Challenges of Public Administration in Developing Countries.Pdf

-International Conference On Administrative Sciences (ICAS 2017)-

PROCEEDING OF PAPER SUMMARY ICAS 2017 THEME: Challenges of Public Administration in Developing Countries

Editor: Andi Ahmad Yani – Editor in Chief Muhammad Tang Abdullah Gita Susanti Amril Hans Andi Rahmat Hidayat Wahyu Nurdiansyah Muh. Irvan Nur Iva Novayanti Sopia Rukmana

Publisher: Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan dan Pelayanan Publik (JAKPP) Fis VIII, Departemen Ilmu Administrasi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Tamalanrea Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245 Phone (0411) 585024, Email: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-602-50825-0-4

First print: November 2017

This book was published as a proceeding of paper summary International Conference on Administrative Science (ICAS) 2017 in theme of Challenges of Public Administration in Developing Countries. The ICAS 2017 was organized by Department of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University in collaboration with Indonesian Association for Public Administration (IAPA) and supported by the Alumni Association of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University on 20-21 November 2017 in Makassar, Indonesia.

Copyright ©,2017, Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan dan Pelayanan Publik (JAKPP). All rights reserved, No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher

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FOREWORD

We would like to thank God, Allah SWT that gives us guide and blessings so that the Proceeding of Paper Summary International Conference on Administrative Science (ICAS 2017) in the theme of Challenges of Public Administration in Developing Countries has been published. The ICAS 2017 was held in 20-21 November 2017 in IPTEKS Building, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.

Public administration in developing nations is a transformation process mainly influenced by colonization and globalization process which is embedded in a systemic domination of Western society. The transfer of concepts and practices from one society to another is full of pitfalls and barriers due to different social, cultural and historical backgrounds. Some studies address inherited and borrowed Western model is often incompatible in developing societies since it makes their public administration systems contextless. Consequently, most public organizations in developing countries are reluctant to change and tend to uphold their traditional values. The bureaucrats in developing nations, however, are more likely to follow the new structure and form of the Western model, but they have no intention of making the actual transformation, specifically in cultural sense. As a result, this condition leads to undermanaged administration system which can impede the developing countries to accelerate the achievement of the sustainable development goals agenda in 2030.

There are 114 paper summaries from various topics including Public Policy, Ethic on government, administrative culture, disaster management, religion and spirituality, social and political trust, gender equality, social justice, citizenship, leadership, e-Government, post conflict governance, bureaucracy and democracy. 60 papers are selected to go through a strict peer-reviewed process, and these papers are published in the ICAS 2017 paper summary proceeding.

We would like to thank anyone who has participated in the program of ICAS 2017 and writing paper summaries in this proceeding. We wish that all paper summaries might be useful for everyone and readers that can contribute in facing challenges of public administration in developing countries

Makassar, November 2017

Editor in Chief

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REVIEWER COMMITTEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE (ICAS) 2017 MAKASSAR, 20-21 NOVEMBER 2017

Agus Pramusinto (Committee Coordinator) M. Shamsul Haque Woflgang Drechsler Deddy T. Tikson Willfredo Carada Eko Prasodjo Sangkala Alwi Khairul Muluk Rustamjon Urinboyev Luky Djani Sujarwo Yogi Suprayogi Sugandi Andi Ahmad Yani

-International Conference On Administrative Sciences (ICAS 2017)-

List of Content

How Do Public Officials Perceive Them As Taxpayers? Study Of Effect Of Modernized Tax Administration System, Tax Sanction, Tax Service, And Tax Morale On Tax Compliance Of Public Officials In Indonesia (Abdul Rahman) ...... 1

To Break Dependence on Tin Mining (The Analysis of Dependency Theory on Constructive Policy In Economic Development of Bangka Belitung After Tin Mining) (M. Adha Al Kodri, S.Sos., M.A) ...... 9

Bureaucracy In Criminal Justice (A Study Of Criminogen Factors in Law Enforcement on Narcotics Crime Settlement) (Agus Raharjo) ...... 14

Creating A Trusted Public Organization: Organizational Trust Analysis in Implementation Network of the Education Quality Assurance Policy in Indonesia (Alwi) ...... 20

Does The Government Hear Us? A Picture Of Interaction Between Netizen and Indonesian Local Government in Twitter (Anang Dwi Santoso) ...... 26

Measuring Quality of Citizens Participation in Local Development (Andi Ahmad Yani) ...... 31

The Implementation Model Of Poor Fisher Community Empowerment, Case Study: Poor Fisher Family in Pangke, Indonesia (Anwar Parawangi) ...... 41

Radical Decentralization Reform and Communal Conflict In Indonesia, 2003-2014 (Aris Rusyiana) ...... 46

Social Justice in Educational Policy: How Do Students Perceived? (Asal Wahyuni Erlin Mulyadi) ...... 53

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Policy Core Beliefs In Policy Change (Aslinda) ...... 56

The Effectiveness Of 9 Years Compulsory Education Policy Towards Education Enhancement Of Child Workers (Atta Irene Allorante) ...... 60

Analysis Of Business Information Services Innovation In Bantaeng, South Sulawesi (Badu Ahmad) ...... 65

The Implementation Of Halal Tourism In Indonesia National Park (Bhayu Rhama) ...... 72

Empowerment For Women Laborers Based On "Civic Education" (A Case Study of Women Laborers Of Cigarette Industry In Malang Municipality,Indonrsia) (Budhy Prianto) ...... 77

Synergy Implemtation Policy; a Case Study Of Quality Home Improvement Program In West Bandung, Indonesia (Budiman Rusli) ...... 82

Administrative Service of Civil Servant A Case Study of Civil Service Agency in Majene, Indonesia (Burhanuddin) ...... 89

Patterns Of Power Relations in Governing Street Vendors: A Case Study of Bandung, Indonesia (Caroline Paskarina) ...... 94

Community Tourism Entrepreneurship in Disaster-Prone Areas of Mount Merapi (Citra Fathimah Salipi) ...... 99

BEHIND A STREET VENDORS STALL A Case Study On How Organizations Plays Role On Implementing Policies (Dani Mohammad Ramadhan) ...... 104

The Dynamic Of Institutional Relation Of BPD and Village Head: Problems of Local Political Representation (Dina Dwi Rahayu) ...... 107

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Patronage Leadership In Decentralized Countries (M. Doddy Syahirul Alam) ...... 111

Public Service Performance And Public Trust In Government; An Indonesia Case Of Study (Gita Susanti) ...... 115

Analysis On Handling Community Cultural Values Erosion In Semarang, Indonesia (Hardi Warsono) ...... 121

Revitalization Of Slum Areas In Semarang City With Thematic Village Program: A Case Study in Bandarharjo Village, Indonesia (Hartuti Purnaweni) ...... 127

The Empowerment Of Coastal Women Through Capacity Improvement Of Seaweed Farmer Groups : Obstacles And Their Challenges (Hasniati) ...... 130

The Effectiveness Of The Socialization Strategy Of Taxation Regulation In Establishing Taxpayer's Objectives On Tax Rights And Obligations (Heti Herawati) ...... 135

Effectiveness Implementation Of Management Information System: A Case Study In Badung, Indonesia (I Made Wimas Candranegara) ...... 140

A Model Of Village Government System Based On Systems Thinking (Ike Wanusmawatie) ...... 145

Predicting Future Performance Through Selection Methods (Ira Irawati) ...... 149

Social Network Harmonization and Public Service: A Case Study Of Boalemo, Indonesia (Ismet Sulila) ...... 154

The Role of Leadership in the Implementation of Administrative Reform at the Indonesian Nasional Institute of Public Administration (Kamaruddin) ...... 159

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Collaboration Through Entrepreneurship In Non Profit Organization (Study At Hoshizora Foundation, Yogyakarta) (Laras Wijayanti) ...... 164

The Problems Of Basic Education Policy And Its Implementation In Indonesia: Case Study In Tasikmalaya City (Maya Puspita Dewi) ...... 169

Comparison Of Culture And Organization Effectiveness (Based On Study At Labuang Baji Hospital And Stella Maris Hospital In Makassar) (Muh. Nur Yamin) ...... 173

Actors‟ Behavior In Formulation: A Case Study Of Woman And Child Protection Policy In Parepare, Indonesia (Muh. Tang Abdullah) ...... 178

Accountability in Public Services: A Case Study of Immigration Service in Makassar, Indonesia (Muhammad Yunus) ...... 183

Local Wisdom and Character Education In Youth Organization: A Case Study of South Sulawesi Provine, Indonesia (Mujib Hasib) ...... 188

The Dynamism Of Local Culture In Metagovernance: A Cursory Look Of George Town World Heritage Site, Malaysia (Nagathisen Katahenggam) ...... 193

Evaluating Community Empowerment Program in Rural Development (A Case Study in East Luwu, Indonesia) (Nani Harlinda Nurdin) ...... 201

Concept Of Smart City Governance In Makassar City (Muhlis Madani) ...... 206

Model Of Capital Structure For Small And Medium Entreprises In Bandung City (Nenden Kostini) ...... 209

Enhancing Local-Own Revenues: Problems And Challenges (Nunung Runiawati) ...... 213

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Changes Tax Culture To Increase Tax Revenue; (Study On Property Tax In Bandung) (Nunung Runiawati) ...... 217

Evaluation Policy Implementation on the Coastal Area And Small Island Management: A Case Study of Gili Matra Water Park In West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia (Nur Indrayati) ...... 221

Legal Uncertainty Of Islamic Personality Principles By Supreme Court Circular Letter Number 8 Year 2010 (Rahadi Wasi Bintoro) ...... 228

Internet Memes: Representation Of Indonesian Political Culture In Jakarta Gubernatorial Election 2017 (Rahmi Surya Dewi) ...... 232

Socio-Economic Dynamics Of Street Vendors In Bandung (Rina Hermawati) ...... 235

The Role Of The Government Internal Auditor In Fraud Risk Management: A Case Study In Local Government Of Gunung Kidul And Sleman Yogyakarta Province (Setya Nugraha) ...... 238

Dear Mr. Mayor… Can You Clean The Housing? A Citizen‟s Dependency To Local Government In Environmental Collective Action (Siska Sasmita) ...... 243

The Advantages of Local Institutions Improve Disaster-Affected Small Entrepreneur and Surrounded Society (Study of Paguyuban Kampung Sablon, Wedi Village, Klaten Regency) (Syadza Alifa) ...... 246

Organizational Design Of Health Office To Improve The Effectiveness Of Public Service In Health Affairs In Barru Regency (M. Thahir Haning) ...... 253

Questioning The Essence Of Bureaucratic Neutrality: Dialectical Relationship Between Freedom Of Speech And The Impact Of Digital Democracy In Indonesia (Tedi Sudrajat) ...... 256

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Actors‟ Role In Public Asset Management: A Study Of Limboto Lake Gorontalo District (Trisusanti Lamangida) ...... 260

Overcoming Challenges Of Social Policy Reform In Indonesia (Ulfah Fatmala Rizky) ...... 263

The Influence Of Leadership Style On The Village Apparatus Satisfaction With Work Motivation As Moderating Variable: A Case Study of Villages Governments In Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia (Walidun Husain) ...... 268

The Need Of Public Administration: An Islamic Perspective For Higher Education In Indonesia (Wisber Wiryanto) ...... 274

Innovation Of Public Goods Management Based On Local Culture: A Case Study of Forest Park Management Ir. H. Djuanda, Indonesia (Yanhar Jamaluddin) ...... 279

E-POLICY: Designing E-Aparatur In Bandung City (Yogi Suprayogi Sugandi) ...... 284

Enhancing Public Service Quality By Strengthening The Role Of Ombudsman (Yuli Tirtariandi El Anshori) ...... 290

Arranging Street Vendors (Study On Policy Management Of Street Vendors In Bandung) (Rina Hermawati) ...... 293

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HOW DO PUBLIC OFFICIALS PERCEIVE THEM AS TAXPAYERS? STUDY OF EFFECT OF MODERNIZED TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM, TAX SANCTION, TAX SERVICE, AND TAX MORALE ON TAX COMPLIANCE OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN INDONESIA Abdul Rahman STIA LAN Bandung [email protected]

Introduction However, these efforts could not be able to Governments worldwide aim at solve the problem of poor tax compliance. sustainable high levels of tax compliance, in According to the perspective of problematic the sense that they strive for increasing and tax compliance in Indonesia, I found the link maintaining tax compliance levels so that between the low tax compliance with the their tax ratios are in accordance with behavior of public officials, in which their international standards, by average in the behaviors are accompanied by two normative range of 20-40 percent GDP. Unfortunately, assumptions as role model and father-figures Indonesia has not succeeded in this context. for society. Interestingly, there is no research As a developing country with high economic related to tax compliance of public officials. growth rates and GDP per capita growth (i.e. Therefore, I conducted study focused on the that represents the capability of person to pay role of public officials as taxpayers. In this taxes), to date, Indonesia is still struggling study, I explored tax compliance of public with its low tax compliance. It is evidenced officials and factors underlying their tax by the capability of government to collect compliance by main research question: taxes or tax ratio at just around 12 percent of GDP. “How do public officials in Indonesia perceive their tax compliance being Indonesia concerns about tax influenced by underlying factors such as the level of modernization of the tax compliance issue. This is because the administration system, tax sanctions, tax existence of it affects tax revenue. Currently, services and tax morale?” almost 80 percent of government income is derived by tax revenue, so that many efforts Methods are realized by reforms of tax system. Tax In this study, I formulated the framework of reforms in Indonesia are performed in the two study by combining the concept of tax phases, in which the first stage was carried compliance with four main factors that are out in the interval of 1983 until 2000 and the relevant to tax compliance, namely second phase of reform was began in 2001. modernized tax administration system, tax

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sanction, tax service, and tax morale. I tax administration system (MTAS), tax determined the tax compliance as dependent sanctions, tax services, and tax morale. I had variable and the modernized tax a closer look at what the literature has to say administration system, tax sanction, tax about these four factors, how they have been service, and tax morale as independent subject to changes as part of tax reform in variables in order to measure how these two Indonesia, and how the relationship between kinds of variables interacts and effect for each factor and tax compliance has been these relationships. I generated the survey evaluated in the Indonesian context, in study with public officials as unit of analysis academic research. Subsequently, I focused to explore the perception of them toward their on the role of public officials. This is because, tax compliance and toward factors underlying refer to the perspectives of problematic tax tax compliance. By sampling method, I compliance in Indonesia, this problem is obtained 400 respondents. Moreover, I used related to behavior of public officials. the questionnaire as a tool to collect data by Moreover, in the scope of Indonesia‟s laws Likert scales with the answer to be 1 = and social system, public officials are viewed strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 as representatives of government and as role = agree, 5 = strongly agree, and also the models (“father-figures”). I found that to date option of „don‟t know' (number 8). Data no research has been done on tax compliance collected then are analyzed by descriptive by public officials specifically. analysis to depict perception of respondents The survey study involved 400 toward their tax compliance and toward respondents, all of them public officials, with factors underlying tax compliance and the 360 government employees and 40 state verification analysis to measure the effect of enterprise employees. Most of the perceptions on factors that are relevant to tax respondents were male and married. The most compliance toward the tax compliance of common age group was 29-39 years old; the respondent by correlation and regression most common level of education was a analysis. All analyses are performed by using bachelor‟s degree. Respondents indicated application of SPSS ver.17. they got their tax knowledge from the internet

Results and through tax socialization (i.e. tax Through the analysis of literature and information from tax offices). In terms of policy documents, I identified four main origin, the respondents were adequately factors affecting tax compliance: modernized spread over Indonesia; they come from 29

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different provinces. Most respondents were two groups of public officials involved: civil servant in local government, and most government employees and state enterprise respondents had income in addition to their employees. Overall, state enterprise salary. employees had lower scores on their perception of the five variables, but not all In this study, the role of public differences between government employees officials as taxpayers is illustrated by and state enterprise employees were perception of public officials toward their tax significant. compliance and toward factors underlying tax compliance, namely modernized tax The verification analysis showed that administration system, tax sanction, tax in terms of the overall model, the four service, and tax morale, in which other public variables (MTAS, tax services, tax morale, officials are as implementers of these and tax sanctions) have a combined effect of elements. In my study, I found that public 14.6 percent on the dependent variable of tax officials perceive their tax compliance in the compliance. Significant (but rather low) good category, even though public officials correlations with tax compliance were found behave far from perfect. This is because over for MTAS, tax services and tax morale, but the last two years 27 percent, they did not not for tax sanctions. The combined effect of submit the annual tax return in time, and four variables has a higher effect on tax nearly 24 percent of the respondents indicated compliance of public officials than their that they had been late in paying taxes. partial effects taken together (this is also true for the two sub-samples of government Interestingly, even though public employees and state enterprise employees). officials perceive their tax compliance in the This finding indicated that, in terms of future good category, in fact, they realized that they reforms, on just one or two of the four have a problem with integrity in taxation. It is elements is not advisable; a comprehensive evidenced by the bad perception toward their approach makes more sense. tax morale. They are also aware that other public officials as implementer of modernized Conclusions Low tax compliance in Indonesia tax administration system, tax sanctions, and constitutes an anomaly conditions if it is tax services have a problem with integrity, referred to the considerable GDP per capita according to the average of bad perception growth and the tax reforms conducted more toward the implementation of these elements. than three decades. Currently, Indonesia still I found similar results when I looked at the

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faces with problematic tax compliance done by external auditors and not by influenced by the behavior of public officials. colleagues. In the general scope, government Therefore, I conducted the research focused should inform transparent information on this group to explore the role of public regularly about how tax revenues are used. officials as taxpayer by considering them as a All attempts to improve the behaviors of role model and father-figures for society public officials as taxpayers require a strong (normative assumptions) and to date, there is commitment. This commitment is a primary no research related to this issue. tool because, referring their function as a role model, the positive and negative behavior of As a result, although public officials public officials as taxpayers can affect the perceived their tax compliance in the good behavior of society in fulfilling tax category, in fact, they perceived in the obligation. average of bad category for factors underlying their tax compliance in which REFERENCES other public officials were as implementer Allingham M. G. and A. Sandmo (1972). these factors. As consequence, the effect of “Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis”. Journal of Public Economics. 1 the four main factors is however very low. (3/4) pp. 323-340. These findings indicated the failure of public Alm, James. (1991). A Perpective on The officials in fulfilling their functions as role Experimental Analysis of Taxpayer models. Although, they perceive in the good Reporting. The Accounting Review, 66(3): 577•593. category for tax compliance, the bad Alm, James, McClelland, Garry H., Schulze, perception toward the four main factors William D., (1992). Why do people pay underlying tax compliance and low effect taxes? Journal of Public Economics 48, these factors on tax compliance resulted that 21–48. the tax compliance of public officials is Alm, J., Sanchez, I., & De Juan, A. (1995). Economic and non-economic factors in volatile and is vulnerable to shock and to tax compliance. KYKLOS, 48, 3–18. deviate. Alm, J. (1996). "What is an optimal tax Therefore, the improvements should system." National Tax Journal 49.1:117- 133. be conducted related the role of public Alm, James, and Benno Torgler(2006). officials as taxpayers. This study recommends "Culture differences and tax morale in the that public officials should be more United States and in Europe." Journal of transparency and publicly declare their economic psychology 27.2, 224-246 incomes. Assessment for them should be Andreoni, J., Erard, B., and Feinstein, J.

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TO BREAK DEPENDENCE ON TIN MINING (The Analysis of Dependency Theory on Constructive Policy In Economic Development of Bangka Belitung After Tin Mining)

M. Adha Al Kodri, S.Sos., M.A, Doctoral Student, Post Graduate Program of Sociology Unpad, Pangkalpinang, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Dr. Dra. Bintarsih Sekarningrum, M.Si, Lecture of Sociology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Introduction such reason, after the election of Governor and Vice Governor in February 2017 and the Development is a planned process of elected governor and vice governor Erzaldi change to improve various aspects 0f people Rosman and Djohan-Abdul Fattah face main life to be better. According to Effendi challenges, to break the economic (2002:2), the development is an efforts to dependence on tin. There are some basic improve all resources which conducted in reasons why Babel economy in Bangka planning and sustainning as a principle power Belitung must break on tin dependency, they to spreading system. The development is also are the potensial lack of natural resources that a process of change included the whole social cannot be this renewable, the descreasing system, economic, political, education, global tin prices, the rise of the illegal culture, infastructure, and other sectors. This trafficking of tin, and natural devastation research focus on development which often impact caused by the emergence of illegal formulated through economic development. mining. Not only those; inconvensional According to Meler and Baldwin (in Safril, mining is only presence of negative impacts 2003: 142), the economic development is a in the social life. This condition, make process, with in it the real national income Erzaldi-Fatah must a construct a policy that will increase the economy during a long served as their priorities policy in Bangka period of time. As in Bangka Belitung Islands Belitung economic development after tin. It is Province (Babel) is also currently improved really put people at a prosperous evenly and it the economic development in order to is in line with environmental development increase people prosperity and welfare. For

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and social life. As any development concepts research methodology used to scrutinize on of Galtung definition, which as a meeting condition objects the physical, (as an effort basic need of human, both individual or adversary is experiment) which researcher is group, in ways would no damage caused, as an instrument key, the data collection good against social life and the natural technique was conducted in triangulating environment (Trijono, 2007:3). Based on the (combined), data analysis is an inductive, and discussion above, it can be formulated that the result of the qualitative study is the focus on thus study is to identify and to emphasized on the meaning of a analyze the constructive policy of Erzaldi- generalization (Sugiyono, 2010: 1). Fatag in order to develop Bangka Belitung Meanwhile, the data collection economy after tin. Meanwhile, the purpose of process conducted in this research is to observe technique and interview. The this study is to find whatever constructive observation that conducted through an policy has been done by Erzaldi-Fatah and observation (primary data) as actor, namely then the analysis of constructive policy the role of the observer openly known to all the subject or it can also support by the through the dependencies theory. subject. The observer also supervise in local media as secondary data. While the Methods conducted interviews in this research was This research is the qualitative structured. The goal is to provide opportunities for observer to more developed method. According to Creswell (2010: 4), the research questions. qualitative study is methods to explore and understand the meaning by individuals or Results/preliminary result/critical review people group ascribed of social problems or humanity. The kind of approach of this In this research, the observer used research is descriptive, such research Theotonio Dos Santos concept. The thesis describes the problems solving which exist submitted by Santos is a dependence of based on data. The kind of qualitative subdivision has three types; colonial descriptive research used in this research was dependence, the financial industry intended to obtain information about dependence, and industrial technology constructive policy conducted by Erzaldi- dependence (Martono, 2012: 69). Fatag in effors to break Bangka Belitung a. Colonial Dependence economy from tin dependency. This is in line After in this colonial, domination with the qualitative study objective , it is the and monopolies tin mining here is owned

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by central government through Tin Bambang Ari Satria (2017), this policy is Mining Company. The result of this focused on inflation control. domination and monopoly then the c. Industry Technology Dependence strengthened with the tin exchange or The form of industrial technology ICDX (Indonesia Commodity and dependence clearly visible on a used in Derivatives Exchange). To fight this conducting tin mining. To solve this domination and monopoly, Erzaldi- complex problems, Erzaldi-Fatah Fatah govern a policy in agriculture, conducts several steps in strategic quite. named Green Babel. Not only this, Beside directing people to change their Erzaldi-Fatah also asked the central profession into the agricultural sector, government to evaluate or dissolute tourism, and the micro,small and medium ICDX. This is because the presence of scale business, Erzaldi-Fatah also govern ICDX does not give a good contribution some policies, one of them is Babel to people in Bangka Belitung. Erzaldi- Smart. Besides, to further strengthen the Fatah also govern a policy named Blue policy of Babel Smart, according to Babel. Blue Babel focuses on the Bambang Ari Satria (2017) Erzaldi-Fatah development of the economy of Babel also governed a policy of Babel through the tourism sector. Prosperous which focuses on human b. Financial Industry Dependence resources. then, Babel Prosperous policy To overcome this financial and Babel Wealth policy.

industry dependence, Erzaldi-Fatah then Conclusions do strengthening the small and medium Based on the results of descriptive enterpises. To conduct nothing to analysis analyzed before in discussion, it can strengthen macro,small, and medium be drawn some research cunclusion. First, scale business, Erzaldi-Fatah also govern historical, tin mining in Babel has begun a policy; Babel Sejahtera (Bright Babel). about 17th and 18th centuries. Hence, The Policy is field of energy, trying to reasonable if the difficulty to take off bring investors concern on energy. Not dependence Babel economy of tin until now. only those, to further the people After the colonial system abolished, tin prosperity, Erzaldi-Fatah also govern a mining then taken over by the government policy in Sovereign Babel. According to through tin mining company. Not much

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different from Dutch colonial, a state-owned Creswell JW. 2010. Research Design. A company is also doing mastery of tin mining. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Approach. Third Edition (Translation). The mastery is strengthened by the Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. estabilishment of the tin (ICDX). This Effendi, Bachtiar. 2002. Regional mastery is a bad affect for the people walfare. Development Autonomy System. Yogyakarta: Uhaindo dan Offset. To this condition, Erzaldi until now continue Hatu, Rauf. A, 2013. Sociology doing for ICDX dissolved. Development. Yogyakarta: Interpena. Second, besides colonial dependence, Rahman, Rusli, 2009. Dimness Conscience. The Black and White Notes the Bangka the presence of tin also result in dependence Belitung Province. Yogyakarta: Aksara on the financial industry and industrial Satra. technology. To deal with this problem, Safril, dkk. 2003. Economy and Erzaldi-Fatah govern several constructive Development. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Sugiyono. 2010. Research Methodology policy. There are eight categorizations of Quntitative, Qualitative, & RND. policies, including the micro, small and Bandung: Alfabeta. medium scale business, Green Babel in Trijono, Lambang. 2007. Development As Peace. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor agricultural sector, Sovereign Babel in food, Indonesia. Babel Bright in energy, Blue Babel focused Usman, Sunyoto, 2012. Development and on infrastructure, Babel Prosperous in human Community Empowerment. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. resource development, Babel Wealthy in rural development and Babel Smart that focuses in Sources of Journals : education. In addition, to overcome Babel Gugy , Erry dan Sugeng Hadi Utomo, 2012. Economic Potential Analysis in Malang economic dependence of tin, this policy seeks District 2005 – 2009. Jurnal Economy to release monopoly tin prices often time and Development Study Journal, Vol. 4, done by countries export destination. On the No. 1, Maret 2012. ISSN 2086-1575. other hands, it can be concluded that policies Through http://fe.um.ac.id/wp- content/uploads/2012/06/JESP-Edisi-4- govern by Erzaldi-Fatah as a development Vol-1-Tahun-2012.pdf. Accesed on the model after tin to maximize natural resources 25th Juli 2017. potentials and improve human resources to be Wardana, Dedy Pudja, 2016. The Influence of Economic Development to Human superior and able to compete in the Development in East Kalimantan. workplace. INNOVATION : The Journal Economic Financial and Management, Volume Reference 12, (2). ISSN print: 0216-7786, ISSN Book Sources :

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online: 2528-1097. Through 2010-2014. Economic and Development http://journal.feb.unmul.ac.id. Accesed Journal, Volume 14, No.02. ISSN print: on the 25th Juli 2017. 1693-2595, ISSN online: 2527-4023. Through Wisnu Satria, Bambang Tri, 2016. An http://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/jep/ Analysis of Economic Growth and The article/view/3852/4284. Accesed on the Determination of Superior Sector In The 25th Juli 2017. East Java Province a East Region of the

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BUREAUCRACY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE (A Study of Criminogen Factors in Law Enforcement on Narcotics Crime Settlement)

Agus Raharjo, Faculty of Law, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jl. Prof. dr. HR Boenyamin 708, Purwokerto – Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected]

Yusuf Saefudin, Indonesian Teachers' Association of Victimization Jl. Prof. dr. HR Boenyaim 708 Purwokerto – Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction and duty for personal, group, and group Since the country has chosen to make interests. All three factors are actually related modern as the basis of the nation's life, it since they cannot be separated one by one, actually also invites crimes for the country but for this discussion, the focus will be on legal behavior. Modern law which the second and third factors. emphasizes on certainty, regularity and order, The criminogenic nature of criminal in practice or the implementation of law in justice can be identified from the first time society, there are found various the case goes to court, then to the contradictions. Rahardjo (2007) identifies that penitentiary, with its peak in court the law which carries the banners of proceedings. In the judicial process, the regularity and order can in fact lead to the involvement of actors (human / law opposite. It is not only ordegenic but also enforcement) and bureaucracy/procedure is criminogenic. very high. Each institution in criminal justice Referring to Muladi's (1995) has its own criminality, but which one has the statement that the Criminal Justice System widest and longest range to commit a crime is (CJS) has criminogenic properties, it can an advocate. Due to the wide scope of the actually be broken down into three factors. advocate's work, he/she can engage in First, legal factors underlying the operation sustainable deviance. Based on that, it is not of criminal justice. Second, law enforcement surprising that Rajagukguk (2008) believed behavior. Third, criminal justice bureaucracy that advocates can be a channel that gives that allows law enforcement "to play" its role

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birth to corruption, and can also be channel The approach of the research is law in that eradicates corruption. action approach; it is a study of social science which is non-doctrinal and empirical. The The embodiment of criminogen in primary data sources of the research are criminal justice appears in cases of narcotics, utterances and action. Moreover, the where the provisions concerning the supporting data are documents and stuffs. The determination of status for suspects and research is taken in Central Java. The process are often used as commodities for objectives of this study are legal norms, and self-benefit as well as institutions through a community behavior. The research process of dishonest assessment. The informants are determined purposively placement of status for the suspect which has including advocates, judges, police, been caught by the police and National prosecutors, prison officials, narcotics addicts Narcotics Board is done through the and service users or recipients of legal aid assessment. The assessment is conducted by from advocates. The data are collected by an Integrated Assessment Team consisting of interactive and non-interactive methods. The Team of Doctors and Legal Team. A tortuous data obtained were analyzed by interactive and time-consuming bureaucracy causes the analysis model. assessment process to be quick, and the behavior of the Assessment Team is Result sometimes unprofessional which causes the There are two important points as the outcome to be inconsistent. subject in this section; those are law as Narcotics abuse has a broad and behavior and bureaucracy in law complex dimension from medical, enforcement. There are two approaches in psychiatric, and psychosocial sides. Narcotics judicial review: traditional and non-traditional abusers are sick people, who should be cured approaches. The traditional approach is a through placing them in medical and social study of law and justice from a purely rehabilitation institutions. Furthermore, it is normative point of view. The traditional found that in order to avoid the law, the approach has its weaknesses: first, it is unable assessment process is made in such a way; to express the reality of law and court more therefore, a person who should be categorized perfectly because it ignores the social as a narcotics abuser is changed his status to dimension of law and judgment; second, it an addict to obtain rehabilitation facilities. ignores the human element and judge as human beings. With regard to this human Methods

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element, there are various dimensions of Nonetheless, the behavior is projected on the human life which helps in shaping and text of the law (Rahardjo, 2009). influencing judges in decision making Non-traditional studies emphasize (Sudirman, 1999). more about the reality of law and justice The non-traditional approach is a legal (sociological jurisprudence and legal and judicial study from a multi-disciplinary realism). The legal science that point out the perspective to gain a comprehensive behavior of law enforcement is behavioral understanding about the breadth and depth of jurisprudence. Behavioral jurisprudence was the workings of positive law in society. This born as a reaction to the weaknesses of approach does not see the law as text, because sociological jurisprudence and legal realism. the law as text is silent and it is only through Behavioral jurisprudence or behavioral law is human that it becomes “alive” (Sudirman, a study that studies the actual behavior of law 1999). This approach emphasizes the enforcement in the judicial process. These consideration of social facts in the making, behaviors are studied in their interactions and interpreting and application of law. transactions between the people involved in decision-making steps. The focus is on law Both approaches have weaknesses. It enforcement personnel and the people is emphasizing the disclosure of legal facts; it involved in certain social roles in judge will not only analyze the interrelationships decisions (Rahardjo, 1985). between expectations and the needs of society with consideration of judge's decision. The The human behavior or action may study of followers for both approaches is still add or alter the text. Law enforcement is a limited to social facts that have juridical normative concept, in which people only meaning, it is fact that is considered legally apply what is in the legislation. Such praxis is relevant, and is considered to be important in equated to the workings of the automaton. the framework of the establishment of law. Legal sociology finds that the role of human behavior is much more varied and not merely Compared with doing law by text, the as an automated machine (Rahardjo, 2009). law through behavior can be called blind law. With a little variation, Holmes also said, "do The rules arise immediately from the not believe the law as a logical building, interaction between people of society. This is because it has been diverted and broken by the way of doing law through optima prima the human behavior in doing law" (Rahardjo, behavior. It is because doing law with actual 2007). text ultimately leads to behavior.

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Law enforcement is implemented The settlement of narcotics crime through criminal justice bureaucracy that cases is not an exception from negative must be done through several steps. impression of judicial bureaucracy. The Bureaucracy is the ideal type of relationships placement of addicts and victims of narcotics in rational organization to deal with the abuse to rehabilitation institution is mandated tendency of human nature in organizing. in Law Number 35 Year 2009 and Circular of Weber once introduced the ideal type of Supreme Court Number 4 Year 2010. Even bureaucracy, but the bureaucracy is often so, the regulations seem to be neglected by connoted negatively, implied by the law enforcer. Punishment is still a favorable inefficiency of administration, such as the even though they are not the perpetrators but portrayal in the United States and France. The victim. bureaucracy is described as an organization The reality is shown from research that cannot correct its behavior by learning result which shows that only 1 from 6 cases from the mistake; the government becomes of narcotics in Purbalingga – Central Java the master and not the servant of society so sentenced to rehabilitation, meanwhile the that people are afraid to take the initiative, the rest are sentenced imprisonment. The pile of reports, the waste of time and the placement of addicts and narcotics abuse to depletion of government funds Azwardi, penitentiary is not better, but can potentially 2002). cause the opposite effect. Avoiding the Some of research results which are suspect from the judicial route is a solution to done by Raharjo et.al (2010, 2011, 2013, avoid second victimization. (Saefudin et.al, 2014, and 2015) shows that criminal justice 2017). bureaucracy is often violated by law enforcer Unprofessional and easily intervened to get benefits in settling down a case, such as integrated assessment practice in traditional neglected the rights of suspect in law approach can be said already appropriate with assistance, violation, until freedom of the set procedures and bureaucracy. limitation in choosing advocate. Moreover, Normative provisions in regulation about the performance of advocate which refuse to assessment procedures may have been done, provide law assistance for poor people and however in non-traditional approach context the tortuous bureaucracy to get them, make this matter needs to be criticized. justice acquisition in Indonesia is worse. Reminiscing that behavior from assessment team in working and making decision is not

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independent. These behaviors are containing Disiplin dalam Pembinaan Hukum Nasional. Bandung: CV. Sinar Baru; criminogen characteristic. The procedure has ------. (2006). Ilmu Hukum (6th ed.). been done properly, however it substantially Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti; does not give benefit for the justice seeker. ------. (2007). Biarkan Hukum Mengalir: This is what is known as justice has been Catatan Kritis tentang Pergulatan Manusia dan Hukum. Jakarta: Kompas; right procedurally but neglect substantial ------. 2009). Hukum dan Perilaku, Hidup justice. Baik adalah Dasar Hukum yang Baik. Jakarta: Kompas; Conclusion Raharjo, Agus., Sunaryo., Nurul Hidaya. Traditional approach in criminal (2010). Pendayagunaan Teknologi Informasi sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan justice cannot give complete explanation Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam about criminogen factors in criminal justice. Pengawasan Terhadap Bekerjanya Sistem Peradilan Pidana di Jawa Tengah. Non-traditional approach which concerning Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 10 (3), 197- the aspect of law enforcer‟s behavior and 212; criminal justice bureaucracy can give a better ------., Angkasa. (2011). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Tersangka dalam explanation. Justice cannot be separated from Penyidikan dari Kekerasan yang bureaucracy „disease‟ which is caused by law Dilakukan oleh Penyidik di Polres Banyumas. Jurnal Mimbar Hukum, 23 enforcer deviation behavior. In bureaucracy (1), 77-97; or procedural the verdict may have been right ------., Angkasa. (2011). Profesionalisme (procedural justice), yet how they get or the Polisi dalam Penegakan Hukum. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 11 (3), 380-392 substation of verdict may be wrong ------. Angkasa., Nugroho, Hibnu. (2013). (substantial justice). This is what happens in Rule Breaking dalam Penyidikan untuk settlement of narcotics criminal. Menghindari Kekerasan yang Dilakukan oleh Penyidik. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Reference 13 (1), 59-74; Azwardi. (2002). Perilaku Aparatur Birokrasi ------., Angkasa., Nugroho, Hibnu. (2014). dan Kualitas Layanan Publik pada Pengawasan Kinerja Advokat dalam Kecamatan di Kota Sabang. Tesis. Pemberian Bantuan dan Pelayanan Jasa Jakarta: Program Studi Sosiologi FISIP Hukum (Studi di Jawa Tengah). Jurnal UI; Dinamika Hukum, 14 (2), 262-277; Muladi. (1995). Kapita Selekta Sistem ------., Sunaryo. (2014). Penilaian Peradilan Pidana. Semarang:BP Profesionalisme Advokat dalam UNDIP; Penegakan Hukum melalui Pengukuran Indikator Kinerja Etisnya, Jurnal Media Rahardjo, Satjipto. (1985). Beberapa Hukum, 21 (2), 181-196; Pemikiran tentang Ancangan Antar ------., Angkasa., Bintoro, Rahadi Wasi., (2015). Akses Keadilan Bagi Rakyat

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Miskin (Dilema dalam Pemberian Pendayagunaan Sosiologi Hukum dalam Bantuan Hukum oleh Advkat). Jurnal Masa Pembangunan dan Restrukturisasi Mimbar Hukum, 27 (3), 432-444); Global. Semarang; UNDIP. Rajagukguk, Erman. (2008). Advokat dan

Pemberantasan Korupsi. Jurnal Hukum, 15 (3), 329-335;

Soekanto, Soerjono. (1989). Kegunaan Sosiologi Hukum bagi Kalangan Hukum. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti; Sudirman, Antonius. (1999). Hukum dan Putusan Hakim, Suatu Studi Perilaku Hukum Hakim Bismar Siregar. Tesis. Program MIH. UNDIP Semarang;

Wignjosoebroto, Soetandyo (1996). Sosiologi Hukum: Perannya dalam Pengembangan Ilmu Hukum dan Studi tentang Hukum. Paper on National Seminar with thema

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CREATING A TRUSTED PUBLIC ORGANIZATION: Organizational Trust Analysis in Implementation Network of the Education Quality Assurance Policy in Indonesia

Alwi, Professor of Public Policy Sciences at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Hasanuddin University Makassar

Mashuri H.Tahili, Lecturer of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Muhammadiyah University Luwuk Banggai

Background process, because it has many stakeholders and The concept of trust has been has diverse interests. The existence of this extensively studied in various social science complexity is therefore necessary to apply literature since some decades ago, but the trust in the organization (Argyris, 1964; Dirks direct application of trust in overcoming and Ferrin, 2002). It can be shown in the inter-organizational problems in policy implementation of the education quality networks are relatively new (Rusu and Babos, assurance policy that has not shown the 2015). Even in the theory of governance expected results. Based on the results of the networks the role of trust is a neglected Education for All Development Indonesia's dimension in various public administration (EDI) achievement survey, Indonesia is only research. Whereas the role of trust is an at level 57 of 115 countries in the world by important dimension for building better inter- 2014. The results of the Network for organizational relationships, the creation of Education Watch Indonesia survey in 2016 information exchange, awareness, and mutual show that the index of education services in support in meeting organizational resources, Indonesia is lower than the Philippines and financial needs, and reducing conflict within Ethiopia. the organization (Klijn and Koppenjan, Nowadays, implementation of the 2016). Therefore, this becomes very education quality assurance and the quality important in encouraging the successful improvement of primary and secondary implementation of public policy. education still faces various problems In relation to the above, the (Moerdiyanto, 2012). The research about implementation of the policy is a complex implementation strategy of education quality

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assurance system in regency or city model of analyzing organizational trust government, found that the education quality within a network context is an integrative improvement is the responsibility of every model of organizational trust. This model component in educational unit. includes aspects of integrity, benevolence, Other studies have found that the and competence (Mayer et al, 1995). transformation towards the quality of education in schools begins by adopting Methods cooperation in improving the quality This research uses qualitative education with school boards, administrators, approach with case study strategy (Yin, staff, students, teachers and the community 2009). This research uses purposive sampling (Yuniar, 2017). The results of the study found technique in determining informant. The that the implementation of education quality informants of this study include: Non- assurance system (EQAS) through Education government institutions include; (1) Standard School (SSE) in SDN Cilandak Education Board, (2) DPRD, (3) NGO, and Timur 08 Pagi South Jakarta has not run in (4) School Committee. Governmental accordance with the guidelines for the institution of Education and Culture Office implementation of education quality consisting of; (1) Head of Office, (2) Head of assurance. In addition, the implementation Primary Education, and (3) Head of also experienced some technical and Secondary Education. Data collection substantive constraints (Mauluddin, and technique is observation, in depth interview, Rahayu, 2013). Subsequently, research and documentation. Then, the data analysis conducted by Marhabang (2015) found that process using interactive models of Miles and the basic principle of applying a quality Hubberman (1994). assurance model at the education unit level Results can be based on established benchmarking. A. Implementation of Education Quality Some research that has been done Assurance Policy in Indonesia The results of the implementation of related to the implementation of the above the quality assurance policy at the primary policy ignores the aspect of organizational school, junior and senior high school trust. Therefore, this study focuses on education in Indonesia as measured from 6 organizational trust in network National Standards based on secondary data implementation of education quality Performance Report of Government assurance policy. So then, an appropriate

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Institutions Ministry of Education and Senior High School Year 2014- Culture during the last three years as follows: 2016 Table 3.1. Achievement of National Standard of primary, Junior High School,

Implementation of education quality education quality assurance policy in assurance policy can be said to be successful Indonesia can be said to be ineffective as proved from the achievement of Graduate because there are still many problems to be Competency Standards (SKL) above 6.0. For solved to achieve the optimal SNP or exceed content standards, process standards, the target of SKL achievement above 6.0. assessment standards, teachers and personal Beside that there is a wide gap between education standards, and management marginal areas and poorer people in getting standards are indicators supporting the quality education than the richness ones. achievement of Graduate Competency Thus, it can be argued that the quality Standards (GCS). If viewed from the assurance system of education based on achievements of SKL for the last three years national education standards (SNP) is less indicates that Graduate Competency effective. Standards (GCS) of Basic Education (ES, B. Organizational Trust In the implementation of Education Quality JHS) has not been effective because the value Assurance Policy in Banggai Regency achieved is less than 6.0. While for high 1. Integrity (Integrity) school the achievement of Graduate In this research, integrity is honest and Competency Standards (GCS) has exceeded responsible attitude shown by trustor and SNP. Nevertheless, in general the trustee in implementing quality assurance achievement of the implementation of

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policy of education so that will give birth to Board Meeting of Education Forum and organizational trust. Based on the results of School Committee held in November and research, actor‟s integrity has not been December 2016. Based on this matter, the effective to build organizational trust in actor's benevolence is still low. policy implementation. Therefore, it is 3. Competence (Competence) The results showed that the important to create the integrity of actors in competence of actors in the implementation the implementation of education quality of education quality policy has not been assurance policy by applying mutually agreed effective yet. The education board is still less facts of integrity. Several studies have shown effective in monitoring and evaluating the that integrity can create openness and honesty outcomes of the quality assurance policy of and responsibility towards the achievement of education, consisting of: (1) development of organizational goals (Mayer, et al., 1995). content standards and curriculum, (2) 2. Benevolence (Benevolence) Benevolence is an understanding and development of graduate competency acceptance of the legitimacy that is given for standards, (3) development of learning the benefit of others and necessarily requires process standard, (4) development of self-sacrifice of either trustor or trustee to education financing standards, (5) enhance the benefit of life together (Mayer, et development of educational assessment al, 1995). The results show that the level of standards, and (6) development of educational benevolence of stakeholders in the management standards. (7) development of implementation of quality assurance policy is standards for teachers and education still lacking. The results of the study indicate personnel. that the duties of the Board of Education of Based on the result of research above, the supporting agency functions are not the low competence of actors is evidenced by effective, indicated by; (1) the low level of reviewing benevolence, suggestions, opinions actors attending the Technical Guidance about promotions, mutations of educators and Workshop on the Roles and Functions of education personnel as determined by School Committees and School Parties held agreement Forum Meeting in March-May in December 2016, (2) low benevolence of 2016 has not been achieved effectively. actors in the Coordination Meeting with FKKS (Principal Working Group Forum), (3) Low benevolence of actor in attending the

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Conclusion SAGE, London, Volume 32, Number 2, pp. 281 –301. Organizational trust in the Cook, J., & Wall, T. 1980. New work attitude implementation of education quality measures of trust, organizational commitment, and personal need assurance policy in Indonesia is less effective. nonfulfillment, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Volume 53, pp. 39-52. This can be demonstrated that the integrity of Currall, S.C., & Inkpen, A. C., 2002. A the stakeholders has not been effective in multilevel approach to trust in joint ventures, Journal of International Business implementing this policy. The same is shown Studies, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 479– 495. in the benevolence and competence of the Kemdikbud, 2012. Diklat Pengembangan SDM stakeholders. Therefore, serious efforts of Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan, Kemdikbud, Jakarta. actors involved in the implementation of Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Kementerian Pendidikan dan education quality assurance policy are needed Kebudayaan R.I., 2016. Naskah Rancangan to improve the integrity, benevolence and Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan tentang Penjaminan Mutu competence of actors in policy Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, implementation. The effort to develop the Kemdikbud RI, Jakarta. Dirks K T, & Ferrin, D.L, 2002. Trust in integrity, benevolence, and competence of the leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice, parties involved in the implementation of the Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume policy is very urgent. This can be achieved 87, pp. 611–628. Fukuyama, F., 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues through collaboration with all parties to create and the Creation of Prosperity, The Free Press, New York. synergy and a culture of continuous quality of Johnson-George, C., & Swap, W., 1982. education. Measurement of specific interpersonal trust: Construction and REFERENCE validation of a scale to assess trust Alwi, 2010. Network Implementation in a specific other, Journal of Analysis on Democratic Public Service, Personality and Social Psychology, International Journal of Administrative Volume 43, pp. 1306-1317. Science & Organization, Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah Argyris C., 1964. Integrating the Individual and (LAKIP) Tahun 2014 Kemdikbud, 2014. the Organization. In Ning, L, Jin, Y., & Kemdikbud RI, Jakarta. Mingxuan, J., 2007. How does Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah organizational trust beneﬁt work (LAKIP) Tahun 2015 Kemdikbud, 2015. performance? Higher Education Press and Kemdikbud RI, Jakarta. Springer-Verlag, Volume 1, Number 4, pp. Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah 622-637. (LAKIP) Tahun 2016 Kemdikbud, 2016. Bachmann, R., & Inkpen, A.C., 2011. Kemdikbud RI, Jakarta. Understanding Institutional- based Trust Levin D.Z., Cross R, Abrams L.C, Lesser Building Processes in Inter-organizational Relationships, Organization Studies, E.L, 2002. Trust and knowledge sharing: a critical combination, IBM

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Institute for knowledge based Nooteboom, B., & Six, F., 2003. The Trust organizations, USA, pp 1–7. Process in Organizations Empirical Studies Levin D.Z, Cross, R., Abrams L.C, Lesser, of the Determinants and the Process of E., 2003. Nurturing interpersonal trust Trust Development, Edward Elgar, USA. in knowledge-sharing networks, Acad Nyhan, R. C., 2000. Changing the Paradigm: Manage Exec, Volume 17, Number 4, pp. Trust and its Role in Public Sector Organizations, American Review of 64–76. Lui, S.S., & Ngo, H.Y., 2004. The role of trust Public Administration,Volume 30, and contractual safeguards on Number 1, pp. 87-109. cooperation in non-equity alliances, Shaparito, P. A., Chen, C. C., & Sapienza, H.J., Journal of Management, Volume 30, 2004. The role of relational trust in Number 4, pp. 471–486. bank–small firm relationships, Academy Marhabang, M.A., 2015. Optimalisasi Model of Management Journal, Volume 47, Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan pada Number 3, pp. 400–411. Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan, E-Buletin The Jakarta Post, Indonesian Education Index Media Pendidikan LPMP Sulsel, lower than Philippines, Ethiopia, ISSN.2355-3189. Jakarta posted Sat, March 25, 2017. Mauluddin, M., & Rahayu, AYS. 2013, Analisis (Accessed on 31 August, 2017). Pelaksanaan Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Tyler, T., & Kramer, R., 1996. Trust in Pendidikan (SPMP) melalui Evaluasi organizations – frontiers of theory and Diri Sekolah (EDS) di SDN Cilandak research, Beverly Hills, SAGE., pp. Timur 08 Pagi Jakarta Selatan, Jurnal 16–20. Ilmu Administrasi Negara, FISIP UI, Van de Walle, S., Van Roosbroek, S., & Jakarta. Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, Bouckaert, G., 2008. Trust in the public F.D. 1995. An integrative model of sector: Is there any evidence for a long- organizational trust, Academy of term decline? International Review of Management Review, Volume 20, pp. Administrative Sciences, Volume 74, 709–734. Number 1, pp. 45-62. Yin, R.K., 2009. Case Study Research: Design McEvily, B., & Zaheer, A., 2006. Does Trust th and Methods, 4 Edition, SAGE Still Matter? Research on the Role of Publication Inc. Thousand Oaks, Trust in Inter-organisational Exchange. California. In Bachmann, R., & Zaheer, A., 2006. Yuniar, D.P., 2016. Peningkatan Mutu Handbook of Trust Research, Edward Pendidikan dengan Konsep “Full Day Elgard Publishing, Cheltenham. School”, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Miles, M.B., & Huberman, A.M., 1994. Repositioning Full Day School Pendidikan Qualitative Data Analysis: An Formal, Nonformal, Dan Informal Malang, Expanded Sourcebook. Sage 22-23 Oktober 2016 Di Ollino Garden Publication, Inc, New York. Hotel, Malang. Moerdiyanto, 2012. Strategi Pelaksanaan Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Pendidikan (SPPMP) Zaheer, A., McEvily, B., & Perrone, V., 1998. Oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota, Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of http://staff.uny.ac.id/penelitian/ Accesed on inter-organizational and interpersonal trust 31 Agustus 2017). on performance, Organization Science, Muhl, J.K., 2014. Organizational Trust: Volume 9, Number 2, pp. 141–159. Zaheer, A., & Harris, J., 2006. Inter- Measurement, Impact, and the Role of organizational Trust, Chapter 10. In Management Accountants, Springer, Shenkar, O., & Reuer, J., 2006. Handbook London. of Strategic Alliances, Thousand Oaks, Sage Publication Inc. pp. 169-197.

