-Language 117. Macksey, Eileen M., ed . 1985 Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ed. MLA International Bibliography of Albert S. Gerard. Vol. 2. Budapest: ~ and Articles on the Modern Akademiai Kiado, pp. 669 -679. Languages and Literatures. Volume ~ Partial reprint of 1968 British Isles. British Commonwealth, English-Caribbean. New Zealand. and 113. Loftis, John E. "Domestic Prey: American Literatures. New York: The Richard Wright's Parody of the Hunt Modern Language Association of Tradition in 'The Man Who Was Almost America, pp. 253, A451 . a Man.'" Studies in Short Fiction, Lists seventeen items on W. 23 (Fall), 437-442. Contrasts W's story to Faulkner's 118. Magistrale, Tony. "From st. hunting story "The Old People" Petersburg to Chicago: Wright's with respect to naming and Crime .iQQ Punishment. " Comparative identity, the relationship of the Literature Studies, 23 (Spring), 59 - protagonists to guns, and the 70. presence or absence of a male Having read Crime and punishment model. Faulkner's initiation a decade before he wrote NS, W story is typical of the subgenre, used it imaginatively for his own but Wparodies the hunt as rite fictional purposes. The theme of of passage in his story. crime leading to spiritual growth and plot similarities are 114. Longest, George C., et al. "A obvious, but Magistrale notes Checklist of Scholarship on Southern also that "Wright's use of Literature for 1985." Ihg parallel characters, atmospheric Mississippi Quarterly, 39 (Spring), effects, and a similar belief in 137-298. the power of the human spirit to Lists eleven items on Wand transform itself bear a marked cross-references to nineteen resemblance to ~ and other items partially on W. punishment" (p. 68). 115. Ludwig, Richard M., and 119. Major, Clarence. My Clifford A. Nault, Jr. Annals of Amputations. Boulder, Colorado: American Literature. 1602-1983. New Fiction Collective, pp. 6, 8, 91, 13 181,187,189. - through." Novel mentioning briefly W, BE (p . 181), and Cross Damon (p. 126. Miller, James A. "Bigger 187) . Thomas's Quest for Voice and Audience in Richard Wright ' s Native 120. Marable, Manning. "Black ~." Callaloo, 9 (Summer), 501-506. Studies: Marxism and the Black Taking issue with critics who Intellectual Tradition," in The ill.t believe that Max is an authorial Academy: Marxist Scholarship QQ spokesman and that Bigger is American Campuses. Vol. 3. Ed. inarticulate, Miller uses Bertell Ollman and Edward Vernoff. Bakhtinian concepts to argue that New York: Praeger, pp. 35-66. Bigger, quite articulate in his Mentions Wbriefly (pp. 41, 48). own black street environment, must cope with the "authoritative 121. Martinez, Nancy C., et al. "A discourse" of the white world to Check List of Explication (1984)." achieve voice and audience. In Ihg Explicator, 44 (Summer), 3-52. doing so he repudiates Max as Lists one item concerning W. well as white racists, ending in isolation, "a soloist listening 122. Mathabane, Mark. Kaffir BQy. to the sound of his own song. " New York: Macmillan, p. 234. Includes W in a list of names of 127. . "'I Investigate the blacks of achievement in America. Sun': Amiri Baraka in the 1980s. " Callaloo, 9 (Winter), 184-192 . 123. Meege, Elizabeth A. Crossjng Mentions Wbriefly (p. 188). the Double-Cross: The Practice Qf Feminist Criticism. Chapel Hill: The 128. Morris, Daphne. "Roger Mais University of North Carolina Press, (1905-1955)," in Fifty Caribbean pp. 41, 42. Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical Mentions Wbriefly in a chapter Critical Sourcebook. Ed. Daryl on Zora Neale Hurston. Cumber Dance. Westport, Conn . : Greenwood Press, pp. 303 -317. 