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Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. All Heroes Think Alike: Kinship and Ritual in Baguazhang Jeffrey Lee Takacs A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology Chapel Hill 2001 Approved by: Advisor Dr. Robert Daniels ieCruml Ierrence Ev Dr. Nom s Johnson Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 3007894 UMI’ UMI Microform 3007894 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. O 2001 Jeffrey Lee Takacs ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract Jeffrey Lee Takacs AH Heroes Think Alike: Kinship and Ritual in Baguazhang (Under the direction of Dr. Robert Daniels) This ethnography investigates the transmission of a particular Chinese martial arts tradition, Baguazhang, as it is practiced in Taiwan. Using the theoretical approaches of systems theory and British social anthropology it examines several aspects of the transmission of this tradition. First the teaching methodology and goals of a contemporary instructor are detailed. Second, the architectural landscape of this instructor’s martial arts society is investigated. Third, the history of teacher-student relationships in this tradition is outlined. Fourth, several common representations of the origin of Baguazhang are detailed and analyzed. Fifth, the method by which this society is organized is detailed and compared to other types of Chinese social organizations. As a result, a new conceptual term in the study of Chinese kinship, the “aggregated lineage”, is presented. Like the traditional Chinese lineage, the “aggregated lineage” is organized following the Confucian patrilineal principle, but differs in two ways. First, in the “aggregated lineage”, the patriline is not one of biological descent, but one of ideology: one’s teacher is one’s father. Second, the “aggregated lineage” recruits its members not through childbirth, but through initiation into discipleship. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments I wish to thank my committee for giving me the intellectual tools to conduct this research and the criticisms that have raised the level of my scholarship. I also owe a deep debt to my several martial arts teachers, especially Jamal al Bakkar and Luo Dexiu, who have been my shr/u in the deepest sense. Endless thanks to my wife, Helen, not only for the blow by blow translations when my Mandarin was inadequate, but also for the illustrations and all of her support, material and spiritual. Any mistakes are my own. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures........................................................................................................................ix Introduction .............................................................................................................................I Chapter I: Luo Dexiu, Baguazhang Master ......................................................................... 12 Luo’s Gongfii .................................................................................................................................. 21 I. Xiantian...............................................................................................................25 II. Houtian..............................................................................................................28 III. Combat applications ........................................................................................ .29 IV. Courage............................................................................................................31 aJ»lay...............................................................................................................33 b. Qigong. ........................................................................................................39 Open Mind. ................................................................................................................... .40 I. The secret palm change....................................................................................... 44 Chapter 2: Architecture and Behavior in Taiwan ................................................................. 50 Confucius Temple, Tainan. ............................................................................................ 55 I. Redundancy between space and behavior. .................. 60 II. Multiple symbolic systems .................................................................................63 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. HI. Other similar architectural patterns ...................................................................64 Chiang Kaishek Memorial Hall......................................................................................67 Chapter 3: Dong Haichuan and His Students .......................................................................78 Dong Haichuan .............................................................................................................. 79 Yin Fu ............................................................................................................................82 Cheng Tinghua. .............................................................................................................. 86 Gao Yisheng.................................................................................................................. 90 Zhang Junfeng ............................................................................................................... 92 Zhang Mama, Xu Baomei .............................................................................................. 99 Hong Yimien ................................................................................................................102 Hong Yixiang...............................................................................................................104 Yizong. ......................................................................................................................... 109 Chapter 4: Baguazhang Legends .........................................................................................112 Daoism and Baguazhang ..............................................................................................116 I. Daoism.............................................................................................................117 The Yijing and Baguazhang.........................................................................................123 I. The Yjjing....................................................................................................... 125 Chapter 5: Chinese Kinship .................................................................................................132 Chinese Kinship ............................... 135 Descent from Common