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DOES THE GOVERNMENT HEAR US? A PICTURE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN NETIZEN AND INDONESIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN TWITTER

ANANG DWI SANTOSO, Postgraduate Student, Department of Public Policy and Management, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Sosio Yustitia, Catur Tunggal, Depok, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Indonesia, Email: [email protected] NURUL HIDAYAH, Posgraduate Student, Master of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, JL. Prof DR Sardjito, Sekip, Yogyakarta, Terban, Gondokusuman, Terban, Gondokusuman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: [email protected] DHIA KHALILA RINJANY, Postgraduate Student, Department of Public Policy and Management, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Sosio Yustitia, Catur Tunggal, Depok, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Introduction 2014; Reddick, Chatfield, & Ojo, 2017; This study aims to capture the Sobaci & Karkin, 2013; Zavattaro, French, & interaction between local government and Mohanty, 2015; Zheng, 2013) and (2) society on Twitter. This research is motivated research that focuses on the society behavior by the growth of research related to social on social media (Agostino & Arnaboldi, media and local government. Research with 2016; Bellström et al., 2016; Konsti-Laakso, the theme is divided into two streams, namely 2017; Reddick et al., 2017).

(1) research that focuses on the official We argue that social media is a account of government (Bellström, medium that allows people to communicate Magnusson, Pettersson, & Thorén, 2016; more closely and intensely with the Bonson, Royo, & Ratkai, 2017; Bonsón, government. Iinstead of following Royo, & Ratkai, 2015; Gunawong, 2015; mainstreams that capture the behavior of Hofmann, Beverungen, Räckers, & Becker, social media users separately (government 2013; Lev-on & Steinfeld, 2015; Mergel, and society), this study comes with a more 2016; Panagiotopoulos, Bigdeli, & Sams, comprehensive overview to see the

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interaction between community and local Cruz, Sandoval-Almazan, & Gil-Garcia, government on twitter by focusing on (1) 2016). information posted by netizen to a local Methods government account; (2) the speed of This research employed a quantitative responding to information tweeted by netizen; descriptive design. The research conducted on and (3) the feedback of local government twitter because twitter enables intensive two- accounts to the information shared. way communication compared to other Social media has become an important platforms. This research began by collecting part of community activities. 2.01 billion twitter accounts of districts and or cities in people worldwide use Facebook actively Java Island, amounting to 119 cities and every month (Facebook, 2017). Meanwhile, districts. Java was chosen because the island's 328 million people worldwide are active on ICT development index is larger than the Twitter every month (Statista, 2017). In other islands (BPS, 2016). The next step was Indonesia Facebook has been adopted by to choose an active social media account in more than 126 Million People (Facebook, the past month. Then, the author collected 2017). On the other hand, Twitter was some information such as the number of adopted by 24.34 million Indonesians followers, following, and tweet. (Katadata, 2016). Twitter and Facebook are By using advanced search the author the two platforms most widely adopted by looked for the accounts mentioning a local Indonesians (APJII, 2016). government account and then took 20 posts The high level of adoption is an for each account. We also calculated how opportunity for governments to use social quickly the information is responded and how media as part of a strategy to increase public social media officers respond to that participation in running government information. To collect the data, author data activities. Social media is believed to increase assisted by NVivo 11. The data collected transparency and accountability of the between 1 and 31 August 2017. After the data government, improve the quality of public collected data will be categorized by using services and increase public participation in the content analysis. We categorized (1) post policy making(Criado, Rojas-Martín, & Gil- tweeted by the community that mentioned a Garcia, 2017; Sandoval-Almazan, Cruz, & government official account and (2) the Armas, 2015; Sobaci & Karkin, 2013; Valle- information posted by a local government as a response to the tweet. This research was

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conducted at the local government level specifically, they replied to the netizen tweet because according to Mossberger, Wu, & by posting "we will accommodate the input". Crawford, (2013) local government is an We divide the interactions between important subject in social media studies local governments with netizen into two because of the tradition of community categories: one-way and two-way. Most of participation at local level. the local governments are in a one-way Preliminary Result category which means the government only uses twitter to inform the activities of the As presented in table 1. 72% Local district or city. Moreover, the two-way government in Indonesia already has twitter. category describes local government accounts 52% of 119 cities and districts have been which is used to communicate with the actively using their social media accounts. public. Table 1. Twitter Adoption of Districts and Cities in Java Island In addition, considering the quality of Province The total Twitter replies and the speed of responding, we number of Adoption divide the local government accounts into districts and cities four parts: (1) high quality and fast Response; Banten 8 100% (2) high quality and slow response, (3)low Jakarta 6 67% quality and fast response (4) low quality and Jawa Barat 27 67% Jawa Tengah 35 80% Slow response Yogyakarta 5 20% Jawa Timur 38 71% Conclusion and Recommendation Total 119 72% The interaction between society and The time to respond to the questions government in social media, in general, is not or the inputs tends to be long. Surprisingly, found in Indonesia. Local governments tend even some accounts appear active but they do to use social media to inform their activities not answer the question or input asked by the rather than communicate with the community. citizen. Then, the Government tends to reply We recommend that the government should to the questions and the inputs by disposing to develop social media policy and conduct the authorized agencies by mentioning the training to social media officer in Indonesia. official account of the agencies. More References

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References https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-03-2016- 0053 Agostino, D., & Arnaboldi, M. (2016). A Measurement Framework for Assessing Gunawong, P. (2015). Open Government and the Contribution of Social Media to Social Media: A Focus on Transparency. Public Engagement: An empirical Social Science Computer Review, 33(5), analysis on Facebook. Public 587–598. Management Review, 18(9), 1289–1307. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393145606 https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1 85 100320 Facebook. (2016) Company Profile of APJII. (2016). Survei Pengguna Internet Facebook. Retrieved in Indonesia. Jakarta: APJII https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/ Bellström, P., Magnusson, M., Pettersson, J. Hofmann, S., Beverungen, D., Räckers, M., S., & Thorén, C. (2016). Facebook usage & Becker, J. (2013). What makes local in a local government: A content governments‟ online communications analysis of page owner posts and user successful? Insights from a multi- posts. Transforming Government: method analysis of Facebook. People, Process and Policy, 10(4), 548– Government Information Quarterly, 567. 30(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.013 TG-12-2015-0061 Kata Data. (2016). Indonesia Pengguna Bonson, E., Royo, S., & Ratkai, M. (2017). Twitter Terbesar Ketiga di Dunia. Facebook Practices in Western European Retrieved in Municipalities: An Empirical Analysis http://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapubl of Activity and Citizens‟ Engagement. ish/2016/11/22/indonesia-pengguna- Administration & Society, 49(3), 320– twitter-terbesar-ketiga-di-dunia 347. https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997145449 Konsti-Laakso, S. (2017). Stolen snow 45 shovels and good ideas: The search for and generation of local knowledge in the Bonsón, E., Royo, S., & Ratkai, M. (2015). social media community. Government Citizens‟ engagement on local Information Quarterly, 34(1), 134–139. governments‟ facebook sites. an https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.10.002 empirical analysis: The impact of different media and content types in Lev-on, A., & Steinfeld, N. (2015). Local western europe. Government engagement online : Municipal Information Quarterly, 32(1), 52–62. Facebook pages as hubs of interaction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.11.001 Government Information Quarterly, 32(3), 299–307. BPS. (2016) Indeks Pembangunan Teknologi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.05.007 Informasi dan Komunikasi (IP-TIK) tahun 2012−2015. Jakarta: BPS Mergel, I. (2016). Social media institutionalization in the U . S . federal Criado, J. I., Rojas-Martín, F., & Gil-Garcia, government. Government Information J. R. (2017). Enacting social media Quarterly, 33(1), 142–148. success in local public administrations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.09.002 International Journal of Public Sector Management, 30(1), 31–47. Mossberger, K., Wu, Y., & Crawford, J.

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(2013). Connecting citizens and local millions). Retrieved in governments? Social media and https://www.statista.com/statistics/282 interactivity in major U.S. cities. 087/number-of-monthly-active- Government Information Quarterly, twitter-users/ 30(4), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.016 Valle-Cruz, D., Sandoval-Almazan, R., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2016). Citizens‟ Panagiotopoulos, P., Bigdeli, A. Z., & Sams, perceptions of the impact of information S. (2014). Citizen-government technology use on transparency, collaboration on social media: The case efficiency and corruption in local of Twitter in the 2011 riots in England. governments. Information Polity, 21(3), Government Information Quarterly, 321–334. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP- 31(3), 349–357. 160393 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.014 Zavattaro, S. M., French, P. E., & Mohanty, Reddick, C. G., Chatfield, A. T., & Ojo, A. S. D. (2015). A sentiment analysis of (2017). A social media text analytics U.S. local government tweets: The framework for double-loop learning for connection between tone and citizen citizen-centric public services: A case involvement. Government Information study of a local government Facebook Quarterly, 32(3), 333–341. use. Government Information Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.03.003 34, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.11.001 Zheng, L. (2013). Social media in Chinese government : Drivers , challenges and Sandoval-Almazan, R., Cruz, D. V., & capabilities. Government Information Armas, J. C. N. (2015). Social media in Quarterly, 30(4), 369–376. smart cities: An exploratory research in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.017 mexican municipalities. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2015–

March, 2366–2374. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.284 Sobaci, M. Z., & Karkin, N. (2013). The use of twitter by mayors in Turkey: Tweets for better public services? Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.014

Statista. (2017). Number of monthly active Twitter users worldwide from 1st quarter 2010 to 2nd quarter 2017 (in

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MEASURING QUALITY OF CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

Andi Ahmad Yani, Department of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia Andi Rahmat Hidayat,Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of West Sulawesi, Jl. Prof. Baharuddin Lopa, Majene, Indonesia Amril Hans,Department of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia Salma Tadjang, Institute for Public Policy Study (LSKP), Jl.A.P.Pettarani III C, No.99, Makassar, Indonesia Abd Naris Agam, Institute for Public Policy Study (LSKP), Jl.A.P.Pettarani III C, No.99, Makassar, Indonesia

Introduction/Background In development activities, there is a concept that has gained popularity and has Since the fall of Suharto‟s regime been considered as an umbrella term for new (new order), there has been a major change in genre of development intervention, called the system of governing bureaucracy and participation (Oakley, 1991). With regard to politics. Indonesia, in this sense, has been democratic values, participation is also transformed from a very centralized country defined as a fundamental ingredient for to be one of the most decentralized one in the political and social process and bureaucracy world. This can be seen in the implementation to achieve its goals. Therefore, it is argued of decentralization system, where the role of that citizen participation is a viable way in the local government in development process has context of local development, and it is also a become key element, as power and authority categorical term for citizens power, enabling have been delegated from central to local. them to deliberately engage in political and Now, local government has much power and economic process where they are excluded is responsible to drive positive changes in all before (Arnstein, 1969). aspects of life (economy, social, politics, culture and security). However, there is still an ongoing criticism whether channels of participation in

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development process is truly a spirit of the increasing degrees of decision-making power process or just merely manipulation by which held by citizens. This level is divided into government tries to do in development or three categories as this power held by citizens even collaborative process, (Arnstein, 1969, progressed up (partnership, delegated power, Ansel and Gash, 2007). Without and citizen control). In partnership, citizens redistribution of power, participation could be are able to negotiate and engage in trade-offs an empty and frustrating process for those with traditional power holders (government). who powerless, particularly for ordinary For delegated power and citizen control, citizens, and it seems that development people have majority of power in decision- process via participation in this sense, only making process. In other words, citizens have maintain the status quo. full managerial power to control output of formulation or decision-making process, or Therefore, there are eight typologies even in implementation. of participation that can help us analyze this confusion and understand citizens power in determining the final result of development process (Arnstein, 1969). The very bottom level is manipulation or therapy which describe non-participation process, because the main purpose of this is just to enable powerholders to educate the participants, instead of allowing them to determine planning and implementation process. The second higher level of participation is informing and consultation called Tokenism. This process allows participants to hear and have voice, but they have no power to ensure that their aspiration is going to be taken by Methods the powerful/authority into account. Highest level of tokenism is called placation, giving A. Research Approach rules for citizens to advice. The third, highest level of participation is citizen power, with

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Approach used in this study is mixed method, districts in Kutai Kartanegara Regency. Those with combination of quantitative and dub-districts selected based on geographic qualitative data. Quantitative data was taken consideration that was interpreted to be through survey and qualitative data was representing all areas of Kutai Kartanegara. gathered through focus group discussion and The following is the areas mentioned before: depth interview. Table 1: Selected sub-districts and Number of residences (2015) B. Location This research was conducted in nine sub- districts as sample of the total of 18 sub-

No Sub-districts Number of Residences 1 Tabang 10.349 2 Muara Kaman 36.255 3 Muara Badak 45.954 4 Samboja 63.467 5 Tenggarong 114.306 6 Muara Muntai 18.336 7 Anggana 40.702 8 Kota Bangun 33.296 9 Tenggarong Seberang 71.467

Data analysis on qualitative approach used C. Population and Sample descriptive method by grouping a variety of To determine the number of samples, this information that has been collected based on study uses the population of Kutai the relevance of each variable. Analytical Kartanegara Regency recorded in 2015, technique on quantitative approach by survey accounting for 717,789 (Central Bureau of will be processed by using descriptive Statistics of Jeneponto, 2016), and based on statistical data analysis technique which is this population, samples were taken for study measurement of frequency in cross table purposes using a multi-stage random analysis. sampling method. For the confidence level of Quantitative method and conducted with 95% and margin error 0,03, the ideal number survey. of samples determined is 420 people.

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Scores Ladder Participation

28.57-32.00 Citizen control

25.06-28.56 Delegated power

21.55-25.05 Partnership

18.04-21.54 Placation

14.53-18.03 Consultation

11.02-14.52 Informing

7.51-11.01 Therapy

4.00 - 7.50 Manipulation

Typology Score Quality Participation

1600-2050 Citizen power

925-1599 Tokenism

250-924 Non-Participation

Results in decision making with the highest value on community recognition in obtaining Access invitations to engage (2.96). In addition, the Communities have the opportunity to engage public also recognizes the opportunity for

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dialogue and negotiation (2.95) which is the level of community participation quality fundamental to the decision-making process. in the access component is 21.42 which However, the values at the level of decision- means placation, meaning that access making and determining have been relatively available is just simply to channel the low, accounting for 2.80 and 2.66 aspirations of the community where their respectively. aspirations are not the main thing and will be Thus, the accumulated conversion value of considered in regional development.

Indicator Score

There was opportunity to engage but merely formalism 2.09

Receive invitation to engage 2.96

Being informed about opportunity to engage 2.44

Had opportunity to speak but their advice or aspiration 2.79 were not always heard

Had opportunity to give advice but their aspiration was 2.73 not always implemented

Had opportunity to talk and negotiate 2.95

Had opportunity to have role in decision-making 2.80

Had opportunity to determine/decide 2.66

Total value 21.42

Citizens access on local development refers to activities. As shown in table below, indicators placation level about public awareness over their basic rights to be involved and to determine decision and Awareness also involved to provide advice on Awareness is a fundamental thing that government activities are the highest value, moves individuals to engage in development with 2.93 respectively. Similarly, the value of

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community awareness indicators to be awareness for participation refers to placation involved and play an active role in level. In other words, the quality of community and government activities participation in Kutai Kartanegara is still at a accounts for 2.89. level to dampen the disappointment of citizens where the public's awareness is very The total value of the awareness high on their basic rights to be involved and component is 19.91 which means that public determine.

Indicator Score

Do not care with social and governmental activities 1.85

Social and government activities did not fit with my 2.16 interest

My involvement depended on my interest 2.07

Merely involved in social and government activities 2.26

Involved in giving advice in social and government 2.93 activities

Actively involved in social and government activities 2.89

Actively involved and participated in social ad 2.83 government activities

Knowing their basic rights as citizen to involve and 2.94 determine

Total value 19.91

Control influences their participation rate. The table below shows the weak control of the The next component of participation community where the value of the is control. This relates to the certainty of the government to open the dialogue room in the position of decision-making control that determination of development activities also involves the community which then has a very high value (3.07). In addition,

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indicator indicating the government only controlling public decision is still considered provides information to the community about as merely placation. This condition then development activities is also high (2.92). affects the quality of community participation because of weak position of their control in The total value of Control component is the process of policy making. 21,08, meaning that public participation in Indicator Score

Government determined all developmental activities 2.36

People were just involved in determining developmental activities 2.31

Government only informed to people about developmental activities 2.92

Only involved few people in determining developmental activities 2.29

Involved people but not in determining developmental activities 2.67

Government opened up a room for dialogue to determine developmental 3.07 activities

Government gave a room for people to determine developmental activities 2.85

All developmental activities determined by people 2.61

Total value 21.08

Benefits indicators have met community expectations (2.75) and community indicators know the The last component of participation in development benefits of information but do this research is the benefit. It is therefore not feel directly (2.75). argued that People are likely to participate in development activities if they feel it will Thus, the overall value of the Benefit bring a positive impact (benefits) to them. In component is 20.65, which means that the the following table, the highest score is seen participation rate of the residents of Kutai on the benefit indicator already exists but has Kartanegara not yet fulfilled the public expectations refers to placation level. This data illustrates (3.02). Similarly, development benefit that the people view the benefits they receive

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from development activities organized by the who tend to be less satisfied with the benefits government just to muffle their anger. This they receive because it has not been in can be seen from the perception of people accordance with their expectations so far.

Indicator Score

People did not feel benefits of developmental activities 2.17

Only few or certain groups of people got advantages from developmental 2.09 activities

People know the benefits of development activities from information 2.70 provided by the government but do not feel the benefits directly

There are benefits but these have not solved the problem 2.68

There are benefits but these have not met the expectations of the people 3.02

The benefits of development already meet some of the expectations of the 2.72 people

Benefits of development activities meet the expectations of the people 2.65

Benefits of development activities meet the expectations of the people, and it 2.59 is managed by the community in a sustainable manner

Total value 20.65

Quality of citizen participation

Variable Score Weight Value

Access 21.42 16 342.7

Awareness 19.91 16 318.6

Control 21.08 16 337.3

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Benefits 20.65 16 330.4

Total 83.06 1329.0

After examining four selected the program, but its function is simply just to components to measure Citizen participation get support from them without any burden to in local development in Regency of Kutai realize the proposed program submitted by Kartanegara, it can be said that the level of the community. citizens‟ participation in this regency implies Reference to tokenism level, where people is given space to argue and propose the program. Ansell C, Gash A. 2007. Collaborative However, the final decisions remain the Governance in Theory and Practice, domain of the government to determine, and Journal of Public Administration it tends not to present public‟s preferences. Research and Theory. 18(4): 543–571.

Conclusions Arnstein, S. R. (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Citizens participation consists of four main Participation, Journal of the American components namely, access, awareness, Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224. control and benefits. The four components Evans, A.M. and Campos, A. (2012) Open have their own levels according to the ladder Government Initiatives: Challenges of of the quality of Arnstein's participation Citizen Participation, Journal of Policy (1969). The results of citizens participation Analysis and Management, 32 (1), 172- index of Kutai Kartanegara show that the 185 quality of participation in these four Hawkins, C. V. and Wang, X. (2012) components is all at the level of placation, Sustainable Development Governance: where the highest score is in the access Citizen Participation and Support component and the lowest in the awareness Network in Local Sustainability component. The capacity for participation in Initiatives, Public Works Management general shows that the level is still at the and Policy, 17(1), 7-29. position of Tokenism. In similar vein, citizens participation is just an emphasize of formal Hadiz, V. R. (2004) Decentralization and procedure, where government provides space Democracy in Indonesia: A Critique of for dialogue with the community in proposing Neo- Institutionalist Perspectives,

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Development and Change, 35(4), 697– Aspinall and G. Fealy, Local Power and 718. Local Politics in Indonesia:

Oakley, P., 199 I. The concept of Decentralization and Democratization. participation in development. Landscape Singapura: ISEAS. Urban Planning, 20, 115-122. Irvin, R. A. and Stansbury, John (2004) Citizen Participation in Decision Pratikno, 2005. Exercising Freedom: Local Making: Is It Worth the Effort? Public Autonomy and Democracy in Administration Review, 64(1), 55-65. Indonesia, 1999– 2001. In M, Sulistiyanto and C, Faucher (Eds), Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia.

London: Routledge.

Rasyid, M.R. 2004. Regional Autonomy and Local Politics in Indonesia.in E,

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THE IMPLEMENTATION MODEL OF POOR FISHER COMMUNITY

EMPOWERMENT, CASE STUDY: POOR FISHER FAMILY IN PANGKE, INDONESIA

Dr. Anwar Parawangi, M.Si, (email : [email protected])

Dr. Rulinawati Kasmad, M.Si, (email : [email protected])

Introduction To study this problems, the dale of organizational and inter-organizational As known, fisherman has the lowest relations (Winter, 2004, O'Tool, 2000) level of welfare. This fisherman community indicates that the implementation of public is the poorest society compared to any other policy is rare in group/ organizations itself, subsystems (Kusnadi, 2002). There are many moreover without well-coordinated serious cases in fisherman in Indonesia that organizational tools. have been studied. One of the studies is analyzing the poor economic fisher Implementation policy requires to community in Jepara by Mubyarto (1984). clearly change the general policy. These intergovernmental relationships and Casuistically, the same fisher poverty regulations become very important for both problems appeared in Riau Island. According public and non-public organizations, because to Mubyarto and Sutrisno (1988), this poverty such organizations, slightly, local problem in the regions mostly caused by governments have limited resources in structural pressure, such as the rich fisher has administering public services. ruled the poor fisher. So, the poor fisher become powerless to the socio-economic and I. Literature Review the politic condition that already applied in To achieve the purpose of this every region, including the poor fisher in research, there are some variables that Mattiro Bombang, North Liukang introduced, as Winter presented (2004), Tuppabiring, Pangkep. namely: 1. Organizational and inter- organizational behavior

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The dimensions are commitment Lipsky (1980), the behavior of policy and inter-organizational integration. implementation in systematically way is In the process, the sometimes deviated from the associated implementation of organizational and task. It tends to prioritize the liaison with intergovernmental policies is the policy delivery of dale community. characterized by commitment and Therefore, the lower level of bureaucracy integration (Winter, 2004). In this becomes an essential actor of public implementation level, commitment is a policy implementation and the mutual agreement in related institutions performance seemingly constant through to maintain the organization stability and standard programs that related to its the network chains among existing activities (Lipsky, 1980). organizations. It is intended to control the sense of egoism in organization 3. Target Group Behavior programs, which may affect the outcome The dimension is the of the implementation. community positive and negative At the coordination patterns level, the response in supporting the policy organization relationships is clearly The variable target behavior for effect the determination of this study is people society, implementation strategy. Public policy organization, and consumer client that regulation can be applied through two or have a role of the policy impact side. It more organizations. However, policy also affect the program implementation regulation appeared too complex and performance through positive and more challenging. So the possibility to negative actions (Winter, 2004). In cooperate become more complicated. completion, the program That is why, due to this "complexity", the implementation performance is strongly policy regulations is ignored (Rittel and influenced by the characteristic of Webber, 1973). participants to support and refuse it 2. Street Level bureaucratic behavior. (Van Meter and Van Horn, 1975:463). The dimension is discretion It is act as the ability to carry out Methodology all the programs which is an important a. Object of Research decision to dominantly influence formal The object of this study is the poor fisher authority (discretion). According to family and community. They are 42

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considered to be able to provide of them is a program that developed by information. The research was conducted Coastal Economy Community Empowerment in Mattiro Bombang, North Liukang Program (PEMP). But, in reality, this effort Tuppabiring, Pangkep. has not been fully implemented. Similarly to b. Design Research any other programs, the result appears not Qualitative method is used in this always agreed with the planning schedule and research, because the problems happened the real vision. Many factors can caused this between the organization and distortions, such as unsupported program by interorganization in empowerment the agencies. This is the reason why the program of the poor fisher community agency commitment is needed to ignore the are often found within the process, so it individual interest in order to achieve the is qualitatively relevant. objectives of this program. c. Strategy Research Systematization is defined by a cross- The used strategy is applied to solve the sectoral organization form activity that act as problems and achieve the objectives of the implementer of the program. This activity this research that have been mentioned in is tightly bound local economic growth case study. network. Systematization is completely done, both in decision making and implementing Result and Discussion the program to gain data and information. 1. Organizational and Inter-organizational This deliberately important because Mattiro Implementation Analysis Bombang appears to be potential in economic One of the aspect that influence the resources. Stakeholders are expected to successful of the poor fisher empowerment collect the data, such as regional potential, program is the implementation behavior of investment, and business and market organizational and inter-organizational, opportunity. However, the aim of the program including two components such as is not accomplished because the stakeholders commitment and systematization. is not familiar to such activities. The Commitment explained as a mutual organization does not have coordination agreement between relevant agencies and management as like a well-managed business existing organizations to stabilize the network organization. In decision making process, the and its organization. Numerous effort has top-down strategy is still widely used, where been done by government and other relevant power is the center of the orientation. parties to figure out the poverty problem. One 2. Street Level Bureaucracy Analysis 43

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Lower-level bureaucratic behavior in achieving its goals. This is related to the the poor fishermen community empowerment behavior of the community as the program is largely determined by village- characteristics of the target group. This is one based management, such as the Village of the factors that influenced the achievement Community Institution (LKD). As stated in of the empowerment program (Winter, 2004: Permendagri No. 5 of 2007 and PP no. 72 of 207). Thus, the implementation performance 2007. It collaborate with chief village and of the poor fisher empowerment program is leaders in empowering community. In strongly based on the characteristics of addition, it assists the implementation of participants, supporting or rejecting (Van government affairs in controlling, utilizing, Meter and Van Horn, 1975: 463). In other maintaining, and improving the participatory words, the succesful implementation of this manner. program is determined by the encouragement The ability of LKD in the socio- and conducive environment. economic empowerment program society is shown by the discretion in carrying out its Conclusion duties. However the interview indicates the 1. The implemented organization of poor agreement is completely determined by the fisher community empowerment program Chief village without selection process. This seems not well recognized the clearly shows an absence of transparency. determination strategies in the field of This sadly happened in a paternalistic local economic growth. method. 2. The discretion is hardly done in the 3. Target Group Analysis implementation program in the lower- The target group is referred to poor level resembled LKD, because the LKD fisher family and community in Mattiro is chosen by chief village, not by the Bombang, North Liukang Tupabbiring, community. This is demand loyalty to the Pangkep regency. The existence of this target chief village. Thus, LKD still oriented group is very important for coastal not towards in achieving the required empowerment programs, because the innovation goals, in mind and in successful of this program is determined by behavior. them. The positive support from the 3. Success or failure of poor fisher community as a target group is very community empowerment program in important. Vice versa, negative action will Mattiro Bombang, North Liukang also give negative impact to this program in Tuppabiring is depends on the 44

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characterization of positive and negative O‟Toole Laurence J. Jr, 2000; Research on support by fisher community that act as Policy Implementation Assesment and the target group. Prospects , Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory.

10: 263-88. References Dunn, W.N., 1981. Public Policy Analysis : Rittel, Horst W.J. and Webber, Melvin,1973; An Introduction. New Jersey: Prentice- Dilemmas in A General Theory of HallInternational Inc., Englewood Cliffs. Planning, Policy Sciences, 4: 155-69. Hoogerwerf, 1978. Politikologi : Pengertian Winter,C Soren, 2004 ; Handbook of Public dan Problem-Problemnya. Terjemahan Administration, Edited by B.Guy Peters R.I.I.Tobing. Jakarta : Erlangga. & John Pierre. SAGE Publications

Kusnadi, 2002. Konflik Sosial Nelayan Van Meter, Donald S and Van Horn, Carl E, Kemiskinan dan Perebutan Sumberdaya 1975; The Polici Implementation Perikanan.LkiS; Yogyakarta. Process: A Conceptual Framework ,

Lipsky, Michael, 1980; Street-Level Administration and Society. 6: 445-68. Bureaucracy: The Dilemmasof the http://www.kompasiana.com/rajabaliakbar/str Individual in Public Services. New ategi-pemberdayaan-nelayan- York: Russel Sage Foundation. miskin_5694b3ad81afbd6207b03fce,

Mubyarto, Loekman Soetrisno dan Michael diakses, 18 Agustus 2016, R.Dove. 1984. Nelayan dan Kemiskinan http://www.sapa.or.id/lp/122-pss/10576- Studi Ekonomi Antropologi di Dua penanggulangan-kemiskinan- Desa Pantai. Rajawali: Jakarta. ooo000002, diakses, 20 Maret 2017.

Mubyarto dan Loekman Soetrisno, 1988, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ Studi Pengembangan Desa Pantai di pii/S1878029613000558 Provinsi Riau. Pusat Pembangunan http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/such%20as Pedesaan dan Kawasan. UGM: ?s=t Yogjakarta.

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RADICAL DECENTRALIZATION REFORM AND COMMUNAL CONFLICT IN INDONESIA, 2003-2014

Aris Rusyiana, Mr. Khoirul Muluk, Sujarwoto, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistic, Indonesia, Address correspondence to: A.Rusyiana. Tel: (+62) 81313666818, email: [email protected]

Introduction shows how decentralization reforms and proliferation policy in Pakistan are related to The widening communal conflict massive migrations from rural to growing across decentralized developing countries has cities, and associated with competition over been a focal point within decentralization and economic resources, political representation, development studies. Decentralization reform and ethnic identity between migrant and non- in many countries has been believed as a tool migrants. Green (2008) argues that to reduce communal conflict as through the decentralization could increase local-level reform local citizen are able to decide what conflict by shifting power from ethnically they need and what they want. However, heterogeneous areas to those dominated by practice across decentralized developing only one or two ethnic groups. countries show widening communal conflicts during decentralization reform. This study provides new insights in understanding the linkage between radical Studies found several factors that decentralization reform and communal explain why decentralization could reduce conflict in Indonesia. Based on a large and could lead communal conflicts. Based on national survey dataset, we test the hypothesis a qualitative study, Fred-Mensah (1999) whether radical decentralization reform in the found that decentralization and several country which incorporates political, policies in Ghana could abate communal economic and administrative reform conflict between migrant farmers and host- associated with widening communal conflict landers due to land disputes. However, between 2013-2014. We argue that radical Tadjoeddin (2014) explains that abundant decentralization reform will lead to widening resources within district government and new communal conflict due to lack capacity of local political power have encouraged local government in managing local politics communal conflict during decentralization reforms period in Indonesia. Tambiah (1990) 46

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as well as abundant resources transferred to Results local government. Results of statistic descriptive show Methods decreasing communal conflict in Indonesia between 2003 and 2014 (Figure 1). There Our study was based on Village were around 3 % villages‟ experiences Potential Census data (Podes) 2004-2014. communal conflicts, as well as the density of The Podes data set are national representative all conflict (include conflict with government data covered all villages in Indonesia. Podes apparatus and policeman). Ethnic communal consist of more than 7,200 villages (desa) and conflicts show fluctuating trends, after cooled urban neighborhoods (kelurahan) across all down from 2003 to 2005, ethnic-communal 465 districts in Indonesia. In this study, we conflict tends to increase from 2005 to 2011. used Podes 2003-2014 which also has From 2011 to 2014, ethnic-communal conflict information about communal conflicts and decreased significantly (from 0.2% villages to the impacts of the conflicts (fatalities, 0.1% villages). injuries, and material damage) he Podes data set was linked to decentralization measure data from the Ministry of Home Office and the Ministry of Finance. Data were analyzed using multilevel logit regression

Figure 1. Trends of Density of Communal Conflict (Villages within districts) 2003-2014 (Source: Author, BPS PODES 2003-2014)

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Further Figure 2 shows the early period of decentralization. Likewise, geographical distribution of communal North Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi conflict across the district in the period. The experienced mostly prone areas of communal first map points geographical distribution of conflicts respectively in 67 villages within communal conflict in Indonesia in 2003. In Minahasa Districts and 55 villages within the earlier era of decentralization, the highest Poso Districts. In other areas, Villages near in incidents of communal conflict occurred at north coastal areas within Cirebon Districts Aceh, Central Sulawesi, Maluku, and North and Indramayu Districts demonstrated higher Maluku. Respectively, 534 villages and 184 communal conflict risks in the earlier period villages within North Aceh and East Aceh of decentralization (respectively 86 villages District experience communal conflict in the and 88 villages).

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Figure 2. Geographical Distributions of Communal Conflict in Indonesia, 2003-2014 (Source: Author, using Indonesian Geospatial Vectors and PODES Datasets)

The 2nd map of Figure 2 shows the Provinces respectively (34 villages within geographical distribution of communal Cirebon District and 33 villages within Bogor conflict in Indonesia in 2008. The density of Districts. North Sumatera, Central Sulawesi, communal conflicts relatively was more Maluku and Nusa Tenggara Timur also decreasing rather than in 2003. The highest performed moderate density of communal incident of communal conflict occurred in 46 conflict in 2008. Likewise, in 2011 the villages within Jayapura District (Papua) and highest incidents of communal conflict occur 39 villages within North Halmahera (North at villages within Tolikara District, a Maluku). Communal conflicts also occur in proliferated district of Jayawijaya District in 67 villages within two districts of West Java Papua (69 villages) (3rd map in Figure 2).

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This picture entirely differed in 2014 in higher competency of local bureaucracy (as which the highest density of communal measured by the proportion per district of the conflict occur in two proliferated New high-level education attained by village and Districts in North Maluku, North Halmahera neighborhood heads) may deflate communal (52 villages) and South Halmahera (39 conflict in the period of 2003 to 2014 in villages). Likewise, Maluku Tengah District Indonesia. Likewise, Fiscal decentralization shows the vulnerability of communal conflict and district proliferation policy could incidents. 39 villages within this district decrease communal conflict in Indonesia. experienced communal conflict in 2014 (4th They negatively associated with communal map in Figure 2). conflict. The greater and better sharing of budget allocation for performing some key Next, multilevel logistic regression results state function into local government may show whether decentralization associated deflate communal conflict in the period of with communal conflict across archipelago 2003 to 2014 in Indonesia. (Table 1). The model shows a significantly negative association between administrative decentralization and communal conflict. By Table 1. Multilevel logistic regression results of decentralization and communal conflict in Indonesia, Podes 2003-2014

Communal conflict

Coef. s.e. Note: Districts the model Administrative -0.975* 0.148 was Fiscal Decentralization -1.08 7.310 Public, Law and Order Function -3.741* 0.638 Proliferation -0.062 0.114 Poverty 0.058* 0.004 Gini Ratio 2.43* 0.274 GDP -0.032 0.026 Population Density 0.001* 0.001 Migrant 1.449* 0.209 Religious Fractionalism 0.125* 0.082

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controlled by individual, household, and community characteristics

Likewise, the proliferation policy to to provide goods and services that meet the separate a prior conflicted district into new needs of local citizens, rather than financing districts may reduce communal conflict. capacity and granting district proliferation However, the model shows that the fiscal policy. decentralization and proliferation policy are The promises offered by not significant policies in reducing the decentralization are likely to be realized only likelihood of communal conflict in lowest when each local government strengthens its administrative tiers. This result shows that capacity (see Sujarwoto, 2017; Sujarwoto and fiscal decentralization and proliferation Tampubolon, 2016; Sujarwoto and policies seem not to be significant factors in Tampubolon, 2015). Communal conflict reducing communal conflict in the last ten reduction depends on the competence and the years of decentralized Indonesia, rather than capability of street level bureaucracy in administrative decentralization. controlling how small-scale brawl not to be Conclusions provoked into the escalated communal riot. Moreover, this study shows other This study shows that communal characteristics of the districts level are linked conflict in decentralization period (2003- to communal conflict at the village level. At 2014) decreases significantly from 2003 to the district level, key determinants of 2005. However, it increases slightly from communal conflict range from Poverty Rate, 2005 to 2014. Despite are showing lower Gini Ratio, GRDP, Population Density, intensity during decentralization period, Migrant Proportion, and Religious communal conflicts outbreak in post-conflict Fractionalization Index. areas: Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku, and Papua. This study alerts that the World Bank theory References about repeated cycle of violence could Fred-Mensah, B. K. (1999). Capturing happen in Indonesia. Likewise, this study ambiguities: communal conflict management alternative in Ghana. World shows that local governments in Indonesia Development, 27(6), 951-965. vary regarding policies for communal conflict Green, E. D. (2008). Decentralisation and reduction. At the district level, the policy conflict in Uganda. Conflict, Security & depends on the ability of local governments Development, 8(4), 427-450.

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Sujarwoto & Tampubolon, G. (2016). Spatial inequality and Internet divide in Indonesia. Telecommunication Policy, 40 Sujarwoto. (2017). Geography and Communal Conflict in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 49 (1), pp. 89-96 Sujarwoto & Tampubolon, G. (2015). Decentralisation and citizen happiness: A multilevel analysis of self-rated happiness in Indonesia. Journal of

Happiness Studies, 16 (2), pp. 455-475

Tadjoeddin, M. Z. (2014). Explaining Collective Violence in Contemporary Indonesia: From Conflict to

Cooperation. Palgrave Macmillan. Tambiah, S. J. (1990). Presidential address: reflections on communal violence in South Asia. The Journal of Asian Studies, 49(4), 741-760.

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SOCIAL JUSTICE IN EDUCATIONAL POLICY: HOW DO STUDENTS PERCEIVED?