124. Menand, Louis. "Literature and Mentions W's help to Mais in Liberation." The New Republic, 195 setting up an exhibition of his (4 August), 37-40. paintings in Paris in 1954 . Review of Ralph Ellison's ~ to 1hg Territory containing a 129. Morton, Brian. "Paul Oliver, paragraph on W (p. 37) and Songsters and Saints: Vocal mentioning Wand MS elsewhere. Trad it ions on ~ Records." Journa 1 Qf American Studies, 20 (April), 125. Michaelson, Judith. "Wright's 113-115. Daughter Approves." ill Angeles Review beginning with a quotation Tjmes (24 December), pp. 1, 3. from W's foreword to Oliver ' s Interview with Julia Wright on ~ £gJJ ~ Morning . both versions of the film MS. The original version was a failure, 130. Munro, Ian H. "George Lamming but the Diane Silver production (1927- )," in .E.if1.y Caribbean is "honest" and Victor Love's Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical portrayal of Bigger is excellent. Critical Sourcebook. Ed. Daryl Julia Wright also speaks of "a Cumber Dance. Westport, Conn. : Columbia Pictures project several Greenwood Press, pp. 264-275. years ago [that] ... fell Mentions W's view of In ihg 14 Castle of M1 Skin (p. 270). Obsidian ~ Black Literature in Review, 1 (Spring Summer), 113-125 . 131. Mur.[phy], A. D. "Native Son Mentions Q briefly (p. 124). (Color)." Variety (17 December), p. 20. 135. Parrill, William. "An Interview Unfavorable review of "a corny with Ernest Gaines." Louisiana adaptation" of the novel. Ljterature (Fall), 17-44. Includes credits and cast for the Mentions briefly ~ (p . 20). play NS and the first film Reprinted: 1995 version as well as this one. 136. Payne, Ethel. "Wright Book 132. Nisula, Dasha Culic. Delayed by Legal Questions." The "Dostoevsky and Richard Wright: From Baltimore Afro-American (5 April) , St. Petersburg to Chicago," in p. 5. Dostoevsky gng ~ Human Condit jon Reviews Margaret Walker's After ~ Century. Ed. Alexej relation to Wand recounts her Ugrinsky, Valija K. Ozolius, and difficulties with Howard Pete Hamill. New York: Greenwood, University Press in publishing pp. 163-170. ~ Daemonic Genius of Richard Compares "The Man Who Lived Wright. Underground" to Notes from Underground and Q to Crime and 137. Perry, Evelyn. "Dorothy ABBOTT, Punishment. Nisula finds ed.--Mississippj Writers: structural, thematic, and Reflections of Childhood and Youth, philosophical similarities. Like Volume 1.;. Fiction." Revue fran&:aise Dosto~vsky, Wcame to believe d'etudes americaines, 30 (November) , that the regeneration of the 512. individual must precede social Review mentioning Wbriefly . reform. 138. Peterson, Larry. "The 133. Onoge, Omafume F. "The Crisis Intellectual World of the IWW : An of Consciousness in Modern African American Worker's Library in the Literature: A Survey (1974)," in First Half of the 20th Century . " Marxism and African Literature. Ed. History Workshop: 8 Journal Qf Georg M. Gugelberger. Trenton, N.J.: Socialist and Feminist Historians , 2 Africa World Press, pp. 21-49. (Autumn), 153 -172. Claims that "we can speculate Notes that aa was included. with some confidence that had the later Richard Wright lived long 139. Pfeil, Fred. "Policiers Noirs . " enough to write a blueprint for Ihg Nation, 243 (15 November), 523 - African literature in our 525. contemporary epoch, the uneasy Article on Chester Himes tension between race and class mentioning Wbriefly. which runs as an undercurrent in his 1937 Blueprint for NggrQ 140. Pickering, James H., and Literature would have been Jeffrey D. Hoeper. "The Elements of overcome" (p. 43). In an endnote Fiction," in their Literature. Onoge elaborates the point (p. Second edition. New York: Macmillan, 48) . pp. 19-74. Mentions briefly "The Man Who Was 134. Paravisini, Lizabeth. "M!!InQQ Almost a Man" as an initiation Jumbo and the Uses of Parody." story with "archetypal overtones " 15 (p. 59). purpose in Afro-American politics. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 141. Pondrom, Cyrena N. "The Role of 118. Myth in Hurston's Their ~ Were Mentions Wbriefly. Wa tch i ng God." Amer i can LHera ture, 58 (May), 181-202. 147. Reed, Ishmael. "Hyped or Hip? " Contains a footnote reference to Caljfornja Magazine (March), pp. 36 , W's review of Hurston's novel (p. 39-40. 181). Article on the detective fiction of Chester Himes mentioning W 142. Rahming, Melvin B. ~ briefly. Evolution Qf the ~ Indian's lmggg Reprinted: 1988 in 1hg Afro-American Novel. Millwood, N.Y.: Associated Faculty 148. Reilly, John M. "Richard Wright Press, pp. 49, 73, 154. and the Art of Non-Fiction: Stepping Compares briefly Bigger Thomas to Out on the Stage of the World." Leo Proudhammer in James . Callaloo, 9 (Summer), 507-520. Baldwin's Tell Mg How lQng 1M. Interprets CC as an Train's Been Gone (p. 49) and autobiographical reading of mentions Welsewhere. history. From the disillusion and despair expressed in Q, Wtu r ned 143. Rampersad, Arnold. "Foreword," to emerging African and Asian in Lawd Today by Richard Wright. nations as the "compelling Boston: Northeastern University subject" needed "to restore Press, pp. 1-6. optimism of will" (p. 510), Appreciation of LT rating it next allowing him to speak as an to NS among W's novels. Comments intellectual voice and agent of on its relation to naturalism and contemporary history. on its modernist technique. Interpreting the Bundung While noting its pessimism, Conference, he developed a Rampersad praises its honesty and paradigm of history as its comic sense. consciousness, his own consciousness and experience 144. __ . "Langston Hughes's Fine providing the key to Clothes to the Jew." Callaloo, 9 understanding his alter egos, the (Winter), 144-158. Westernized leaders of the Third Mentions Wbriefly (p. 157). World. Repr i nted: 1993 145. Reardon, Patrick. "'Native Son': New Film's Racial Message as 149. Reising, Russell J. The Valid Today as in 1949 [sic]." Unusable past: Theory and the Study Chicago Tribune (10 April), Sec. 5, Qf Amerjcan Literature. New York and pp. 1, 3. London: Methuen, pp. 30-31. Emphasizes continuing relevance Comments briefly on UTC. of the work. Includes plot summary, quotations from the 150. Rollins, Judith . "Part of a novel, and comments of the film Whole: The Interdependence of the writer, Richard Wesly, and Civil Rights Movement and Other producer, Diane Silver. Social Movements." Phylon, 47 (Spring), 61-70. 146. Reed, Adolph L., Jr. ~ ~ Comments on W's response to the Jackson Phenomenon: ~ Crisis Qf Bandung Conference and quotes 16 from CC (pp ..63-64). (November), 257-270. Contains a letter dated 19 June 151. Rowell, Charles H., and 1937 from Wto Mullen, editor of Kimberly Chambers. "Studies in Afro a new magazine, River, published American Literature: An Annual in Oxford, Mississippi. W Annotated Bibliography." Callaloo, 9 discusses his own short stories, (Fall), 583-622. Challenge, and the possibility of Contains ten items on Wwith publishing black writers in white cross-references to six others. literary magazines in the South. Wmentions that he is reading 152. Salzman, Jack, et al., eds. The Absalom. Absalom!. Cambridge Handbook Qf American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge 157. Smith, Robert P., Jr. University Press, pp. 75, 175-176, "Rereading ~: Claude McKay and 261, 268. the French Connection." ill Journal , Contains entries on Wand ~. 30 (September), 46-58. Mentions W in entries on Ralph Mentions Wbriefly (p. 57). Ellison and John A. Williams. 158. Sollors, Werner. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent gng Descent in 153. Sandarg, Robert. "Jean Genet American Culture. New York: Oxford and the Black Panther Party." University Press, pp. 9, 53, 102 , Journal of Black Studies, 16 263. (March), 269-282. Mentions Wright's relation to Quotes Genet mentioning W (p. sociology and his Christian 279). symbolism. Quotes from "Transcontinental" on 154. Sandomir, Richard. "If a Film Amerindians. Flies, The Book Sells." Long Island Newsday (24 December), Part II, p. 159. __ . "A Critique of Pure 9. Pluralism," in Reconstructing Reports that Harper & Row has American Literary History . Ed. printed 150,000 copies of the Sacvan Bercovitch . Harvard English paperback ~ to accompany the Studies 13. Cambridge, Mass.: release of the film. "Since Harvard University Press, pp . 250 - buying the rights to 'Native Son' 279. 20 years ago, Harper &Row's Mentions Wbriefly (p. 257) . Perennial Library imprint has sold 1.6 million copies." 160. . "'Never Was Born': The Mulatto, an American Tragedy?" The 155. Saunders, James Robert. Massachusetts Review, 28 (Summer), "Greater 'Truth' in Fiction: A Study 293-316. of Four Black Writers." Dissertation Mentions briefly ~ (p. 306) . Abstracts International, 47 (December), 2161A. 161. SOlMlers, Nancy. "Quest ions for Abstracts a 1986 University of Reading and Revising, Questions on Michigan dissertation. W is one Connections, Suggestions for of the four. Writing," in their Student Writers II ~ and in the Company Qf Other 156. Smith, Frank E. "Dale Mullen Writers. Second series. New York: and Modern Mississippi Literature." St. Martin's Press, pp. 610-612. Journal Qf Mississippi History, 48 Nine questions and three

17 suggestions to accompany an of Criticism in Black Popular excerpt from Jlll. Cu lture." ~ Western Journa 1 of ~ Studies, 10 (Winter), 185-192. 162. ____ and Donald Mcquade. Mentions the F.B.I. report that W ~Richard Wright," in their Student "was obsessed with solving the Writers at Work gng in ~ Company problems of Black people," adding of Other Writers. Second series. New that "this is the type of Black York: St. Martin's Press, p. 602. writer needed by Blacks" (p. Biographical headnote to an 191). excerpt from aa. 168. Taylor, Clyde. "Brer Baker's 163. Spivey, Ted R. Revival: Post-Opec Blues." American Southern Writers in ~ Modern kiiY, Quarterly, 38 (Spring), 114-119. Gainesville: University Presses of Review of Houston A. Baker ' s Florida, pp. 141, 143, 144. Blues, Ideology, and Afro Notes W's relation to Ellison, American Literature: A Vernacular but denies his influence on the Theory praising its "stunning" younger writer. reading of "The Man Who Lived Underground." 164. Stepto, Robert B. "Distrust of the Reader in Afro-American 169. Thomas, Kevin. "Movie Review: A Narratives," in Reconstructing Prodigal 'Native Son' Returns." Los American Literary History. Ed. Angeles Times (24 December), Part Sacvan Bercovitch. Harvard English VI, pp. 1, 3. Studies 13. Cambridge, Mass.: Unfavorable review complaining Harvard University Press, pp. 300- that the film makes "a molehill 322. out of a mountain," lacking as it Includes a comparison of Wand does "the raw tragic power of the Douglass with respect to their novel." It starts well but distrust of their white audience becomes plodding and predictable . (pp . 301 -304). The acting is good, however , Reprinted: 1991 espeCially Victor Love ' s as Bigger. 165. Sterritt, David. "Wright's Repr i nted: 1987 Novel 'Native Son' Brought to the Screen. " The Christian Science 170. Tidwell, John Edgar. "Charles Monitor (26 December), pp. 21-22. Scruggs. 1M ~ in Harlem: 1:L. L.. Generally favorable review of the Mencken And ~ ~ Writers Qf ~ film. It is uneven, but it is ~." Black American Literature serious and the issues it raises [Qrym, 20 (Fall), 341-344. are still relevant. Victor Love's Mentions Wbriefly (p . 