Asal Wahyuni Erlin Mulyadi, Lecturer at the Department of Public administration FISIP Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta Indonesia PhD Student at the Department of Management and Public Policy FISIPOL Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Introduction teacher, however it was selected randomly Public policy, especially in the field of while also considered gender balances and education which is the right for every citizen representing all the three classes (grade X to regardless their circumstances, accomodate grade XII) social justice as the fundamental principle. This paper set out to explore the perception of Results secondary schools students on the existences Social justice in educational policy of educational policy implemented especially guaranteed the equity for all learners in any in term of school enrollment requirement aspect such as gender, religion, socio related to the issue of social justice. The economic status, disabilities, and the like. The findings suggest that students perceived a implementation for such ideal goals of course good acceptance for the existing educational will not be easy since every students willing policy, although they also expressed their to study in a favorite school as well as hope for better achievement in the term of affordable in term of cost and distance. The social justice for all for the long future. recent requirement applied for school Methods enrollment in Yogyakarta city, that is also An interpretive qualitative method impemented in other cities in Indonesia since was applied in this research for data it is a national regulation, is using a test collection and analysis. Focus Group scores to apply their intended school. Discussions (FGDs) for a group students Although in the future this is not desirable consist of 8-10 in each group at two top because this selection method for school entry public secondary schools in Yogyakarta city is considered to still practice discrimination, were performed to capture their perceptions at least this is the best option for now. on social justice in educational policies. The Moreover, there is a special municipal students were identified with the help of the regulation to support such system in

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Yogyakarta city intended to minimize the that not all schools provide or ready with dicrimination and also to develop a qualified facilities to accommodate their special needs, school in all regions. In addition to test score then they are better off going to a special result of the academic achievement, this school that may fulfill their substantial special policy provide an additional score for facilities. each students residing in the same subdistrict Responding to unwanted pregnancy as the sub-district where the targetted school students as well as to the boy students who is located and residing in different subdistricts make the girl student pregnant, they argued with the additional of 20 and 10 points that they should still be given the opportunity respectively. This policy is not applied for to continue their study at the school. This those from different provinces, meaning that acceptance however, have to be together with there is no addition of points for them. a specific requirement such as that the school According to the students, this policy benefits have to give them an academic punishment the long future development to provide a and that they all have to be ready to face all good quality school for all learners in all the risks both physically and mentally of “the regions. disgrace". If the school has a provision to In terms of acceptance of learners drop out them from the school, while they with disabilities, they all basically agree that also have to seriously try to offer to continue those with unfortunately have physically and their study but it is still "non-negotiable", mentally disabilities able attend to any then have to accept the school's decision and schools anywhere. Even they expressed that if continue their study in other school or taking they have an opportunity to be together with a same level of informal education. those considered as marginalized or vurverable students since the first time at Conclusions same school, it will be not a surprise and get Government policy in the field of them used to such heterogen environtment as education, especially in public schools, is well as raise their respect and sympaty to recognized by the secondary school students each other. However, they also stated that have led to social justice although still learners with disabilities should consider encountered various discrimination issue anythings that may interfere, such as the which is not easy to be quickly solved. The possibility of being bullied and not getting recent government educational approach and proper facilities. Therefore, some of them policy to achive education for all through also suggested that due to such conditions, inclusive education policy needs to be 54

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continuously improved with the expansion of focused on the issue of learners with information and review of its policy content disabilities. which is up to now still considered to be too

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POLICY CORE BELIEFS IN POLICY CHANGE

Aslinda, Muhammad Guntur, Muhammad Akmal Ibrahim, Department of Public Administration,Faculty of Social Sciences, State University of Makassar [email protected]

Introduction been granted permits may not establish permanent buildings. Public dissatisfaction with the impact of government policies on aspects of public Based on authors' observations it was life during the decade of implementation found that this policy change was partly due (Rosenbloom & Kravchuk, 2005) resulted in to the Policy core blief or the perspective of the implementation policy process being government actors and street vendors in continuously established, from the passage of coordinating their actions not based on the legislation, followed by the decision of the similarity of beliefs to the achievement of the implementing agency on policy output, laws policy objectives. This study uses one of the and regulations have been revised or amended core policy variables blief from ACF Sabatier to affect changes in policy implementation. and Jenkins-Smith 1998 versions in contrast (Aslinda, 2017). to previous studies that focused solely on explicit controls on lower-level implementer In South Sulawesi precisely in the city behavior as directed top-down theories, or on of Makassar policy of space utilization by the bargaining process of implementers at the street vendors have experienced a shift or bottom as well as the direction of bottom-up change of policies that have been determined theories. by the previous government, as for the shift in the intention that is still found P5 using Based on the background of this study sidewalks, city parks, roads to sell while then the formulation of this research problem based on Makassar City Regional Regulation is to analyze how the policy core belief of No. 10/1990 Article 2, paragraph 1, 2 and 3, advocacy coalition in changes in space stating that street vendors are prohibited from utilization policy by the street vendors in trading / striving on streets, sidewalks and Makassar and how the impact of policy space other public places, street vendors who have utilization by the street vendors in Makassar.

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Research Method government in the arrangement of street vendors such as the relocation program This research uses qualitative design. that puts street vendors on the stalls With a focus on the utilization of space by provided so that the street vendors have street vendors located in Makassar City South been arranged in addition to the existence Sulawesi province. The reasons for choosing of street vendors can be legal according to the location were: (1) the phenomenon of law. On the other hand with the spatial use by street vendors did not reflect legalization of the existence of street the security, order, as affirmed in the vendors automatically affect the inclusion Regional Regulation of Makassar City of retribution and increase the original Number 10 of 1990 on street vendors. income of Makassar City This study uses data and information from the 2.Impact of Spatial Use Policy by PKL following three sources: (1) program records and documents / activities; (2) interviews Based on the policy of structuring with selected PKL participants; and (3) direct PKL SKPD technical has set the target observation. parameters according to their main tasks and functions and authority. Example The Result and Discussion spatial and building service office 1. Policy Core Beliefs of the Actors in the establishes simplified parameter targets policy of utilization of space by street into three parameters, namely: (1) vendors conformity of the utilization permit by Policy Core Belief The actors of street vendors with laws and regulations; SKPD differ according to the nature of the (2) conformity of the spatial use time by licenses issued but in the implementation the street vendors with the existing of space utilization by the street vendors permits; and (3) economic growth, local the SKPD actor has the same blief as, the revenues, and the improvement of people's mayor of Makassar welfare.

Belief from actor Coalition The first parameter target is the government in policy of spatial utilization conformity of the permit with the of street vendors realize the beautiful and legislation, based on the result of the clean urban planning. This is indicated by research, there is no suitability in the space the win-win solution issued by the utilization by the street vendors with the

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legislation as an example in the WP I and welfare, based on the result of the research, WP III zones along the main road of the found that while the parameters of highway mosque and along the path of economic growth increase, local revenue in independence pioneer found almost all the Makassar City has shown a positive main road segment is seen many street achievement. The economy of Makassar vendors who do sales activities in the City during the period 2007-2012 grew public area. The sidewalk, by making a positively measured by GDP growth at permanent construction on pedestrian current prices. Informant researcher stated distribution area and city park in Makassar that City, whereas in Local Regulation No. 10 of 1990 about street vendors about PKL development stating that the street vendors REFERENCES are not allowed to do sales activities in Aslinda, Guntur, 2017 National Seminar areas of distribution of walking, sidewalks "Building Indonesia through the results and city parks, because the area is a public of area that has been regulated utilization Research With the title Date 26-27 AUGUST based on government regulations. Non- 2017, Advocacy Coalition Model in compliance with the laws and regulations the change of space utilization policy by PKL has caused problems that have an impact in Makassar City. on the conflict between Government, street Aslinda. 2013. Model of Advocacy Coalition in Spatial Policy Changes in Makassar vendors and the community, in addition to City. Doctoral Dissertation at the conflict between levels of government. Department of Public Administration Study, Hasanuddin University Makassar. Target of the second parameter of Aslinda and Akmal. 2015. The Strategy and conformity Zone area or zone designated Political Resource in the Changing of based on the results of the study found that Spatial Policy. International journal of Adminstrative Science & Organization until now the suitability of space Business & Bureaucracy Volume 22 utilization based on zones or allotment has Number 1, January 2015. not been achieved, does not even show Creswell, J. W., 2003. Research Design: indications in a positive direction. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods The third parameter target, the Approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc. increase of economic growth, the local revenue, and the increase of people's

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Presidential Decree No. 125 Year 2012 on 2015 Coordination of Structuring and Rosenbloom, David H. and Kravchuk, Empowerment of StreetTraders R.S., 2005. Public Administration: Understanding Management, Mazmania, D. A. and Sabatier, Paul A., 1983. Implementation and Public Policy. Politics, and Law in the Public Sector. Glenview: Scott and Foresman Boston: McGraw-Hill. Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 41 Sabatier, Paul A., 1986. Top-down and of 2012 on Guidelines for Structuring Bottom-up Approaches to and Empowerment of Street Traders Implementation Research :A Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis. Regulation of City of Makassar Regulation Journal of Public Policy, 6: 21-48. Number 6 Year 2006 About Spatial Plan of Makassar City Sabatier, P.A. and Jenkins-Smith, H., 1999. The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Makassar City Regional Regulation No. Assessment. In Theories of the Policy 2/1987 on Master Plan of Makassar City Process. edited by Paul A. Sabatier. By law No. 10/1990 on the fostering of street Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 11768. vendors within the Makassar City Sabatier, P. A. and Jenkins-Smith, H., 1993. Territory Policy Change and Learning: An Regulation of Mayor of Makassar Number Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder, 20 Year 2004 concerning fixed Colo: Westview Press. procedure (PROTAP) to control the Sabatier, Paul A., and Hank Jenkins-Smith, building and development of informal 1988. An Advocacy Coalition Model of sector traders (PKL) in Makassar City Policy Change andthe Role of Policy area. Orientated Learning Therein. Policy Mayor of Makassar Decree Number 41 Year Sciences, 21: 129-68. 2012 on Guidelines for Structuring and

Empowerment of Legs Traders Sabatier, P.A. and Mazmanian, D.A., Weible, Christopher M., Sabatier, Paul A., 1980. The Implementation of Public and McQueen, Kelly, 2009. Themes and Policy: A Framework of Analysis. Policy Variations: Taking Stock of the Studies Journal, 8 (special issue): 538- Advocacy Coalition Makassar 60. City Local Regulation Number 6 Year 2006 About Makassar Spatial Planning 2005-

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 9 YEARS COMPULSORY EDUCATION POLICY TOWARDS EDUCATION ENHANCEMENT OF CHILD WORKERS

ATTA IRENE ALLORANTE Department of Administrative Science. Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. South Sulawesi. [email protected]

Introduction urbanization and as the center of East Indonesia Region (KTI). However the In Makassar, education policy is still condition of supportive facility is not becoming one of the priority and some sufficient yet, that is in elementary school, the policies toward education in school age with number of schools is 449 units and students some supporting program. For example 9 are 136.560 students with 4.127 teachers. In years compulsory education is supported with Junior High School level, there are 165 another policy that is the distribution of schools and 55.997 students with 4.025 school operational fund (BOS), the forming teachers (Makassar in number 2008). These of education council, increasing of children data shows that, the imbalance between reading interest, non formal education and education supporting facilities with the also free education program for 9 years acceleration of school age children which education level. Those policies are the grow faster. Urban area (city) is the center of derivative policy of International Education some activities like economy, socio-culture for All convention (EFA) and acted by policy and politics so the growth in urban is in form of local regulation (PERDA) relatively rapid with the significant growth. Makassar city number 3, 2006 about the Population growths in urban area generally education enforcement. caused by the urbanization, whether it Parallel with the education policy, becomes the permanent resident or even make especially education in school age in the city only for a place to gather income. Makassar, it is absolutely facing the quite According to the explanation above, serious challenges, reminding the population so it is needed to do an evaluation towards the growth of school age citizens are relatively success of 9 years compulsory education increased. It happened because of some achievements. Some problems which factors like Makassar as the destination of considered to be evaluated is the response of 60

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child workers towards the 9 years compulsory showing that in school decision it is less education itself, the effect of 9 years effective, lack of parental support, big compulsory education towards child workers possibility of school breaks if those policies and the effect of 9 years compulsory are not exist and also small affected to their education policy towards the self potential school motivation. development of child workers in Makassar. Based on the responsivity analysis Beside that it is important to know about the result, effectiveness and implication of 9 parental support towards the child workers to years compulsory education towards child be involved in education and the workers, so the suggestions that could be implementation of 9 years compulsory stated are: It is better for Education Agency education policy. (Dinas Pendidikan) if they are inviting all of Methods the child workers with their parents to give them socialization/briefing about 9 years This research was held in Makassar. compulsory education and free education This research using qualitative approach with policy and the importance of it for every the case study model which done by human. In this activity should be involving observation, documentation and deep Education Agency (Dinas Pendidikan) and interview method. local champions. The execution held in every district especially approaching to the

Results admissions time of new students. it should be hold at the area with many of child workers Based on the responsivity analysis and rural area. result, effectiveness and implication of 9 years compulsory education towards child workers, result obtained showing that, 9 years Conclusions compulsory education policy is less effective The implementation of 9 years compulsory towards the enhancement of child workers education is not only in conceptual level, but education. This has been measure using 9 need a commitment from all of the years compulsory education effect indicator stakeholders especially from executive side. to the school decision, parental support, This is one cause factor of the failure possibility of changes if those policies do not implementation of this program, so the result exist and the influence of those policies does not reaching maximum result. Because towards their school motivation. The result

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of that, need a firm action by the local Boyden, Jo & Ennew, Judith, 1997, Children government to implement the exist regulation in focus, A Manual for participatory with giving sanctions to every stakeholders research with children Stockholm. who do not obey the regulation. Brown, Drussila.K, 2003, The determinants of child labor: Theory and evidence, OECO Working papers No. 2 France

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kebijakan public, terjemah Tri Wibowo, Jakarta: Prenada media group. Subarsono, AG, 2006, Analisis kebijakan public, konsep, teori dan aplikasi, Peraturan pemerintah RI, Nomor 28 Tahun Yogyakarta: Pustaka pelajar. 1990, tentang pendidikan dasar. Sufyarma, 2004, Kapita selekta Manajemen Peraturan pemerintah RI, Nomor 19 Tahun pendidikan, Bandung: Alfabeta 2001, tentang Standar nasional pendidikan. Sugiyono, 2005. Metode penelitian administrasi, Bandung: Alfabeta cet XII. Peraturan daerah Kota Makassar, Nomor 3 Tahun 2006, tentang penyelenggaraan Suharto, Edi, 2005, Analisis kebijakan public, pendidikan. Bandung: Alfabeta.

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Terry, George, 2003, Prinsip-prinsip Rustamto. 2007. Pendidikan Gratis, Suatu manajemen, Jakarta: Bumi Aksara Dilema Politik. Koran Fajar Makassar Tjandraningsih, Indrasari, 1994, „Perlindungan pekerja anak: sebuah isu Schultz, 1961, Investment in human capital, yang mandeg”, Warta demografi, No. 4 American Economic Review. XXIV Siagian, Sondang, 2003, Manajemen Tjandraningsih, Indrasari, Benyamin strategic, Jakarta: Bumi Aksara White,1992, “Anak-anak desa dalam kerja upahan”, Prisma, Vol I Simanjuntak, Payaman, 1985, Pengantar Tjiptoherijanto, Prijono, 1986, Sumber daya ekonomi sumber daya manusia, Jakarta: manusia dalam pembangunan nasional, Lembaga penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi UI Jakarta: Lembaga penerbit Fak Ekonomi UI. Silva, AT, 1996, Mobilisasi masyarakat bagi Undang-undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003, perlindungan dan rehabilitasi anak tentang Sistem pendidikan. jalanan, Asian Philipina. Undang-undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005, Singarimbun, Masri, Sofian Efendi, 1983, tentang guru dan dosen. Metode Penelitian Survey, Jakarta: LP3ES. Usman, Husaini, 2006, Manajemen, teori, praktik dan riset pendidikan, Jakarta: Siswanto, 2008, Pengantar Manajemen, Bumi Aksara Jakarta: Bumi Aksara Syamsiah, 2000, Faktor-faktor yang Walinono, Hasan, 1994, Manusia Indonesia mendorong keberadaan anak jalanan di masa depan, Jakarta: Amanah putera Kota Makassar: tesis Pascasarjana Unhas. nusantara.

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ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION SERVICES INNOVATION IN BANTAENG, SOUTH SULAWESI

Badu Ahmad

Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Hasanuddin University, Makassar-Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Introduction and transparent service as a pillar of Good Governance paradigm. This is in line with the Empirically, there are several regions views of Ratminto and Winarsi (2005) that in Indonesia to be the best practice reference service by public bureaucrats is one of the in applying innovation in public service such manifestations of function as a public servant. as; public service units of Pinrang Regency, Jemrana Regency, Sragen Regency, Despite improvements in public Banyuangi Regency, and Gorontalo for services carried out by the local government institutional innovation through capacity in South Sulawesi, there are still some building and bureaucratic mindset changes to shortcomings that require special attention by mindset entrepreneur. In line with the view of the regional apparatus organization (OPD) in Prasojo (2005) which suggests that the South Sulawesi as an effort to improve the districts that successfully innovate the quality of public services. The condition is in licensing service can improve the quality of line with the results of research from the service and the satisfaction and welfare of author (Ahmad 2014) which shows the society. Therefore, organizational regulation performance of public services in South can encourage the formation of innovations Sulawesi has not been maximal so that that can improve the performance of public innovation and creativity required local services, respond to the expectations of government. According to Sinambela (2010) citizens and community needs (Mulgan and the importance of improving public services Albury 2003). Furthermore Dwiyanto (2010) is one of the benchmarks for legitimacy, proposed innovation services based on credibility and government capacity information technology and communication everywhere. Similar disclosed Dwiyanto one of the strategies to realize the accountable (2006), that improving the performance of 65

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public service bureaucracy will also improve can be a lesson for other local governments. the level of public confidence to the Further Prosojo (2005) argued that the main government. obstacle to implement innovation of public services in Indonesia is the sectoral ego of the Based on the above description, the regional apparatus organization (OPD). This focus of this research is related to the analysis is in line with the view of Thomas (2010) of the application of service innovation in who propose innovation is largely determined South Sulawesi. The author assume that by the commitment and capacity of local innovation in the service of a good business governments. Furthermore, Rina (2012) also license and satisfy the public will have an expressed the utilization of technological impact on the increase of revenues of innovation in the form of smart card usage in Original Income of District (PAD) and service field including incremental innovation welfare of society, the investment climate is category from innovation level included in increasing, and open new job opportunities innovation sustaining innovation category. and improving the welfare of the community. Thus, this research aims to analyze the form and application of innovation service business Innovation Concept in Perspective of license in South Sulawesi. Public Administration

Frederickson (1984), argues that the Public Sector Innovation in Empirical model and system of service delivery to the Perspective public is one of the centers of attention and the value that will be maximized. The study Irwan (2012) suggests the success of of innovations in public administration began local governments in innovating is seen as a to evolve as the paradigm shift from the model in measuring the success of local formalistic New Public Administration to governments. Furthermore, Doloreux (2004) New Public Management (NPM) following and Hartley (2005) mentioned that local market mechanisms and to the more government innovation related to the democratic New Public Service (Denhardt improvement of work unit performance. and Denhardt 2003). According to Osborne Similarly Prasojo (2005) suggests that the and Gaebler (1992), public sector managers local government of Jemrana Regency has are encouraged to find new ways of working innovated electronic-based public services and innovation to gain maximum results or that have met the best practice criteria that

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privatize governance functions. In addition, categories of innovation: (1) Incremental the contribution of New Public Management innovation and radical innovation; related to to the study of service innovation is decisive the authenticity of innovation itself, (2) top- because it is oriented professional managers down innovation and botton-up innovation; who work efficiently and effectively (Vigoda the elements of leadership take decisions in 2003). accordance with their authority, and (3) need- led innovation and efficiency-led innovation; Public sector innovation as the innovations that solve problems to improve development of new policy designs, new service efficiency. In line with the views of operating standards, as an open solution that Zeithaml and Berry (1990) that society can be transformed by government agencies desperately longs for quality service from that adopt it (Sangkala 2013). While Rogers every organizational unit. (2003), explains that innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is considered new by the individual one unit of other adoption. This Research Methods is in line with the view of Halvorsen (2005) which emphasizes novelty innovation of a The location of this research includes product. Furthermore Rogers proposes Bantaeng District, East Luwu Regency, and several measures of innovation attributes: Makassar City. The approach used is relative advantage, suitability, complexity, qualitative so that data collection techniques probability of trial, and ease of observation. include observation, in-depth interview, and Similarly Halvorsen (2005) and Muluk focus group discussion. To obtain relevant (2008) share the typology of public sector and accurate data and information, the innovation such as improved service, service informant is the secretary of the department, process innovation, administrative innovation the head of the licensing service, the head of or new policies, work system innovation, the investment field, the service officer, and conceptual innovation, and innovation of the business actor in charge of the business radical changes or employee mental changes. license. While data analysis techniques refer Based on the attributes of these innovations, to the interactive model of Miles and Halvorsen (2005) suggests there are three Huberman (2009) as follows:

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Data collection Data writing

Data reduction Data Conclusion / Verification

Research Result signing of the business license is not picked up by the investor, the service officer shall Based on the results of the study deliver direct delivery to the investor. (4) found some form of innovation applied in the One-stop service; the public utilizes Office of Investment and One Stop Integrated automated services in extending permits a Services (DPM-PTSP) Bantaeng District, month before maturity. (5) Technological among others: (1) Innovation Click; licensing innovation in the form of “technopreneurship of principle and location permit directly camp”; the government conducts training for signed by regent with validity period of 6 entrepreneurs in utilizing technology to (six) months. The innovation is a contribution increase production and productivity through of new service innovation typology and the application of various new technologies, policy innovation by Halvorsen (2005) especially seed business technology. (6) applied to encourage the acceleration of Maximizing One Stop Integrated Services infrastructure development and infrastructure (PTSP) in issuing all forms of licensing facilities of the type of business being related to a business license has paid off. (7) invested. After the investor obtained the Service process is more focused on improving principle permit from the regent, the next step service quality based on consistent standard is to manage the operational permits signed operating procedures (SOP), computerized by the Office Head of the Investment and data processing, online registration, SMS One-door Integrated Services of Bantaeng Gateway, payment through Bank, cool and Regency. (2) Anti-pungli (extortion) services; conducive service arrangement. to keep the integrity of clean and responsible licensing officers, the regents and heads of Similarly, the Regent of East Luwu the department affirm to every implementing Regency and the Head of DPM-PTSP Office officer to “work with the heart”. (3) Delivery continue to innovate for the realization of the of Permission Document; if two days after the prime licensing service. The actions taken by 68

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DPM-PTSP include: (1) implementing Implementation of policy innovation by innovation of information technology-based maximizing the new work of PTSP program. work processes to create an easy, transparent (7) One-day Mass Licensing Service and accountable licensing service system. (2) Innovation Product for three types of permits implementing employee mental innovation namely Micro and Small Business License through education and training of electronic- (SIUP) of 360 permits, Trading Permit based services so employees ability and skill (SIUP) 400, and Corporate Registration (smart), honest and loyal in carrying out (TDP) of 400 permits. duties so that East Luwu will become a more Other research results indicate Office advanced district with excellent service to its of Investment and One Stop Integrated people. Implementation of training as a Services (DPM-PTSP) Makassar City consequence of development of online continues to provide the best service to the service and information system. (3) community. Especially in the handling of implementing new service innovations permits easily, transparently and in through the development of services that zero accordance with standard operational complain as a manifestation of the procedures (SOP) that have been set. professionalism of the apparatus in serving Furthermore, the head of the office to make the community. (4) implementing a work changes and improvements to the system of system innovation without brokers that permission services quickly and attention to emphasizes the realization of the motto facilities and infrastructure in the service, “Serving You Build Together” so that service innovation of special parking for the personnel work according to the promise of community who are taking care of the permit. service: honest, fair, polite and open in This is done to achieve the best assessment serving, work based on standard operating target with category A for the national scale procedures, and delivery of service products issued Ministry of Administrative and if service is not timely. (5) Free Licensing as Bureaucratic Reform. The new innovation part of innovation of new services that program launched in May 2017 is a free home facilitate the process of obtaining permits for permit innovation as part of the innovation of micro and small businesses (SMEs) with a new services, so that the community can be one day permit service completed and more assisted by not coming back and forth to providing business actors information about pick up permit files at the Makassar access to bank credit and information on DPMPTSP office. Interview results from business development and business. (6) 69

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business actors can be concluded that home the service of prime permissibility that is delivery innovation is very efficient, easy, cheap, fast and transparent licensing effective, and economical. This is in line with service. Similarly click innovation that the new service innovation typology and developed in Bantaeng District greatly assist service system by Halvorsen (2005) that the acceleration of principle permit service every innovation requires the service directly issued by Bantaeng Regent, while excellence. The people are very respectful of other operational permission quickly the innovation so that people want the responded and processed at One Stop innovation of home delivery services to be Integrated Service Unit signed by Head of contained in local regulations to ensure their DPMPTSP of Bantaeng Regency. sustainability. Furthermore, the employee's mental innovation launched by the Bantaeng Regent Culture of serving should be grown in 2014 has an impact on all service personnel the bureaucracy environment of Makassar holding the value of “service from the heart” City because of the old Paradigm that as part of the integrity value of truth and positioned the government apparatus as the belief so that there is no illegal levies in the king who wants to be served by society is not licensing service process. While the the present. This is in line with Osborne's Government of Makassar City as the Capital (1992) and Vogoda (2003) views that the of South Sulawesi province to innovate government has the duty and function of maximize PTSP as a whole, one stop service providing the best service to the citizen. For based on electronics, and weekend service. that, appeared Innovation policy in the form of weekend service that is every Saturday starting at 08:00-14 :00 pm. The purpose of References weekend service is to provide opportunities, Badu, Ahmad, 2014, Manajemen Pelayanan convenience, and acceleration of licensing Umum, UT-Press, Jakarta. arrangements. Dwiyanto, Agus, 2006. Mewujudkan Good Governance Melalui Pelayanan Publik, Gajah Mada University Press, Conclusion Yogyakarta.

Application of innovation of online Dwiyanto, Agus, 2010, Manajemen Pelayanan Publik: Peduli , Inklusif, dan licensing service information system in East Kolaboratif, Gajah Mada University Luwu is a very appropriate means to realize Press, Yogyakarta.

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Doloreux, David, 2004, Regional Innovation Prasojo, Eko, 2005, Peran Kepemimpinan System in Canada: A Comparative Study, Dalam Program Inovasi Daerah, Regional Studies, Vol ,38 isssue 5, pp. Jembara. 481-494. Rina M.M. 2012, Inovasi Pelayanan Publik Denhardt , Denhardt, 2003, The New Public UPTD Terminal Purabaya Bungurasih, Service: Serving, Not Steering, New Surabaya. York: M.E. Sharpe. Rogers, E.M. 2003, Diffusion of Innovation, Frederickson, H. George, 1984, Administrasi 5th Edition, The Free Press. New York. Negara Baru, LP3ES, Jakarta. Ratminto and A.S. Winarsi, 2005, Halvorsen, Thomas, 2005, On The Manajemen Pelayanan: Pengembangan Differences between Public and Private Model Konseptual, Penerapan Citizens Sector innovation. Publin Report, Oslo. Charter dan Standar Pelayanan Minimal, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta. Hartley, Jean, 2005, Innovation in Governance and Public Services: Past Sangkala, 2013, Innovative Governance; and Present. CIPFA. Public Money and Konsep dan Aplikasi, Kanisius, Management, Vol 25 No. 1 pp 27-34. Yogyakarta. Irwan, Noor, 2012, Dynamic Innovation of Sinambela, Lijan Poltak, 2010, Reformasi Local Government in Indonesia, Journal Pelayanan Publik: Teori, Kebijakan dan of Basic and Applied Scientific Implementasi, Bumi Aksara, Jakarta. Research, www.texroad.com. Thomas, Hutauruk, 2010, Tinjauan Daya Mulgan G. and Albury, 2003, Innovation in Inovasi Pemerintah Daerah Dalam the Public Sector, Working Paper Pelaksanaan Desentralisasi di Provinsi Version 1.9. Strategy Unit, United Kalimatan Timur, Jurnal Burneo Kingdom Cabinet Office. Administrasi Vol 6 No. 3. Hlm 2161- 2174. Muluk, Khairul, 2008, Knowledge Management: Kunci Sukses Inovasi Vogoda, E. 2003, New Public Management. Pemerintahan Daerah. FIA UNIBRAW, In Jack Rabin (ed), Encyclopedia of Malang. Public Administration and Public Policy, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Miles, Matthew, B. and Huberman, A. Michael, 1992, Qualitative Data Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry, 1990, Analisysis. Terjemahan oleh Tjetjep Delivering Quality Service: Balancing Rohendi Rohidi, UI Press. Jakarta. Customer Perception and Expectation, The Free Press, New York. Osborne and Gaebler, 1992, Reiventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector.

New York: A Willian Patrick Book.

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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HALAL TOURISM IN INDONESIA NATIONAL PARK

Bhayu Rhama, Mochamad Doddy Syairul Alam, University of Palangka Raya, Jalan Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Introduction Indonesia cannot fully implement the concept of halal tourism because alcohol sales or Demographics is a factor that prostitution are still found even though those influences tourism activities. Religious factor, are prohibited in Islamic norms (Wall & such as Islam, also become one of the Mathieson, 2006). Therefore some authors demographic elements that attract the end up suggesting that halal tourism is only attention of the tourism market. This is driven applicable to religious-based tourism such as by the rise of tourists from the Middle East pilgrim, which is a visit to sacred destinations who have a pattern of luxury shopping so that (Weidenfeld, Butler & Williams, 2016), such the theme of halal tourism emerge by as visits to Mecca, Medina, Kadhimain or focusing on Muslim tourists (Mohsin, Ramli Jerusalem (Wall & Mathieson, 2006). & Alkhulayfi, 2016; Samori, Salleh & Khalid, 2016). However, the demand to provide tour packages for Muslim tourists to regular Nevertheless, halal tourism is a new tourism destinations is increasing. Religion concept and its application needs special (Islam in this case) is a system of norms that attention even for countries that representing cannot be separated from the daily life of the Islam behaviours. One of the reason is individual, therefore it is possible that because it cannot be denied that the tourism religious tourists tend to avoid tourist activity is generally motivated by the nature attractions that are not in accordance with his of human consumptive behaviour controlled religious beliefs (Samori et al., 2016). This by capitalism so that hedonism value is quite fact encourages tourist destinations to adapt visible in tourism activities (Bocock, 1993; with religious norms in order to attract Crouch, 2006; Sharpley, 2008; Woodside & religious tourists. Dubelaar, 2002; Schwartz, 1994; Schwartz et al., 2001). For example, some tourist areas in

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Indonesia as one of the countries that tourism and how its implementation on nature predominantly Muslim easily becomes a tourism especially in the Indonesia national source of Muslim tourists as well as Muslim park. tourism destinations that have an important role in the world. This is evidenced by the acquisition of 12 awards out of 16 categories Preliminary Result obtained by Indonesia in the World Halal Based on tourists‟ motivation for Tourism Award 2016 in Abu Dhabi, enjoying the parks in order to find a place of involving 1.9 million votes from 116 contemplation (Angell, 1994; Caulkins, countries (International Travel Week, 2016). White & Russell, 2006; Eagles, 2003) tourism

However, it appears that the World in national parks has potentials to become the Halal Tourism Award does not have a halal tourism product. Its halal level can be category of nature tourism, particularly assess based on a number of elements, which tourism in protected areas such as national are: parks. Those existent categories are focus a. History mostly on tourism providers with a small part National Parks that is selected to of tourist destinations categories that focus on implement the concept of halal tourism culture, culinary and mass tourism. Therefore, should be free from conflicts started from its the question arises in how the relevance of history of the formation to its management nature tourism in protected areas, especially (see, for example Mowforth & Munt; 2016, national parks, in the perspective of halal Rong, 2016). tourism. Is tourism in a national park that develops slowly (Brouder & Fullerton, 2017; b. Accommodation Carson & Carson, 2017; Halkier & James, Visitors accommodation for halal 2017; Meekes, Parra & de Roo, 2017) can be tourists (see Battour & Ismail, 2015, Samori a part of halal tourism? Moreover, how to et al., 2016) in national parks is relatively develop tourism in a national park based on easy for Muslim countries. However, its halal tourism perspective? location relatively far with Mosque or places Method of prayer even though Muslims can actually pray in any place as long as the place is Literature review is used with the aim considered clean (Ali, 2016; Pedersen, 2017). to see how far the development of halal Therefore, the provision of special facilities

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for worship services reflects a high regard for physical connections with humans (Weiler & Muslim visitors. Moreover, the Ham, 2001). accommodation providers closest to the Tourist guides, as well as Islam national park location are required to be able teacher, can provide interpretations for to provide special worship rooms, at least visitors to appreciate the God's greatness and musholla for collective worship, and Qibla how small human positions in nature in sign in the rooms for private worship. If various occasions, especially in mystical and possible, the provision of accommodation can contemplation situations such as doing work with local communities by taking camping activities in national parks. advantage of nearby places of worship, such as community mosques, so that tourists can d. Food/drink also interact with the community in the Being in a wild area, there is a mosque which is a universal place of worship tendency to use local resources to provide for Muslims, regardless of their origin. culinary delights for tourists. Fish-based

C. Activity meals can be given to the national parks visitors in the tropical country because the The opportunity to implement the protection of fish species is not as restrictive halal tourism activities in the national park as other wild animals and Muslims are can be done by providing halal tours, permitted to consume it. It would also be complete with a tour guide that understands better if there is a halal certificate from a the Islam teaching. In addition, Muslim special authority to convince Muslim tourists tourists will have a valuable experience in for their food and drink. admiring God's creation by travelling in a natural environment (Samori et al., 2016). e. Dress code Generally, tourists see the jungle as a Another element that needs to be spiritual, romantic, rich, luxurious, dynamic, considered further is the dress code to relieving and mysterious attraction (Frost, conduct tourism activities. Muslim tourists 2001). Therefore, the national park is also a should use proper clothes that cover their source to build the foundation of spiritual aurat when doing outdoor activities such as opportunity, as well as scientific, educational swimming (see Battour, Ismail, Battor & and recreational purposes (Lawton, 2001). Awais, 2017). This makes the emergence of spiritual f. Finance connections between people and places, as do

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The use of syariah-based financial 3. The interpersonal interaction between instruments is seen to be outside the scope of tourists and local people in an national park management. However, the atmosphere of mutual respect. park may be affiliated with sharia banks and 4. The halal tour package of the national provide basic facilities such as sharia bank‟s park complete with the tour guide who ATMs at the tourist information centre. understand the Islam rules. Sharia banking services can facilitate visitors 5. Not providing wild-based foods to make cash withdrawals and create a more specifically forbidden or haram. visible impression of sharia concept in the 6. Ensure appropriate dress codes in implementation of a national park for the serving tourists as well as halal tourism approach (see Rexhepi & implementing risky activities such as Ramadani, 2017; Gabdrakhmanov, swimming and cycling. Biktimirov, Rozhko, & Khafizova, 2016). 7. Providing sharia-based financing facilities and zakat/donation outlets.

The attention to the above elements Conclusions and criteria that have been discussed above For several reasons, nature tourism in the can encourage nature tourism to be part of national park has complied with the rules of halal tourism. Nevertheless, tourists' halal tourism, mainly in the perspective of the consumptive behaviour still needs to be aware obligation to maintain cleanliness and as the halal tourism implemented in national conserve nature. In particular, regarding the parks can present a new problem for the location of national parks in Indonesia, that nature capacity in the park itself. majority population is Muslim, the And it is important to remember if accommodation providers are generally easy recreational activities are fundamental to to fulfil the criteria of halal lodgings. tourism activities that do not recognise However, there are several elements need to borders (Coles & Hall, 2006; McKercher, be improved, such as: 1999; Sofield, 2006). Various social and 1. Provide religious facilities that can environmental approaches can be a tourism dwell with the local people. motivation such as ecotourism, marine 2. Confirming the marital status of tourism, pilgrim and many others tourism visitors who visit in pairs. types (Timothy & Olsen, 2006; Sharpley, 2009), including Halal tourism. Halal tourism

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is just one of the new phenomena and a niche market in the tourism industry that emphasises the religious approach. It is possible that the halal tourism in the national park in the future is only one part of mass tourism that encourages a high number of visits and leads to lower the integrity of nature in the national park.

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EMPOWERMENT FOR WOMEN LABORERS BASED ON "CIVIC EDUCATION" (A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN LABORERS OF CIGARETTE INDUSTRY IN MALANG MUNICIPALITY, INDONRSIA)

Budhy Prianto, Department of Public Administrative Science Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Merdeka Malang Jl. Terusan Raya Dieng. 62-64, Malang 65145, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Mardiyono, Faculty of Law University of Merdeka Malang, Jl. Terusan Raya Dieng. 62-64, Malang 65145, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Background find the gap, both between the module Based on previous research, it was materials and the capability of the trainee found that women laborers in the cigarette participants─ remembering that women industry in Malang Municipality were laborers in the cigarette industry are on generally in a weak position both personally average only elementary school educated, as and in the context of industrial relations. The well as the possibility of other research focus weakness was caused by the lack of or variables that are important and not yet knowledge and understanding about: rights summarized in the previous draft module and obligations as labor, gender, and rights material. and obligations as members of society and citizens. This study aims to improve the Preliminary Result knowledge of citizenship and attitude change Based on the findings of previous of women laborers' citizenship, especially research, the draft of civic education training with regard to rights and duties as citizens, as module has been prepared, with materials laborers, and as women. consisting of: 1) gender ideology; 2) gender and politics; 3) the Indonesian political Methods system; 4) elections and democracy; 5) This research uses qualitative political parties and the interests of women experimental approach. Data were obtained laborers. from interviews and observations at and after Gender ideology, as an idea, views, civic education training. The data analysis and attitudes are institutionalized in society at was conducted by descriptive inductive to large. Even in some societies it was

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understood as an absolute truth. Patriarchal understand and do not realize that they are culture has been very strongly rooted in the part of the process. To change this matter to society, so it is not realized that such ideology the participants are given the material: 1) can actually be changed and striven for. Indonesian Political System and Women's Deconstructing and building new awareness Role. This subject is given for the purpose of: about a fairer gender role can help the groups 1) Participants recognize and understand the of women of research objects understand their Indonesian political system; 2) Participants roles more broadly, especially public / understand the pattern of legislative, political roles. The training materials are: executive, and judicial relations. Gender ideology and patriarchal culture in the Elections are one of the pillars of life of women. The provision of this material democracy. Given the strategic nature of aims: 1) Participants understand the elections, it is appropriate that women differences between women and men; 2) laborers have sufficient understanding and Participants understand the gender socio- awareness, so that their involvement in cultural constructions of women and men; 3) elections really has benefits. Subject matter Participants are aware of the negative impact given in the training: 1) The nature of the of gender differences for women in their general election; 2) Democratic elections and lives. their characteristics; 3) Participation and Gender and politics are often regarded democratic elections. The aims of this subject as unrelated. Systematically women have are: 1) Participants understand the nature of been taken away from political affairs, elections and their aims; 2) Participants because politics was believed to be man understand and recognize the characteristics monopoly. Therefore it‟s very urgent to give of democratic elections; 3) Participants awareness to women laborers about public / understand the role of the society in the political roles through material: Women and implementation of democratic elections. women's political rights. The purpose of this Political parties and women‟s material are: 1) Participants understand the interests. The main function of political meaning of politics; 2) Participants parties is as a bridge that links the interests of understand and realize the rights and political the people with the interests of the state. The role of women. interests of women who often have not been Indonesian political system, actually voiced should be the starting point of women more describes as the process of how public in choosing the party. Materials given in the policy is made. Often women do not training: 1) Identification of women's 78

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interests; 2) Identification of political parties Conclusion that are friendly to the interests of women. The initial conclusion to be drawn is The purpose of the materials are: 1) that empowerment based on civic education Participants understand the main function of for women laborers in the cigarette industry political parties in voicing women's interests; has generally been able to increase 2) Participants are able to identify the various knowledge and change attitude citizenship, interests of women who will be voiced to especially with regard to rights and duties as political parties and that will be used as a citizens, as laborers, and as women. However, reference in choosing political parties. due to the still fertile patriarchal culture The results based on preliminary around the lives of women workers, the results show first, that after training there are increased knowledge and changes in attitudes increased knowledge and understanding, as and views have not been able to be a driver of well as changes in views and attitudes about women laborers to play a role in the public / the rights and obligations of women as political domain. laborers, as a member of society and as a Reference citizens, and about gender, among women laborers in the cigarette industry as Creswell, John W., 2010, Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan participants of the training. Secondly, Mixed, Edisi Ketiga, (terjemahan), qualitatively the increase of knowledge and Yogyakata, Penerbit Pustaka Pelajar understanding, as well as the change of views Economic Commission For Africa, 1999, and attitudes toward women's rights and Sixth Regional Conference On Women; obligations, is influenced by the quality of 22-26 November 1999, Addis Ababa, women laborers' education and the culture / Ethiopia: Mid-Decade Review Of The Implementation Of The BEIJING values shared by the family of women PLATFORMS FOR ACTION IN THE laborers concerned. Third, women laborers AFRICAN REGION, experience the increase of understanding, change of views and attitudes about Essien, Anthonia M. and Ukpong, Donatus P., 2012, Patriarchy and Gender patriarchal culture, but because of the still Inequality: The Persistence of Religious strong patriarchal culture in society around and Cultural Prejudice in Contemporary the lives of women laborers, they have not Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, had the courage to continue in the realm of Vol. 2, No. 4, July action.

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Hikam, Muhammad, AS., 1996, Demokrasi Journal June, edition vol.9, No.17 ISSN: dan Civil Society, Jakarta, Pustaka 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 LP3ES. Prianto, Budhy, dan Utaminingsih, Indah Sari, Dita, 2004, Hak-hak Sosial Alifiulahtin, 2005, Potret Perempuan Ekonomi Buruh Perempuan: Realitas Pekerja Kebun Apel Kajian Tentang Kelabu di Tengah Setumpuk Konvensi, “Triple Role” dan “Family Decission Kalyanamedia, Edisi I No. 4 Desember, Making Role” Perempuan Pekerja http://www.kalyanamitra.or.id/kelyanam Kebun Apel di Kecamatan Poncokusumo edia/1/4/opini.htm Kabupaten Malang, dalam Jurnal Penelitian, Volume XVII, Nomor 2 Indrayanti, Kadek, Wiwik, 2003, Pola Penanganan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Prianto, Budhy, and Mardiyono, 2016, Tangga Oleh Lembaga Lokal, dalam Woman Workers of Cigarette Industry Jurnal Penelitian Edisi Ilmu-ilmu Sosial, Among Domestic, Productive, and Public Volume XIV, Nomor 1 Role (Case Study in Malang Municipality, East Java Province), International IDEA, 2000, Penilaian Journal of Culture, Society and Demokrasi di Indonesia, Pembangunan Development, ISSN 2422-8400, Vol. 25, Kapasitas Seri 8, Jakarta IISTE

International Labour Organization SEAPAT Rosyada, Dede, dkk., 2003, Pendidikan South-East Asia and the Pacific Kewargaan (Civic Education): Multidisciplinary Advisory Team, Demokrasi, Hak Azasi Manusia dan Gender Learning & Information Module, Masyarakat Madani, Edisi Revisi, ILO/SEAPAT's OnLine Jakarta, Penerbit PRENADA MEDIA.

Joshi, Heather, et.al., 2007, More or Less Rubery, Jill,dkk.,2000, The Gender Pay Gap Unequal? Evidence on the Pay of Men and Gender Mainstreaming Pay Policy, and Women from the British Birth European Work and Employment Cohort Studies, dalam Gender, Work & Research CentreUMIST, November Organization, Volume 14, Issue1, p. 37– Sunarijati, Ari, 2007, Permasalahan Hak 55. Bekerja Bagi Perempuan, dalam Jurnal Perempuan,Kamis, 1 Maret 2007 Kelbert, Alexandra and Hossain, Naomi, 2014, Poor Man‟s Patriarchy: Gender Soetjipto, Ani, 2003, Meningkatkan Roles and Global Crises, IDS Bulletin Partisipasi Politik Perempuan melalui Volume 45 Number 1 January Reformasi Konstitusi dan Pemilu di Indonesia, dalam Laporan Konferensi: Makama, Godiya Allanana, 2013, Patriarcy Memperkuat Partisipasi Politik and Gender Inequality In Nigeria: The Perempuan di Indonesia, International Way Forward, European Scientific

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Institute for Democracy and Electoral Wardani, Sri Eko Budi dan Arivia, Gadis, Assistance 1999, Aspirasi Perempuan Anggota Parlemen terhadap Pemberdayaan Thamrin, Juni, 2003, Strategi-strategi Politik Perempuan, Jakarta, Penerbit Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Marginal: Yayasan Jurnal Perempuan Tinjauan Komprehensif, dalam Jurnal Whitehouse, Gillian, 2003, Gender and Pay Sosial dan Humaniora, Volume 01 Equity: Future Research Directions, in Asia Nomor 03 Pacific Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 41, No. 1, 116-128, Australian Human Tjandraningsih, Indrasari, 1999, Krisis dan Resources Institute World Bank, Gender and Development Group, Buruh Pabrik: Dampak dan Masalah 2003, Gender Equality & the millennium „Jender‟, dalam SMERU Monitoring the development goals, 4 April Social Crisis in Indonesia No. 06 / June- July 1999 Vermonte, Sinta F., 2016, Sumbangan Ibu Rumah Tangga, Kompas, Sabtu, 3 September

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SYNERGY IMPLEMTATION POLICY; A CASE STUDY OF QUALITY HOME IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM IN WEST BANDUNG, INDONESIA

Budiman Rusli, Public Administration Departement Universitas Padjadjaran,Bandung,Indonesia, Email:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION the government organization West Bandung

is also still relatively limited to be able to According to Article 1 number (1) of effectively implement adequate land Law Number 1 Year 2011 on Housing and administration, which can guarantee the Settlement Area, what is meant by housing is adequacy of land supply, which can develop a collection of houses as part of settlements, efficient land market and sustainable land both urban and rural, equipped with public use. The high demand for decent and utilities, facilities and utilities as a result of affordable housing can not be balanced efforts Fulfillment of a habitable home. because of the limited supply capability by West Java Governor Regulation No. the public, the business community and the 46 of 2015 on Guidance of Home Improper government. The inability of the poor and Housing Program, there is mentioned that low-income households to obtain decent and House unfit for habitation, hereinafter affordable housing and meet responsive referred to as Rutilahu is a house that does (healthy, safe, harmonious, and sustainable) not meet the building safety requirements and environmental standards. minimum adequacy of building area and occupant health. Unwanted home programs Literature and activities for Low-Income Communities Public Policy Concept and Poor Families include Rutilahu Urban Nakamura and Smallwood in Wahab and Rutilahu Rural. West Bandung Regency view public policy in three aspects, namely Area (KBB) has a hilly geographical policy formulation, policy implementation, condition with varying heights and tilt. and policy evaluation (Wahab, 1997: 32). For Problems in general areas of housing both of these experts something called public and settlements in West Bandung that exists policy surely encompasses these three at this time is not yet stable service and aspects. They argue that public policy is a access to land rights for housing, especially series of instructions from policymakers for poor and low-income groups. Capacity of

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addressed to policy implementers explaining DISCUSSION objectives and ways to achieve those goals. Field research was conducted in 3 To make a good and right public (three) subdistrict locations in West Bandung, policy is not easy, but it is impossible to namely Sindangkerta Sub-District, Batu Jajar achieve. The advice that can be given here is Sub-District, and Cipeundeuy Sub-District. In the ideal-theoretical-methodological advice each of the sub-districts where the research advanced by Nugroho. Nugroho argues that was conducted, the researcher conducted "policy implementation in principle is a way interviews with community members, as well for policy to achieve its goals" (Nuroho, as several stakeholders related to the issues 2004: 158). The policy implementation model studied including the Head of District according to Grindle (1980: 11), consists of Facilitator, Self-Help Groups, Government the content of policy relating to the type of Apparatuses, Sub-district and / or policy, then in the context of the policy representatives, and Apparatus Housing and (context of implementation). Based on the Settlement Services West Bandung. West theory of Grindle in the synergy program of Bandung is a very rapid area of development home improvement is not suitable for both in economic, social and cultural aspects, habitation (rutilahu) in West Bandung relates and also has several problems in the to the content of policy (content of policy) development of infrastructure and human and the context of policy (context of resources development. implementation). Government of West Bandung made

various efforts to prosper the life of its RESEARCH METHODS people, such as the launching of aid programs The object of research in this and home improvement unfit for habitation research is synergy analysis of program (Rutilahu). This is in line with what has been improvement rutilahu in West Bandung. The planned and targeted by the Government of research was conducted by using qualitative West Java Province. approach, by using this approach, the authors dig deeper about the real condition of housing With regard to the planning of the development policy and residential area in program, the Government of West Bandung West Bandung. With this method, the existing is represented by the Office of Housing and model can be identified, then reconstructed Settlements which is the technical into the ideal model. implementer of Home Improper Improvement Program (Rutilahu) which has been declared

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West Java Provincial Government. In line with this activity, the Government of West Bandung coordinates with the NGOs in Sindangkerta sub-district, Batu Jajar sub- district and Cipeundeuy sub-district where their presence is the spearhead of the implementation of the Rutilahu program in their area.

In relation to the findings of field results, there are several important steps in the implementation of this uninhabitable home program, namely; (2) The village then verifies, records and sends the results to the Village Facilitator, (3) The Village Facilitator Figure 1 receives the KSM verification result, reviews Implementation Rutilahu Program Procedure the field and checks the administrative Source: Department of Housing and Settlements West Bandung, 2017. completeness and then sends it to the coordinator (5) The District Government shall prepare a Letter of Recommendation to the Funding assistance for home Head of the Service, (6) The Provincial program is unfit for habitation in West Consultant shall prepare a Recommendation Bandung is not easy to be accountable, The Letter to the Provincial Government, and (7) use of funds used for the unbeneficial. West The Provincial Government shall evaluate, Bandung Regency Government disbursed the verify and process The petition filed. The budget for the construction of Unfit Homes series of stages of this activity when (RTLH) with each recipient of Rp 5 million. described, looks like Figure 1. However, the funds allocated to underprivileged residents, among them are not accepted as a whole. Information obtained from one of the informants said that "If the money I receive is only Rp1, 5 million, but plus the building goods approximately if cashed the price of Rp 1 million", two

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residents of RTLH beneficiaries of them tehnical guidance to Lembang not from the receive funds with an unsuitable amount The village head, while as chairman, secretary and budget, one of the residents of Kampung treasurer of the Non-Governmental Groups Pasir Tengah RT 01 RW 10 Cikadu Village (KSM) has a family that must be met his Sindangkerta District who claimed to receive needs. Non-governmental groups should be assistance RTLH total worth approximately neutral, Self-Help Groups (KSM) take a grant Rp2, 5 million. of 85 million rupiah for 17 housing units in House material unfit for habitation the village area of Puncaksari. Non- (Rutilahu) in the form of 5 sheets board, chest governmental groups (KSM) discussion in the bar 18 sheets, persegian 2 pieces, batten size village, invite the figures, beneficiaries, RT, 2 meters 18 stems, batten size 2.5 meters 18 RW, and witnessed by Deputy chief of police stems. While cash received is used for other sector and directly in the village submitted to materials such as cement, nails, sand and the material. The self-help group community plywood with a total price of Rp1, 3 million. does not know where to take its operational The remaining Rp200 thousand as the funds. While the stamp duty, and others worker's wage of house building, then the included into the operation. procedure is changed directly from the Office The formation of Self-Help Groups of Finance to Non-Governmental Groups. in Bojong Mekar, beginning with the In Batujajar Sub-District, the Head deliberation of beneficiaries, community of KSM is from Kesra, the Secretary of the leaders and village apparatus. The structure of community, while the treasurer of TPKAD KSM stewardship is 3 ie 1 chairman, 1 and technical members of the community. Its treasurer and 1 secretary, the members are the members consist of 3 people, community beneficiaries of 15 people. However, in leaders, religion and youth. Executives development, it is involved more because it including the CPCL there is a salary for the involves the role of RW to raise self-help group Self-Help Groups (KSM) it. But the from the community. In determining the salary is not taken from the district budget CPCL, Non-Governmental Groups (KSM) because there is no percentage, but taken request data from RT and RW, this is because from the general budget APBDes. those who know the condition of the CPCL Constraints in the rutilahu program region, suggestions from RT & RW and in Puncaksari Village, such as the Non- cultivated in need. Because of limited quotas, Governmental Groups (KSM) there is no the Non-Governmental Groups (KSM) BOP, no opreasional cost. Even several times propose the rest of the APBDes. So from the 85

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village funds the number of recipients Village Government has done a recap and rutilahu 9 houses, while from the quota made the database of houses unfit for district funds 15 homes. The amount of funds habitation. It consists of 10 units from the per unit of APBdes is 5 million or equal to the province, 10 units from the district and 10 allocation/unite from the Regency. For quota, units from the village. The amount of fund 12 RW, so 2 units per RW in Bojong Mekar. allocation is different. Provinces 7.5 million, Non-governmental Groups (KSM) each year 5 million from the District and 10 million should be replaced, but every time there is no from APBDes. So in the village Gelanggang change, the change only the treasurer. In do classification based on the formula Aladin Bojongmekar Village, Beneficiaries receive (roof floor wall). Adapted to the funds, there money but involve RW to assist them. is only the roof is repaired, there is a roof and According to the terms of the goods should be floor or roof and wall. but the fear of prejudice from the public so Monev conducted every schedule, open course. Because when it involves RT monitoring implementation 1 (one) to 2 (two) and RW that should be paid work is so self- weeks. In Cipeundeuy Sub-District is limited supporting. Beneficiaries are freed to spend to supervision only. For self-management money anywhere. implementation from village side and The process of submitting the consultant. While the role of Village Candidate Recipients of the Rutilahu grant, Government was represented by the Non- through the development planning Governmental Groups (KSM). The financial consultation (Musrenbang), and all of which management system is in the Non- are not necessarily accepted. What is Governmental Groups (KSM), so it does not proposed must be entered into APBdes, so it enter the APBdes so that the program is must be matching. Once entered into the cross-sectoral. Self-Help Groups (KSM) also APBDes then it can only be implemented / manage in housing improvement. All villages cashed. Some go to Musrenbang and some have Self-Help Groups (KSM), assisted by come directly from the village proposal. Then mentoring consultants. The form of submitted to the sub-district, then submitted supervision from sub-district monitoring to to the Regional Development Planning the field, whether it has been implemented or Agency (Bappeda) West Bandung. not. If the funds have gone down then the In Gelanggang Village, the CPCL district down, when will be implemented. selection process involves: The Gelanggang When the implementation is hampered the

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sub-district apparatus see what constraints. felt by many parties in need, this program is Because if the home program is not habitable very helpful for people's lives, especially in (Rutilahu) should be socialized to the terms of health, houses that have no windows community. Because in society many and ventilation, very stuffy, after receiving misunderstandings, in society sometimes (assistance) rutilahu, in each room there are there is social jealousy that often cause windows, more spacious room, good for dilemma. So can not immediately funding health. right now tomorrow immediately Home improvement program is not implemented, should be conducive first. habitable (rutilahu) in West Bandung is There is a socialization process in advance to related to the content of policy (content of avoid miscommunication. Sources of funding policy) with Law no. 1 Year 2011 on the other than the Rutilahu District Assistance, construction of housing and settlement areas, are available from APBDes. Depending on and West Java Governor Regulation No. 46 the village whether to apply or not. The funds of 2015 as the legal basis. In the context of from the village are from poverty reduction the policy (context of implementation) home programs. Village fund is used for its improvement program is not suitable for allocation, not only for rutilahu, the use of habitation (rutilahu) in Kab. West Bandung village fund is varied. In Cipeundeuy Village involves the Community, Self-Help Groups for example every home unit gets 10 million. (KSM), Village Apparatus, West Bandung Regency Government, and Provincial In the implementation of home Government. improvement is not habitable (rutilahu)

Department of Housing and Settlements CONCLUSION District. West Bandung do bargaining with Act. No. 1 of 2011 on housing and other fields, involving Civil Servants (PNS) 4 residential areas expressed more specifically people involving other fields, with the budget on the authority of local governments as unit. Generally, there is no socialization to compilers and implementers of policies and NGOs. The communication forum is not yet strategies in districts / municipal areas of in form. Determination of house unfit for housing and residential areas with a foothold habitation (Rutilahu) through SK Regent of and refer to national and provincial policies Regency. West Bandung as legal formal, but and strategies. West Java Governor POKJA has not been prepared. The benefits Regulation No. 46 of 2015 on Guidance of of rutilahu development program has been Home Improper Housing Program, there is 87

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mentioned that House unfit for habitation, Pelaksanaan Program Rutilahu di Kota Cimahi. Jurnal Kajian Komunikasi, hereinafter referred to as Rutilahu is a house Volume 4, No. 2 Desember 2016, hlm that does not meet building safety 199-206. requirements and minimum adequacy of Nugroho, Riant. 2004. Kebijakan Publik building area and occupant health. Formulasi, Implementasi dan Evaluasi. Cetakan ke-2. Jakarta: Elex Media Based on the results of the research, Komputindo. several suggestions were proposed to make Rusli, Budiman. 2013. Kebijakan Publik, the home improvement program unfit for membangun pelayanan publik yang responsive. Bandung : Hakim habitation (rutilahu) in West Bandung to be Publishing. effective among others by institutionalizing R. Dye, Thomas. (1987). Understanding Public Policy. United States of America. the system of housing is not feasible to live Prentice-Hall. with community involvement (participatory) Shafritz, J.M., & E.W. Russel. 1997. Introducing Public Administration. New and do synergy between SKPD in the York: Addison-Wesley Educational implementation of houses unfit for habitation Publisher. Suprijanto, Iwan. Reformasi Kebijakan & in West Bandung, realize the fulfillment of Strategi Penyelenggaraan Perumahan & housing needs for all levels of society, Permukiman. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, Vol. 32, No. 2, Desember through the strategy of building a home 2004 : 161 – 170. grows. Umar, Husein. 2004. Metode Riset Ilmu Administrasi. Jakarta : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. References Wahab, Solichin Abdul. 1997. Analisis Dunn, W. 2000. Pengantar Analisis Kebijakan Publik; Dari Formulasi ke Kebijakan Publik. Yogyakarta : Gadjah Implementasi Kebijakan Negara. Jakarta. Mada University Press, Jogjakarta. PT Bumi Aksara. Dwijowijoto, Riant Nugroho. 2004. Wibawa, Samodra, dkk, 1994, Evaluasi Kebijakan Publik Formulasi, Kebijakan Publik, Jakarta: PT Raja. Implementasi dan Evaluasi. Jakarta : PT Winarno, Budi. 2002. Teori dan Proses Elex Media Komputindo Kelompok Kebijakan Publik. Yogyakarta : Media Gramedia. Pressindo. Islamy, M. Irfan. 2004. Prinsip-Prinsip

Perumusan Kebijakan Negara. Jakarta : Dokumen : Bumi Aksara. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor Keban, Yeremias T. 2004. Enam Dimensi 1 Tahun 2011 Tentang Perumahan dan Strategis Administrasi Publik Konsep, Kawasan Permukiman. Teori dan Isu. Yogyakarta: Gava Media. Peraturan Gubernur Jawa Barat Nomor 46 Koswara, Iwan & Slame Mulyana. 2016. Tahun 2015 Tentang Pedoman Program Implementasi Model Komunikasi Perbaikan Rumah Tidak Layak Huni Kelompok Fasilitator dalam

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ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE OF CIVIL SERVANT A CASE STUDY OF CIVIL SERVICE AGENCY IN MAJENE, INDONESIA

Burhanuddin, Senior Lecturer at The Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene, Indonesia [email protected]

Introduction and equality, and prosperity. Related to this, Denhard and Denhard (2013) stated that One of the important dimensions in a public servants have an ethical obligation to government bureaucracy is how the officers expand the boundaries of public participation or employees can provide the best service in political processes in whatever way they and quality to the community. Therefore, the can. government bureaucracy as the front steward in various public interests, has direct The service standards to be received responsibility in dealing with various by the public from the apparatus have been demands and changes in the lives of people determined by the Government through the whose development is very rapidly from time policy of the Minister of Administrative to time. In order to achieve good public Reform No. 63 of 2003, namely service service, service standards need to have clear procedures, completion time, service fees, benchmarks that can be used as a reference service products, facilities and infrastructure, for action at any state administrator, and competence of service providers. good service is how to implement law as efficiently as possible, scientifically, and Public service is a process of meeting politically neutral (Denhard & Denhardt, the needs and solutions to the various 2013). problems that accompany the life of the community at any time by the Government or In Law No. 5 of 2014 on State Civil government bureaucracy in the form of goods Apparatus described in article 2 that the and services provided and provided when the implementation of ASN policy and community needs or before they request management is based on the principle of legal (Subarsono, 2006). A good service will only certainty, professionalism, proportionality, be realized if there is a) a service system that integrity, delegation, neutrality, prioritizes the interests of the community; b) accountability, effective and efficient, service culture within the organization of openness, non-discriminatory, unity, justice 89

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service providers; and c) human resources standards is a long phase or process through oriented to the interests of service users the introduction of new norms to the stage of (Ratminto and Winarsih, 2009). legitimacy, when the new norm can be accepted by members of the organization and According to Dessler (2010), there become day to day practices (Purwanto, are five basic management functions namely 2009). planning, organizing, staffing, leadership, and control. It is acknowledged that Performance management is a way to management practices used by business get better results for organizations, groups organizations are much more sensitive to the and individuals by understanding and demands of their customers (Purwanto, managing performance in accordance with 2009). Therefore, according Sedarmayanti, predetermined targets, predetermined (2011) a company can gain a competitive standards and competency requirements advantage when considering the human (Dharma, 2009). Apparatus as the executor of resources, because human resources enable government bureaucracy activities determine faster learning and apply knowledge more the results achieved through good effectively than its competitors ". performance. According to Tarigan (2005), performance can be achieved well when Governments that carry out the role of determining the plan or standard to be done. the state as a provider of public services again perceived its role when the Methods liberalization and free market movement This research is conducted by using were over-proven failed to realize the dreams evaluation method. The research approach of many people that public service affairs using evaluation method is to compare an would be far more effective, efficient, event, activity and product with predefined responsive and accountable if provided by standard and program (Sugiono, 1998). In private parties. The government will act to connection with the above, the evaluation facilitate solutions to public issues, but it will reviewed in this study is to reveal and analyse also be responsible for ensuring that solutions in depth the process of personnel are consistent with the public interest-both in administration services. substance and in the process. (Denhardt and This research was conducted at the Denhardt, 2003). Therefore, in the concept of Office of Regional Personnel Agency of institutional change, the adoption of service Majene Regency. This research was analysed

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by qualitative descriptive method. This be comparable between women 1048 or method is done based on the results of in- 49.83% and men 1055 or 50.17%. As junior depth interviews with respondents and supervisor (golonga II), it can be seen that informants. there are more female employees than male, accounting for 1131 people or 53.63 %, and for junior clerk (golongan I), there are more Results/preliminary result/critical review male employees compared with females, 105 The number of civil servants (PNS) people (73.94%) and 37 people (26,06 %) owned by Majene district government based respectively. on data of the third quarter of 2014 amounted In the position of echelon II, with the total of to 5480 people. Of the total number of 33 position, only 16% are occupied by employees of male sex numbered 2,643 female, which is far lower than men at 84%. people and the female sex numbered 2,837 Furthermore, for echelon III, the composition people. Civil servants in Majene Regency of men is still more dominant compared with seen from the level of education owned by women (men 71, 53% and women 28.47%). employees can be quite good. From the In echelon IV and V, the figure looks similar secondary data finding, it was found that the with the previous echelons (II and III), where average civil servant education level (PNS) is the number of female employees in this quite good, because in general the educated position (echelon IV) is higher than female, staff above SMA reached 73%. Judging from (64.62% and 35.38% respectively), and 75% the level of education of the employee it can male employees against 25% female in be specified that the employee who hold echelon V. Bachelor degree is 2.395 people or 44 Based on direct observations and percent, D I - D III amounted to 1579 people interviews with local government officials of or 29 percent, and SD-SMU amounted to Majene district which are being and which 1506 people or 27 percent. have been completed in the administrative Based on data from regional civil completion process, promotion generally service agency, 1126 employees who are gives an answer that the implementation classified as administrator (golongan IV) is process of personnel administration runs more dominated by women that is 55.15% or smoothly, but in completion of any 621 and 505 men. Those who are junior administrative matters, the time is not clear. superintendent (golongan III) can be said to One of the unclear factors is the standard operational service (SOP) that does not exist, 91

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so the guidance in providing services is giving services. The absence of SOP makes uncertain. employees feel the loss of time and cost. If BKD office has a standard Employees whose residence is not far from operating service (SOP), then the term of the Capital of the District do not feel the cost completion of each affair can be known of losses, but those who live far away in the clearly. Standard operating service (SOP) is villages feel the loss of time and money, clear that there is clarity of time, costs and because they have to come every day. other requirements that must be met by every employee to be served. With the SOP Reference between the servants and served each know the standard of service. Denhardt, J.V. dan Denhardt, R.B. 2013. Pelayanan Publik Baru, Penerjemah, Standard Operating Service (SOP) of Saut Pasaribu, Kreasi Wacana, Bantul. employment that has not been made by Denhardt, J.V. dan Denhardt, R.B. 2003. The regional civil service agency in Majene New Publik Service, M.E. Sharpe, New impacts on the performance of employees in York completing each job, which is time Dharma, S. 2009. Manajemen Kinerja consuming for public servants to get their Falsafah Teori dan Penerapannya, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta. business done. Menpan, 2003. Kepmenpan Nomor 63 Tahun 2003 tentang Pedoman Pelayanan Conclusions Publik. Purwanto, E.A.,2009. Strategi Penerapan Based on direct observations and Standar Pelayanan Untuk Reformasi interviews with local government officials of Birokrasi, dalam“Reformasi Birokrasi, Kepemimpinan dan Pelayanan Publik Majene which are being and which have been (Editor Agus Pramusinto dan Erwan completed in the administrative completion Agus Purwanto), Gava Media, Jian process, promotion generally gives an answer UGM-MAP-UGM, Yogyakarta. that the officers in carrying out their duties is Ratminto dan Winarsih, 2009. Manajemen Pelayanan Pengembangan Model quite good, but in the completion of any Konseptual,Penerapan Citizen‟s Charter administrative matters is not clear. One of the dan Standar Pelayanan Minimal, factors that influence the uncertainty is Pustaka Perlajar, Yogyakarta because regional civil service agency (BKD) Subarsono, A.G. 2006. Pelayanan Publik Yang Efisien, Responsif dan Non in Majene does not have yet standard Partison, Gadjah Mada University Press, operational procedure (SOP) as a guideline in Yogyakarta

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Sugiono, 1998. Metode Penelitian Tarigan, R., 2005. Perencanaan Administrasi, Alpabeta, Bandung Pembangunan Wilayah (edisi Revisi), Bumi Aksara, Jakarta Sedarmayanti, 2011. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Reformasi Birokrasi dan Manajemen Pegawai Negeri Sipil, Refika Aditama, Bandung

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PATTERNS OF POWER RELATIONS IN GOVERNING STREET VENDORS: A CASE STUDY OF BANDUNG, INDONESIA

Caroline Paskarina, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, Indonesia, Email: [email protected] Rina Hermawati, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, Indonesia, Email: [email protected] Selly Riawanti, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, Indonesia, Email: [email protected] Budiawati Supangkat, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Science,Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor Sumedang, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Introduction/Background sector, but on the other hand is also often a disruption to the order of the city. This paper focuses on the discussion of power relations in governing of street The difficulty of finding location that vendors (Pedagang Kaki Lima or PKL) in suitable for street vendors is allegedly Bandung. The objective is to identify the happening in almost all the governing pattern of power relations between the activities. The location offered by the government and street vendors as a government is generally rejected by street consequence of the PKL‟s governing vendors due to the lack of access to the approach applied in Bandung. As a city that location; governemnt has not built adequate emphasizes its economic activity on creative facilities and infrastructure of selling; the lack economy-based tourism, the existence of of consumers in location, location is not in street vendors becomes inevitable. The accordance with the majority of commodities existence of street vendors is a dilemma traded and so forth. The problem of new because on the one hand, it becomes the location for street vendors eventually cause driving force of the economy in the informal conflict between street vendors and the city government. Among the street vendors

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themselves are often internal conflicts in Regulatory of street vendors that largely addressing the relocation policy. Some street contain spatial street vendors, implementing vendors are willing to move to a relocation policy organizations, limiting the number of site with some terms such as granting soft street vendors and consumer behavior loans and free rent for a certain period of approach. However, the policy has not been time. On the other hand, some other street effective enough to overcome the problem of vendors refuse relocation and propose a street vendors. Proven from 8 point location structuring policy in the form of uniform tents of PKL which is planned to finish arranged in on their location. 2015 that is Dalem Kaum, Kepatihan, Dewi Sartika, Area of Alun-alun, Merdeka, Gasibu, The government generally translates Tegal Lega and Cicadas until 2016 only able the regulating of street vendors as an effort to to regulate four locations, that is Alun-Alun, move the location of street vendors or limit Merdeka Street, Kepatihan, and Gasibu. their sales time. In the city of Surabaya, the arrangement of street vendors is done by This paper will not highlight the establishing PKL centers, such as PKL implementation of the policy, but wishes to Gayungan Center, Urip Sumoharjo, Bungkul reveal how the pattern of power relations Park, Kali Ketabang, Achievement Park, emerges in response to the policy. Hayat Gunungsari Ornamental Fish, Benowo, (2010) states that the policy about street Bulak, and Karah. The phenomenon of policy vendors is more a structural dominance of the change to regulate street vendors is not only rulers and owners of capital so that the happening in Indonesia. For example, in interests of street vendors tend not Bangkok there are at least four models of accommodated. To that end, the state needs to PKL regulatories (Herlambang, 2007), share roles and powers with autonomous namely: zone systems, ie certain areas social forces in society in order to create allocated to street vendors, trading time synergy in public policy. The study does not systems, such as weekend and night markets, explicitly address the division of the intended mall or center integration shopping, and role. This paper wants to fill the void of giving street vendors in pedestrian, parks and discussion about power relation by expressing sidewalks, with certain conditions. Bandung how the pattern of power relation in City Government issued a special regulation structuring street vendors, namely by showing on street vendors, namely Local Regulation who actors who play a role in structuring No. 4 of 2011 on the Development and street vendors, who mediator between street

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vendors with the City Government, and how and Regional Development Planning Agency. the style of power relations that formed Broadly speaking, the topics discussed between the parties. regarding the characteristics of street vendors in the research location, the affiliation of

street vendors with the organization of street Methods vendors with the community organization This research will use qualitative and/or NGOs involves with the street approach with case study research strategy. A vendors, and the way street vendors react to case study is an empirically and analytically the problems that arise when the policy focused study on a particular phenomenon to arrangement of street vendors implemented produce deep, detailed and holistic studies on them. In addition to interviews, also (Snow and Trom in Klandermans and conducted observations to know directly the Staggenborg, 2002: 146). Researchers activities of street vendors in selling, the conducted observations on coverage of street atmosphere and the interaction they build and vendors in the city of Bandung through the the strategies they develop to maintain its media on line during the year 2013-2016 and existence in public places. conducted a preliminary study to understand To analyze the field data, researchers the characteristics of socio-economic street make field notes containing the results of vendors in the city of Bandung. Based on this participant observation and interviews with preliminary study, the author found an informants to then be analyzed based on the interesting location to be studied. The relationship between categories and finally location of this study is based on the diversity generate conclusions. of PKL affiliations with the community organization and/or non government organizations (NGOs) involved in governing Results/preliminary result/critical review PKL. The preliminary results found the Data is collected through interviews to existence of 3 (three) patterns of power association managers or associations of PKL, relations that emerged as a response to the Local Civil Service Police Unit (Satuan Polisi implementation of policy in governing PKL Pamong Praja or Satpol PP), Department of implemented by the Government City of Cooperatives of Small and Medium Bandung. The first pattern, street vendors use Enterprises and Department ofTrade Industry, associations of PKL as mediators in

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negotiating problems they face, such as when with the help of NGOs. However, when the dealing with new street vendors or with thugs situation is secure, the existence of such a who ask for 'security money' at the location of social organization is not necessary. In fact, selling. The association of PKL is a liaison to NGOs that do not provide optimal protection the Government, especially with the Local will be abandoned by street vendors who will Civil Service Police Unit, and jointly controls seek new NGOs as a substitute. the disturbance experienced by the street Conclusions vendors. The three patterns of power relations The second pattern, street vendors use in governing street vendors indicate that the the local community of street vendors as government as the authority in governing mediators. The local community of street street vendors actually do not have a direct vendors are different from the association of relationship with street vendors. All efforts of street vendors because they are naturally governing street vendors take place in the formed from street vendors in the same dynamics of relationship between vendors, location, and have historical links to the mediators, and government officials. The development of street vendors in those existence of mediators, in the form of locations. Because there is already a associations, communities, and society community of its own, the existence of the organizations, became a strategic actors that PKL‟s association actually become outsiders determine the successful implementation of who tend to be less trusted. In this the policy of governing street vendors. On the relationship pattern, trust factor becomes other hand, however, the existence of these capital that determines which side is used by strategic actors moves more in the street vendors to fight for their aspiration or transactional relationship than the when trying to solve the problems arising strengthening of bargaining power of street from the policy of arrangement. vendors. Therefore, the character of policy The third pattern is street vendors implementation in governing PKL is more using NGOs as mediators. In this pattern, directed to the compromistic rather than PKL relationships with NGOs take place solutive in solving the problem of street dynamically and tend to lead to transactional vendors and order in urban informal sector. relationships. Street vendors who need Reference protection when dealing with government Aisyah, U. (2012). Pedagang Kaki Lima officials who curb, will ask for mediation Membandel di Jawa Timur. Jurnal 97

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Masyarakat dan Kebudayaan Politik Economic Crisis as Opportunity and Volume 25 No 1: 47-55 Threat. Cities 34:37-43 Alisjahbana. (2006). Marginalisasi Sektor Manning, C. & T.N Effendi. (1991). Informal Perkotaan, Surabaya : ITS Urbanisasi, Pengangguran dan Sektor Press. Informal Perkotaan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia Breman, J. (1985). Sistem Tenaga Kerja Dualistis: Suatu Kritik Terhadap Konsep Mustafa, A. A. (2008). Model Transformasi Sektor Informal dalam Urbanisasi, Sosial Sektor Informal Sejarah, Teori Pengangguran dan Sektor Informal di dan Praksis Pedagang Kaki Lima. Kota. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia Malang:In-Trans Publishing dan PT Gramedia. Rachbini, D.J & A. Hamid. (1994). Ekonomi Candrakirana, K. & I. Sadoko. (1994). Informal Perkotaan Gejala Involusi Dinamika Ekonomi Informal di Jakarta. Gelombang Kedua. Jakarta :LP3S UI Press. Ramli, R. (1992). Sektor Informal Perkotaan Ernawi, I. S. (2010). Morfologi-Transformasi : Pedagang Kaki Lima di Jakarta. Ind- dalam Ruang Perkotaan yang Hill Co, Jakarta Berkelanjutan. Makalah dalam Seminar Solichin, W. (2005). Indikator Keadilan Tranformasi dalam Ruang Perkotaan di dalam Pengelolaan Pedagang UNDIP Semarang KakiLima di Kota Bandung. Bandung: Manepong, C. & J. C. Walsh. (2013). A New ITB Generation of Bangkok Street Vendors :

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COMMUNITY TOURISM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DISASTER-PRONE AREAS OF MOUNT MERAPI

Citra Fathimah Salipi, Universitas Indonesia, Dki Jakarta, Indonesia Email : [email protected]

Fentiny Nugroho, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Email : [email protected]

Introduction business actors began utilizing the local economy by establishing the Merapi Jeep The special region of Yogyakarta, Tour. The tour incorporates other types of especially the district of Sleman, has suffered businesses by offering jeep rental services to a volcanic eruption in 2010. One of the tourists who would like to venture through locations affected by the eruption is the sub- the eruption track of mount Merapi. The tour district of Cangkringan. It covers several also offers visits to sites such as the Museum villages located in Disaster Risk Areas III as of “sisa hartaku” which displays the relics of governed in the Sleman Regent Regulation the natural disaster, souvenir shops, and also No.20/2011 on Volcano Prone Area of Mount a culinary trip to Merapi Coffee. Merapi. With the Eruption of 2010, most of Unfortunately, until now, the tours have not Cangkringan sub-district endured severe yet received enough attention from the damage to property and buildings. For government of Sleman Regency and the instance, the destruction of housings leveling Tourism Departement. This is based on the the soil due to the eruption excess, casualties recent application of retribution for tourists to livestock belonging to farmers, along with which started in February 2017. Furthermore, tremendous natural deterioration caused by the existence of Disaster Prone Area III material ruins of Merapi. The situation did regulation is considered to be not last for a while, it took years to rebuild disadvantageous to some parties because a housing for the population, and the few of the tourist attraction buildings does not livelihoods of local people. However, the meet the standards of the regulation. people of Cangkringan has their own independence to strive in order to develop Several studies have been conducted and improve their economic and social before such as, first, by Renaldi Rakhman lifenback to where it started. In 2011, Lutfi. His research which took place in

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Kotabaru, East Java, concerned on the benefit eruption of Merapi in 2010? And what are the of tourism with the focus on opening new obstacles encountered by those business fields of employment in Batu City. The type actors ?. of tourism are mainly cultural and historical Methods ones. Second, Diah Zuhriana ascertained that most people work as farmers and laborers. This research uses qualitative Through the utilization of Mount Ciremai approach with an inductive mindset where it National Park (TNGC), the social and departs from facts and data of field findings economic potentials of the community which then connected to theoretical thinking surrounding the area can be uplifted through and in the formation of new concepts alternative employment in the tourism sector (Neuman, 20016:15). This approach is chosen which contributes up to 41% of total revenue. to explore more in-depth information about Third, an analysis on the formulation and the process, efforts in facing obstacles and implementation of public policy as stipulated entrepreneurial benefits of tourism conducted in the Properda and RESTRADA of semarang in the Village District of Kepuharjo, regency by describing the observation result Cangkrignan in disaster prone areas of Mount and uses a way of weighting through the Merapi. Data collecting is done by literature likert scale (mix method) was done by study, extensive interview, observation, and Setyorini Timang. other supporting data. The type of research takes the form of descriptive, used to describe To achieve the pinnacle of welfare for the results of field analysis. This research is the community around mount Merapi after also conducted ath the tourism office, the eruption, the process towards prosperity Cangkringan District office, and the still faces obstacles and challenges faced by entepreneurs around the area of Cangkringan the people of Cangkringan in developing surrounding mount merapi. entepreneurship based on based on the Results/preliminary results/critical review tourism objects. Therefore, the role of stakeholder is vital in developing the The outcome of this research is to community efforts. analyze the community self-reliance in developing the economic and social life in The research questions that will be Disaster Prone Area III which has a discussed in general are: how is the process of significant progess proven by the increase of independent entrepreneurship established by Jeep rental tours ownership by individuals as the community of Cangkringan District post-

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has been acknowledged by the Chairman of create opportunities. Based on that opinion, Jeep Association of Cangkringan region in the community of cangkringan have tried Kaliurang. The Jeep rental tours was first their efforts to open up businesses after the established by the awareness of the big eruption in 2010. But the creative community to work independently and to thinking and innovation of the people have improve the tourism of Mount Merapi. In not gained the full support from the addition, the expansion of business are government as it should. As well as with the bolstering the culinary field such as Merapi regard to training or control by the tourism Coffee, which is the result of coffee office and Sleman Regency Government is plantations by the original coffee farmers on also still very minimal. In fact, for social the slopes of Merapi, and also the income of development, strategies from individuals, souvenir shops and mini museum of local community, and also the governement are communities are increased. The needed. These three approaches are proposed entrepreneurship process was initially by Midgley (2014) who argues that social established in 2011 by rearranging land for development should be seen as a progressive building tourism sites in Disaster Prone Area development that is accompanied by a III. However, on the process of it until now, harmonization between economic some parts of the community are still development and social development complaining on the existence of permanent implemented in various sectors or buildings belonging to private companies interdisciplinary. which is in contradiction with the Sleman In other words, social development Regent Regulation No.20 of 2011 on Disaster must be able to change the condition of Prone Areas of Merapi Volcano. This results society from a certain position to a better in the less appreciation for the entrepreneurial progressive one (existence of dynamic change spirit of the community by the government. in the society) through sutainable economic The community also complained on the development with social development and buildings which are considered to be a development carried out in various aspects in business competition in the tourism object. order for the welfare of the society to be This is in line with Suryana (2013: 16), where achieved. In this regard, the strategy of she mentions that the essence of approach in social development is also entrepreneurship is the ability to create regulated in article 14 paragraph (3) of Law something new and different through creative No.1 of 2012 on Master Plan Tourism thoughts and innovative actions in order to Development of Special Region of 101

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Yogyakarta which governs and controls the community in the Disaster Prone Area III of approach of development of tourism area of Mount Merapi, especially in Cangkringan. Yogyakarta Special Region with stakeholders However, on one hand, the people of as prescribed: Cangkringan still faces some obstacles which “Strategies for controlling the needs special attention and handling from the implementation of regional tourism Sleman regency government. Instances such development and strategic areas of regional as injustice for small entrepreneurs to repair tourism are conducted through enhanced or build permanent building on their owned coordination between government, local land which are resulted from the eruption, government, district/city government, business competition, and lack of various businesses and community”. facilities and assistance from local Concurrently, if one of the approaches governments especially the Department of above does not run equaly and Tourism as a marketer and manager of simultaneously, it will open up possibilities of Merapi Volcano tourism. disparity between the community sectors or the government systems. To that end, the government needs to jointly integrate with the References community and individual business actors in Diah Zuhriana, 2004. Pengembangan Sosial order to increase individual income or foreign Ekonomi Masyarakat Daerah Penyangga exchange of region/state and to improve the Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, Disertasi Institut Pertanian Bogor, quality of life for the local people‟s welfare Midgley, James. 1995. Social Development: through the tourism sector. The Developmental Perspective in Social Welfare. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Conclusions Publications.

The community entrepreneurship process in Neuman, W.L. (2006). Social Research Disaster Risk Area III provides an enormous Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approach, 6th ed. Boston: Allyn and opportunity for the people of Cangkringan Bacon. Sub-district to develop the economy and Oka A. Yoeti, dkk, 2006. Pariwisata Budaya Masalah dan Solusinya. Jakarta. PT. social change through the development of Pradnya Paramita tourism by the community, rent of tourism Renaldy Rakhman Luthfi, 2009, Peran services, culinary business, cultural attraction Pariwisata Terhadap Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Sektor Lapangan or selling souvenir which provides Pekerjaan dan Perekonomian. (Studi opportunities for employment for the local Kasus : Kota Batu)

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Suryana, 2013, Kewirausahaan Kiat dan Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1990 Proses Menuju Sukses, Salemba Empat, tentang Pariwisata Jakarta Peraturan Bupati Sleman, Nomor 20 Tahun Timang Setyorini, 2002., Kebijakan 2011 tentang Kawasan Rawan Bencana Pariwisata dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Gunungapi Merapi. Pendapatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Kabupaten Semarang. Tesis Pascasarjana Peraturan Bupati Sleman, Nomor 1 Tahun Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro 2012 Tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

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BEHIND A STREET VENDORS STALL (A case study on how organizations plays role on implementing policies)

Dani Mohammad Ramadhan, Graduate Student at Department of Anthropology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]

Rina Hermawati, Lecturer at Department of Anthropology, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

Introduction The Tunisian accident above shows us On 17 December 2010, the Tunisian that street vendors are often seen as an street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi burned obstacle by the government. But in the same himself to death in protest of the police‟s time, they contributes in various aspect of our enduring, humiliating treatment of street social economical life. Street vendors‟ vendors. He had been his family‟s main contributions to urban life go beyond their provider since he was ten years old. Selling own self employment. They generate demand fruits and vegetables on the streets of Sidi for a wide range of services provided by other Bouzid, a rural town in central Tunisia, he informal workers, including transport was assaulted and harassed almost daily by workers, tea sellers, market porters, security local police officers who confiscated his guards, recyclers and others. They also goods and fined him for not possessing a generate demand for services provided by permit. His self immolation triggered the formal sector public and private actors, Tunisian Revolution, which not only led to including transportation, and formal shops the fall of then President Zine al-Abidine Ben and suppliers from whom they source their Ali after a rule of twenty-three years, but also goods. The Supreme Court of India has noted caused further revolts in numerous other that, from a consumer point of view, street Arabic-speaking nations, including Egypt, vendors “considerably add to the comfort and Libya and Syria. Nonviolent protest convenience of the general public, by making movements centrally located in public space available ordinary articles of everyday use also took place in Spanish, Greek, and for a comparatively lesser price”. This is a eventually North American cities (Graaff & particularly important role for the urban poor Ha, 2015). who cannot afford to shop at supermarkets (Roever & Skinner, 2016).

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This phenomenon is also occurs in stands up as the representation of the street Bandung, capital city of West Java Province. vendors. Confiscation, relocation, or demonstrations in This research focuses on how these the name of street vendors are often. Maybe organizations plays role in managing street not as extreme as Tunisian case does, but still, vendors. street vendors are the integral part of the social and economical life of Bandung. Methods Through local regulation (Peraturan Daerah) The research is in the inductive No.4/2011. Local government of Bandung approach, the method we are using for this started to re-define and re-manage the street research is in qualitative manner by using vendors, mainly by the establishment of participant observation and structured in- Satuan Tugas Khusus (Satgasus) which depth interview as data collection technique. headed by Vice Major and consist of many We interviewed 10 organizations. Every regional work unit related to street vendors. single informant is the head of their Not only the establishment of respective organizations. We also use Satgasus, in local regulation No.4/2011 also informant triangulation, which means we defining what street vendors is, and defining check the validity of one informant data by their classification based on type of products asking it to other informant (Denzin & they selling, their trading time, and their Lincoln, 2012). place. This local regulation also mentioning the street vendors rights and obligations Preliminary Result (street vendors ID ownership, cleanliness The initial result for this research is policy, etc). that some of those 10 organizations are small On the implementation level, the organization under bigger organization street vendors in Bandung are not really owned, headed, or scouted by high profile knows the points inside the local regulation, person in the government, military or but rather, there are organizations that have respected local people. They have power in authority to control the street vendors in negotiating policies for the street vendors, in various locations in Bandung. Through this return, they have to obey the regulations and organization, the policies are reproducted and sometimes street vendors, -through their articulated to the street vendors, so if “small organizations”- have to pay tributary something wrong happens, the organizations money. If they disobeying the rules, the consequence is quite harsh, they will not 105

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protected by the organizations and no longer Our initial conclusions is that not only have rights to become street vendor in that plays role on implementing government place again. The small organizations are policies to the street vendors, the usually headed by thugs or ex-thugs that have organizations also have role on negotiating a authoritative power to control street the policies. vendors. Each of the organizations are knowing References each other, at least knowing the person Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2012). behind it. In order to expand the area of Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. London: Sage Publications. control, if conflict occurs, some of the organization acts as mediators between street Graaff, K., & Ha, N. (2015). Street Vending in The Neoliberal City (A Global vendors and the government. In return, the Perspective on the Practices and Policies street vendors must become under that of a Marginalized Economy). New York: particular organization control. Berghahn Books. This research is at data analyzing Roever, S., & Skinner, C. (2016). Street steps, we have to classificate the organization Vendors and Cities. Environment & Urbanization: SAGE Journals, 1-16. first and then describe each one of them, their contributions for the government policies or for the street vendors. But for now, these are our preliminary result. Conclusions

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THE DYNAMIC OF INSTITUTIONAL RELATION OF BPD AND VILLAGE HEAD: PROBLEMS OF LOCAL POLITICAL REPRESENTATION

Dina Dwi Rahayu, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran,Malang, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Tuhfatul Maula, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran, Malang, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Introduction the state driven development (Zamroni, 2017). As we know, the practice of these This research is a case study on the concepts and approaches have destroyed the dynamics of institutional relations patterns of village as a sovereign local entity. The state's BPD and Village Heads. In Post-New Order, behavior toward the village could be traced democratization have opened widely and through several thoughts such as in the work implemented with a reckless which has been of Mochtar Mas'oed (1994), highlighting the causing the dynamic relationship between state bureaucracy that enters into the village BPD and Village Head. Previously, during by giving birth to state corporatist the New Order a similar institution of BPD organizations, such as PKK, Karangtaruna was established under the name of the and RT/RW. The same is also written by Lembaga Masyarakat Desa (LMD), but in Hans Antlöv (2003) which reflects the role of line with the collapse of the New Order state domination in village life in his book regime, the LMD institution became a BPD "Negara dalam Desa". In fact, Yando Zakaria and its membership has directly been elected (2000) said the village's helpless situation by people. Thus, the authority of BPD as a being diluted by the state. The village was new institution in the village has the potential always a locus and the focus of the state to to generate dualism of power and create a launch development projects, as Sutoro Eko confrontational relationship between BPD (2011: 2012) often referred to, the village and Village Head. became the project market and only as The need to establish a BPD is a form superintendent staff. of state penetration of the village regardless This has led to the politics of of the historical socio-cultural conditions of representation introduced by the state to the the village. The concept is still the same as

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village not always well received. It tends to and the village head is executives, but under create new problems in many villages. The the actual conditions of village governance problems between the institutional relations remains dominated by the executive role as of BPD and the Village Head then gave birth central ruler. The institutional issues of BPD to UU No. 32 of 2004 which aims to cure and the village head in this paper are traced conflict in the village between BPD and through an analytical approach to the theory Village Head. Basically, the Act actually cuts of historical institutionalism. the duties and functions of BPD that make Methods village democracy back nuanced with heavy executives. Additionally, after emerging of The research in this case study uses a UU No. 6 of 2014, state efforts change the qualitative method. Instruments used in paradigm of the village and the institutional collecting data include interviews, literature relations of BPD and Village Head. With full studies, and documentations. The focus of awareness of the Village Law, it emphasizes this research is the institutional the presence of a hybrid model, namely a self transformation of BPD as a form of political governing community and local self representation of village communities and the government (Zamroni, 2017). Through this dynamics of relations between the BPD and law, the state has sought to correct its the village head. behavior against the village. It makes the Result village as a community entity granted The results of this study are, firstly, the autonomy to take care of its own household BPD as the local political representation of and run its own political system. the village people experienced some

After the confrontational relation of institutional transformation that made the BPD and Village Head, the BPD is a village relationship between the BPD and the village discussions committee whose membership is head matter dynamically. The institutional chosen based on the village people and transformation of BPD have started from the determined by the village head. This is in formal village meetings which were not accordance with the Village Law which formally instituted and then consecutively provides affirmation of the institutional become the Deliberation Council of position of BPD, parallel to the Village Head Desapraja, LMD, BPD (Badan Perwakilan according to the principle of separation of Desa), and BPD (Badan Permusyawaratan powers. The BPD as the village legislature Desa).

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Secondly, the idea of representational run effectively and it was in the heavy politics has been applied by village people legislative. since before the colonial era through the Conclusion deliberation of village communities in the The conclusions drawn from the case village consultative process which could be studies in this paper are: said as the local democracy. Village people 1. In the institutional transformation of BPD have adopted a system of "democracy" in authors found the main idea of formation of their own ways with the principle of trust. BPD, namely political representation on the According to the institutional history, the village scale; village head was the central of political and 2. The BPD and the Village Head might administrative rulers of the village and this is would experience a conservative relationship reinforced by the Village Law which if there is a different platform between the strengthens the position of the village head. Village Head and the BPD while the This makes the expected control function in institutional aspect between the two is weak. the village administration through BPD will 3. The relationship pattern of BPD and the be difficult to run effectively, considering that Village Head in general is effective but the it has institutionally been constructed by the regulations that make an individual able to past. overpower make BPD tend to act over Thirdly, democratization of capacity. This difference in the pattern of representative institutions of village people in relations is due to the contribution of the the Post-New Order period caused the regime change affecting the reforms to the relationship of BPD and the village head to village administration. occur confrontatively. This is because the Reference non-institutional aspects of the Village Head Antlov, H. (2002). Negara dalam Desa; during that period were weak, while the Patronase Kepemimpinan Lokal. village head and BPD were very strong. The Yogyakarta: Lappera Pustaka Utama. difference in platform between the two have Antlöv, H. (2003). Village Government and caused the competition for struggling the Local Development in Indonesia: The existence of power that was basically equally New Democratic Framework. Bulletin chosen by the people directly. BPD is able to of Indonesian Economic Studies impeach the village head who makes BPD behave overcapacity. The problem arose when the village was in this condition did not 109

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Mas'oed, Mochtar. (1994). Politik, Birokrasi Zamroni, Sunaji. (2017). Potret Politik dan dan Pembangunan. Yogyakarta: Ekonomi Lokal di Indonesia: Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta: IRE

Eko, Sutoro. dan Borni Kurniawan (2010), Institusi Lokal dalam Pembangunan Perdesaan, Jakarta: Bappenas.