344) . portrayal of Bigger is good, though the film softens the 171. Tremaine, Louis. "The novel's characterization. Dissociated Sensibility of Bigger Reprinted: 1987 Thomas in Wright's Native Son." Studies in American Fiction, 14 166. Summer, Bob. "The Irony of (Spring), 63-76. Illiteracy." Southern Magazine, 1 Argues that Bigger's basic (December), 25-26. problem is a "conflict between Mentions Wbriefly. experience and expression ~ (p . 64) that prevents understanding 167. Swindell, Warren C. "The Role of his emotions by himself or 18 others. He wants to know the 176. Washington, Johnny. Alain Locke meaning of his life, but is gnQ Philosophy: A Quest for Cultural afraid of that knowledge. He pluralism. Westport, Conn.: wants to communicate his real Greenwood Press, p. 176. self to others, but fear causes Mentions Wbriefly. him to dissemble instead. Tremaine analyzes character, 177. Watkins, Mel. "Sexism, Racism plot, and narrative voice to show and Black Women Writers." The New how they work YQrk ~ Book Review (15 June), expressionistically, not pp. 1, 35-36. naturalistically, to express Mentions briefly Bigger Thomas. Bigger's sensibility. 178. Werner, Craig. "'The 172. Vanderbilt, Kermit. American Insurrection of Subjugated Literature and the Academy: The Knowledge': Poe and Ishmael Reed, " Roots. Growth. and Maturity of ~ in ~ gnQ Our Times: Influences and Profession. Philadelphia: University Affinities." Ed. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania Press, p. 518. Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Mentions Wbriefly. Allan Poe Society, pp. 144-156. Discusses Reed's use in The Last 173. Vaughn, Christopher. "Native ~ of Louisiana Red of W's use Son: A Film Version of the Classic." of Poe in NS, quoting from "How Essence, 17 (December), 30. 'Bigger' Was Born." Favorable review praising the performances of Victor Love as 179. __ . "LeRoy S. Hodges, Jr. Bigger and Oprah Winfrey as his Portrait Qf gn Expatriate: William mother. Gardner Smith. Writer; Preston M. Yancy. The Afro-American Short 174. Wallace, Michelle. "Female Story: A Comprehensive. Annotated Troubles: Ishmael Reed's Tunnel Index with Selected Commentaries. Vision." The Village Voice Literary Marjorie Pryse and Hortense Supplement, No. 51 (December), pp. Spillers, eds. Conjuring: Black 9, 11. Women. Fiction. gnQ Literary Mentions Wbriefly. Tradition." Modern Fiction Studies, Repr i nted: 1990 32 (Winter), 638-641. Review mentioning Was expatriate 175. Ward, Jerry W., Jr. "The Wright and "Big Black Good Man." Critical Paradigm: Facing a Future." Callaloo, 9 (Summer), 521-528. 180. Westling, Louise. "The Loving Discusses the past and future of Observer of ~ I..im..e....s.. Qn.e. Place." Wcriticism and scholarship. Ihg MiSSissippi Quarterly, 39 Using reviews of UTC by Granville (Fall), 587-604. Hicks, Sterling Brown, and John Includes comparison of Welty's Lovell as examples, Ward shows book of photographs with TMBV and how current critical patterns James Agee's Let Us Now Praise continue earlier trends. Also Famous MM.. notes recent books by Houston Baker and Henry Louis Gates as 181. Williams, John A. "The Use of evidence that poststructuralist Communications Media in Four Novels criticism is compatible with by Richard Wright." Callaloo, 9 black cultural imperatives. (Summer), 529-539. Catalogs W's use of media, 19 especially ne~spapers, in -LI, ~, Q, and LQ. 182. Williams, Sherley Anne. "Some Implications of Womanist Theory." Callaloo, 9 (Spring), 303-308. Comments on ~ (po 306). 183. Wright, William. Lillian Hellman: The Image, the Woman. New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 129, 139, 167. Mentions Wbriefly in relation to radical politics and to PM.