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PATRONAGE LEADERSHIP IN DECENTRALIZED COUNTRIES

M. Doddy Syahirul Alam, Sujarwoto, Faculty of Public Administration, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Email:[email protected]

Introduction economic opportunities and markets to their

loyal supporters through local leaders. These It has been a long time ago patronage leaders bought up support from those people leadership was existed and related with who might otherwise have participated in corruption practice in many affairs. There reformist movements, and marginalized was no indigenous pattern of patronage others with more overt ideological agendas. leadership and corruption happening in In this way, local networks were strengthened government performance tier. The study of at the expense of the ruler whose own patronage, leadership, corruption, and networks of patronage weakened and decentralization usually did in separated eventually collapsed, and formal framework. The content usually tends to a organizations were replaced with political general understanding, not specific on networks rooted in pervasive and predatory leadership field. commercial activities. (Reno, 2002; Hodder, It interferes with a fair and impartial 2015) management of the economy and, as in the According to the influential theory of Ukraine, increases the risk of financial crises Martin Shefter, patronage politics results the collapse of the state (Faccion and from the capture of the state for the purposes McConnell, 2006; Hodder, 2015). In Africa, of party building by political intermediaries. too, post-colonial rulers more often than not This will occur where democratization bought loyalty by redistributing resources and precedes professionalization of the assets as patronage. This was effective in bureaucracy and mass mobilization by building power bases initially, but it soon political parties. By design, this theory only meant that less was available for a wider addresses the issue of patronage in population, and it eroded the organizations democratic states.(Kenny, 2013). through which those goods and services were Identifying type of patronage supplied. As these channels withered, rulers leadership in decentralized countries is begin to rely more and more on parceling out

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important because no one country in the searching from some journals such as whole world is free from patrons-client. At Proquest, emerald, and also google scholar least we can identify which patronage for last five years later. I had downloaded and leadership is positive and constructive on reviewed not less than thirty paper/articles. government performance and which The methodological principles upon which patronage leadership is negative on this study was developed are influenced by government performance. systematic reviewing techniques (McFadden, The most current issues of patronage Taylor, Campbell, & McQuilkin, 2012; leadership nowadays is that patronage Taylor, Wylie, Dempster, & Donnelly, 2007) practice not only occur in politics and and include seeking transparent and rigorous governmental practice, but it also happens in approaches to identification, quality appraisal civil service and business. So that, patron- and synthesis of studies. At its simplest, client not only happened in strategic systematic reviews are “designed to provide a leadership level, but also in operational level. reliable picture of „current best evidence‟ relevant to a particular question” The research gaps that the author can (MacDonald, 2003). While great emphasis is identify was mostly the previous research placed on the rigor of selection and appraisal only perform that patronage only affect methods within such reviews, of equal negative side, particularly made pseudo importance is the methodical quality of data stability on political and government system synthesis (Killick & Taylor, 2009). Campbell and finally fertilize corruption. et al. (2003: 5) describe „synthesis‟ as “a This article aims to contribute a process of extracting data from individual novelty, whether patron-client especially research studies and interpreting and patronage leadership in decentralized representing them in a collective form”.(Best, countries affect constructive or deconstructive Manktelow, & Taylor, 2014). on government performance? Furthermore, whether decentralization strengthening Results and Discussion patronage leadership or the opposite ?. The purpose here has been to consider a type of patronage leadership leads to Methods corruption in developing countries. The To examine patronage leadership in matter here had been answered that patronage decentralized countries, I assembled from leadership consists of several types: politics, various sources. The data collected by governance, civil service, also economy and 112

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business. The tiers happening on many levels, and Ghana, in national level or local national level and also local government government level. level. Civil services patronage leadership, in Politics patronage leadership, Vietnam according to Acuña-Alfaro (2012, p. happening in some developing countries 11) nepotism and patronage are pervasive in using some path namely political party. This the civil service, and needed changes include two kind path was very effective in order to “new elements of performance management strengthen and to sustain the power of based on the abilities of civil servants, a leadership. In national level the influence of performance culture, competent and political party always identical with “one man meritocratic human resources and strong figure” or in Ghana namely “ a big transparency in human resource man rule”, even in India, Sri Lanka, matters”(Gregory, 2016). In other words, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Indonesia. patronage leadership not only happening in Governance patronage leadership strategic leadership but also happening in perform by representing or positioning the operational leadership which directly facing leader in the bureaucracy who has a strong the public. kinship with the ruling party or with the big man rule. This quietly happened in Indonesia Table 1. Type of Patronage in Decentralized Countries Indonesia Politics, governance, business, decentralization/local politics, natural resource management Cambodia Politics Sub-Saharan Africa Natural resource management Colombia Politics, democracy, participation, citizenship India Politics, financial partnership, western donor and Indian recipient Sri Lanka Politics, government Ghana Politics, dictator Zimbabwe Politics, government, leadership Tanzania Politics, political economy, donor-driven governance, and corruption Congo Democracy, politics Bangladesh Democracy, politics, governance, political economy Nigeria Corruption in social administration, economics Vietnam Civil service, civil servant Cameroon Kinship, ethnicity, and a form of redistribution Source: some articles practice. Mostly they consider patronage as a

common thing in order to sustain their power Conclusions Many countries in developing sustainability. Sometimes it was constructive, countries while doing their government but for a longer time, it was destructive. performance can not free from a patron-client

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After exploring some decentralized https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-01-2016- 0010. countries in the world, finally it can define some type of patronage leadership, there is Hodder, R. (2015). What‟s Wrong with Patronage?. Society, 52(2), 166-173. patronage leadership on politics, patronage leadership on governance, patronage Killick, C., & Taylor, B. J. (2009). Professional decisionmaking on elder leadership on civil services, and patronage abuse: a Systematic narrative review. leadership on economy and business. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 21,211–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.

1080/08946560902997421 References:

MacDonald, G. (2003). Using systematic Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). reviews to improve social care. London: Children and Youth Services Review Social Care Institute for Excellence. Online communication, social media and

adolescent wellbeing : A systematic McFadden, P., Taylor, B. J., Campbell, narrative review. Children and Youth A.,&McQuilkin, J. (2012). Services Review, 41, 27–36. Systematically identifying relevant https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014 research: Case study on child protection .03.001 social workers' resilience. Research on

Social Work Practice, 22(6), 626–636. Campbell, R., Pound, P., Pope, C., Britten, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973151245 N., Pill, R., Morgan, M., et al. (2003). 3209. Evaluating meta-ethnography: A

synthesis of qualitative research on lay Nelson, F., & Agrawal, a. (2008). Patronage experiences of diabetes and diabetes or Participation? Community-based care. Social Science and Medicine, Natural Resource Management Reform 56,671–684. in Sub-Saharan Africa. Development &

Change, 39(4), 557–585. Faccio, M., Masulis, R. W., & McConnell, J. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- (2006). Political connections and 7660.2008.00496.x corporate bailouts. The Journal of

Finance, 61(6), 2597-2635. Reno, W. (2002). The politics of insurgency

in collapsing states. Development and Gregory, R. (2016). Combating corruption in Change, 33(5), 837-858. Vietnam: a commentary. Asian

Education and Development Studies,

5(2), 227–243.

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PUBLIC SERVICE PERFORMANCE AND PUBLIC TRUST IN GOVERNMENT; AN INDONESIA CASE OF STUDY

Gita Susanti, Dept. of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar

Novayanti Sopia Rukmana, Dept. of Administrative Science, Muhammadiyah School of Social and Political Science, Sidrap

Suherman Ahmad, Dept. of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar

Siti Halwatiah, Dept. of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar

Andi Rahmat Hidayat, Dept. of Political Sciences, West Sulawesi University,Makasar

Andi Ahmad Yani, Dept. of Administrative Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar

Background (social trust). If the government institutions, The public service provider is any public officials, and policies made good by institution, agency, corporation, institution the citizens, then citizens will have high established in accordance with the confidence in the government. Nye (1997) Government Act for public service activities. indicates two things about public confidence: public confidence in government also helps in in practice there is a gap between public meeting the needs of political accountability expectations and actual government and the need for the power of discretion performance, ie conditions in which the needed to create flexible governance by government can not achieve performance as encouraging citizens to accept governmental per the expectations of society or it may not authority (Ruscio 1997; Kim 2005). Belief is be the availability of information relating to also much more than that explained that policies and performance the real government Belief is the basis of all human relations and for the community, causing unbelief of the institutional interactions (Tonkiss, Passe, people. In the context of public services in Misztal 1996). Trust can be seen every time a Indonesia, complaints about public services new policy is announced (Ocampo 2006). are still widely found. Among the long-time management, unresponsive bureaucratic Blind (2007) reveals that public trust attitude, throwing the responsibility of the is generally divided into two types, namely bureaucratic apparatus (Sahuri: 2009). political trust (political trust) and social trust 115

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The data obtained from the agency example, some researchers have argued that The Asian Foundation describes the handling the economic situation, the administrative of permits including one of the worst in the performance of government agencies and World. For example the United States only programs, ignorance and dishonesty affect through 4 procedures through which to public confidence in government; Other register its business and registration process researchers also point out that social capital, that takes 4 days. The country of Thailand political scandals, and media interventions there are 7 procedures and takes time and can lead to lower levels of trust in takes 22 days. For Indonesia itself government (Nye 1997; Orren 1997; Thomas entrepreneurs have to go through 12 kinds of 1998; Putnam 2000; Mishler & Rose 2001; procedures and wa ktu handling an average of Vigoda 2002). According to Choi and Kim 128 - 151 days, very inefficient (Sahury, (2012), the more dominant influence on 2009). public trust is the performance of government institutions and community compliance and Based on data from The World Bank, participation is the impact of public trust on net enrollment rates are below 60% in the government. disadvantaged districts compared to those in developed districts that have universal Research methods enrollment. Net enrollment rates for This research uses quantitative secondary education have increased strongly approach with Desk Research model using (currently 66% for Junior High Schools and data from Asian Barometer Survey (Wave III) 45% for Senior Secondary Schools) but still 2 years after Survey. Asian Barometer Survey low compared to other countries in the region. has surveyed 33 provinces in Indonesia on 9- Indonesia also lags behind its neighbors in 23 May 2011. Then the survey data is used as Early Childhood Education and Higher primary data from this research. Thus, the Education, with gross enrollment rates of study conducted following data from the 21% and 11.5% respectively. Asian Barometer Survey (Wave III). Over the last few decades, however, Data collection is derived from data public confidence in government has declined that has been collected by Asian Barometer in developed countries. A number of studies using questionnaire. The population is have been conducted to identify and examine 171,068,667 people based on the number of the factors that contribute to the decline in voters in the 2009 election. public confidence in government. For

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The sample in this study was taken using the  Variable public services following formula: How easy or difficult is to get the following

services? Or have you ever tried to get this √ service from the government?

 Identity documents (such as birth

With 95% confidence level and ± certificates or passports) 2.5% margin error then specified number of  A place in public elementary school for sample is 1,500 people. The Asian Barometer children Survey successfully interviewed 1,226 people  treatment at a nearby clinic or 79% of the total expected sample. This  Help from the police when you need them research uses multi stage random sampling in Public confidence in the government selecting samples. Asian barometer survey is derived from questions asked in the uses 5 stages in choosing respondents, Asian Barometer Survey (Wave III) namely: 1) Indonesia is divided into 33 study. Questions in the questionnaire were Provinces and village list used as primary as follows: sampling unit. 2) Selection of the smallest  Variable public trust environmental unit. 3) Household Election. 4) For each, please tell me how much trust do Selection of respondents. 5) Substitute. you have in it? Primary data in this research is survey  national government data of Asian Barometer Survey (wave III)  employees which data collecting conducted on 9-23 May  the police 2011. While secondary data is study  Local Government document and other sources related to research theme.

Government performance is the Results quality of government services in the 3.1 Population of public trust education, health, security and demographic administration services questioned in the Based on the above table then Fcount Asian Barometer Survey (Wave III) study. of 13.238 while for Ftabel equal to 3,850. So Questions in the Asian Barometer Survey it is found that there is a significant influence questionnaire are as follows: between the population to public trust, this is 117

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indicated by Fhitung (13.238)> Ftabel With the BOS funds is expected no more (3.850). children who drop out again and can continue education at least 9 years as has been Ministerial Decree of the Department diprogamkan by the government. Based on of Justice and Human Rights Number: the above table also shows a significant M.02.IZ.03.10 Year 2006 concerning influence between services in the field of Implementation of Biometric Based Education to public confidence Integrated Photo System In Traveling Letters of the Republic of Indonesia is implemented 3.3 Health on Public Trust with the aim of facilitating the passport Based on the above table then Fcount service which at the same time put forward of 34.082 while for Ftabel equal to 3,850. So the security aspect. The Policy on Biometric- it is found that there is a significant influence Based Passport Service At this Immigration between health to public trust, this is Office works well. This is reinforced by the indicated by Fhitung (34,082)> Ftabel results of research conducted contained in the (3,850). table above and shows there is significant influence between the demographic services, National Health System (SKN) one of which is the passport control of public regulated in Presidential Regulation No. 72 of trust. 2012 as one of the policies made by the government to overcome various problems in 3.2 Education on Public Trust opearsionalnya running well. This is Based on the above table then the F corroborated based on the results of the arithmetic amounted to 39.909 while for research described in the table above that Ftabel then equal to 3.092. So it is found that there is a significant influence between there is a significant influence between services in the field of health to public education on public trust, this is indicated by confidence Fhitung (39,909)> Ftabel (3,850). 3.4 Security of Trust One of the policies in the field of Based on the above table then Fcount education which is still ongoing until now is of 38.737 while for Ftabel equal to 3,850. So the policy of School Operational Assistance it is found that there is a significant influence Fund. Dana BOS is set in Law No. 20 of between security to public trust, this is 2003. BOS funds are used to meet student indicated by Fhitung (38,737)> Ftabel needs and teacher competency improvement. (3,850). Law Number 15 Year 2003 on

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Stipulation of Government Regulation on some of the problems that occur. This means Terrorism Restriction. With the laws that public trust has a good effect on the governing terrorism it has slowly reduced the government's performance in terms of public case of terosrism in the last period. Based on services. the above table also explains there is a Reference significant influence between security to Blind, Peri .K.2007. Building Trust In public trust. Government In The Twenty-First Century: Review Of Literature and 3.5 Service to Public Trust Emerging Issues. Jurnal. Austria: Based on the above table then the UNDESA Fhitung of 60.584 while for Ftabel equal to Choi, Sang Ok dan Kim, Sunhyuk. 2012. An 3,850. So it is found that there is a significant Exploratory Model Of Antecendents and Consequences of Public Trust in influence between service to public trust, this Government. Jurnal. Korea: Seoul is indicated by Fhitung (13.238)> Ftabel National University (3.850). Chong, Min Park dan Jung, Hyun Bae. 2012. Sources of Public Trust in Government : Conclusion East Asian Evidance. Jurnal. Korea: Korea University The public demand for quality service urges the government to continue to improve Choudhury, Enamul.2008. Trust in Administration : An Integrative Approach itself. trust in government is strongly to Optimal Trust. Jurnal. New York : connected with public support to government, Sage Publication while government has high integrity in public Cook, K. S., Hardin, R., dan Levi, M. 2005. service, then public trust to government will Cooperation without trust. New York: also follow. The level of public confidence in Russell Sage. the government will be greatly influenced by Denhardt, Janer V, and Robert B. Denhardt. the government's ability to be ruled out, to 2003. The New Public Service : Serving Not Steering. New York : M.E.Sharpe. protect the community, to be responsive, to Kotler, Philip. 2007. Manajemen Pemasaran, be just and to improve the welfare of the Jilid II, Edisi 12. Jakarta: PT.Indeks people. The services provided in the Mistzal, B.A. Trust in Modern Societies: The education, security, demographics, health Search for the Bases of Social Order. sectors so far received good response from Cambridge: the public. Some policies issued by the Polity Press, 1996. government are deemed able to overcome

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Mishler, W. & R. Rose. 2001. What Are the agencies and their employees. Origins of Political Trust: Testing Administration & Society, 30, 166-193. Institutional Tonkiss, F., A. Passey, N. Fenton and L.C. and Cultural Theories in Post-Communist Hems. Trust and Civil Society. London: Societies, Comparative Political Studies Macmillan, 2000. 34,1:30-62. Putnam, R. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Nye, J. 1997. “Introduction: The Decline of Collapse and Revival of American Confidence in Government,” in Why Community. New York: Simon and People Don‟t Trust Government?. Schuster. Cambridge: Harvard University Press Vigoda-Gadot, Eran. 2006. Citizens' Ocampo, J. A. “Congratulatory Message,” Perceptions of Politics and Ethics in The Regional Forum on Reinventing Public Administration: A Five-Year Government in Asia. Seoul, Korea: National Study of Their Relationship to United Nations Department of Economic Satisfaction with Service, Trust in and Social Affairs and the Ministry of Governance, and Voice Orientations. Government Administration and Home Oxford: Oxford University Press. Affairs, Republic of Korea, 6-8 Welch, E. W., Charles, C. H., & Moon, M. J. September 2006. 2004. Linking Citizen Satisfaction with E- Ratminto dan Winarsih Atik Septi.(2005). Government and Trust in Government. Manajemen Pelayanan. Yogyakarta : Jurnal. Inggris: Oxford University Press Pustaka Pelajar Undang-Undang Nomor 25 tahun 2009 Ruscio, KP 1997. Trust in the Administrative tentang pelayanan public State, Public Administration Review Undang- Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 57:454-58 tentang Pemberantasan Terorisme Rose, Richard. 1995. Russia as an Hour-Glass Undang Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Society: A Constitution without Citizens. tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional East European Constitutional Review 4(3): 34-42. Peraturan Presiden Nomor 72 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Kesehatan Nasional Sahuri, Chalid. 2009. Membangun Kepercayaan Publik melalui Pelayanan http://www.cnnindonesia.com edisi 18 April Publik yang Berkualitas. Jurnal. 2016 Pekanbaru : Universitas Riau.

Thomas, C.W. 1998. Maintaining and

restoring public trust in government

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ANALYSIS ON HANDLING COMMUNITY CULTURAL VALUES EROSION IN SEMARANG, INDONESIA

HARDI WARSONO, Departement of Public Administration_ Fisip Undip, Semarang, Indonesia, Email: [email protected] DYAH HARIANI, Departement of Public Administration_ Fisip Undip, Semarang, Indonesia, Email:[email protected] SARWO EDY, Departement of Public Administration_ Fisip Undip, Semarang, Indonesia

Introduction and has grown for 468 years. It also has various cultural potentials and heritages in the The era of globalization is an era of form of both objects and non objects that are openness and freedom that brings positive developed and inherited from generation to and negative impacts for a country. One of generation. Here are some cultural heritages which is the state of Indonesia. One of the in the form of objects which are famous. We positive impacts brought by globalization is can observe this phenomenon from the such as the rapid progress of Science and number of art groups in Semarang City for Technology. Distance is now not a barrier the last 3 years (2013-2015) shows an anymore in interaction activity with the increase from 200 in 2013 to 415 by 2015, as development of information and well as the ratio of the number of art groups communication technology, this is what per 10.000 population of Semarang City from triggers the negative impact of globalization 1.26 in 2013 to 2.60 in 2015. However, if itself, such as the entry of foreign cultural seen from the ratio of the number of art values that are not appropriate with cultural groups to 10,000 population, it is still values adhered by a country rapidly and even relatively small.This shows the less out of control spreads through the information responsiveness of semarang people to the and communication technology, foreign traditional art and culture of Semarang city. cultural values are brought by developed Based on background, the countries which are actually the main actors of globalization today. Research Objectives are : The city of Semarang as one of the cultural cities in Indonesia has a long history

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1) To analyze the performance in handling Productivity of CS in this research is cultural values erosion in Semarang observed from the suitability of City. activity program run by Culture Sector 2) To describe supporting and inhibiting with certain target and goals, success performance factors in dealing with the of activity program held by CS, and cultural values decline of the effort to increase the success of community in Semarang City. Activity program conducted by CS. Activity program of CS have Methods averagely been suited with the targets This research used descriptive and aims/goals set in RPJMD year qualitative approach. Interviews, 2011-2015. The success of the documentation, and literature study with program implementation has shown employees of CTO of Semarang city as the good results. informants are some techniques used to b. Service Quality obtain research data. Furthermore, to test the The quality of service shows how the data quality and validity, the researchers used performance of an organization in triangulation technique with the data source. properly serving the community. The

form of services provided by the Results and critical review Culture Sector includes the service to 1. Measure Of Performance the artists / culturalist who are These measures are used as a members of art community / art benchmark in assessing the performance. groups such as in Raden Saleh Dwiyanto et al (2002: 48-49) in Nogi (2005: Cultural Park and Sobokarti Art 176-178) presented a complete measure of Center. The form of services provided performance level in a public organization, is in the form of giving guidance, i.e.: Productivity, Service quality, facilitating and financing cultural Responsiveness, Responsibility, and attractions and performances. The Accountability. obstacles faced by CS include limited human resources and budgetary, coordination and cooperation which Work Performance of Cultural Sector, are do not match the expectations : a. Productivity c. Responsiveness

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Responsiveness is the ability of CS to Renstra (strategic Plan), and Renja recognize the needs of the community, (work plan) to set up the agenda and priorities of e. Accountability services, as well as hold the Accountability is the responsibility of development of public service an organization to its reported programs that suit the needs and input performance in the form of documents of the community. addressed to public officials and As stated by Chia (2014) that general public. In accordance with the Communication, both traditional and research results, it can be described in new media forms such as social that the responsibility of CS is quite media, was important to social capital good, indicated by the making of development provided that it was budget report documents and diverse, appropriate to community performance results within a certain needs and extended its reach to period. community members to include those who were marginalised. The attitude 2. Supporting and Inhibiting Factors of of CS in responsing the needs of Organizational Performance society is always open and willing to Organizational performance is not only accept all input and suggestions from influenced by individual performance or team the community. performance, but is also influenced by wider d. ResponsibilityResponsibility term in and more complex factors, such as internal this research is used to explain about and external environmental factors. the the duty implementation of CS as (Atmosoeprapto, 2001: 11-19 in Nogi, 2005: well as conformity of the executed 181) suggested these following internal and duty implementation with the existing external factors: requirement and policy. Based on the 1. External Factor : (Political factor, research results, it can be revealed that Economic factor, and Social factor). the implementation of CS duty is good 2. Internal Factor : (Goals of Organization, enough since it suited with the Structure of organization, Human tupoksi, the needs and policies resources, Culture of organization). arranged in plan documents such as Human resources as internal factor is RPJMD (Midle therm planning), also stated by Adamson and Bromiley (2013)

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that Community empowerment requires Based on the research results, the adequate training for development staff and followings are supporting and triggering support mechanisms for community factors of CS performance follows : internal participants. Roles of public sector and external factor. Supporting factor from organizations attending community Internal factor likes quality of human partnerships need to be clearly defined. At an resources shown by the educational organisational level, incentives, including background of graduates (S1) and post funding, and sanctions are needed in order to graduates (S2) employees, and completed by change ways of working. English and Javanese experts. Meanwhile Community involvement as the external inhibitingfactors is The number of human factor is also stated by Henderson (2000) who resources / employees are limited and the mentioned that community care practice and absence of employees having Culture, strategies need to relate to the Government‟s History, Archaeology, and Architecture social inclusion policies by broadening the educational background. External factor agenda and by showing clear commitment to including political dan economical factors are community involvement. Thus, in become support and inhibiting factors. implementing the agenda of CS of CTO in By knowing those previously Semarang city, it is important to involve mentioned supporting and inhibiting factors, Semarang community. these are some alternative ways to enhance community development, the work Culture or budaya in Indonesian is performance and to decrease cultural value in derived from the Sanskrit language, the community ( Gilchrist, 2004). They are : buddhaya, and is the plural form of buddhi Enabling people to become involved by (mind and thought, interpreted as any matters removing practical barriers; Encouraging relating to the mind and human thought. In individuals to contribute to activities and English, culture is derived from the Latin decision-making; Empowering them by word Colere, meaning to cultivate the land or increasing confidence and the ability to farming. Culture is sometimes translated as influence decisions; Educating people by “kultur” in the Indonesian language. helping them to reflect, learn from others and

discuss; Equalizing situations so people have Supporting and Inhibiting Factor of equal access to opportunities and resources; Culture Sector Performance Evaluating the impact of these interventions,

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and Engaging with groups and organisations Reference to increase community involvement. Adamson, Dave And Bromiley, Richard. (2013). Community Empowerment: Learning from Practice in Community Conclusion Regeneration. www.emeraldinsight.com downloaded by Arizona University on Research result shows that the work December 17, 2014. performance of CS of CTO in Semarang City Chia, Joy. (2014). Communicating, connecting And developing social in handling cultural values erosion of society Capital for organizations And their in Semarang city is relatively good, yet it is communities: Benefits for socially still not maximal because there is still Responsive organizations. www.emeraldinsight.com downloaded constraints on dimension of productivity and by University of British Columbia service quality, i.e. the lack of coordination Library on January 31, 2016. Handoko, Hani. (2009). Manajemen. and cooperation as well as the lack of public Yogyakarta: BPFE. participation. The supporting factors are the Henderson, Paul. (2000). Caring communities objectives in Strategic Plan (Renstra) of CTO and community development: How can care and community mix?. of Semarang city year 2010-2015, excellent www.emeraldinsight.com downloaded organizational structure, adequate human by New York University on March 1, 2016. resources quality, discipline and mutual Gilchrist, A.(2004). The Well-connected cooperation attitude, policies in RPJMD Community. Bristol: The Policy Press. (midle term planning), community economic J. Moleong, Lexy. (2007). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. condition and the existence of budget, high Remaja Rosdakarya. community participation during big events, Keban, Yeremias. (2008). Enam Dimensi and Criticism and public advice. While the Strategis Administrasi Publik. Gavamedia: Yogyakarta. inhibiting factors are limited human Kurniati, Annisa, A., Purnaweni, H., resources, central and local government Yuningsih, T. (2015). Analisis Kinerja Organisasi Dinas Kebudayaan dan regulations which are so strict about grant Pariwisata Kota Semarang: Studi funding, lack of authority in national cinema, Kasus di UPTD Kampoeng Wisata cultural heritage certification, and Taman Lele. Journal of Public Policy and Management Review, 4 (3), 9-10. preservation of Javanese language, limited Dalam http://ejournal- budgets, and lack of participation, interest and s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/jppmr/article/v iew/8882/8632. Diunduh pada pada 29 awareness of the community towards culture November 2015. preservation. Latief, Hi Fandi. (2013). Kinerja Pembangunan Sektor Pariwisata: Studi

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pada Dinas Pariwisata dan kebudayaan Sugiyono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Kabupaten Pulau Morotai. Journal of Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Governance and Public Policy, 1(1) Alfabeta: Bandung. (April): 17-19. Dalam Tangkilisan, Hessel Nogi. (2005). http://mip.umy.ac.id/phocadownload/jg Manajemen Publik. Grasindo: Jakarta. pp/fandi%20hi%20latief.pdf. Diunduh Wahyu, Ramdani. (2008). Ilmu Budaya pada 7 Desember 2015. Dasar. CV. Pustaka Setia: Bandung. Liliweri, Alo. (2007). Makna Budaya dalam Komunikasi Antarbudaya. Yogyakarta: Governmental Documents : LKiS. Attachment of indicators achievement of Pasolong, Harbani. (2012). Metode Penelitian RPJMD Program work performance on Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta. Culture affairs of Culture and Tourism Permatasari, I., Widowati, N., & Rengga, A. office of Semarang city Year 2011 – (2013). Analisis Kinerja Dinas 2015 Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Strategic plan of Culture and Tourism Office Semarang. Journal of Public Policy and of Semarang Year 2010 – 2015) Management Review, 2(2), 171-180 in Internet sources: http://ejournal- http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanba s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/jppmr/article/v hasa/artikel/306 retrieved on September iew/2362. retrieved on December 7, 9, 2016 at 13.08. 2015. www.pariwisata.semarangkota.go.id Sembiring, Masana. (2012). Budaya dan www.semarangkota.go.id Kinerja Organisasi. Fokus Media: Bandung.

Sudarmanto.(2009). Kinerja & Pengembangan Kompetensi SDM. Pustaka Pelajar: Yogyakarta.

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REVITALIZATION OF SLUM AREAS IN SEMARANG CITY WITH THEMATIC VILLAGE PROGRAM A Case Study in Bandarharjo Village, Indonesia

Hartuti Purnaweni, Public Administration Department, Faculty of Social Science and Political Science, Diponegoro University Doctorate and Master Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University significant (Tanni, 2013). Those who are BACKGROUND able to find jobs and enough earning for living will live decently. However, those are Each city in Indonesia has slum area unable are forced to live in slum areas. which should be minimized. Goswami and Usually slums areas are characterized with Kanho (2013) stated that the appearance of improper and minimum facilities in terms of slums may be seen as a byproduct in the housing, sanitation and other facilities. In process of urbanization. The people fall in general, slum areas are areas in which more low income group is generally migrants and than one housing compound which has the local poor. Majority of slum people are inorder housing, heavily populated, improper living in poor quality housing where the housing condition, lack of facilities as can be absence of basic services and facilities is seen in the following Scheme 1.

Source: Slum Improvement Action Plan (SIAP) NUSP2 Kota Semarang , 2016 127

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It appears as a social problem The Mayor believes that there are including in Semarang. As the capital city of many activities can be done, including Central Java, Semarang is a regional centre of boosting potencies such as small scale economic growth, having also both puss and business, better societal life, and therefore pull factors of its hinterland areas (Ridlo, creating ,ore conducive city for development. 2007). Therefore, Semarang also has slum Therefore the government allocates two areas as a result of its position as center of hundred million rupiahs for each kampong, growth for some areas, therefore attracting realizing this thematic village program since people to come. Semarang has 415 hectares 2016. of slum area, scattered in 64 villages in 15 The aim of this article is to analyze sub districts (kecamatan) out of 18 sub Thematic Village Program in Semarang City districts all over Semarang City (BPS in terms of: (a) Perception over Thematic Semarang, 2016). Aiming at parts of solving Village Program; (b) Commitment of this problem, Semarang Municipal Semarang Municipal Government in government responding with the Program of implementing Thematic Village Program Thematic Village (Kampong Tematik). According to the Mayor, the municipal Method government is obliged for the people‟s welfare including in housing needs. They This is a descriptive qualitative article, have to have programs of abolishing or using qualitative analyses. Primary data was revitalizing slum areas in Semarang City. gathered through interview and observation. umuh dari data Bappeda Secondary data was gathered through finding published articles. Interview was conducted In this program‟s scheme, each district to Semarang Municipal officers in the (kecamatan) has to make three concepts Municipal Office of Public Works, and in kampong or village. The underlying spirits several villages/kelurahan namely Tanjung are: first, creating better environment with Mas, Bandarharjo and Kemijen. better roads and environment, go green spirit. Secondly, since there are various potencies in Result these areas, the government wants to make Tanjung Mas, Bandarharjo and these areas as thematic kampong. Kemijen villages are located in the northern part of Semarang City, consisting of mostly

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coastal areas, close to the Tanjung Mas The government‟s target is seaport. Therefore most of the inhabitants, revitalizing the city‟s slum areas in 2019 with especially in Tanjung Mas and Bandarharjo Thematic Village Program. One of thear villages are workers in the port and the programs is constructing thematic village in surrounding industries. Consequently, many each sub district. In 2016 the target is of the people are low income communities. choosing two villages in each of the 16 sub Tanjung Mas and Bandarharjo villages are districts having thematic program. The even stated as the highest areas with slum in perception over this program is good, also the Semarang. commitment.

(a) Perception over Thematic Village References Program was good. The informants in the Pemerintah Kota Semarang (Semarang three villages are happy to implement the Municipal Government), 2016, Slum Thematic Village Program, hoping that Improvement Action Plan (SIAP) NUSP2 this program will have benefit in Kota Semarang, Semarang. improving their village, as part of revitalizing their slum areas. They are Ridlo, Muhammad Agung, “Find Solution to also happy with the provided fund, which Handling Slums Settlement in Semarang will boost there are. City”, National Seminar on Informal (b) Commitment of Semarang Municipal Settlements and Affordable Housing, Government in implementing Thematic Semarang 22-23 Februari 2007. Village Program: the informants are committed to implement the program. Goswami, Sribas and Samita Manna, “Urban This is especially true in Kemijen in Poor Living in Slums: A Case Study of which its formal and informal leaders are Raipur City in India”, Global Journal of very active in various community Human Social Science Sociology & activities. However, there is also concern Culture Volume 13 Issue 4, 2013 over the use of the fund, which has to be Tanni, TT, MJ Hasan, AK Azad, B Bakali, used properly. Kemijen choose Art “State of the Environment in Slum Area: Village Program, A Case Study on Khora Slum, Khulna”, J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(1): Conclusion 295-304 2014

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THE EMPOWERMENT OF COASTAL WOMEN THROUGH CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT OF SEAWEED FARMER GROUPS : OBSTACLES AND THEIR CHALLENGES

Hasniati, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Rabina Yunus, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Hamsinah, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction The description of the gap can be Since the end 1980 or early 1990, obtained using perspective of Human Government in developed countries have Development Report using Gender-related started to realize that public policy cannot be Development Index (GDI) and Gender free value or without value, but it must Empowerment Measure (GEM) as two ways contain value of gender equality and women's of gender injustice measurement. Women‟s empowerment (Abdul Wahab, 1994). participation in national development is Meanwhile, Collier (1988) argued that predicted to increase from year to year. gender-neutral public policies may be However, Women in Development Approach inadequate, and gender-specific policies may (WID) introduced by the United States be required to more effectively alleviate Agency for International Development problems. (USAID) that women are resource that has The number of women reaching 125.5 not been utilized optimally to contribute to million people or 49.75% of the total economic development. It means that women population of Indonesia is a huge potential to and development have been highlighted be empowered in development program. The internationally, including non-governmental empowerment of women have got serious organizations (NGOs) in a more attention today, since the gap between men comprehensive study. and women in almost every aspect of life are Women's empowerment is a process still quite wide. of enhancing women's capacity to have competence to manage village resources in

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the sense of having the competence to: (1) be The object of this research is the involved in determining the need for groups of women in coastal area of improvements of the population and village Sanrobone District, Takalar Regency. To get institutions; (2) participate on every stage of the profile description of women‟s groups and activity in the sense of being in decision- the obstacles experienced in group making and represented at every stage of the development, the researcher did in-depth activity, (3) access all aspects of life, (4) interviews consisting of leaders and members control in the sense of self-control and of the existing women's groups. Besides that, community control (Book of Pedoman the researcher did in-depth interviews with Umum Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, field extension officers who often guide Bappenas, 2001, Page 12). One of ways to toward women's groups. To complete the empower women is through group formation interview data, the researcher also did a direct (Setyowati, 2015). Women who are members observation of the condition of the groups, the of a group will have a greater bargaining resulting product, and some equipment used position. Through the group, women will be in producing. To strengthen the data analysis, able to get better assistance and guidance the researcher also used secondary data from the government easily. related to empowerment programs of coastal Women who are on the coast of women obtained from Fisheries and Marine Sanrobone District have formed several affair, Takalar Regency. groups of women but in their development have not been able to empower them. It is the Results main reason of this research, why the existing Sanrobone District is one of districts women's groups have not been optimal in Takalar Regency that produces seaweed. compared to other women's groups in Along the coastline of Sanrobone District is Indonesia, what programs of capacity used by local people to grow seaweed. There improvement have been gained, and what are three types of seaweed that are often obstacles are faced so programs of capacity grown by coastal community such as improvement cannot be effective to empower Euchouma Cottoni, Gracilaria, and women who are members of coastal women's Spinossum. The result of seaweed is sold groups at Sanrobone District, Takalar directly in wet conditions, some of them are Regency. dried and then sold. Women who are on the coast seeing this seaweed as a business Methods opportunity if it can be processed into various 131

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processing. Based on that fact, fishery limited marketing range, because it is only counseling officer assists the women to sold at home of group leader . establish groups . Second, training is not evenly Since 2010, there have been 5 groups distributed for all groups. There is only one of of women that have been established, those five groups gaining some training. The group groups are (1) Assamaturu (2) Julu Atia (3) is 'Assamaturu. While the other four groups Sehati, (4) Bunga Pesisir, and (5) Mawar. The only get one or two training, and there is even number of members for each group around one group that has never got any training. ten people, except Assamaturu Group Types of training that have been obtained consisting of 13 members. At the beginning such as training on processing of hygienic of its establishment was actually only 10 and qualified seaweed, product packaging, members, but since 2014 the number marketing, etc. increased to be 13 members. Average of Third, in addition to training education level of group members is assistance, women's groups also received secondary school. assistance of production equipment. Some of the findings in this research, Equipment assistance is obtained from among others: first, the selection of group Industry Department, BRI Bank, and business type has been adjusted based on universities. Assistance types based on group coastal area potential. Most of the coastal business. But there is assistance that cannot community work as seaweed farmers seen as be used by the group because the cost of an opportunity for the group members. Raw production equipment is really high. It is materials are seaweed obtained by buying experienced by Mawar Group that proceed from seaweed farmers. Seaweed is processed seaweed into dodol. Industry Department of into various kinds of processed foods such as Takalar Regency gives electric pan as stick cheese, dodol, syrup, crackers, production equipment. The electric pan meatballs, etc. Processed seaweed into cheese cannot be used for production, because the stick is a product that is liked by many electricity used is very high voltage. customers because it tastes delicious and Production cost is not comparable with the tasty. This product already has its own brand sale result. Finally, leader of the group sells of product based on the name of the group the electric pan to dodol entrepreneur in and packed into interesting plastic. Takalar Regency. Production is still on a small scale and very Fourth, the groups do not have their own organization. The groups‟ effort are 132

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conducted at home of the group leaders, so products that are liked by many customers. the leaders of the groups are really important. Because of the capital limitations so this Low capital factor is main cause. The groups business cannot develop optimally. The do not have any budget to build a production productions are still small scale and based on house that can be used together by the group the customer orders. Increasing of leaders. Assistance of production equipment institutional capacity of women groups in that has been received on behalf of the groups coastal area of Mappakasunggu district is not stored at home of the group leaders, and used done optimally. Women groups can actually personally to produce. Starting from the improve if they can synergize together so it capital, production, and marketing is done by can strengthen their bargaining position in the leader groups personally. development programs. In this district, there Fifth, marketing has not been clear are two types of women's groups, namely yet. The marketing of seaweed processed territorial and sectoral groups. Territorial products has limited consumer and marketing groups such as PKK Desa, PKK Dusun, .The marketing of processed products is still Dasawisma. While the sectoral groups are done at home of the group leaders so that the women‟s groups of processing seaweed, customers are still limited to neighbors and health cadre group, savings and loan group. relatives. But unfortunately, those groups have not been Sixth, business management is still able to synergize one another so based weak. It also becomes an obstacle. It is seen institution, they are not strong yet. from the ability of group leaders to move the The attendance of these groups can members. It is seen that only group leaders actually be used as an advocacy strategy to are active in managing the business, started fight for women's interests. If the groups with from planning of raw material purchasing, a particular interest have large agenda that processing seaweed, packing, until product can be carried together, such as establishing a marketing. Synergy between group members women-based village-level economic is still low. movement then this will raise the degree of coastal women. In addition, women who have Conclusions established groups can express their interests Generally, the potential of processed at meetings of village level during preparation seaweed can be an alternative business for of activity plans to be funded through village coastal women groups. In terms of skill, the fund program. women have been able to make the processed 133

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References Setyowati, Tri, 2015. Strategi Pemberdayaan Kelompok Perempuan Melalui Abdul Wahab, Solihin, 1994. Esensi Nilai Kelompok Berkah Lestari di Dusun Dalam Kebijakan: Perbincangan Karangkulon Desa Wukirsari Imogiri Teoritikal” dalam “Kebijakan Publik Bantul, Pascasarjana UIN Sunan dan Pembangunan,” Z.A. Akhmadi, Kalijaga, Yogyakarta. dkk. Penerbit IKIP Malang,

Dokumen: Collier, Paul (December 1988). Women in

Development: Defining the Issues. BAPPENAS, 2001. Buku Pedoman Umum World Bank. Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat.

Miles, B. Mattew dan A. Michael Huberman

(terjemahan), 1994. Analisis Data

Kualitatif, UI Press, Jakarta.

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SOCIALIZATION STRATEGY OF TAXATION REGULATION IN ESTABLISHING TAXPAYER'S OBJECTIVES ON TAX RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

Heti Herawati,M.Si, Universitas Sangga Buana YPKP, PHH Mustofa Street No. 68, Bandung– Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected]

Roni Tabroni, M.Si, Universitas Sangga Buana YPKP, PHH Mustofa Street No. 68, Bandung – Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected]

Senny Lusiana, M.H, Universitas Sangga Buana YPKP, PHH Mustofa Street No. 68, Bandung – Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction the tax authorities, or whether the Tax sector, contributing about 70% socialization that is rolled out is less effective of APBN revenues. Unfortunately, or improper, so citizen not understand the Indonesia's tax ratio is very low compared to application process of the tax obligation other ASEAN countries. This condition itself. becomes a big public relations for the In accordance with the Self government, which raises public awareness in Assessment System tax collection system, fulfilling the rights and obligations of whereby the government (Fiscus) authorizes taxation. This condition must be assessed taxpayers to calculate, deposit and self-report whether the lack of socialization from the the amount of tax payable, this shows the fiscal party (the government) as a policy attitude of the tax authorities who actually maker, or whether the socialization that is hand over the whole process of taxation rolled out is not effective or appropriate. The directly to the Mandatory Tax or give full government is obliged to socialize to the trust to the Taxpayer. taxpayer the contents of the tax law along This system gives consequences of with all complementary rules, so that responsibility to both parties, both taxpayers, taxpayers can exercise their taxation rights and government (Fiscus). The government as and obligations. the creator of the Tax Law has an obligation Fiscus as the party responsible for to socialize and provide understanding to the this problem, must know the cause of the low taxpayer the contents of the tax law along public awareness in meeting tax obligations. with all complementary rules, so that Is it because of the lack of socialization from taxpayers can exercise their taxation rights 135

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and obligations. Taxpayers have an obligation and accurate facts, traits, and relationships to study, understand and implement all tax among the various phenomena under rules Apply in order to properly implement investigation. The author tries to analyze the the taxation mechanism. data obtained from the results of research and For the purpose of government in compare it with existing theories, to then be optimizing the tax revenue can be achieved, analyzed its application in practice. for it needs an effective socialization between In accordance with the research the government (fiscus) and taxpayers by topic that has been determined "Effectiveness setting the right strategy. of Socialization Strategy of Taxation Therefore, the purpose of this Regulation against Understanding Taxpayer research is to analyze and to know the in implementing taxation rights and effectiveness of socialization of Tax obligations," then there are two variables that Invitation Law and Regulation which has will be analyzed relationship, namely: been implemented by the Tax Office 1. Independent variable (independent (KANWIL and KPP), to analyze and know variable) the effectiveness of communication strategy 2. Dependent variable (dependent variable) which has been done by AR in giving The indicator serves as a clue as to whether understanding to the taxpayer, and To analyze the variable is working or not. If the indicator and know the effectiveness of the is well executed, then it is concluded that the socialization of the tax law on the variable is effective, but if the indicator is not understanding of Taxpayers in implementing executed properly, then the purpose of the taxation rights and obligations. variable is not reached. The variables and indicators and measurement scale used are Methods summarized in the following table: The method that writer use in this research is analytical descriptive method, that is a method in researching status of a group of human being, an object, a condition, a system, and one class of events at present.

The purpose of descriptive research is to make description, picture, Systematic, factual Table 1 Operationalization of Variables

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Idicator Variabel Sub Variable Indicator Instrument Scale

X1 : Mass Media Face to Front Independent Media 1. Print Media Variable: 2. Electronic Media The Effectiveness 3. Media On Line of Socialization X2 : Media Face Strategy (X) Ordinal Questioner to Front

Communication

Account

1.Representative

2. In House Training

Variabel Dependent Taxpayer 1. Knowledge Variable: Knowledge 2. Awareness Ordinal Questioner Understanding of 3. Ability Taxpayers (Y)

problems studied in the form of books, 1. Field Research journals, and papers related to research. By directly reviewing the relevant References obtained through articles agencies to obtain the primary data: contained in magazines, a. Interview

That is held a question and answer newspapers, or obtained electronically with the authorities in the field related to the through internet research. The usefulness of problems studied so that researchers get a library research is to obtain theoretical basics clear picture of the state of the company or that can be used as the theoretical foundation agency under study. in analyzing the problems studied, as well as b. Questionnaire supporting data that serves as the theoretical Namely data collection techniques basis to support the primary data. by asking a series of questions written about The data analysis in this research matters relating to the problems studied to the will be done by using multiple regression respondent. analysis, correlation and coefficient of 2. Library Research determination. However, since regression This technique is intended to obtain analysis requires that data have a scale of literature data by studying, reviewing and interval measurements, the ordinal results of reviewing the literature related to the the answer scores are converted to interval 137

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data through the method of successive value of F count and F table which interval. shows the value of F count equal to 47.876> 3.15. Results 1. Communication strategy is done is good Conclusions enough, it is seen from some activities From the results of the research note carried out by representative accounts that the strategy of socialization of tax in providing services to taxpayers, regulations in building understanding of including: Good Attitude, have taxpayers on taxation rights and obligations adequate knowledge (competent), has been going well because it was done in Optimal in providing services, as well accordance with the indicators in this study. as commitment to time. This can be seen from some activities carried 2. The mass media has a positive and out by representative accounts in providing significant influence in disseminating services to taxpayers already have a good tax regulations on the understanding of Attitude, have adequate knowledge, good in taxpayers, it can be seen from the providing services, and commitment with comparison between the t count and t their time work. table which shows the tcount value of Reference 2.325, while the t table of 1.998 or (t

count> t table is 2.325 > 1.998 ) Arifin, Anwar. 1984. “Ilmu Komunikasi: Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas”. Jakarta: 3. Media face to face has a positive and Rajawali Press. significant influence in disseminating Berger, Peter (1990). “Tafsir Sosial Atas Kenyataan Risalah Tentang Sosiologi tax regulations on the understanding of Pengetahuan”. Jakarta: LP3ES. taxpayers, it can be seen from the Cangara, Hafied. 2005. “Perencanaan dan Strategi Komunikasi”. Jakarta: comparison between t count and t table Rajawali Press. which shows the value of tcount of Effendy, Onong Uchanda. 1981. “Dasar- dasar Ilmu Komunikasi”. Bandung: 5.840, while t table of 1.998 or (t table> Rosda t table, that is 5.840 > 1,998) Krech, David. 1962. “Individual in Society”. McGraw Hill, California. 4. Effectiveness Strategy Socialization of Ihrom. 2004. “Bunga Rampai Sosiologi tax laws simultaneously affect the Keluarga”. Jakarta:Yayasan Obor Indonesia. understanding of taxpayers in Mardiasmo, “Perpajakan”, 2016;ANDI implementing tax rights and Yogjakarta

obligations, This can be seen from the 138

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Mead, George Herbert. 1863-1931. “Mind, Sugiyono, “Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Self and Society: From a Standpoint of Kualitatif dan R&D”, 2016, a Social Behaviorism”. Ed. Charles ALFABETA, Bandung Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Undang Undang Perpajakan Susunan Press. Dalam satu Naskah, 2013 Mulyana, Deddy. 2001. “Ilmu Komunikasi Seuatu Pengantar”. Bandung: Rosda Narwoko & Bagong. 2007. “Sosiologi Teks Pengantar dan Terapan”. Jakarta: Kencana.

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EFFECTIVENESS IMPLEMENTATION OF MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY IN BADUNG, INDONESIA

I MADE WIMAS CANDRANEGARA, S.SOS.,M.AP, WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY, TEROMPONG 24 STREET, DENPASAR BALI, INDONESIA, EMAIL : [email protected]

DRS. I DEWA GEDE PUTRA SEDANA, M.AP, WARMADEWA UNIVERSITY, TEROMPONG 24 STREET, DENPASAR BALI, INDONESIA, EMAIL : [email protected]

Introduction General Guidelines for the Implementation of Public service as one of the main Public Services. In order to realize Local Tax functions of the government is as an effort to System based on Information Technology in fulfill the needs of the community for the Badung Regency Government especially at procurement of services that the community Local Revenue Service / Pasedahan Agung needs. Public service which is widely known built an Information Technology Technology with the bureaucratic nature and many (IT) System of Local Taxation which is called complaints from the public of its customers, Regional Revenue Management Information among others, due to still not paying attention System (SIMAPATDA). In the research of to the interests of the community users. To Effectiveness of Policy Implementation of further encourage the commitment of the Revenue Management Information System at government apparatus towards the District Revenue Service (Dispenda) of improvement of the quality of service, so has Badung Regency, limited and focused been issued also Presidential Instruction No. implementation variables are on 1 of 1995 on the Improvement and communication factor, resources, attitudes Improvement of the Quality of Government and target realization of regional income. In Apparatus Services to the Community. In the connection with the things that have been latest development has been issued also described above, the title of research on the Decree No. 63 / KEP / M.PAN / 7/2003 on Effectiveness of Policy Implementation of

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Regional Revenue Management Information is a complex phenomenon that may be System in the District Revenue Office of understood as a process, output (output) and Badung Regency ". Thus the problems in this as a result. study can be formulated as follows: "How According to McLeod (2007: 11), Effectiveness of the implementation of "Management information system is a Regional Revenue Management Information computer-based system that provides System Policy in the Office of Revenue information for multiple users with similar District Badung". needs". From some of the above According to Hidayat, (1986: 33) understanding put forward SIM is a data "Effectiveness is a measure that states how processing system in an organization that far the target (quantity, quality and time) has serves to handle the process of collecting, been achieved". According to Subagyo (2000: processing, and storing data that provides 26), "if the realization of the program 1 accurate and timely information for users of percent - 50 percent of the target including information as a support decision-making low effectiveness, whereas if the realization (managerial process). Regional revenues are between 51 percent - 100 percent of the target all receipts of money through regional public including high effectiveness. From these treasury accounts that add equity of current terms it can be said that effectiveness is a funds which are the right of local government profile or form of effect that shows a measure within 1 (one) budget year which is not that states how far the target (quantity, quality required to be repaid by the region (Law No. and time) of effectiveness at each target it 33 of 2004) where the sources of regional has. If the realization of 1% - 50% of the income are derived from PAD, Balancing target including low effectiveness, whereas if Fund and Other valid receipts. The the realization between 51% - 100% of the operational definition used in this research is target. communication, attitude, and resources. According to James P. Lester and Joseph Steewart, (2000: 104) "Policy Methods implementation is seen in the broadest sense The research method used in this as a legal administration tool where various study used descriptive research where the actors, organizations, procedures, and analysis used in this study using quantitative techniques work together to implement and qualitative data analysis. The population policies to achieve impacts or objectives in Badung District Income Office amounted desired ". Implementation on the other hand to 207 staff / employees with the 141

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determination of samples by taking 25% of Office of Badung Regency already know the the population where the sample used validity of SIMAPATDA. Based on amounted to 52 people where the technique parameter / indicator of resources obtained of determining the sample used is score 1298 including high category. And can Proportional Random Sampling. The be supported based on the results of techniques of data collection using interviews with Sekretarsi Dinas Pendapatan observation techniques, questionnaires, Daerah Kabupaten Badung. According to interviews and documentation. In data interviews with Secretary of Badung District analysis techniques use the stages of scoring Revenue Office AA Gede Agung Arimayun, and determine the boundaries of STP., M. Par (dated January 12, 2015) interpretation answers. regarding resources to support the effectiveness of the implementation of the Result SIMAPATDA policy said that in carrying out The results of research and discussion activities / efforts to support the effectiveness in this study obtained that the overall of Implementation of SIMAPATDA in Dinas response results based on parameters / Pendapatan Kabupaten Badung is quite communication indicators obtained score adequate. Has provided complete and 1617 including high category. Meanwhile, adequate tools such as transportation based on interviews with Secretary of facilities, computerization and the ability of Revenue Office of Badung Regency. employees in performing their duties in According to an interview with the Regional accordance with their fields. Based on Secretary of the AAA Gede Agung Arimayun parameter / attitude indicator obtained 1079 Revenue Service, STP., M. Par (dated value including high category. And can be January 12, 2015) related to superior supported based on the results of interviews communication with superiors, subordinate with the Secretary of Revenue Office of supervisors and communications between Badung regency. According to interviews officers of officers of SIMAPATDA officers with the Secretary of Badung District while interviewed, in Badung District Revenue Office AA Gede Agung Arimayun, Revenue Office, he said that the STP., M. Par (dated January 12, 2015) communications of superiors with regarding employee attitudes to support the subordinates, subordinate boss and effectiveness of the implementation of the communication between employees running policy SIMAPATDA said that the attitude of well and the staff of the Regional Revenue employees in the Office of Revenue Badung 142

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very supportive with SIMAPATDA policy so midpoint values that divide all the numbers expected accuracy of data can be guaranteed, (data) at the 76 - 81 class intervals. employees can be more compliant / discipline In the effectiveness analysis seen from in work and improvement of employee skills. the achievement of targets and realization So it can be said that the attitude of shows that in fiscal year 2009 the target is set employees to support the effectiveness of at Rp.1.309.318.366.307 while the realization SIMAPATDA policy implementation in of Rp.1.350.659.167.377 or 103.16% exceeds Badung Regency Revenue Service is good, it the target set. Target fiscal year 2010 is set at can be seen from the score and the average Rp.1.217.867.305,390 while the realization is included in the high category and supported Rp. 1,425,603,710,748 or 117.06% exceeds by interviews delivered. that the attitude of the specified target. employees in Badung District Revenue Service is very supportive with Conclusions SIMAPATDA policy, expected accuracy of The conclusion that can be drawn in data can be guaranteed, employees can be this research is Communication at Regional more compliant / discipline in work and Revenue Office of Badung regency has been employee skill improvement. Overall running well. This can be seen through the effectiveness of SIMAPATDA policy scores and averages included in the high implementation in Badung Revenue Service category, and through the results of is measured through communication, interviews on communications indicator said resources, and attitude with 18 parameters that communication between superiors with above, all of them are high. Total score 3994 subordinates, subordinates with superiors, and is 3433 - 4680 high. In the analysis of the communication between employees is central tendency, the mean score is on score running well and the employees in the Office 77.23 which is included in the pre-eminent of Revenue Regencies of Badung Regency category found in the interval classes 76 - 81. already know the validity of SIMAPATDA. The mode obtaining a score of 75.1 indicates The resources to support the effectiveness of that the largest frequency concentration is SIMAPATDA policy implementation in found in the interval class 70 - 75. So it can Badung District Revenue Service have been be said that most respondents chose the good, this can be seen through the score and answer very well. Median scored 76.4 which the average that included in high category and showed very good category. This shows the supported by interview result where it is said that there are available complete and 143

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sufficient tools such as means of suggestions as follows: The effectiveness of transportation, computerization and the SIMAPATDA policy implementation in ability of employees in carrying out their Badung District Revenue Service has been duties are in accordance with their fields. very good, therefore must be maintained and Attitudes of employees to support the enhanced by giving training to employees to effectiveness of SIMAPATDA policy improve employee performance. The need for implementation in Badung District Revenue a growing regulation in order to improve the Service has been good, this can be seen effectiveness of SIMAPATDA policy through the score and the average that implementation in Badung District Revenue included in the high category and supported Service Office. by the results of interviews that the attitude of employees in the Office of Revenue District Reference Badung very supportive with the policy of Hidayat. 1986. Theory of Effectiveness In SIMAPATDA hence expected accuracy of Employee Performance. Yogyakarta: data can be guaranteed, employee can more Gajah Mada University Press obedient / discipline in work and skill Laudon, Kenneth C. 2005, Management improvement of employee. Calculation of the Information System Edition 8. central tendency with the mode score where Yogyakarta: Andi offset the largest frequency is at a score of 75.1 Lester, James P., and Joseph Stewart. 2000. which is included in the category is very Public Policy: An Evolution ary good. Median which is the midpoint obtained Approach, Belmont: Wads worth 76.4 score found in interval classes 76 - 81. McLeod, Raymond, Shell, George P. 2007, For the average obtained a score of 77.23 Management Information System. Edition 10. New Jersey: Prentice Hall which is included in the category very well. Solichin, Abdul Wahab. 2014. Policy From the calculation of the central tendency Analysis from Formulation to of the results of the questionnaire scores of Preparation of Public Policy Implementation Models, Jakarta: Earth respondents, it can be said that the Script effectiveness of SIMAPATDA Policy Subagyo, Ahmad Wito. 2000. The Implementation has been very good. Effectiveness of Poverty Reduction Program in Rural Empowerment. Increased Target and Realization of Regional Yogyakarta: UGM Income Fiscal Year 2009 to 2013. Sutabri, Tata. 2005. Management Information Based on the results of the analysis System, Yogyakarta: Andi that has been done, it can be submitted UU no. 33 Year 2004 144

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A MODEL of VILLAGE GOVERNMENT SYSTEM BASED ON SYSTEMS THINKING

Ike Wanusmawatie, Brawijaya University, JL MT Haryono No 163, Malang City, Indonesia, Email:[email protected]

MR. Khairul Muluk, Brawijaya University, Jl MT Haryono No 163, Malang City, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

of the complexity of the components that Introduction interrelationship and processes of village The percentage of poor people in urban areas government system. in September 2015 was 8.22 percent, while the poor people in rural areas increased from Methods 14.09 percent in September 2015 to 14.11 This study using the method of dynamic systems percent in March 2016 (BPS, 2016). This data with grounded in a five-stage approach of coyle can be interpreted by various interpretation, (1996). the first stage begins by acknowledging one of them is ineffectiveness of village the existence of the problem and find out why government administration, or poverty because people care about it. the next few stages in the unsustainable development. Therefore it is method of dynamic systems are: understanding very important to do research on the various the problem through a system description, elements that influence and how the qualitative analysis, simulation models, and the interaction between these elements. latter is the dam testing policy design using power Considering most of Indonesian live in rural sim software and problems are complex. Systems thinking offer a new way thinking based on the primacy of the whole and relationships (Maani and Results/preliminary result/critical review cavana, 2000: 2). In the systems thinking The preliminary result indicates that the perspective, all the components that make up problems of village government the complexity should be taken into account ineffectiveness are made up by many elements nor interaction. Thus it takes an understanding as shown in the following figure:

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Figure No 1. Causal loop diagram of complexity of village government system.

Conclusions Coyle, Robert Geoffrey. 1996. System dynamics modelling: a practical approach. (London: Based on preliminary research the model of Chapman & Hall, 1996), p. 11. village government system consists of 4 sub- Denhardt, J.V. & Denhardt, R.B. 2003.The New systems, there are; performance of village Public Service: Serving, Not Steering. (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004). government ; public service; community empowernment , community satisfaction, and Department for Communities and Local self reliance sub system. Government, 2006. Strong and Prosperous Communities.The Local Government White Paper. Volume 1. www.communities.gov.uk Reference Eko, Sutoro. 2011. Editor. Suara Warga Suara Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Pembangunan Sebuah Studi RPJM-Desa di Statistics). Persentase Penduduk Miskin Kabupaten Sumba Timur. Kerjasama Maret 2016 Mencapai 10,86 Persen. Australia Indonesia Partnership, Pemerintah https://www.bps.go.id/Brs/view/id/1229. Kabupaten Sumba Timur, dan Koppesda. Downloaded on Sunday, 20-08-2017. Eko, Sutoro. 2012. Perubahan Desa di Indonesia Timur. Tematic Paper. Stocktake: Pembelajaran dari Program ACCESS Tahap II Terhadap Kemandirian Desa dan 146

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Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia. Administrasi Publik Vol 9, No. 1 Oktober Australian Community Development and 2010. Diterbitkan Jurusan Administrasi Civil Society Strengthening Scheme Negara FISIP Universitas Nusa Cendana (ACCESS) Phase II. Autralian AID dan Kupang NTT. IRE Yogyakarta.

Furqani, Astri. 2011. Pengelolaan Keuangan Eko, Sutoro et all. 2014. Binding Desa Desa Dalam Mewujudkan Good Membangun Indonesia. Forum Governance. (Studi Pada Pemerintahan Pengembangan Pembaharuan Desa (FPPD). Desa Kalimo‟ok Kec. Kalianget Kab. Colaboration between Australian Sumenep). Tesis. Program Studi Magister Community Developmenth and Civil Akutansi. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Society Strhenghtening Schemes Pembangunan Nasional ”Veteran” Jawa (ACCESS) Phase II and Indipth. Cetakan Timur Surabaya. Pertama : Februari 2014. Yogjakarta.

Fahrozi, Andi. 2009. Good Governance Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa. Kase, Petrus. 2010. Transparansi Dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Pelayanan (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif di Desa Panjangrejo, Kecamatan Pundong, Kesehatan Masyarakat Miskin. Jurnal Kabupaten Bantul, Propinsi Daerah Administrasi Publik Volume 9No. 1. Istimewa Yogyakarta Tahun 2008). Skripsi. Oktober 2010. Jurusan Ilmu Administrasi Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan Fakultas Ilmu Negara FISIP Universitas Nusa Cendana Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik Universitas kupang-NTT. Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. LAN, 2013. Executive Summary. Kajian Fahrudin, Adi. 2012. Pengantar Ilmu Peningkatan Kapasitas Aparatur Desa Kesejahteraan Sosial. Refika Aditama. http://www.lan.go.id/weblan/kajian/Abstrak Bandung. %20Kajian%20Aparatur%20Desa.pdf. Downloaded at November 18, 2014.

Fitha, Dwi, Bony, Ayu. 2014. Efektivitas Organisasi Pemerintah Nagari Di LAN, 2013. Executive Summary. Kajian Kecamatan Koto Vii Kabupaten Peningkatan Kapasitas Pemerintahan Sijunjung.Tesis. Program Pasca Sarjana. Desa.http://www.lan.go.id/weblan/kajian/A bstrak%20Kajian%20Peningkatan%20Kapa Universitas Andalas. Sumatera Barat. http://pasca.unand.ac.id/id/wp- sitas%20Pemerintahan%20Desa.pdf. content/uploads/2011/09/ringkasan.pdf. Downloaded at November 18. 2014. Diakses pada Selasa, 23 Sepetember 2014 Maani, Kambiz. E & Cavana, Robert, Y. 2002. Fernandez, and Jati. 2010. Sikap Komunitas Systems Thinking and Modelling: Pranata Adat Keba Bai Pito Terhadap Understanding Change and Complexity. Organisasi Pemerintah Desa Menurut Prentice Hall. Pearson Education. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 72 Tahun 2005 (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Ile Mandiri Kabupaten Flores Timur). Jurnal

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Muluk, Khairul, MR., Wanusmawatie, Ike and Nurcholis, Hanif. 2014. “Catatan Kritis Terhadap Said, Moch. 2013. Developing Systemic Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Model for Indonesian Village (Desa) Tentang Desa. Proceeding SIMNAS ke 4 Government. Journal of Basic and Applied Asosiasi Ilmuwan Scientific Research No.3 Vol. 2. 2013. pp 202-208. Text Road Publication. Administrasi Negara (ASIAN) dengan Tema Otonomi Desa Dalam Konteks Muluk, Khairul, MR. 2013. Mapping of Indonesian Government System. Modul of Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 2014. Hardi Local Government Theory. Doctoral Warsono et al. Editor. Kerjasama FISIP Program of Public Administration. Faculty Udayana Bali, Asosiasi Ilmuwan of Administrative Science. University of Administrasi Negara (ASIAN) dan Brawijaya. Malang. Semarang Mice Community (SMICECOMM).

Nurcholis,Hanif et.al. 2014. Pemerintahan Desa (Village Governement): Unit Pemerintahan Palsu Dalam Sistem Tata Negara Republik Indonesia

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PREDICTING FUTURE PERFORMANCE THROUGH SELECTION METHODS

IRA IRAWATI, UniversitasPadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Sumedang, Indonesia, [email protected]

NUNUNG RUNIAWATI, UniversitasPadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Sumedang, Indonesia, [email protected]

RINA HERMAWATI, UniversitasPadjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Sumedang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction particularly the closeness to other employees One of the demands of bureaucratic who have a high position, which may reform in Indonesia is the improvement of influence the policy on the placement of an the professionalism of state civil apparatus employee in a particular job position. The (ASN). Ever since, the government started to result of studies conducted by Erman (2007) feel some concern about the implementation and Agusyanto (2007) has stated various of the principle of merit system in the forms of social relationship which influence management of employees in order to the position of a civil servant, among other guarantee state civil apparatus‟ things, political relationship between local professionalism. In fact, Law on State Civil leaders and their followers, colleagues from Apparatus of 2014 explicitly explains the the same university, kinship, and friendship. implementation of merit system in each These forms of relationship have made stage of civil service. employees‟ career become uncertain. However, the implementation of merit In order to obtain professional human system is obstructed by some problems, resources, the government has implemented among other things, job assessment which competence assessment methods which are has not yet been conducted objectively; low conducted during the recruitment process of work culture and work ethic, and new employees and determination of inconsistent imposition of disciplinary structural officials of Echelons I- regulations (Fachrurezha, 2012). One of the IV.Regulation of Head of the National Civil reasons that these phenomena occur to civil Service Agency (BKN) Number 23 Year servants is informal social relationship 2011 on Guideline on Competence between an employee and another employee,

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Assessment of Civil Servants has stipulated a needs of the organization for a specific number of methods for measuring position (Larson and Hewitt, 2012). competence, such as psychological test, It can be said that selection process is a competence interviews, competence determining preliminary stage for the questionnaires, and assessment centers. This organization to obtain professional employee paper would identify advantages and candidates who will hold particular positions. disadvantages of the selection method in Selection is conducted not only for hiring predicting the future performance of state new employees, but also for determining civil apparatus. employees qualified to get job promotion. The first stage of selection is to determine Methods the expected competence criteria by This research used the approach of literature considering the aspects of knowledge, review in order to highlight the appropriate skills,and abilities (KSA‟s). “.. knowledge as method in predicting the future performance those information that allows an individual to of state civil apparatus. perform functions that are based on theories, facts, and principles; skills address the Preliminary Result demonstrated abilities or proficiencies, which Selectionis the process of deciding which are developed and learned from past work applicant best meets the needs of the and life experience” (Klinger and Nalbandian, organization.Some definitions of selection 2010:185) according to some experts are as follows: After the competence has been compiled, selection is the process of choosing from a the next stage is to determine the selection group of applicants the individual best suited method. Some selection methods are usually for a particular position (Mondy,2011); used for determining the right man; structured process of collecting and evaluating interviews, cognitive ability test, biographical information about an individual in order to data, personality and integrity test, work extend an offer of employment (Gatewood sample test or assessment centers, and Feild, 2001); some specific steps taken to unstructured interview, the “big five” determine which applicants will be admitted personality traits (Larson and Hewitt, 2012). and which applicants will be eliminated Based on the opinion of some experts and (Siagian, 2014); specifically to the process of the available studies on regulations, currently selecting from among all qualified applicants the contextual factor is much taken into the personwho will most likely best meet the consideration in recruitment. Selection and 150

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recruitment are not only emphasized on and the cost spent. Meanwhile, measures knowledge and skill or tangible ability but which are able to more accurately predict the also on one‟s characters, behaviors, and future performance of employees are based habits called non-task-related factors which on validity of the selection method. affect productivity and the achievement of the Comparison of the validity of selecting organizational goals (Klingner and methods proposed by some experts is as Nalbandian, 2010; Guinon in Klingner, follows: 2010).

Determination of an appropriate selection method is usually conducted based on some considerations, such as validity, reliability, Table 1 Comparison of the Validityof Selection Methods Method Validity Score Criteria 1 2 3 Structured interviews .51 .48 to .67 High Cognitive ability test/job .48 .44 to .47 High overall knowledge test .60 High for very complex jobs .24 Low for the least complex jobs Biographical data .35 .36 Medium Personality and integrity .41 .31 to .37 Medium test Work sample test .54 .24 to .43 Low to Medium Assessment centers .37 .24 to .43 Low to Medium Unstructured interview .38 .23 to .37 Low to medium GMA test .51 Conscientiousness test/ .31 .00 to .15 Low the “big five” personality traits Job tryout procedure .44 Peer ratings .48 Training and Experience .45 behavioral consistency method Reference test .26 Job experience (years) .18

1(Hermelin& Robertson in Larson and Hewitt 2012) 2Schmidt&Hunter (1998) 3Schmidt&Hunter (1998) 151

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Training and Experience .11 point method Years of education .10 Interest .10 Graphology .02 Age .01 Referring to the research result proposed candidates, and illegalpractices (MSPB in by Hermelin & Robertson and Schmidt & Berman et al, 2010). Hunter, there are differences in the result of validity of each selection method. There is a Conclusions change in the validity of selection methods in The selection method with the highest a period of 4 years based on the result of both validity is able to predict the future researches. Schmidt & Hunter (1998) stated performance of employees. An appropriate that the method with the highest validity choice of methods will help the organization score is structured interview. Meanwhile, to find the right man. Some methodswhich according to Hermelin& Robertson (2001) are able to predict the future performance structured interview is the method with the with a high level of validity are structure second highest validity score. The method interviews,cognitive ability test/job with the highest score is the work sample knowledge test, and work sample test. because it is able toexamine an applicant‟s skill on awork-related task through direct Reference assessment;hence the performance shown Berman, Evan M., James S. Bowman, Van may approach the actual performance. Wart. (2010). Human Resource Management in Public There is no simple rule of thumb for Service:Paradoxes, Processes, and which or how many test use. Although some Problems. California: Sage Publication, methods have greater validity, several are Inc. Fachurerezha, Ivan. (2012). Pengaruh necessary at a minimum to provide the degree Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja of assurance appropriate for such an Pegawai Badan Pelayanan Perizinan important decision. Interviewing and Terpadu (BPPT) Kabupaten Bekasi. [Library & Knowledge Center] MBTI, reference checks are major responsibilities for Institut Manajemen TELKOM the hiring manager and involve discretion. Gatewood, Robert D & Hubert S. Although this discretion is important, Field.(2001). Human Resources unstructured interviews and haphazard Selection.Ohio : South Western Learning. reference checks frequently result in low validity, wasted resources, frustrated 152

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Greenhaus, Jeffrey H., CallananGerad A., and M.B. Arthur, D.T. Hall, and B.S. Lawrence Godshalk, Veronica M, (2000).Career (eds). 1989.Handbook of Career Management.Third Edition. The Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge Dryden Press. Harcourt College University Press. Publishers. Mathis, R. L., and J.H. Jackson, 2001, Hays, Steven W., Richard C. Kearney, Jerrel ManajemenSumberDayaManusia, buku D. Coggburn.(2009). Public Human 1 danbuku 2, Terjemahan, SalembaEmpat, Jakarta. Resource Management: Problems and MondyandNoe. 1991. HumanResource Prospects. United States: Pearson Management, Massachusetts: Allyn& Education,Inc. Bacon. Klingner, Donald E., John Nalbandian, Jared Schmidt, Frank L. and John E. Hunter. Llorens. (2010). Public Personnel (1998). The Validity and Utility of Management: Context and Strategies. Selection Methods in Personnel United States: Pearson Education,Inc. Psychology Practical and Theoritical Implications of 85 Years of Research Knezand Ruse.(2008).Smart Talent Finding. Psychological Bulletin, Management.Great Britain: MPG Vol.124 No.2, Pp 262-272 Books Ltd. Siagian, Sondang. (2014). Manajemen Larson, Sheryl A. and Amy S. Hewitt.(2012). Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: Bumi Staff Recruitment, Retention, Training Aksara &Strategis. Minnesota: University of Minnesota.

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SOCIAL NETWORK HARMONIZATION AS A CONTRIBUTING AND INHIBITING FACTOR OF PUBLIC SERVICE IN DISTRICT OF BOALEMO, GORONTALO PROVINCE

Ismet Sulila, Department of Public Administration, UniversitasNegeri Gorontalo, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No. 6 Kota Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Background Sehat, Bersih, Indah danHarmonis/believing in one good, pious, healthy, clean, beautiful, The change of paradigm in and harmonious), the Bupati (head of the government implementation has made local district) has provided a space for civil society, government as the front liner in the where individuals and community groups can implementation of government tasks, interact within the spirit of tolerance. The especially in public service delivery. government of Boalemo allowed different Boalemo district is one of the regions with groups of community to exist either based on most diverse ethnic compositions, and with kinship, faith, interest, professional its plural community that reflected the relationship, nongovernment organization, etc diversity of its people‟s culture and The result of the initial year study languages. Other than native Gorontalo revealed that interactions among these social people, in this area also reside Javanese, groups and factors that support and inhibit the Buginese, Balinese, Bajaunese, establishment of positive social groups Minahasanese, Sangihenese, Chinese, and interactions in Boalemo. Based on this initial Arabic descendants. In addition, there are also year‟s findings, the second-year research social groups that are formed in this district. focused on formulating social networks Currently, there are 33 social groups recorded harmonization in Boalemo to support the to exist in this area. These various social implementation of public service in the groups clearly have their own visions as the district of Boalemo. Soekanto (2002) aspirations of these groups‟ members. described that there are several requirements In achieving its vision, the for a social group that can be described as BoalemoBERTASBIH (Beriman, Taqwa, follow, namely 1) each group member has to 154

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be aware that he or she is part of that group, discussion held with key stakeholders in each 2) there are reciprocal relationship among stage of the study to sharpen its findings. This members, 3) there is a co-owned factor, hence study is expected to positively contribute to it strengthen the relationship, 4) it has the harmonization of various social networks structure, norms and has behavior pattern, 5) in Boalemo regency as one of the efforts to it has system and process. For Boalemo improve public service delivery. regency, the challenge is how to harmonized Results the social networks of these social groups to contribute to the improvement of public a. Creating social networks service in this regency. In this study social harmonization based on the network is considered as one of the important supporting factors and the inhibiting things that contribute to the public service factors delivery in the region. This is because the This study reveals that there are three government will only be able to deliver a supporting factors to the harmonization of good governance when it is supported by social networks in Boalemo Regency namely: conducive society. Public service is defined Kinship. The study reveals that interaction as forms of service delivery which in among different members of social networks principle is the responsibility of the central, or organizations which clearly have different local, government owned enterprises, objectives happens in family events such as, provided for the public as stipulated by the family meetings, family party, funeral events, Constitution. etc. Kinship still plays a dominant role in harmonizing these different groups. Kinship Methods bond is still considered something sacred that

This study uses a qualitative approach should be upheld above the organization to comprehensively study the harmonization bond. Thus, members of different social of social networks as supporting and organizations may gather in family events inhibiting factors of the public service where they put aside their differences and delivery in Boalemo regency, Gorontalo. The come together as a family. This study procedure of this study is started from data recommends that there should be events collection, data reduction, data display, and created to maintain and strengthen this conclusion drawing as suggested by Faisal kindship bond. (2005). In addition, there are also focus group

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The second supporting factor to the social area. In addition, the meetings also held with network harmonization is government each social groups to discuss development attention for aspirations put forward by issues in Boalemo. Through this third various social groups, regardless to whether supporting factor, where communication and those aspirations/demands can be fulfilled or meetings are held regularly between various not. In addition, the government also put social groups, horizontal conflicts that may these aspirations into a priority scale and arise among social groups can be minimized. considering the equality aspect in each area of On the other hand, this study also reveals these social groups. This study finds that that aside from the horizontal conflict government agencies should take more active mentioned above, another inhibiting factor is role in hearing and paying attention to the the sectoral ego. Sectoral ego here is the recommendation or aspirations voiced by strong pressure from each social group for these social groups. The concept that would their aspiration/voice/demands to be heard like to be built here is the togetherness and fulfilled by the government. This sectoral between various social groups and ego can be curbed through, 1) learning the government of Boalemo as one entity that root of the ego, 2) provide understanding to works together to develop their region. The the groups who have different interests to co- active role that could be taken by different involve in development programs that are government agencies in Boalemo, i.e, each transparently managed, hence, made them government agency takes one village or sub- aware of the resources constraints that made district as their target area. Thus, the different the government of Boalemohas to make groups of community in this area will feel priority scale in development, and 3) conduct that they are noticed by the government. This, regular meetings with various social groups to in turn, will push, establish, and maintain discuss development issues and finding social harmony in the region. alternatives for the currently faced problems. The final supporting factor is the social Through these three things, it is expected that groups‟ coaching. This supporting factor is sectoral ego can be minimized and it can routinely implemented by the Government of instead be used to support the harmonization Boalemo through its KESBANGPOL of social groups in this area. (department of homeland unity and politics) b. Social networks harmonization model agency. This agency has been routinely held meetings with social organizations in this

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This initial and second year study have resulted in the creation of social networks

harmonization model which involves government, social groups, and other relevant organizations. The model of social networks harmonization can be described by the

following figure:

Maximizing the Supporting Factor: Supporting Factor: 1. Regular meetings among various 1. Kinship social groups 2. Government Attention 2. Government’s focus on narrowing 3. Social Groups’ Coaching down the welfare gap in the area. 3. Social groups’ assistance through government agencies

Involvement of government agencies, sub-district goct, village govt

A social network harmony is created SOCIAL Implementati to support the Involvement of community NETWORK on of the public service and various community HARMONISAT Model delivery ION groups

Involvement of others’ community groups

Changing the inhibiting factor into a positive potential through Inhibiting factor: development priority and equal Sectoral Ego development in all parts of the area

Figure 1. Social Network Harmonization model as Determining Factor in Public Service Delivery Conclusion public service delivery in this region. This study concluded that kinship, government Harmonization of various local groups attention, and social groups‟ in Boalemo regency is needed to support the coaching/assistance are the supporting factors

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for the social networks harmonization in KencanaInu, 1999, Ilmu Administrasi Publik, Boalemo Regency whereas, the sectoral ego Rineka Cipta, Jakarta is the inhibiting factor. In order to harmonize Ndraha Taliziduhu, 2003, Kybernology 1 (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru), Jakarta, the social networks in this area, maximizing Rineka Cipta these supporting factors through regular ------, 2003, Kybernology 2 meeting among various social groups, (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru), Jakarta: government‟s focus on minimizing the Rineka Cipta welfare gap in the area, and government Ratminto & Atik Septi Winarsih, 2006, agencies active involvement in assisting the Manajemen Pelayanan, Jakarta, Pustaka social groups as shown in the model above is Pelajar needed. In addition, curbing the sectoral ego as an inhibiting factor and turning it into a Soekanto, 2002, Sosiologi Suatu Pengantar, Rajawali Press positive potential through educating the Shodiqin Nursa, 2007, Boelemo Bertasbih, community groups and involving them in a Model Pembangunan Berbasis transparent development process to create Masyarakat Madani, Forum Media Utama their understanding of the limited resources that the government have will also help Widodo Joko, 2001, Good Governance, Insan accelerate the social groups‟ harmonization to Cendekia, Surabaya support the public service delivery in the Keputusan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur region. Negara Nomor 81 Tahun 1993/ Decree of the Republic Indonesia Minister of State Reference Apparatus Empowerment Number 81 of 1993 Basrowi, 2005, Pengantar Sosiologi, Ghalia Keputusan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Indonesia, Bogor Negara No. 63 Tahun 2003/ Decree of the Faisal Sanafiah, 2005, Format-Format Republic Indonesia Minister of State Penelitian Sosial, Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Apparatus Empowerment Number 63 of Persada. 2003

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THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM AT THE INDONESIAN NASIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Kamaruddin, Doctor Candidate at Faculty of Administrative Science, University of Indonesia. Email: [email protected]

E. Prasojo, Professor and Dean at Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Indonesia. Email: [email protected]

Introduction most current literature related to the successful development or transformation of The success of the existing administrative public organizations isproposed by Kotter reform depends on the effectiveness of (1996), Fernandez and Rainey (2006) and development or transformation in public Rainey (2009) as well as Kee, Newcomer and organizations. However, there are not many Davis (2007). However, the literature are literature, discourses and empirical studies often perceived to possess a number of regarding this concern that can explain how limitations in the explanation when used as a to achieve successful development and guideline in implementing reform initiatives transformation in public organizations. for all contexts. Literature as well as empirical studies on the Fernandez and Rainey (2006) point topic become increasingly required, out that the successful transformation of considering most of the initiatives of public organizations rely on the support and administrative reform in many cases did not commitment of the Civil Servant (PNS) at the generate substantive changes; in other words, top level. This means that the career leaders they failed to produce satisfactory results. (the civil servants) should strongly support Some of them even got rejection on the and lead the reform processes. This implementation stage, or allowing distortions theoretical concept could give rise to a in the implementation of the reform conflict of interest if the purpose is to programs. streamline the organizational structure. The failure in administrative reforms Streamlining the organizational structures according to Beer, Eisenstat and Spector may cause a potential loss of position and will (1990:159) is because most programs refer to have a major impact to the officials. Loss of theories which are fundamentally flawed. The position and the following impact thereof is a

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logical reason for resistance to reform. When Administration (NIPA), deserves a large the reform requires streamlining the attention. Since the government runsthe organizational structure, and the role of the bureaucracy within its operation, NIPA has reform architect is on the highest rank that been doing several fundamental changes on want to retain their position, then the support many significant things. Such changes and commitment to the implementation of include streamlining the organizational such reform will be difficult to attain. structure, initiating the open recruitment system, eroding the long-standing tradition of A study by Kee et al (2007) only bureaucratic culture and building new ones, offers limited explanation, that the role of and updating the existing training system. architect and advocate of the transformation Interestingly, the fundamental changes in the of the public organizations should be run by NIPA is successfully done in a time span of the top level career leaders (civil servants). less than three years. The function of architect puts the career leaders as owners the transformation in public The reform in NIPA is actually organizations, while the function of advocate appropriate to be studied more in depth to as positionsthe career leaders as policy makers it shows experiences that cause development who decidepriority changes in scope of work. or transformation of a public organization, This requires the reform Coalition for a especially when the reform gets a strong successful transformation of public resistance or potentially give birth to organizations that composes of officials of all resistance. The study will focus on digging hierarchical positions within an organization, information about the role leadership in the from the top leaders to the supervisor level. successful implementation of the This theoretical explanation seems administrative reform in the public problematic because every public organization. organization accommodates many interests. It Methods would be difficult to develop a coalition where one member brings his own interest This research was a case study on the and feels threatened because his interest is National Institute of Public Administration affected by the changes. (NIPA) of the Republic of Indonesia that was

To cope with the theoretical based on the Post-Positivist paradigm. The limitations, the implementation of reform in design of the case studywas selected to the National Institute of Public develop the theory in accordance with the

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main objectives of this research (Yin, 2009). resistance can be through open participation The data collection technique used was in- and discussion while avoiding the use of depth interview to a number of informants. threats (Doherty and Horne, 2002; Fernandez Determination of the informants was by using and Rainey 2006; Rainey 2009) as well as a purposive technique. The key informants in consolidating actions on the entire level of this study were theNIPA officials in the leadership as a team (Kee, et al 2007). This period of 2012-2014, namely Agus Dwiyanto study explains that relying too much on as the Head of NIPA, Desi Fernanda, Endang participation and open discussion through Wirjatmi, Mahdum Priyatno and Sri Hadiati formal lines of communication or following as the Deputy Officials, Adi Suryanto, Anwar organization hierarchy, avoiding the use of Sanusi and Triwidodo Wahyu Utomo as force, as well as being silent while waiting for Bureaucratic Reform Team of NIPA. the collective action of each level of Processing and analysingthe data in this study leadership, could hamper the reform or even included five (5) stages, namely 1) sorting make it fail. In reference to this issue, the and classifying, 2) open encoding, 3) axial support for change could be gained through encoding, 4) selective encoding, and stage 5) non-formal communication lines, using the translating and observing (Neuman, 2013). coercive acts to a certain extent, and building To test the validity in this study referred to ad hoc team for changes. Creswell (2013:349) and was undertaken in First, utilizing non-formal two ways: (1) performing a triangulation of communication lines can be one ofthe information against various data sources by strategies, when the formal lines of examining the supporting evidence, (2) communication are ineffective to generate collecting opinions of interviewees about the supports to changes, or even become a credibility of the findings and interpretation constraint in getting support. Non-formal this study. communication can be constructed

Results deliberately by leaders to distribute information, advice, suggestions, even At the time when support is weak and gets commands that are associated with changes very strong resistance, then certain (Simon, 1947). Using this communication administrative reforms could not be channel, the leader can communicate directly implemented. The theorists have explained with responsive staff or directly can that, to gather support and overcome internal consolidate them to support changes.

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Secondly, sometime coercive actions (NIPA) in this case is determined by the need are taken, especially when the reason for for change and the Government's mandate resistance is already identified. If the pace of through some policies, namely by providing the change is hindered because there are plans, utilizing non-formal communication officials in a strategic position who remain lines, gaining strong support from related resistant, it is necessary to conduct external actors, treating changes as a dynamic confrontation (Kotter, 1996). The discourage and open process, building cross-function of leaders in taking strategic decisions for coalition, utilizing momentum, and starting changes unavoidablyleads to the status quo. the change in the sub systems having broader impact. Thirdly, the establishment of an ad hoc team, whose members come from cross- References functions, can be another strategy when the Beer, M., Eisenstat, R. A., & Spector, B. formal structure is less effective in boosting (1990). Why change programs do not the change. The ineffectiveness of formal produce change. Harvard Business structure in encouraging the change is Review, 68(6), 158-166. logically understandable, because they Caiden, Gerald E. 1969. Administrative actually become the target of changes itself. Reform. Illinois Aldine Publishing Company. In this situation, it is irrational if the processes of changes still rely on the existing Creswell John W. (2009) Research Design. Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed structure. The only way is to establish an ad Methods Approaches. Third Edition. hoc team to design or take over the tasks California. Sage Publication. associated with the change. The members Fernandez, S. and H.G. Rainey. (2006). must have a capacity and be responsive to Managing Successful Organizational Change in the Public Sector, Public changes. Administration Review, 66, 2,168–76.

Conclusion Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading Change, Harvard Business School Press This study provides an assertion that several Kotter, John P and Leonard A. Schlesinger. success determinants discussed in the 1979. Choosing Strategies For Change. In literature remains valid though some of them Harvard Business Review, Vol. 57, pp106-140. are still developed and revised. The success of the implementation of the reform in the Morse, Ricardo S., et.al. 2007. Transforming Public Leadership for the 21st Century. National Institute of Public Administration M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

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Neuman, W. Lawrence. (2011). Social Rainey, H.G. 1997. Understanding and Research Methods: Qualitative and Managing Public Organizations, 2nd edn. Quantitative Approaches, Seven Edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Boston. Pearson Education. Inc.

Prasojo, Eko (2009) Reformasi Kedua: Melanjutkan Estafet Reformasi. Salemba Humanika. Jakarta

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COLLABORATION THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION (STUDY AT HOSHIZORA FOUNDATION, YOGYAKARTA)

Laras Wijayanti, Social Welfare Department, Universitas Indonesia, Juragan Sinda 1 Street 38A Kukusan, Beji, Depok, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Fentiny Nugroho, Social Welfare Department, Universitas Indonesia, Perumahan Depok Mulya II,Blok AC-23, Beji, Depok Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Introduction Beside the government, many non- Social development will not happen government organizations in Indonesia without economic development, and conduct social programs. NGOs which are economic development will be pointless commonly legal and non-profit oriented, have without increasing social wealth of society. limitation in solving social problems. This is Through this social development approach, it because their dependence on donor which is expected to integrate social and economic means that if the institution is no longer development efforts. Midgley (2014) explains funded then the social problem solving is that social development strategies are divided hard to be done. Most organizations in into three types: social development strategy Indonesia depend on the external funding for that place individuals as the primary their operations and management needs responsibility for promoting social which means if there is no longer fund, the development, a strategy that emphasizes the programs will not be carried out properly. In role of local communities in supporting social order to survive, one of the options is development, as well as government- transforming through entrepreneurship dependent strategies in promoting social approach so that NGOs are able to create development. These three different strategies independent funding. Through this strategy have different ways of achieving the goals of they are able to explore the potential of the social development, all of it perceived that surroundings and involving the local human well-being will achieved well in the community as well. Social entrepreneur is an context of a comprehensive process in alternative approach in the development of economic development. economic regarding dependency to the donor

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problem and stimulates entrepreneurship in (Araniri, 2016) explicates the stages of community (Khieng and Dahles, 2014). community empowerment conducted by Zona In a research called Social Madina in developing the spirit of Entrepreneurship Intentions of Non Profit entrepreneurship in the community and Organizations (Tan and Yoo, 2015) with 92 implementation of the stages. This nonprofit organizations in Singapore as community empowerment program samples revealed several factors that affect succeeded in making Jampang village as a non-profit organizations in starting tourism village known as "Kampoeng Wisata entrepreneurship. These factors are business Djambang" and creating various leadership experiences, high organizational entrepreneurs through its program. The two effectiveness and organizational innovation. studies are different from the Hoshizora This research tries to observe factor of Foundation which entrepreneurship collaboration with other party in attempt to essentially is not the main program of the develop entrepreneurship initiated by foundation. The main program is to help nonprofit organization. There are many Indonesian children who are less fortunate studies on NGOs that empower society financially to receive education. through entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is Entrepreneurship as an alternative income in the core social program of the NGO. The the future is expected to support the research entitled The Role of Yayasan sustainability of the organization. Kreativitas Unit Muslimah (Kuntum) The researchers is interested in seeing Indonesia in Reducing Unemployment how the Hoshizora Foundation Through Social Entrepreneurship Practices in entrepreneurship‟s processes in collaboration Tegalwaru Village, Ciampea, Bogor with other parties including the community (Wicaksono, 2015) describes that KUNTUM along with its challenges, because once the Foundation plays a role in reducing challenges being addressed it can be very unemployment in Tegalwaru Village through beneficial not only as the alternative source of social entrepreneurship practice, it is proven income for the foundation but also try to through employment absorption in various improve the welfare of the surrounding SMEs. The research called Implementation of community. There are three entrepreneurships Community Entrepreneurship Empowerment currently being run: Environmental Education through Community Development Zona Center (EEC), Hoshizora Tour and Travel, Madina Dompet Dhuafa Program in Jampang and Ingkung Kuali Restaurant. Researchers Village, Kemang Sub-district, Bogor Regency want to focus on entrepreneurship whose net 165

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profit aims for the sustainability of the Foundation has not conducted organization yet involves the community. entrepreneurship yet. Hoshizora Foundation Based on the consideration of the research income mostly come from Japan‟s donations. focus of the three entrepreneurial Hoshizora During the 2011 Japan earthquake and Foundation, researchers will discuss more tsunami, donations to the Hoshizora about EEC Farm, Village Tour Program by Foundation were cut. The dwindling funds Hoshizora Tour and Travel. Derived from the make this NGO start to run entrepreneurship descriptions, then the formulation of the to get fund for operational to keep running. problem in this research in the form of This experience makes the Hoshizora research questions as follows: Foundation think of the need to develop 1. How does the Hoshizora Foundation in social enterprise for the sustainability of the making collaboration in order to develop organization in the future. Various businesses the entrepreneurship it initiates? have been run such as rental shop, clothes and 2. What are the benefits of collaboration in takoyaki but it were not last long. The fall and Hoshizora Foundation entrepreneurship? rise of Hoshizora Foundation in entrepreneurship is addressed as process of Methods learning for Hoshizora Foundation in reading The Research used a qualitative the market. approach. This approach was obtained Currently there are three kinds of through the entrepreneurship of NGO at ongoing entrepreneurship, including Hoshizora Foundation in Kalakijo tourism Environmental Education Center (ECC), village, Pajangan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. This is Hoshizora Tour and Travel and Ingkung a desciptive research. The sampling technique Kuali Restaurant. In contrast to Ingkung is non probability sampling with a purposive Kuali, only 5% of the profits goes for sampling. Data collection involves literature Hoshizora Foundation, the Environmental review, depth interview, field observation, Education Center (ECC) and Hoshizora Tour documentation. and Travel aimed at sustanability ogranization where 100% of net profits go to Critical Review the Hoshizora Foundation. Based on Article 3 Hoshizora Foundation is a non- paragraph 3 of Law No.16 Year 2001 the government organization with non-profit foundation is allowed to conduct business oriented based in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. activities, among others, by establishing a When it was newly founded Hoshizora business enterprise and/or as well as within a 166

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business enterprise. The entrepreneurial to collect organic farming products from finances are separated from the foundation. farmers in Bantul and then work with TOM in The entrepreneurship is under the legal entity product marketing. Hoshizora Tour and of PT Bintang Langit Mandiri. The team Travel in cooperation with the surrounding managing entrepreneurship is separate from community provides homestay for guests who the management that manages the want to stay at Kalakijo Tourism Village. The foundations' social programs. Finance guests can experience the rural life and daily includes separated wage and tax payments. activities of the community. Hoshizora Tour Environmental Education Center also provides tour packages to visit various (EEC) has three main principles: natural potentials in Kalakijo Village such as emping, farming, education, social responsibility and batik, and handicraft. empowerment. EEC provides students an Running entrepreneurship for non- education program in open nature that are profit organizations is not easy. Organizations integrated with the school curriculum. For that are used to deal with education for outbound marketing program, EEC underprivileged children then turn into cooperates with LPMD (Village Community entrepreneurship are such a new learning for Empowerment Institution) Kalakijo. LPMD them. The limited human and capital also has outbound program with fun outbound resources are also experienced by the as its concept. Although both of them offer Hoshizora Foundation. Collaboration can outbound activity, but they have different help the development of entrepreneurship target markets yet still can work together. initiated by non-profit foundation. In EEC promotes fun outbond LPMD and vice addition, collaboration can be run with the versa. Consumers can order LPMD outbound private sector and the surrounding via EEC. LPMD helps if the EEC lacks of community. Moreover, collaboration can also human resources for outbound execution. expand the impact of entrepreneurship. They also lend each other outbond tools. For the development of organic products, EEC Conclusions works with TOM (Organic Farmers of The limited number of human Merapi) and local farmers. This cooperation resources in the management of program plan is also in line with the value of entrepreneurship initiated by NGOs can be EEC where the element of its education helped by collaborating with other parties, program emphasize the nature oriented especially the community. The existence of plantation by not using chemicals. EEC plans participation can provide an opportunity to 167

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increase the income of the communities dan Tuti Alawiyah. Sektor LSM di involved through the potential that exists in Indonesia. Knowledge Sector Initiative. www.ksi- the area of Tourism Village Kalakijo for indonesia.org/files/1450223618$1$5JYT example agriculture, batik, emping. U3D$.pdf Collaboration is needed to cultivate local Tan, Wee Liang dan So Jin Yoo. (2015). potentials to be more beneficial to the welfare Social Entrepreneurship Intentions of Non of the community. Aside from individual Profit Organization. Journal of Social roles that exist in Hoshizora Foundatition, Entrepreneurship, 6:1, 103-125 community contributions also help Wicaksono, Briyan. (2016). Peran Yayasan entrepreneurship to survive and thrive. Kreativitas Unit Usaha Muslimah Collaboration in selected entrepreneurship is (Kuntum) Indonesia Dalam Mengurangi expected to expand the impact not only for Pengangguran Melalui Praktik Kewirausahaan Sosial Di Desa foundation but also for the welfare of the Tegalwaru, Ciampea-Bogor. society. Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah: Jakarta Reference Hoshizora Foundation. Araniri, Nurdin. (2016). Implementasi https://www.hoshizora.org/ accessed at Tahapan Pemberdayaan Kewirausahaan March 15 2017, 1pm Masyarakat Melalui Program Community Development Zona Madina Dompet Environmental Education Center. Dhuafa di Desa Jampang, Kecamatan http://eecfarm.com/ accessed at March 15 Kemang, Kabupaten Bogor. 2017, 1pm Undergraduate Thesis. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah: Jakarta. Hoshizora Tour and Travel. http://hoshizoratour.org/ accessed at Khieng, S., & Dahles, H. (2014). March 15 2017, 1pm Commercialization in the Non-Profit Sector : The Emergence of Social Ingkung Kuali Restaurant. Enterprise in Cambodia. Journal of Social http://ingkungkuali.com/ accessed at Entrepreneurship, March 15 2017, 1pm https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2014.95 4261

Midgley, James. (2014). Social Development: Theory & Practice. New Delhi. SAGE Publications Scanlon, Megan McGlynn

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THE PROBLEMS OF BASIC EDUCATION POLICY AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA: CASE STUDY IN TASIKMALAYA CITY

Maya Puspita Dewi, Dini Waskitawati, Neneng Siti Maryam, Faculty of Social and Political Science, University of Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 40132, Phone (022) 7796416 Indonesia Email:[email protected]

Introduction of the policy that is not implemented well. Basic Education is the general This is for example, can be seen from budget education that ever nine years, held for six used for education city of Tasikmalaya. years in Elementary School/Madrasah 2012, the budget for Education Office Ibtidaiyah (SD/MI) and three years in the reached Rp 480.339.384.951, 2013 to Rp Secondary School/Madrasah Tsanawiyah 540.212.378.864, then 2014 and 2015 each (SMP/Mts) or education units that are equal reached Rp 648.959.363.203. In 4 years, an as stated in Law No. 20/2008 about National average of 89% used for indirect expenditure Education System which consists of servant expenditure, The essence of basic education can be salaries and benefits and additional income of said as the gate for each of the learners to the Civil Servants. 11% is used for direct development of himself in the future, and expenditure consists of expenditure for the "provisions basis" to develop the attitude and employees, procurement of goods and ability and provide the knowledge and basic services and capital spending. As a result the skills required to live in the community and city of Tasikmalaya is 1 out of 3 most prepare students who meet the requirements government‟s autonomous region that to participate in the next level of education. personnel expenditure ratio against the total In Tasikmalaya city, quality of basic spending habits the highest in Indonesia education is still a problem. Starting from the namely 66.07%. problem of budget used for, educational tools, Based on the above issue, so the education governance till about quality of researchers intended to analyse how far basic human resources (teachers and civil servants), education policy in Tasikmalaya city and others. The indicator that there are still implementing well for improvement of many problems that is because the excesses education quality especially basic education.

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So the implementation can be intended Research Method as an activity that is associated with the This research uses qualitative methods settlement of a work with the usage of tools with phenomenology approach by (Bogdan & to obtain the result. When the sense of the Biklen, 1998). Qualitative methods used to implementation of the above combined with understand the meaning of each of the the public policy and the implementation of patterns of behaviour that is indicated by the public policy can be interpreted as a actors to formulate policies and policy settlement activities or the implementation of practitioners in the implementation of a public policy that has been education policy in the City of Tasikmalaya. assigned/approved by the usage of tools to While phenomenology naturalistic allows achieve the goal of the policy. researchers to find the true meaning of A lot of researcher who was focused on (meaning) from each of the existing education policy implementation, for phenomenon. The data collected through example, Suranto, 2007; Bakrie, 2010; observation, in-depth interviews and study of Sukmana, 2011; Acetylena, 2013; Prastiyono, the library. While the data analysis through dkk. 2013; Sulistyadi, 2014; Solichin, 2015; the 3 main stages namely data reduction; Hamid, 2015; and Pramudiana, 2017. presentation of data and the withdrawal of the Previous research generally focused on conclusion/verification. inclusive education and free education, but this research focus on the implementation of Result and Discussion basic education policy which was held by the In the process of public policy, the local government through the education. policy implementation is the steps are In particular, the education policy practical and differentiated from the implementation in order to improve the formulation of policies that can be viewed as quality of basic education in Tasikmalaya city a stage of a theoretical nature. Anderson is still not yet fully done well. Reflection of (1978:25) proposed that policy the problems of education in the City of implementation is the application of the Tasikmalaya can be seen in the medium-term policy by the government's administrative Area Development Plan (RPJMD) machinery to the problem. Tasikmalaya City as shown on the table 1.1 following. Table 1.1 The education problems in Tasikmalaya city based on RPJMD

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Accessability and education a. The population aged 16-18 years that did not go to quality school at the senior high school/SMK/MA still high enough, approximately 10,91%; b. The spread of the school for the senior high school level/SMK/MA lame, the number of schools in the sub-district, Cihideung Tawang, Cipedes, Kawalu and Mangkubumi crowd more than other sub-; c. The ratio of the class students to levels of the Primary and Junior Secondary Schools is still very great 1:40, means one class/group consisting of 40 of his disciples, while at senior high school level/SMK/MA accounted for 1:37; ideally based on education standards 1:28; d. The availability of supporting infrastructure such as education library and laboratory and workshop still limited; e. In addition to the availability of the classrooms are not adequate, the quality of the classroom itself has not yet been fully ideal. f. The curriculum is implemented in schools is not Optimal yet in the formation of the character learners who believe, the fear of the Lord is the One True God, moral, healthy, magicians, capable, creative, independent and become a democratic citizens and responsible; g. Financing to continue education to the Senior High School/SMK/MA still relatively not reachable by all circles. Education governance a. Qualified educators not fully meet the standard. There are still teachers who final diploma equivalent high school as much as 1.247 people (12,94%) from 9.639 people in 2010; b. Appointment of the school head is not followed by education and managerial training; c. The participation of school committee, parents and community members are still less. d. Quantity educators such as administrative staff and school guards still less especially in elementary school level. Resource: RPJMD 2013-2017 competencies not meet the SNP and MSS. So

also with the fact that there are still many In spite of already have Local Elementary Schools that do not have the Regulation Number 4 Year 2007 about means and infrastructure according to the education in Tasikmalaya City as one rule to standard of such as special rooms science implementation of basic education but still laboratory, school library, rooms of school many educators, school administrator and Principals, rooms of school administrator. In help keeper on the elementary school level from both sides of the numbers and

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the other part, the curriculum implemented in Implementasi Kebijakan Wajib Belajar schools is not optimal. Pendidikan Dasar Sembilan Tahun Di Kota Malang. Jurnal Administrasi Publik

(JAP), Vol. 2, No. 4, Hal. 729-734. Conclusion Acetylena,Sita. Analisis Implementasi The function and purpose of the Kebijakan Pendidikan Karakter Di Perguruan Taman Siswa Kecamatan implementation is to establish a relationship Turen Kabupaten Malang. Jurnal that allows the goals or objectives of public Kebijakan dan Pengembangan policy (politics) can be realized as outcome Pendidikan Volume 1, Nomor 1 Januari 2013, 55-61 ISSN: 2337-7623; EISSN: from activities carried out by the government. 2337-7615. The implementation of education policy in Prastiyono. Implementasi Kebijakan Pendidikan Tasikmalaya city has not yet been fully Inklusif (Studi di Sekolah Galuh Handayani Surabaya). Jurnal Administrasi Publik. Juni implemented well. This resulted in the still 2013, Vol. 11, No. 1, Hal. 117 – 128. low quality education especially basic Sulistyadi, Hery Kurnia.2014 Implementasi education in Tasikmalaya city. Despite the Kebijakan Penyelenggaraan Layanan education budget is enlarged every year, but it Pendidikan Inklusif di Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Kebijakan dan Manajemen is not enough to improve the quality of basic Publik.Volume 2, Nomor 1, ISSN 2303 - education in the City of Tasikmalaya. So it 341X. needed a greater effort to solve them. Solichin, Mujianto. Implementasi Kebijakan Pendidikan Dan Peran Birokrasi. Jurnal References Studi Islam. Volume 6, Nomor 2, Oktober Bogdan, RC, Biklen, KS. 1982. Qualitative 2015; ISSN: 1978-306X; 148-178. Research for Education: An Introduction to Pramudiana, Ika Devy. 2017. Implementasi Theory and Methods. Boston London: Allyn Kebijakan Pendidikan Inklusif Untuk Bacon ABK Di Surabaya. Dimensi Pendidikan Anderson, James E. 1978. Public Policy Making. dan Pembelajaran. Vol. 5 No. 1 Januari Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 2017. Hamid,Abdul. 2015. Implementasi Peraturan Suranto. 2007. Pengaruh Implementasi Bupati Penajam Paser Utara Nomor 18 Kebijakan Pembagian Kewenangan Tahun 2012 Tentang Penyelengaraan Bidang Pendidikan Terhadap Kualitas Pendidikan Gratis di Kelurahan Nenang Pelayanan Pendidikan Dasar (Studi Di Kecamatan Penajam Kabupaten Penajam Kota Yogyakarta). Universitas Paser Utara. eJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan, Padjadjaran. Volume 3, Nomor 2: 623-635. Sukmana, Ricky Hendra, dkk. 2010.

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COMPARISON OF CULTURE AND ORGANIZATION EFFECTIVENESS (Based on Study at Labuang Baji Hospital And Stella Maris Hospital In Makassar)

Muh. Nur Yamin, Muhammad Nur, Faculty of Social Sciences, State University of Makassar, e-mail: [email protected]

Introduction organizational culture at Labuang Baji Strong organizational culture is a form Hospital and Stella Maris Hospital in of organizational effectiveness is high, there Makassar City. is a tendency of organizational culture as a milestone or foundation that must be owned Literature Review by the organization, because the A cultural perspective within an organizational culture supports the success or organization is a set of frameworks that guide failure of the organization. The assumption organizational members to behave that a group of people who live in appropriately for organizational success. togetherness will have value and be According to Kotter and Heskett (1992) implemented together. strong culture are also often said to help An effort to improve organizational business performance because they create an performance requires the existence of a unusual level of motivation in employees. standard reference imposed by an Sometimes the assertion is made that shared organization that systematically guides its values and behaviors make people feel good members to increase work commitment to the about working for a firm. The existence of a organization. According to Robbins (2002) culture within an organization is where shared meanings, the general framework of members of the organization can focus and values and beliefs has a positive impact on devote all the attention to the value system organizational effectiveness. Therefore every prevailing within the organization. According organization needs to create shared values to to Denison (1990) the relationship between build organizational systems to uniform culture and organizational effectiveness, thoughts and actions and change individual viewed as an organization's success is due to behavior to behavior organization. The main a combination of values and beliefs, rules and problem in this research is how the different practices, and the relationship between each level of organizational effectiveness in other. accordance with the strength of

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Culture that belongs to all members of Survey (DOCS) with indicators of market the organization as an integration of values share, revenue growth, quality of good and that believed to produce an effective service, innovation/new product organization, as proposed by Denison (1990) development), employee satisfaction, and organization that combines the nature of profitability (Yilmaz and Ergun, 2008; al., organizational culture that consists of four 2006, and Roldan and Bray, 2009). dimensions of involvement, consistency, Research Methods adaptability, and mission, show the effect of Research Culture and organizational higher level of organizational effectiveness. effectiveness including descriptive research is This opinion is corroborated by Haaland and studied at the level of organizational system Goelzer (2003); Janovich et al. (2006), analysis. The research approach as suggested Denison and Mishra (1995) that the nature of earlier by Fey, F. Carl and Daniel R. Denison engagement, consistency, adaptability, and (2003) combines a quantitative approach with mission of organizational culture shows the case studies, and quantitative surveys. How to significance of the effect on organizational link data from both approaches using effectiveness. As the research results focus on sequential tranformative strategy, at the time these four traits, it is consistent with other of data collection and data analysis , its research on organizational culture and emphasis on a qualitative approach and effectiveness, eg Fey and Denison, 2003; supported by a quantitative approach, with a Kotter and Heskett, 1992; Gordon and Di particular theoretical perspective that helped Tomaso, 1992; Sorenson, 2002; Haaland shape the procedures inside. et.al. 2003; Gillespie et.al. 2007; Yilmaz and Qualitative data analysis from case Ergun, 2008; Schmith et.al., 2009; Roldan study method using dominant pattern and Bray, 2009, show a positive relationship maching technique, which compares the between each of the four cultural dimensions pattern based on empirical findings with with various indicators of organizational predicted patterns based on the initial effectiveness. However, further research and proposition, according to W. Trochim in Yin practice regarding organizational culture (1994). The data verification in the case study evolves an understanding of how cultural is done by two procedures, namely traits combine to influence organizational triangulation of information and member effectiveness. Measuring the effectiveness of checking. Quantitative data analysis from the the organization according to the objectives survey results is done by table frequency based on The Denison Organizational Culture 174

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calculation, percentage, mean, and mode, in mission. The problem of internal integration order to see the tendency of research data is observed by the characteristics of centering symptom. engagement and consistency, in the external environment characterized by the Research Result And Discussion characteristics of adaptability and mission. To This study builds on the measure the effectiveness organization based organizational culture framework of Daniel on objectiveness in Denison Organizational R. Denison's Theory (Denison, 1990; Fey and Culture Surey with market share indicators, Denison, 2003), the concept of organizational revenue growth, quality of good and service, culture along four dimensions shows the innovation/new product development, relationship with organizational effectiveness: employee satisfaction, and profitability. involvement, consistency, adaptability, and Table 1.Comparison Dimensions Cultural Organization And Effectiveness Organization atLabuang Baji Hospital and Stella Maris Hospital In The City Of Makassar, Year 2010 Organizational The Effectiveness Of Organization Indicators Hospitals Cultural Dimensions I C A M P Q R S T U Labuang ineffectiv ineffectiv ineffecti Weak Weak strong Weak effective ineffective effective Baji e e ve Stella ineffectiv Weak strong strong strong effective effective effective effective effective Maris e

Description: The views of Denison (1990) and

I : Involvement Mishra and Denison (1995) regarding the effects of these four cultural traits, can be P : Market share indicators argued that each of the four cultural traits has C : Consistency a significant effect on organizational Q : quality of good and service effectiveness and the four cultural traits are A : Adaptability expected to lead independently to a positive

R : Profitabilitas effect on organizational effectiveness Overall, however, the relative effects of each cultural M : Mission trait to an organizational effectiveness S : innovationt indicator may vary from one cultural property T : profitability to another. U : employee satisfaction 175

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Based on these conditions, the strong Creswell, John W.. 1997. 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and organizational strength dimension of the Mixed Methods Approaches. 2nd . Sage organization is in line with the effectiveness Publication, London. of certain indicators of organizational Deal, T.E. dan A..A. Kennedy. 1982.Corporate Culture. The Rites and effectiveness, and the weak organizational Rituals of Corporate Life. Reading Mass: dimension corresponds to the ineffectiveness Addison Wesley Publishing. of certain indicators of organizational Denison, Daniel R.. 1990. Corporate Culture and Organization Efektiveness. New effectiveness. The dimension of involvement York: John Wiley & Sons. in organizational culture affects the quality of Fey, F. Carl dan Daniel R. Denison. 2003. service and job satisfaction of employees, the Organizational Culture and Effectiveness: Can American Theory Be dimension of organizational culture Applied in Russia. Organization Science consistency can affect the level of @ 2003 Informs Vol.14 No.6 pp. 686- 706. profitability of a hospital, the dimension of Foster, David J.G.. 2007. Differences in organizational culture adaptation affect the Perceptions of Organizational Culture: level of organizational sales growth and the Executives, Administrators, and Faculty at Texas Community Colleges. level of work innovation leadership, and Dissertation. North Central Texas mission dimension in organizational culture College. Texas. USA. level of market share and profitability. Gillespie, Michael A., Daniel R. Denison, Stephanie Haaland, Ryan Smerek, dan William S. Neale. 2007.Lingking Conclusion Organizational Culture and Customer Satisfaction: Results From Two The effectiveness of Labuang Baji Companies in Different Industries. Hospital organization is different from Stella European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. P1-21. Maris Hospital due to the difference of Haaland, Stephanie, Paulo Goelzer dan organizational culture strength. Daniel R. Denison. 2003. Corporate Demonstrating a less powerful organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness: Is Asia Different From the culture at Labuang Baji Hospital also Rest of the World. Organizational demonstrates the effectiveness of less Dynamics Vol.33 No.1 pp. 98-109. Janovics, Jay, Joana Young, Daniel R. effective organizations, and a strong Denison, dan Hee Jae. 2006. Diagnosing organizational culture at Stella Maris Hospital Organizational Cultures: Validating a Model and Method. For the support that also demonstrates the effective level of they have provided for this research. the organizational effectiveness. International Institute for Management Development and the University of

Michigan Business School. Reference

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Kotter J.P. dan Heskett S.L.. 1997. Corporate Yilmaz, Cengiz dan Ercan Ergun. 2008. Culture and Performance. Simon dan Organizational culture and firm Schuster (Asia) Pte. Ltd. effectiveness: An examination of relative Mishra, Aneil K. dan Daniel R. Denison. effects of culture traits and the balanced 1995. Toward a Theory of culture hypothesis in an emerging Organizational Culture and economy. Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Effectiveness. Organization Science World Business 43. p.290–306. Vol.6 No.2 pp. 204-223. Yin, Robert K.. 1994. Case Study Research: Robbins, Stephen P. and Neil Barnwell, 2002. Design and Methods. Sage Publicatons, Organization Theory: Structure, Design, Inc. California USA. and Application. Pearson Education Australia Pty Ltd. Sydney Australia.

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ACTORS’ BEHAVIOR IN FORMULATION: A CASE STUDY OF WOMAN AND CHILD PROTECTION POLICY IN PAREPARE, INDONESIA

Muh. Tang Abdullah, Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

St. Halwatiah, Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Gita Susanti, Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction (Dye, 2013). Lester and Stewart (2000) add that setting agendas is an important stage One of the important public policy because if an issue is not put on the agenda, issues to be given serious attention is the then the issue will not be considered for the issue of protection of women and children. basis of the birth of an action or action. This is important given the fact that there are Actors in the policy can be individuals still weak policies directly related to the or groups, where actors are involved in protection of women and children. This fact certain conditions as a policy subsystem certainly not only occurs nationally but also (Howlett and Ramesh, 1995). According to occurs at the regional level (Abdullah, 2014). Jones (1996), there are at least four classes or According to Dunn (2003), policy types of actors involved in the policy process: formulation is an activity related to the the rationalists, the technicians, the development and synthesis of alternative incrementalists, and the reformists. By public solutions to a problem. The use of the term policy expert Anderson (1979) categorizes policy generally describes the behavior of important actors in the process of public some or a set of actors involved in an activity policy making into two categories: unofficial both at the level of formulation and policymakers and official policy makers. The implementation of a policy. The first thing two categories of actors involved in the done in the formulation of public policy is policy process include: (a) unofficial related to the process of deciding what will be policymakers, in general, this category of agreed upon into a policy issue. Deciding actors does not possess or occupy official what matters is sometimes more important positions or positions in government, whether than deciding a solution to solve the problem

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executive or legislative. However, they get The views in the behavioral approach their role in the process of policy formulation are very different from the classical theories from the government. They take advantage of in explaining how one makes a decision their interests and demands, harmonize them, driven by the assumption that individuals are and influence official policymakers to involve rational agents and will act in a rational agent. them in the process of formulating a policy. This view is based on findings in behavioral (b) official policymakers, those with legal research that show that the availability and authority to engage in the process of public dissemination of data does not necessarily policy formulation. Those included in this lead to effective communication and category are legislative, executive, knowledge on decision making. Furthermore, administrative, and judicial. It can be said that understanding and intention do not always they are government actors who have formal lead to the understanding of actions to be positions at certain levels of government and selected. Individuals often show temporal have a major role in the process of public bias and incorrectly predict their behavior policy formulation. (Shafir, 2013). Generally, in creating public policy, In the perspective of behaviorism and the policy makers try to understand human its relation to public policy, the core question behavior by using perspective of rational that becomes a challenge is how to change agent model based on normative analysis. human behavior because the root of social This model assumes that people make problems is one of the most important in decisions with consideration of their personal human behavior itself (human behavior). utility. However, there are other alternatives Behavioral changes that become the goal of in viewing this case. This view is developed policymakers in general is a domain project through empirical research with a focus on psychology discipline. This is very clear, the behavior of the person who is the subject given the focus of psychology on this context of the decision maker. Based on empirist is on knowing the motivations underlying perspective, the behavior is a combination of one's behavior / actions. perception, impulse, judgment, and decision- Motivation in behavioral observation making processes derived from the is also claimed to be the main cause of failure "impressive machinery" that humans bring of an action projection. This failure can be behind their eyes and between their ears illustrated as a gap between aspiration and (Shafir, 2013). action. Humans generally know what he wants. But there is a gap about what they 179

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know they can or should do with what they the policy actors can be divided into two ultimately do. This problem is a general categories: ideological motifs and pragmatic categorization described by the psychological motives. perspective in observing the behavior, and the First, the actor who has ideological task or purpose of public policy in this motives is an actor who has an understanding context ideally is to help the individual or of moral values and humanity that must be society minimize the gap. fought. The moral and humanitarian values in question are moral and human values that are Methods strongly opposed to the attitude and abuse, The focus of research on coastal injustice and violence against women and the communities in the City of Parepare. For the mistreatment of children. However, not all purpose of description and analysis of the actors who have ideological motives, have research materialized, it is used descriptive also the competence to play a further role in qualitative research design and case study the formulation and formation of policies. strategy. Using primary data obtained through Based on the findings in the field, it seems informant interviews and direct observation that policy actors with ideological motives are and secondary data from various mostly those who enter the unofficial policy documentations with the main instrument of makers. Nevertheless, there are still policy the researcher himself. The data obtained is actors in the category of official policy processed through interactive analysis makers who have ideological motives, such techniques with the stages of collection, as figures of DPRD members who have an reduction, presentation of data, and verify the NGO activist background. results and conclude it. In the analysis is done Secondly, the pragmatic motive, in depth discussion using the available generally the pragmatic motive, belongs to a theories and concepts. policy actor who because of his position and position as a party who formally has the Results/preliminary result/critical review authority to form a regional regulatory policy. Policy actors belonging to the category have Based on the content of information or this pragmatic motive, showing only their information found at the interview with roles and attitudes when the stages of the informants can be assessed what and how the process of formulating local regulations are motives behind their role in the process of already within the realm of their authority. formation of local regulations. The motives of They tend not to care about the principles and 180

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values of morality and humanity that follow establishing this regulation include unofficial the importance of forming a policy. They policy makers and actor official policy only think because the process has entered the makers. Unofficial policy makers include formal stage of discussion then the actors are LP2EM, People Care, PPA Police Chiefs, present only as a fulfillment of formal Academics and Press Media. The policy obligations. actors have different motives that are Theoretically, the motive behind the categorized into two groups. The first group role and behavior of policy actors is a is the actor who has ideological motives and psychological process that can control the the second group is the policy actors who behavior of individual actors of the policy in have pragmatic motives. This motive attitude. Some constructs or psychological certainly theoretically influences the behavior processes are believed by these disciplines to of policy actors in the formulation or control behavior. By modifying the formation of local regulations on the psychological process / construction, then protection of women and children. behavioral changes will be possible. The psychological constructions in question and Reference influential in human behavior change are Abdullah, Muh. Tang. 2014. “Policy Networks Model and Efforts to Reduce of attitudes, expectations, self-esteem, self- Childs Abuse of Indonesia”. IOSR concept, purpose, and identity. Thus, the Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Volume 19, Issue 11, Ver. VIII psychological approach becomes the main (Nov. 2014), PP 37-42, e-ISSN: 2279- foundation in understanding behavioral 0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org. change especially in the context of understanding a particular public policy Ajzen, I. 2012. “The Theory of Planned Behavior”. Handbook of Theories of process. Social Psychology. Volume 1. Page 438- 459. London: Sage Publication Inc.

Conclusions Anderson, J.E. (1979). Public Policy-Making. New York, USA: Holt, Rinehart and Policies governing the protection of Winston. women and children in coastal communities Bandura, A. 2012. “Social Cognitive Theory”. Handbook of Theories of Social of Parepare City are contained in the Parepare Psychology. Volume 1. Page 460-482. City Regulation No. 12 of 2015 on the London: Sage Publication Inc.

Protection of Women and Children. The Bungin, Burhan, 2007. Analisis Data stakeholders or policy actors involved in Penelitian Kualitatif. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. 181

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Cochran, Charles L. and Malone, Eloise F. Lincoln, Y. & Guba, E, 1985. Naturalistic 2005. Public Policy: Perspectives and Inquiry. New York: Sage Publication. Choices. 3rd Edition. USA: Lynne Rienner Miles, Matthew B. dan Huberman, A. Publishers Michael. 2014. Analisis Data Kualitatif. Penerjemah: Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi. Creswell, John W, 2007. Qualitatitve Inquiry Jakarta: UI Press. & Research Design; Choosing Among Passer, M.W. 2012. Psychology: the Science Five Approachs. London: Sage of Mind and Behavior. Fifth edition. New Publications. York: McGraw-Hill.

Dunn, William N. (2003). Analisis Kebijakan Philip, Dahida Deewua. 2013. “Public Policy Publik. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada Making and Implementation in Nigeria: University Press. Connecting the Nexus”. Public Policy and Dye, Thomas R. 2013. Understanding Public Administration Research Volume 3, No.6, Policy. 11th ed. United States: Pearson 2013, ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN Prentice Hall. 2225-0972(Online): 56-64.

Grindle, M.S. (Ed.) 1980. Politics and Policy Popoola, Olufemi O. 2016. “Actors in Implementation In The Third World. New Decision Making and Policy Process”. Jersey: Princeton University Press Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences. Volume 5(1): 47-51 (January- Howlett, M. and Ramesh, M. 1995. Studying February, 2016) ISSN: 2319-8834. Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press. Shafir, Eldar (Ed.). 2013. The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy. New Islamy, M. Irfan. 2007. Prinsip-Prinsip Jersey: Princeton University Press. Perumusan Kebijaksanaan Negara. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara Winarno, Budi. 2007. Kebijakan Publik: Teori dan Proses. Yogyakarta: Media Jones, Charles O. 1996. Pengantar Pressindo. Kebijaksanaan Publik. Penerjemah: Ricky Ismanto. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada. Yin, Robert K. 2003. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 3rd ed. USA Kingdon, John W. (1995). Agendas, California: Sage Publication Inc. Alternatives, and Public Policies. Second Edition. New York: Longman.

Lester J. P and JR. Joseph Stewart. 2000. Public Policy. An Evolutionary Approach. United State of America: Wadsworth. Lindblom, Charles. 1986, The Policy Making Process. NJ Pentice Hall: Englewood Clifft,

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ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC SERVICES: A CASE STUDY OF IMMIGRATION SERVICE IN MAKASSAR, INDONESIA

Muhammad Yunus, Departemen Ilmu Administrasi FISIP UNHAS Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia [email protected]

Wahyu Nurdiansyah N, Departemen Ilmu Administrasi FISIP UNHAS Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction legitimacy for policymakers; (2) the existence

of adequate moral quality; (3) sensitivity; (4) Accountability of public services in openness; (5) optimal utilization of resources; Indonesia nowadays is generally still not and (6) efforts to improve efficiency and good. Poor public accountability leads to a effectiveness. crisis of public trust in the public Good Public Service Accountability is bureaucracy. The crisis of trust is shown by needed nowadays, including in Passport the emergence of various forms of protest and Manufacture Services. In this era of demonstration to the bureaucracy both at the globalization, the dynamics of society is very central and regional levels. high, especially in traveling abroad. Quoting from Sangkala (2012) The First Class Immigration Office of Accountability is a requirement for the Makassar is the Immigration Unit in creation of good governance, democratic and Makassar which is one of its duties to issue trust (good governance). Institutions of passports to the public. The main task and government with public accountability means function of the First Class Immigration Office the institution is always willing to account for of Makassar is to carry out part of the task all activities that are entrusted by the people. and function of the Head of Regional Office Similarly, the community in control has a of the Department of Law and Human Rights great sense of responsibility for the common of South Sulawesi in the Immigration field in good. Not just for the benefit of group or South Sulawesi Province. class only. For the handling of passports at the Hulme et al., 2006 (in Manggaukang, Class I Makassar Immigration Office in 2010 2006), argues that accountability is a complex for men reached 22,628 people and 25,220 concept and has several instruments for women. And in 2011 men reached 27,955 measuring it, namely indicators such as: (1) people and women 29,625 people from the

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data obtained at the First Class Immigration Accountability in the Making of Passport at Office of Makassar. From the above data the First Class Immigration Office of shows that the high number of applications Makassar. for the manufacture of SPRI or passport The main method of analysis used in continues to increase from year to year. But this study is a qualitative data analysis which so far, the quality of services provided by the is defined as an attempt of analysis based on Immigration Office in providing services is words arranged into the form of an expanded still not maximized. text. Data analysis is done descriptively From our explanation above that the qualitative in order to create a systematic, purpose of this study is to analyze and factual and accurate description of the facts describe the Public Service Accountability of and properties of the phenomenon under Making Passports at the First Class investigation. The stages / steps of data Immigration Office Makassar. analysis conducted in this study using data analysis model that is data collection, data Methodology reduction, Presentation of data, drawing The research design used is the conclusions / verification of the data that have Conclusive Design. This research uses presented. The meanings emerging from the descriptive research method through data must be observed, tested for the truth of qualitative approach. its robustness and its compatibility which is The description in this research is its validity obtained through in-depth interviews to informants who can provide an overview and Research Result foundation of problem solving research, This study shows that the especially the accountability of public Accountability of Passport Manufacturing services in the manufacture of passports at the Service at the Class I of Makassar First Class Immigration Office Makassar. Immigration Office is reviewed by Barbara Methods of data collection in the Romzek and Dubnick Theory in regard to study are observation, documentation and in- who should be responsible for what should be depth interview. In-depth interviews are accounted for in case of errors that cause the conducted with people who are considered to performance is still low, and is divided into be in charge of the field, or who have the four Scenarios Type. The phenomenon information needed by the researcher occurring in the First Class Makassar especially regarding the Public Service Immigration Office goes into the Category III 184

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Type Scenario, where the Type III Scenario From the above phenomena in promotes the idea of accountability when a accordance with the theory of Accountability responsible official is empirically innocent, of Barbara Romzek and Melvin J. Dubnick in for example an official may be free of major relation to who should be responsible for sanctions (eg dismissal) with notes he was not what should be accounted for in case of errors guilty of negligence or subordinate offenses. that cause the performance is still low in the Rachmat, (2009) says that the concept category of Type III Scenario of of public accountability, based on the idea of Accountability Theory Barbara Romzek and democratic responsibility, is essential to Melvin J Dubnick where in such running the government through an circumstances when an official is responsible accountable and representative public service but he is not guilty of empirically which of the will of society. causes low performance and accountability in The first phenomenon concerning the service delivery is lacking. cost of making a passport. The official fees The second phenomenon is the lack of that we incur in accordance with Government clarity regarding the time required in the Regulation No. 38 of 2009 on Types and making of passport. In the existing rules, it is Tariffs of Non-Tax State Revenues clear that in the processing of the application Applicable to the Department of Law and for the passport manufacture has determined Human Rights when taking care of the that the process of Making Passport is 6 (six) passport are as follows: Official Passport Fee working days. Six days starting from the of Rp.270.000 with details: Rp200.000 for application of passport until the issuance of passport book 48 pieces, Rp55.000 for Photo the passport. Biometric, Rp15.000 for fingerprint. Based Based on the findings at the research on the conclusions of interviews conducted to location, the length of the process of making some sources and observations in the field, the passport is more due to incomplete the authors found the cost to be incurred by technical requirements in the form of a public service users outside of the provisions. problematic family card or applicant's ID card The above phenomenon shows the that is no longer valid and also usually a copy weak of supervision done by the leadership to of the family card can not be read by the scan his subordinates where the leadership is less tool owned by First Class Immigration Office observant to see the illegal levies done by his of Makassar. In addition, the number of subordinates in providing services of Passport applicants making passports in the city of Manufacture. 185

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Makassar who come in every day to make the Another phenomenon that is still high file can not be completed on time. number of brokers in regard to obtaining a Seeing the phenomenon, the lack of passport. Although in this case there is clarity of information about the time required already a law that regulates so that every in the manufacture of passports that became a service agency can reinforce and follow up separate complaint for service users causing the existence of brokers, but on the other anxiety in the use of these services. In hand the situation of the existing conditions addition, researchers did not find any can not support the implementation of the information board that contains the provisions regulation. of the time required by the customer for the To cope these conditions, the Class I manufacture of passports. This phenomenon Office of Makassar Immigration should close indicates that the lack of attention or the gaps which may result in the practice of motivation made by the leadership to his brokering, for example, not opening subordinates where the leadership is less opportunities to persons who act as brokers motivation or encouragement to subordinates Passport making, cracking down on to increase their motivation in providing employees involved in brokering, and services Passport Manufacture. So the public intensify socialization to people who want to complaints about the delay of their passport make passports in order not to use the can be reduced little by little, even if it can be services of brokers in the process of making eliminated. passports. In this case, the Head of the Class I Noticing the above phenomenon in Immigration Office of Makassar is required to accordance with the theory of Accountability close the gaps of this brokering. of Barbara Romzek and Melvin J. Dubnick in From the above phenomenon in relation to who should be responsible for accordance with the theory of Accountability what should be accountable in case of errors of Barbara Romzek and Melvin J. Dubnick in that cause performance is still low in the relation to who should be responsible for category of Type III Scenario of what should be accountable in case of errors Accountability Theory Barbara Romzek and that cause the performance is still low in the Melvin J. Dubnick where under such category of Type III Scenario of circumstances an official is accountable but Accountability Theory Barbara Romzek and he is not guilty of empirically which leads to Melvin J. Dubnick where under such low performance as well as accountability in circumstances when an official is accountable service delivery is lacking. but he is not guilty of empirically which leads 186

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to low performance and accountability in pada masa transisi.Yogyakarta :Pustaka Pelajar. service delivery is lacking. Mukhilda, Nurul. (2013). Akuntabilitas Pelayanan Publik (Studi Kasus : Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Izin Conclusion Mendirikan Bangunan di Kota Based on the results of the discussion Makassar).Skripsi. Universitas Hasanuddin in the previous chapter, it can be concluded Mulyana, Deddy. (2008). Metodologi that the accountability of the implementation Penelitian Kualitatif. PT. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. of the service of passport manufacture at the Pasolong, Harbani, (2007). Teori First Class Immigration Office Makassar has Administrasi Publik. Bandung : CV. Alfabeta. not been fully accountable in providing Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2009 services. The phenomenon in the Class I Tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis Penerimaan Negara Bukan pajak yang Makassar Immigration Office is associated berlaku Pada Departemen Hukum dan with who should be responsible for what Hak Asasi Manusia Poltak Sinambela Ilijan, dkk., (2006). should be accounted for in case of errors that Reformasi Pelayanan Publik, Teori, cause the performance is still low, included in Kebijakan, dan Implementasi. Jakarta : PT. Bumi Aksara. the Category Type III Scenario, where the

Type III Scenario promotes the idea of Manggaukang, Raba, (2006). Akuntabilitas Konsep dan Implementasi. Malang : accountability when an officer is responsible UMM Press. but he is not guilty empirically. Rakhmat. (2009). Teori Administrasi dan Manajemen Publik. Jakarta: Pustaka

Arif. References Ratminto, Septi, Winarsih, Atik, (2010). Manajemen Pelayanan. Yogyakarta : Al-Iman, Firmanda. (2006) Akuntabilitas Pustaka Pelajar Pelayanan Publik di Kantor Kecamatan Sangkala, (2012). Dimensi-dimensi Turen Kabupaten Malang.Skripsi. Manajemen Publik. Yogyakarta : Universitas Brawijaya Penerbit Ombak. Dwiyanto, Agus, dkk (2002), Reformasi Sugiyono. (2011). Memahami Penelitian Birokras publk di Indonesia, Yogyakarta Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta. : Pusat Studi Kependudukan dan UU No. 6 Tahun 2011 Tentang Keimigrasian Kebijakan UGM.. Undang-undang Pelayanan Publik Nomor 25 Gie, The Liang, (1997). Ensiklopedia Tahun 2009. Administrasi. Jakarta : PT. Gunung Kumorotomo, Wahyudi. (2005). Akuntabilitas Birokrasi Publik : Sketsa

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LOCAL WISDOM AND CHARACTER EDUCATION IN YOUTH ORGANIZATION:A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINE, INDONESIA Mujib Hasib, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia Zulfan Nahruddin, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia Muchlas M Tahir, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia Handam, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia Muh. Firyal Akbar, Universitas Muhammadiyah Gorontalo, Indonesia Wahyu Nurdiansyah, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia

Background humans, nature and how the relation among all the inhabitants of this ecological Local wisdom (local genius) is a truth community must be built. All of this that has become tradition or steady in an area. traditional wisdom is experienced, practiced, Local wisdom is a fusion of the sacred values taught and passed from one generation to of God's word and various values. Local another that simultaneously shapes the pattern wisdom is formed as a cultural superiority of of everyday human behavior, both to fellow local communities and geographical human beings and to nature and the conditions in a broad sense. Local wisdom is Invisibility (Keraf, 2010). Local wisdom is a cultural product of the past that should be also defined as the process by which constantly used as a grip of life. Although the knowledge is generated, stored, applied, and valued locally but the value contained therein inherited "(Alwasilah, 2009). is considered very universal (Gobyah 2003). In (Apriyanto, 2008) explains that: Traditional wisdom is all forms of according to cultural perspective, local knowledge, belief, understanding or insight wisdom is various values created, developed and customs or ethics that guide human and maintained by society that becomes their behavior in life in an ecological community. life guidance. Including various mechanisms So this local wisdom is not only about the and ways of behaving and acting which is knowledge and understanding of indigenous realized as a social order. peoples about human beings and how good relationships between people, but also about In summary, local wisdom can be knowledge, understanding and customs about summed up as an important standard in living 188

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social life in a community group that affect the psychology of the child's greeting becomes the identity of the community itself. used to discipline. One example of local wisdom that exists in One of the important fighting media in sulawesi is siri 'na pacce. Siri' is a shame that character building is the youth organization decomposes in the dimensions of human that plays an important role in the society. Of dignity and dignity, siri 'is something' taboo course, the implementation of local wisdom 'for Bugis-Makassar people in interacting will be more effective through youth agencies with others. Meanwhile, pacce teaches the as a forum that preserves the identity of the sense of solidarity and selfless social care and nation. According to Suyanto in (Zulnuraini, this group is one of the concepts that make 2012) Character education is character the Bugis-Makassar tribe able to survive and education plus, which involves aspects of respected monitored, pacce is the nature of knowledge (cognitive), feeling, and action. compassion and feelings bear the burden and suffering of others, if the term in language of One of the researches related to local Indonesia "Mildly cared the same weight wisdom as a container of character education carrying the same weight". (Sriyatin, 2013) found that the existing culture in an effective area used for the The most influential thing in character planting and development of character building is the environment. At least there are education in elementary school children. 3 types of environment including family Then the research (Nasir, 2013) shows local environment, school, and society. traditions or culture in the internalization of Family is the first factor that character education through school programs determines the character of the child it is such as local content. Traditions or local based on the theory of piaget that suggests cultures include such habits as: a) local that children behave to do something based language lessons, local narratives, and local on what he observed. It is certainly a normal social cultures. thing if the attitude of a child is said to be Research Methods similar to his parents. This research uses qualitative research Schools also have an important role in type. Qualitative research is a method of the formation of student character. As a exploring and understanding the meaning that forum for transfer of knowledge, the level of by some individuals or groups of people discipline that a school implies will indirectly ascribed to social or humanitarian problems

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(Creswell, 2010). Then according to drawing / verification. (Sugiyono, 2011). (Moleong, 2012) qualitative research is a Basically this research answered a number of study that intends to understand the questions, namely: phenomenon of what is experienced by 1. How Characteristic of Youth research subjects, such as behavior, Organization in South Sulawesi? perception, motivation, action, etc .., 2. How is local Wisdom growing in holistically (intact) and by way of description youth organizations in South in the form of words and languages in a Sulawesi? specific, natural context by utilizing natural 3. The process of development of local methods. wisdom into character education in South Sulawasi? The type used in this research is descriptive research type. Descriptive Results research is limited to an attempt to express a Characteristics of Youth Organizations in problem or situation or event as it is so as to South Sulawesi reveal facts and provide an objective picture of the true state of the object under study. The interview result shows that in Objects studied is the local wisdom that used general the youths have high enthusiasm to as a container in building a characteristic get involved in youth activities. The education in youth organizations in southern cultivation of character values in youth can be Sulawasi. Data collection techniques used in implemented through youth community youth this study are: observation, ie direct activities. In addition, youth cadets are a observation in the field in accordance with place for youth to channel their potentials. the object under study; Interviews, namely With this youth organization youth can be direct interviews to informants ie youth and taught to become youth who have character youth organization board. as required by this nation. Because in a cadet coral there are various activities that can grow Data analysis techniques in this study the character's values in a young man. Each using Miles and Huberman model that karang taruna must have a work program suggests that the activities in qualitative data implemented, where in each work program analysis done interactively and continuously there are values that should exist in every and until completed, so that the data is youth. For example the planting of character saturated. Activities in data analysis, namely value is when in the implementation of the data reduction, display data, and conclusion

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work program requires awareness to take full The process of development of local responsibility for every activity performed wisdom becomes character education properly. In addition there are also other The observed organizational character values that can encourage a young developments show a number of interesting man so that later can become a better person points from interviews that the youth with a better person. Therefore, the planting organization carries a different self-character of characters in youth can be started from the but still remembers the origin of the culture participation of youth in the organization of adopted into the youth organization youth. foundation. The socio-cultural foundation of Improved local wisdom in youth the organization includes the social forces of organizations society that are always evolving and changing in accordance with the times. Such strengths From the research result, it is found can be real and potential forces that are that understanding of pacce culture in youth influential in educational and socio-cultural organization in south sulawesi is understood development along with the dynamics of that organization gives a lot of influence to society. the character and psychological self. Because in general the organization is a collection of Conclusion individuals that are heterogeneous so that The cultivation of the character values they must learn to adapt in addition to the of the youth can be carried out through the new atmosphere, as well as with various activities of youth organization, although it individual characteristics. It is this pluralism has various characteristics but the absorption that encourages the growth of a sense of of cultural values can function in it, one of the kinship that does not arise unknowingly and functions of shame culture in the siri context become a shared responsibility to maintain can be seen as a tool of social control in harmony and organizational integrity. Indeed, organizing, In the organization is very many positive things are given by an arrogant if the organization is pressed by a organization whose core is a valuable number of individuals even can do violence. experience and learning for each individual to Furthermore, this pacce culture in youth respond to what a person feels in an organization in south sulawesi understood organizational unit, solidarity and a sense of that the organization gives a lot of influence brotherhood when it comes to joining a youth to the character and psychological self. organization unit.

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Because in general the organization is a Zulnuraini, 2012. Pendidikan Karakter: collection of individuals who are Konsep, Implementasi Dan Pengembangannya di Sekolah Dasar di heterogeneous so that they must learn to Kota Palu. Jurnal DIKDAS, No.1, Vol.1. adapt to the new atmosphere so that gradually can bring solidarity because of the growth of family feeling.

References Alwasilah, A. Chaedar, dkk.. 2009. Etnopedagogi Landasan Praktek Pendidikan dan Pendidikan Guru. Bandung: Kiblat Apriyanto, Y. dkk. 2008. Kearifan Lokal dalam Mewujudkan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air yang Berkelanjutan. Makalah Pada PKM IPB, Bogor. Creswell, John W. 2010. Research Design Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed.Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar Gobyah.2003. Pengenalan Keraifan Lokal Indonesia. Rineka Cipta: Jakarta Keraf, A.S. 2010. Etika Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta: Kompas Moleong, Lexy J. 2012. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Edisi Revisi. Bandung : PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Nasir, 2013. Pengembangan Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Budaya Lokal Di Smpn 2 Kendari. (Tesis) Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Sriyatin. 2013. Penanaman Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Kearifan Budaya Lokal Di Sdn Dersono Iii Pacitan. (Tesis) Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Sugiyono. 2011. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Afabeta

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THE DYNAMISM OF LOCAL CULTURE IN METAGOVERNANCE: A CURSORY LOOK OF GEORGE TOWN WORLD HERITAGE SITE, MALAYSIA Nagathisen Katahenggam, Taylor‟s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia [email protected]

Introduction with a demanding public (Abu Bakar, Saleh, The influences of culture on & Mohamad, 2011; Siddiquee, 2006). Hence, governance are observable, especially in cultural traits should be considered as inclusionary governance where power elements that may inhibit or nurture the interaction occurs with various stakeholders growth of inclusionary governance. with unique interests. The act of governance A study of governance requires an itself is not static and is responsive towards understanding of the nation's institutional the local climate. If governance is seen as a cultural context (Pollitt & Bouckaert, 2000). form of social coordination (Meuleman, As for Malaysia, the governance structure is 2010), then the styles of governance would varyingly described as semi-democratic reflect the underlying social norms in terms of (Crouch, 1985; Weiss, 2005), nominal values, attitudes and beliefs that are prevalent democracy (Robert Weller, 2004) and illiberal in the society (Abramson, Harrison, & democracy (Case, 2007). Hierarchism is Huntington, 2001). However, the clash of ingrained in the governance psyche of the roles between governing norms and local state, notably on deciding policies without expectations does impede governance to a proper public engagement. certain extent. The form of governance in Asia The state of Penang in Malaysia, with its remnants of “Asian values” and where George Town is located had always Confucian Dynamism are still found to been known to have an active civil society that hamper the democratization of governance actively engages with the government (Robison, 1996; Seng, Jackson, & Philip, (Heryanto & Mandal, 2003) although state 2010; Thompson, 2004) with conflicts arising engagement can be difficult (Ng, 2010).

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Consequently, implementations of hierarchical, network and market style of metagovernance in the governance of George governance (Meuleman, 2010). Town World Heritage Site (WHS) faces 2.2 Metagovernance challenges especially in regards to the position of the state in its interactions with the civil Metagovernance involves creating a form of society. In this context, there is a clash of roles coordinated governance from the various between the statist tendencies of the structures and interactions that are found in bureaucracy with the civil society expecting a participatory governance (Jessop, 1997; higher level of equitability. Nevertheless, the Meuleman, 2010). Literature generally prevailing socio-political culture of Penang suggests that Asian cultural norms creates a allows for greater engagement by the state state-centred, politically-linked, hierarchical with the population as opposed to other sites. type of governance (Burns & Bo wo nwatthan , This entails the need to understand the cultural 2001; Haque, 2007; Moon & Hwang, 2013; norms that sets George Town apart. M. Turner, 2002), with varying level of public engagement. In South East Asia itself, public Literature Review engagement in governance is a new 2.1 Culture phenomenon. Democratization of governance is intended to increase the level of Culture is seen from various dimensions; participatory governance, yet it is often seen however, it is best describable as shared as a lip-service gesture (Hadiz, 2010). In beliefs and values, a definition that is adapted Malaysia, the government had engaged in in all fields of social science. Societies comprehensive inclusionary governance respond to certain issues based on the shared reforms although such efforts were mostly values, hence studies to interpret cultural constrained by the local political-cultural values have mostly focussed in the mapping of condition (Haque, 2003, 2007). Moreover, culture (Kroeber & Kluckhohn, 1952; Licht, efforts to broaden the reform are often Goldschmidt, & Schwartz, 2007). In curtailed by apathy on the part of bureaucrats governance, cultural arrangements can be and the population at large. The governance of noted in the style of governance, namely Lenggong World Heritage Site for example has a framework to increase community

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engagement, yet Goh, (2015) found that both influences the relationship between the state the administrators of the site and local party and the public are twofold. population around the site were indifferent Methodology regarding the issue. Goh, (2015) also postulated that apathy can be attributed to the This study utilised a qualitative, semi- ingrained cultural understanding that structured interview method, selected due to governance is best left to the administrators. its versatility in adapting questions to elicit richer data (Edwards & Holland, 2007; Ritchie Background of Study & Lewis, 2003; D. W. Turner, 2010). It relies This research is part of a study on hermeneutic understanding of the spoken conducted on aspects of metagovernance of communication derived from the respondents. George Town WHS. A trend was noted where Then, thematic analysis was performed on the local cultural traits in Penang were found to transcribed data to underscore the cultural have influenced the relationship between the issues that inhibits the implementation of state and the civil society in George Town. metagovernance in the governance of the site. The interaction between the state and the Data collection utilizing the qualitative public can be noted in two forms approach produces rich data representing (Katahenggam, 2016). First, the interaction in wider epistemological and ontological an official capacity during the bi-weekly perspectives on the subject (Guest, Technical Review Panel between the state and MacQueen, & Namey, 2012). Besides, Penang Heritage Trust (PHT). The second tier thematic analysis is noted to be an inquiry of interaction occurs in an informal setting method that is not reliant on theory, hence its between officials of the city council or George adaptability transcends into a wide range of Town World Heritage Incorporated (GTWHI) theoretical and epistemological approaches with building owners or residents within the (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Lu & Huei-Fu, 2017). site especially in issues regarding A total of four respondents from various tiers conservation. Hence, the cultural context that of governance were selected for this study.

Preliminary Findings and Discussions

Table 1.0. Emerging Themes and Sub-themes

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Main Themes Sub-Themes Environment - Cultural climate depends on the setting of the organisation - The creation of rapport among stakeholders

Flexibility - Willingness to adapt to ideas that diverges from expectation - Theoretical and actual roles played

Expectation - Having ideas expected by all - Handling conflicts - Societal expectation of roles

Approaches - The selection of approaches - Perceptions on the selection of approaches

Based on the analysis of the state in other development matters. transcribed interviews, four major themes Expectation of roles attributed to every were noted in the local cultural dynamics stakeholder does exist, however the within the metagovernance realm of George divergence of roles is seen in Penang. Because Town. The environment creates conditions for of its active civil society, even the state hierarchism for the state while still being apparatus expects the roles that are to be porous in its external dealings. Flexibility played by the community as opposed to other allows for adaptability in the mode of Malaysian states. Approaches taken by the governance, for instance the state uses a “soft- various stakeholders are dependent on their steering” approach in dealing with other predisposition, for instance, the state is willing stakeholders instead of relying on brute force. to be accommodating, by engaging directly or It is also apparent in the dealings by PHT, indirectly through GTWHI. However, certain with its willingness to be part of the legal interest groups confront the state relying on governance mechanism while opposing the federal political antagonism.

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Conclusions however the vibrant civil society culture of Penang laid the initial groundwork. Factors Looking at the context of culture in the such as the environment, flexibility, metagovernance of George Town, it is expectation and approaches utilized in the apparent that hierarchical cultural norms governance process are influenced by the expected in Malaysia is not reflected in its cultural traits dominant in the socio-political entirety in the state of Penang. A wider level climate of Penang. of leverage is exhibited by the state and parastatal agencies in allowing for greater In conclusion, while governance in stakeholder participation. However, Malaysia is still widely guided by the colonial consultative governance itself is not absent legacy of hierarchism, local cultural from the historical culture of governance in tendencies in Penang allows for greater the region. Concepts such as musyawarah and flexibility in a conducive environment. muafakat is found in the adat of pre-colonial Undeniably, the state is still resistant in some societies in structuring the socio-political matters, guided by political expediency but the relationships in villages (Liow, 2005). Hence, greater allowance for inclusionary governance such concepts are not alien to the society and in George Town can be extended to other have lapsed as the patriarchal colonial ideal of fields of governance around Malaysia. “state knows best” had become the norm in References Malaysia. Abramson, P. R., Harrison, L. E., & Meuleman, (2010) explored the Huntington, S. P. (2001). Culture dynamic nature of governance culture stating Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress. Contemporary Sociology (Vol. that governance method itself is transferable. 30). https://doi.org/10.2307/3089031 In the case of George Town, the majoritarian Abu Bakar, N. B., Saleh, Z., & Mohamad, M. and centralistic Westminster method of H. S. (2011). Enhancing Malaysian governance gave way to the more inclusive Public Sector Transparency and method of governance post-WHS inscription. Accountability: Lessons and Issues. European Journal of Economics, Finance It can be argued that this shift is nudged by the and Administrative Sciences, 31(31), UNESCO requirement for increased 133–145. community engagement in heritage sites, https://doi.org/10.1057/jdg.2010.4

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Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using 20. thematic analysis in psychology. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9 Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 781483384436 77–101. Hadiz, V. R. (2010). Localising power in post- https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp06 authoritarian Indonesia : a Southeast 3oa Asia perspective. Stanford University Burns, J. P., & Bo wo nwatthan , P. (2001). Press. Civil service systems in Asia. Edward Haque, M. S. (2003). The Role of the State in Elgar. Retrieved from Managing Ethnic Tensions in Malaysia: http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/71684 A Critical Discourse. American 7 Behavioral Scientist, 47(3), 240–266. Case, W. (2007). Malaysia: the semi‐ https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642032561 democratic paradigm. Asian Studies 86 Review, 17(1), 75–82. Haque, M. S. (2007). Theory and practice of Crouch, H. A. (1985). Economic change, public administration in Southeast Asia: social structure, and the political system Traditions, directions, and impacts. in Southeast Asia: Philippine International Journal of Public development compared with the other Administration, 30, 1297–1326. ASEAN countries. Singaporw: Institute of https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690701229 Southeast Asian Studies. 434 Edwards, R., & Holland, J. (2007). What is Heryanto, A., & Mandal, S. K. (2003). Qualitative Interviewing? Boomsbury Challenging Authoritarianism in Publishing Plc (Vol. 7). Southeast Asia: Comparing Indonesia and https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472545244 Malaysia. RoutledgeCurzon Taylor & Francis Group, 26(1), 181–183. Goh, H. M. (2015). UNESCO World Heritage https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203060391 Site of Lenggong Valley, Malaysia: A Review of its Contemporary Heritage Jessop, B. (1997). Capitalism and its future: Management. Conservation and remarks on regulation, government and Management of Archaeological Sites, governance. Review of International 17(2), 143–158. Political Economy, 4(3), 561–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2015.1 https://doi.org/10.1080/09692299734775 124180 1 Guest, G., MacQueen, K., & Namey, E. Katahenggam, N. (2016). Metagovernance in (2012). Introduction to applied thematic the Management of World Heritage Sites: analysis. Applied Thematic Analysis, 3–

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A Case Study of George Town, Penang. Moon, M. J., & Hwang, C. (2013). The State Universiti Utara Malaysia. of Civil Service Systems in the Asia- Pacific Region A Comparative Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Perspective. Review of Public Personnel Culture: A critical review of concepts and Administration, 33, 121–139. definitions. Papers of the Peabody https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X134848 Museum, 47(1), 223. Retrieved from 31 http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cn4G AQAAIAAJ%5Cnhttp://archive.org/strea Ng, C. (2010). The Hazy New Dawn: m/papersofpeabodymvol47no1peab/paper Democracy, Women, and Politics in sofpeabodymvol47no1peab_djvu.txt%5C Malaysia. Gender, Technology and nhttp://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d Development, 14(3), 313–338. =100067373 https://doi.org/10.1177/09718524100140 0302 Licht, A. N., Goldschmidt, C., & Schwartz, S. H. (2007). Culture rules: The foundations Pollitt, C., & Bouckaert, G. (2000). Public of the rule of law and other norms of Management Reform. A comparative governance. Journal of Comparative analysis. Oxford University Press. Economics, 35(4), 659–688. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2007.09.001 http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/519732669. pdf Liow, J. C. (2005). The politics of Indonesia- Malaysia relations : one kin, two nations. Ritchie, J., & Lewis, J. (2003). Ritchie, J. and RoutledgeCurzon. Lewis. J. (eds.) (2003) Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Lu, H.-W., & Huei-Fu, L. (2017). The Science Students and Researchers . Sage Evaluation of Event Sport Tourism on Publications, London (336 pages). regional Economic Development. Reviewed by: Qualitative Research International Journal of Social, Practice: A Guide for Social Science Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Students and Researchers. Business and Industrial Engineering, https://doi.org/March 10, 2016 11(1), 38–48. Robert Weller. (2004). Civil Life, Meuleman, L. (2010). The cultural dimension Globalization and Political Change in of metagovernance: Why governance Asia: Organizing Between Family and doctrines may fail. Public Organization State. New York: Routledge. Review, 10(1), 49–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-009-0088- Robison, R. (1996). The politics of “Asian 5 values.” The Pacific Review, 9(3), 309– 327.

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https://doi.org/10.1080/09512749608719 1095. 189 https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590420002 56904 Seng, W. M., Jackson, S., & Philip, G. (2010). Cultural issues in developing E- Turner, D. W. (2010). Qualitative interview Government in Malaysia. Behaviour & design: A practical guide for novice Information Technology, 29(4), 423–432. investigators. The Qualitative Report, https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290903300 15(3), 754–760. 931 https://doi.org/http://www.nova.edu/ssss/ QR/QR15-3/qid.pdf Siddiquee, N. A. (2006). Public management reform in Malaysia: Recent initiatives and Turner, M. (2002). Choosing Items From the experiences. International Journal of Menu: New Public Management in Public Sector Management, 19(4), 339– Southeast Asia. International Journal of 358. Public Administration, 25(12), 1493– https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550610669 1512. https://doi.org/10.1081/pad- 185 120014258 Thompson, M. R. (2004). Pacific Asia after Weiss, M. (2005). Prickly ambivalence: State, “Asian values”: authoritarianism, society and semidemocracy in Malaysia. democracy, and “good governance.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Third World Quarterly, 25(6), 1079– 43(1).

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EVALUATING COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT A CASE STUDY IN EAST LUWU, INDONESIA

Nani Harlinda Nurdin and Sitti Mirsa, Universitas Indonesia Timur, Email : [email protected]

Introduction One of the efforts to realize the priority agenda of the third question is to Build on the periphery are noble reduce the gap between the structure of rural ideals of the Government of Indonesia and urban poverty conducted by Cabinet Work as outlined in the National independent accelerating rural development Development Vision for 5 (five) years, as well as building local economic linkages which is spelled out in Presidential Decree between rural and urban areas through the No. 2 of 2015 on the Medium Term development of rural areas. Policy and Development Plan of the National Year strategy in rural development and the 2015-2019 are: "The realization of Indonesia development of rural areas was the escort sovereign, Independent and personality implementation of UU No. 6 of 2014 Gotong-Based Mutual ". To demonstrate the Village in a systematic, consistent and priority in the way of change towards sustained through coordination, facilitation, Indonesia are politically sovereign, self- supervision and mentoring and derivatives reliant in the field of economy, culture and Ordinance Minister personality, defined nine priority agenda. Subdistrict Mangkutana is sub- The nine priority agenda was called NAWA districts in East Luwu who get the program CITA, and the agenda of the third priority is Development and Rural Community "to build Indonesia from the periphery to Empowerment (P3MD) since 2015 after the strengthen these areas and villages within enactment of UU No. 6 of 2014 in the the framework of a unitary state". village of 11 (eleven) villages in the region Mangkutana districts. In December 2014,

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the number of residents in the District Luwu regency. The sampling technique is a Mangkutana as many as 21 059 people, representative sampling with 61 divided into 5254 households, the average respondents. Guidelines for the population per household is 4. implementation of the research used to Implementation of rural development in obtain good results and targeted research accordance with the Law of the Village is (types of data sources, data collection not free from some of the challenges in the techniques, as well as technical data field, both in the government of the village analysis). itself, the process of implementation of activities and the involvement of citizens in the development of their village. Based on Results And Discussion these descriptions are considered important Program Development and Rural to know how the effectiveness of the Community Empowerment (P3MD) focused Program Development and Rural on empowering rural communities through Community Empowerment (P3MD) against the process of social learning. The purpose the construction of the village in the district of this program is a) increasing the capacity, Mangkutana East Luwu regency in the effectiveness and accountability of village planning and implementation as well as governance, b) increase initiatives, monitoring, both in government and rural awareness and participation of villagers in development as well as what factors are a rural development which is participatory and barrier to implementation of the assistance c) increase synergies for rural development program. programs between sectors and optimizing

the assets of local participatory village Research Methods (Mustami & Dirawan, 2015 ,. Mangesa & This type of research is descriptive Dirawan, 2016). quantitative research. Mangkutana research sites in the District, East Luwu Regency. - Community assessment of the presence Implementation of the study in November to of Community Empowerment Program December 2016. The study population was people in the District Mangkutana East

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Knowledge about the existence development programs are carried out to the of community empowerment program is still community by involving groups of women, lacking, the respondents do not know the the diffabel / disabilities, the poor and percentage of 59% (36 respondents). The marginalized rated quite well with the primary reason is that they know percentage of 62.3% (38 people) and well Companion Village looks activities in the with percentage of 6.5% (4) with the village, so that people feel that the consideration that the village has made companion village just approaching the efforts companion assistance in planning a structure of village government officers only development program which will be and not intensively on the following conducted according to mutual agreement elements of society. This suggests that the - Communication presence of village assistant sufficiently well Assessment of respondents to known and visible society is open and has the village assistant communications made hopes of progress of rural development with in development activities quite well with the the assistance of the village in the economic percentage of 85.2% (52 people). The facts development fields, infrastructure as well as above illustrate the good coordination in the field of community development. between village assistant with relevant parties regarding the development of the - Activity Village Community village, inter-village cooperation amenities Empowerment and facilities the implementation of rural Community empowerment is a development in accordance with the process enablement, non-governmental as principles of good governance and the well as develop the potential of community availability of public information related to and rural development (Farida, et al, 2015: rural development. Papilaya, et al 2015) Community empowerment in development assistance Based on the information above that committed each will be explained through although pemeberdayaan community the following description: program has been running, but still found some things that become obstacles. Village As a form of empowerment, officials in sub Mangkutana at the time of respondents felt that assistance in planning

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this study is still new general duty and do public is less aware of the existence not understand their duties and empowerment of rural communities with the responsibilities well. This looks at the reason Companion village they know visible activities and the preparation of reports of activity in the village, and felt that the activities that should be made by the Project companion village just approaching the Management Team (TPK), in fact done by structure of the government apparatus the secretary of the village there is even village DAK intensively on elements of done by the treasurer of the village so that society at lower levels. the activity reports and financial reports late. Effectiveness is itself a result of a public Lack of administrative documents appraisal of an activity (Malik & Dirawan, in the office of the village, such as data 2016: Jaya, et al, 2016). concerning the village and orderly information in the file storage is one of the Community empowerment programs obstacles encountered in the field. making it conducted have involved groups of women, difficult to find data related to the village the diffabel / disabilities, the poor and concerned. The weakness of village officials marginalized is considered quite good, so is in understanding the processes and the assessment by the communications made regulatory mechanisms governing the use of to related parties well enough so that the the Village Fund Allocation policy and the goal of this development program is Village Fund and the availability of local effective. regulations governing the institutional strengthening of the village and reporting References activities carried out have not been up to the M. Silahuddin (2015), Buku 1 Kewenangan stage. Important notes and the duty of escort Desa dan Regulasi Desa, Jakarta duty at the village community empowerment Kementrian Desa, PDTT program Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri nomor 111 tahun 2014 tentang Pedoman Teknis Conclusion Peraturan di desa Based on the analysis and the above discussion, it can be concluded that the

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Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 112 tahun 2014 tentang Pemilihan Kepala Desa Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 113 tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan keuangan desa Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 114 tahun 2014 tentang Pedoman Pembangunan Desa Peraturan Menteri Desa, PDTT Nomor 22 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Prioritas Penggunaan Dana Desa tahun 2017 Said, Mas‟Ud (2007) Birokrasi di negara Birokratis, Malang, UMM Press Wahyuddin Kessa (2015), Buku 6 Perencanaan Pembangunan Desa, Jakarta, Kementrian DEsa PDTT Modul Pelatihan Pratugas Pendamping Desa (2016),Jakarta, Kementrian Desa PDTT UU No. 25 tahun 2014 tentang sistem perencanaan pembangunan nasional (lembaran negara RI tahun 2004 no 104 UU No 6 tahun 2014 tentang Desa Wahyuddin Refi & Ziyad Falahi (2014), Desa Cosmopolitan, Globalisasi dan Masa Depan Kekayaan Alam Indonesia, Jakarta, Change Publication AAGN Ari Dwipayana, (2003), Pembaharuan Desa Secara Partisipatif, Yogyakarta, Pustaka Pelajar Budiman Sudjatmiko (2015), Desa Kuat, Indonesia Hebat, Jogyakarta, Pustaka Yustisia

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CONCEPT OF SMART CITY GOVERNANCE IN MAKASSAR CITY

Muhlis Madani, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Nasrulhaq, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia [email protected]

Introduction data, code data, use data coding to produce Smart city is one of new program in description, develop theme and narration, Makassar City. Its brand is Sombere and interpret result of the research. smart city. It is a concept of sociotechnical. The unification are social value and aplication Results of technology. The involved parties are Smart city in Makassar used brand intergovernmental organization (sectoral and „sombere and smart city. The government of regional) and nongovernmental organization Makassar city unite technology with local (private and society). The smart city concept wisdom. The technologies are developed is very interesting to review its situation and among others Telkomsel 4G LTE with 1800 condition. The government of Makassar City MHz, car based on electrocardiogram and are included the initial city implementing ultrasound, CCTV, war room and smart card. smart city in east Indonesia area. However, All technologies used are modern and practice of smart city have weakness and superior. Furthemore, local wisdon value is treatness in governance aspects. This research sombere. Sombere is one of local wisdom for aims to know the core concept of smart city bugis and makassar tribe. Sombere mean governance in Makassar City. polite to other people. Sombere is part of past Methods history of bugis makassar society. This research used qualitative method Concept of sombere and smart city with case study approach in Makassar City. governance‟ in Makassar City that is: Data collecting technique are in-dept 1. Public Service interview, observation, documentation and a. On-line and local-based administrative visual materi. Data are analyzed with steps services. Example: Service using Mobile that is organize and prepare data, read and see device in service complaint.

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b. Service by all levels of society. Examples: a. Community involvement in public policy Easy access and convenient for use by the formulation. Example: Utilization of community, including disables. Musrenbang results as initial data and c. Eco-friendly facilities and infrastructure. information in policy formulation. Example: available green open space, b. Transparency of public policy child friendly space and lactation room in development process. Example: The every public service place. process and decision result can be d. Effective, efficient, proactive, integrative accessed by all circles. and transparent public services. Example: c. Public-based policy advocacy on line. Hospital certificate service before stay Example: the availability of special teams through Civil Registry officer. that are in policy transfers. e. Utilization of social media in public d. Media cooperation in public policy. services. Example: Monitoring and Example: News and media review results observing the community through social are an ingredient in public policy analysis. media connected to public service units Conclusions 2. Bureaucratic Management Concept of smart city governance in a. Fairly-oriented bureaucratic governance Makassar city based on aplication of (accountability and transparency. technology and local wisdom. Items are Examples: e-planning system, e-budgeting, public service, bureaucratic management and e-monev and others. efficiency of public policy. b. A clean bureaucracy, service and integrity.

Example: Availability of finger scan in all Reference SKPD in Makassar City, e-procurement Bolivar, M. P. Rodriquez (Ed). 2015. c. Data Center is integrated to all SKPD of Transforming City Governments for Makassar City. Example: Digital archiving Successful Smart Cities, Public Administration and Information in Big Data form Technology. Switzerland: Springer. d. Optimization of ICT in the management of Bolivar, M. P. Rodriquez. 2015. Governance Model for the Delivery of Public bureaucratic. Example: land transportation Services Through the Web 2.0 management information system, Technologies: A Political View in Large Spanish Municipalities. Social Science monitoring the condition of the region Computer Review. Hal 1-20. Diakses pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016 dari SAGE 3. Efficiency of Public Policy 207

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Publication (DOI: Dameri, R. Paola dan Benelovo, Clara. 2015. 10.1177/0894439315609919). Governing Smart Cities: An Empirical Bolivar, M. P. Rodriquez dan Meijer, A. J. 2015. Analysis. Social Science Computer Smart Governance: Using a Literature Review. Hal 1-15. Diakses pada tanggal Review and Empirical Analysis to Build a 5 Maret 2016 dari SAGE Publication Research Model. Social Science Computer (DOI: 10.1177/0894439315611093). Review. Hal 1-20. Diakses pada tanggal 5 Goodspeed, R. 2015. Smart Cities: Moving Maret 2016 dari SAGE Publication (DOI: Beyond Urban Cybernetics to Tackle 10.1177/0894439315611088). Wicked Problems. Cambridge Journal of Carvalho, L. 2015. Smart Cities from Scratch? A Socio-technical Perspective. Regions, Economy and Society. Vol 8, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy hal 79-92. Diakses pada tanggal 5 Maret and Society. Vol 8, hal 43-60. Diakses 2016 dari Oxford Journals pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016 dari Oxford (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu013). Journals (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu010). Glasmeier, A., dan Christopherson, S. 2015. Cresswell, John. W. 2010. Research Design: Thinking about Smart Cities. Cambridge Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif dan Journal of Regions, Economy and Mixed. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Society. Vol 8, hal 3-12. Diakses pada Cresswell, John. W. 2014. Research Design: tanggal 5 Maret 2016 dari Oxford Qualitatif, Quantitatif, and Mixed Journals (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu034). Methods Approaches 4th ed. USA: Sage Grembergen, W. Van. 2008. Implementing Publications. Information Technology Governance: Castelnovo, Walter., Misuraca, Gianluca dan Models, Practices and Cases. New York: Savoldelli, Alberto. 2015. Smart Cities IGI Publishing. Governance: The Need for a Holistic Kitchin, R. 2015. Making Sense of Smart Approach to Assessing Urban Cities: Addressing Present Participatory Policy Making. Social Shortcomings. Cambridge Journal of Science Computer Review. Hal 1-16. Regions, Economy and Society. Vol 8, Diakses pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016 dari hal 131-136. Diakses pada tanggal 5 SAGE Publication (DOI: Maret 2016 dari Oxford Journals 10.1177/0894439315611103). (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu027). Caragliu, Andrea dan Bo, Chiara, F. Del. Meijer, A. J., Gil-Garcia, J. Ramon., dan 2015. Do Smart Cities Invest in Smarter Bolivar, M. P. Rodriguez. 2015. Smart Policies? Learning from the Past, City Research: Contextual Conditions Planning for the Future. Social Science Models, and Public Value Assessment. Computer Review. Hal 1-16. Diakses Social Science Computer Review. Hal 1- pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016 dari SAGE 10. Diakses pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016 Publication (DOI: dari SAGE Publication (DOI: 10.1177/0894439315610843). 10.1177/0894439315618890). Chatfield, A. Takeoka dan Reddick, Shelton, T., Zook, M., dan Wiig, L. 2015. Christopher, G. 2015. Smart City The Actually Existing Smart City. Implementation Through Shared Vision Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy of Social Innovation for Environmental and Society. Vol 8, hal 13-25. Diakses Sustainability: A case Study of pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016 dari Oxford Ktakyushu, Japan. Social Science Journals (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu026). Computer Review. Hal 1-17. Diakses Sorensen, A., dan Okata, J (ed). 2011. pada tanggal 5 Maret 2016 dari SAGE Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, Publication (DOI: and Sustainability. Tokyo: Springer. 10.1177/0894439315611085). Yin, Robert. K. 2013. Studi Kasus: Desain dan Metode. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. 208

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MODEL OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTREPRISES IN BANDUNG CITY

Nenden Kostini, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]

between internal and external capital is what Introduction will then form the capital structure. Small and medium-sized enterprises are among the supporters of economic growth Therefore, the decision of small and in Indonesia. Their credibility has been tested medium enterprises to obtain capital loans at the time of economic crisis several years should be considered. Appropriate capital ago. However, the problems faced by small loan decisions will form an optimal capital and medium enterprises have not changed. structure, and incorrect decisions will lead to a non-optimal capital structure that will The problem that is still faced by impact on the continuation of the small and small and medium enterprises is about the medium-sized businesses. aspect of capital. Capital owned by small and medium enterprises is very limited, both the Methods amount and access to obtain it. Type of this research is descriptive Small and medium businesses get analysis and verification with quantitative capital in the easiest way through loans. The approach. The population in this study is source of such capital loan is obtained from SMEs in Bandung based on data from the individuals or other financial institutions, Department of KUKM, Industry and Trade such as banking. Bandung, which totaled 4,531 SMEs. Total sample to be taken is as much as 100 SMEs. With the capital loan, the capital structure of small and medium enterprises This study uses primary data and will also change. Initially, capital is only secondary data. Primary data was collected sourced from internal or owner but with the through questionnaires and interviews on the existence of the capital loan then the subject to be studied are small and medium proportion between internal capital and entrepreneurs in the city of Bandung. external capital will be formed. Comparison Secondary data is data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency Bandung, download

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through the Internet, as well as information obtained amounted to 2.20 (with DF1 = 6; such as the archives of the Department of DF2 = 94; α = 5%).

Industry and Trade of Bandung. Thus it can be seen that the value of F- Data analysis methods used in this statistic of 72.70207> 2.31 (F-table) and a study is a quantitative analysis method, in probability value of F-statistics of 0.0 <0.05 which to achieve the first objective is to (F-table). Based on these results, a decision analyze the influence of the size of the that can be taken is H0. By rejecting H0, company (firm size), liquidity, sales growth, meaning it can be interpreted that the variable profitability, and asset structure of the firm size (SIZE), liquidity (Cash Ratio), sales company's capital structure is to use growth (Sales Growth), profitability (ROE), regression analysis. the structure of assets (TANG), and legal entities (LE) effect simultaneous to variable Model relationships between these capital structure (DER) of SMEs in Bandung. variables can be arranged in a function or equation as follows: Based on the test results of this research can be known variables that make up

the capital structure of SMEs in the city of DERit = 훌 + 후ퟏSIZE퐢 + 후ퟐCR퐢 + 후ퟑSG퐢 + Bandung is the size of the company, the 후ퟒ퐑퐎퐄퐢 + 후ퟓ퐓퐀퐍퐆퐢 + 후6DUM퐢 + μi company's growth and profitability. Firm size affect positively on the capital structure. The

larger the size of the company it will be easier Conducted to measure the accuracy of for businesses to obtain the debt. This means the sample regression function in assessing that the size of the company can be used as a the actual value statistically, at least it can be basis for determining the amount of the debt measured by the coefficient of determination, to be obtained. Small-scale enterprise will the value of F statistics and statistical values t acquire a debt that is less than the large-scale . enterprise.

Results/preliminary result/critical review While the growth of the company, in

The estimation results of the model this study was measured using the sales equations Capital Structure demonstrate the growth, the results showed that had a negative value of test F-statistic of 72.70207 with a effect on the capital structure. Companies that probability of F-statistics of 0. The F-table have increased the value of sales always have the confidence to not obtain loans from

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external parties. Due to the high sales show influence of the variable firm size, liquidity, that they have a source of internal funding, growth, profitability, asset structure and legal which comes from income, which could be entities on the capital structure included in the used to guarantee the operational fund category of strong influence operations. So as a source of funding from Reference external parties, namely in the form of debt is Agus Sartono, 2001. Manajemen Keuangan no longer needed. With sales growth Teori dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: BPEF- continues to increase, the debt is not required Yogyakarta so that the numbers will continue to decline. Ang, J.S. 1991. “Some Speculations on the Therefore it can be said that the company's Theory of Finance for Privately Held growth can be used as variables that Firms.” Keynote address presented at the Third Annual Small Firm Financial determine the company's capital structure, Research Symposium, April, Tallahassee, particularly on SMEs in Bandung. Florida.

And lastly, the variables that can Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian. Penerbit PT. Rineka Cipta. determine the capital structure is profitability. Jakarta By looking at previous descriptions that Augusty, Ferdinand, 2006. Metode Penelitian companies with high sales growth will Manajemen: Pedoman Penelitian Untuk generate higher profits anyway. Increasing Penulisan Skripsi, Tesis dan Disertasi profit would be an indicator of success of the Ilmu Manajemen. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang. companies concerned so as to enhance the confidence of creditors to continue providing Bambang Riyanto. (2008). Dasar-dasar Pembelanjaan Perusahaan. Yogyakarta: loans. The larger the profits, the acquisition Penerbit GPFE debt provided will be greater. This is Barton, S.L., N.C. Hill, and S. Sundaram, considered as a basic bias that profitability is 1989, An Empirical Test of Stakeholder a variable that can determine the capital Theory Prediction of Capital Structure, structure of SMEs in the city of Bandung. Financial Management, Spring, 36-44. Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (1998). The

economics of small business finance: The Conclusions roles of private equity and debt markets in the financial growth cycle. Journal of Factors that may determine the capital Banking & Finance, 22, 613-673. structure of SMEs in Bandung consisting of http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 4266(98)00038-7 company size, growth, and profitability. The

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Bhaird, C. mac and, Lucey, B., (2010). Chittenden, F., Hall, G., & Hutchinson, P., „Determinants of capital structure in Irish (1996). “Small firm growth, access to SMEs‟, Small Business Economics, 35:3, capital markets and financial structure: 357-375. review of issues and an empirical investigation”. Small Business Bhaird, C., & Lucey, B. (2006). Capital Economics, 8(1), pp. 59-67. structure and financing of SMEs: Empirical evidence from an Irish survey. Chittenden, F.; Hall, G. and Hutchinson, P. Conference proceedings – (1996), “Small firm growth, access to Entrepreneurship Occupational Choice capital markets and financial structure: and Financing, CEBR. Copenhagen. 6-7 review of issues and an empirical June investigation”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 8, pp. 59-67. Brealey, Richard, Stewart Myers dan Franklin Allen, 2006. Principles of. Corporate DeAngelo, H. and Masulis, R. W. (1980), Finance, 8 th edition, McGraw-Hill, “Optimal capital structure under corporate Philippines and personal taxation”, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 8, pp. 3-29. Brigham, E. F., & Houston, J. F. (2007). Fundamentals of Financial Management Degryse, H., Goeij P. De, Kappert P., (2010). (11th ed.). Ohio: Thomson South- „The impact of firm and industry Western. characteristics on small firms‟ capital structure‟, Small Business Economics, 38, Brigham, E.F.dan Gapenski, LouisC. 1996. 431-447. “Intermadiate finance management” (5th ed.). Harbor Drive: The Dryden Press. Durand, David. 1952. Costs Of Debt And Equity Funds For Business: Trends And Carleton, W.T., and I.H. Silberman, 1977, Problems Of Measurement. National Joint Determination of Rate of Return and Bureau of Economic Research. Capital Structure; An Econometric Analysis, Journal of Finance, 32, (3) June, Eriotis, N., Vasiliou, D., & Neokosmidi, Z.V. 811-821. (2007). How Firm Characteristics Affect Capital Structure: An Empirical Study. Chaiyabut, M. Phatthanan. 2014. The Managerial Finance, 33 (5), 321-331 determinants of optimal capital structure Case study: Small and Medium Enterprises in Thailand.

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ENHANCING LOCAL-OWN REVENUES: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES

Nunung Runiawati, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Sumedang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Rina Hermawati, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Sumedang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction transferred revenues, and other legal local Since 2001 Indonesia has embarked revenues. Fiscal decentralization does not on a program of fiscal, administrative, and only regulate the financial relation between political decentralization at the same time; central and local governments (among other moving the country from one of the most things, in the form of transferred revenues) centralized systems in the world to one of the but also demand the regions to improve their most decentralized. Many new regions have creativity in collecting funds for financing been formed after the reform, which brought local expenditures according to their needs about the term of “Big Bang” of (self financing). One of the forms of self decentralization. There are three main financing is to keep the contribution of local objectives of decentralization according to the own-revenues, whether it comes from the laws, namely, improving public services, sectors of local taxes, local charges, or other improving people‟s prosperity, and improving legal local own-revenues, showing an the regions competitiveness. increasing trend to local revenues. Good In accordance with the principle of contribution from local own-revenues to local money follows function, decentralization does revenues also indicates that it is an advanced not only have a political and administrative and independent region. meaning but also a fiscal one, which is known A is one of regencies in B Province as fiscal decentralization. Fiscal which quite highly depends on National decentralization regulates the financial Revenues and Expenditures Budget. Data of relation between the central and regional the last three years (2011-2013) shows that governments, which is reflected, among other the proportion of balancing fund to local things, in the structure of local revenues revenues was 80.6%. Meanwhile, the which comprises local own-revenues (PAD), proportion of local own-revenues shows that

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the average self financing power was 6.57% Central Government has given an over three years (2011-2013). 12.83% of authority to local governments to manage other contributions came from the transfer their local own-revenues, which shows their from the provincial government and other independency in managing local autonomy. legal local revenues. Some specific problems in optimizing local The problem statement is focused on own-revenues faced by Regency A are as (1) identification of the problem in collecting follows. local own-revenues and (2) optimization 1. Taxpayers who provide the biggest strategies to increase local own-revenues. The contribution to local revenues derived research objectives are to identify the from state-owned enterprises, while the obstacles faced by the local government in taxpayer derived from the local increasing the local own-revenues and to population is still low. identify the efforts which can be made to 2. Local government has not been able to increase local own-revenues optimize potential of tourism. 3. There is dependence on the mining of Methods natural resources as one of the main This research used the qualitative sources of livelihood of local residents method with a case study approach in 4. The database is weak Regency A. The data used in this research 5. There are some obsolete regulations of were collected from multiple sources, such as the determination of charge tariff which interviews, observations, documents of need a review. financial data of Regency A. A case study The mandate of Law Number 28 of research involves the study of an issue 2009 on Local Taxation and Charges gives a explored through one or more cases within a chance to the regions to perform a more bounded system (i.e., a setting, a context). optimized collection.On the other hand, A has The data were analyzed through description the potential to increase its local own- of the case and themes of the case as well as revenues, especially from the sector of tax cross-case themes in order to understand revenuesbecause its GRDP is higher than that problems and challenges inenhancing local- of other regencies/cities in B Province. GRDP own revenuesin Regency A. closely relates to local taxes because it can depict the people‟s economic activities. If a Result region has a high economic growth rate, it certainly will become the potential of tax 214

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revenues in the area. Based on the reason, the sociocultural field it leads to high dependency strategy for optimizing local own-revenues to tin, pragmatic life attitude and the lack of must be driven towards the development of creativity of the people in diversifying their the areas, which can stimulate the people or livelihood. A cultural change needs a other parties who have activities in the area of continuous and consistent effort. It can be A. done directly through socialization and The most serious challenge faced by education, and indirectly through structural A is local people‟s behavior, among other development and social process things, difficulties in fostering creativity, because most of the people work in the Conclusions mining sector,which does not demand high Basically, the main cause of the low creativity. Meanwhile, the increase of local contribution of local own-revenues to local own-revenues highly depends on the revenues is the lack of competence of local creativity of local governments and the governments in responding the policies of the people. Therefore, the following efforts can central government which leads them to apply be taken to increase local own-revenues. urban-biased policies. Strategies to increase First, encouraging the local government to local own-revenues relate to the ability of make urban-biased policies throughtourism local governments in optimizing the sector, micro, small, and middle enterprises development by utilizing the potential and sector, improving bureaucrats‟ capacities and strength of local economy. The growth of the optimizing investment cooperation. Second, potential and strength of local economy will enhancing public education in order to create activate sectors of local economy which diversified livelihood and to provide insight eventually will become potential sources of to the public about the importance of local revenues. Hence, the key word for the participation in development. Considering the increase of local own-revenues is condition of the people of A who are mostly optimization of regional development miners, there is a need to diversify their Reference livelihood. This is because the activities of mining may bring about negative impacts in Chijoriga, Marcellina Mvuula. New Areas for Enhancement of Revenue Collection and social, cultural, and environmental fields. In Broadening Tax Base of The Country. the environmental field, the impact is the Dipresentasikan dalam Consultative Forum Organize By The CAG on March environmental damage that need a high cost 2, 2012 for reclamation. Meanwhile, in the 215

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Duncan CR. (2007). Mixed outcomes: The Federalism.International Tax and Public impact of regional autonomy and Finance decentralization on indigenous ethnic minorities in Indonesia. Dev. Change OECD Tax Policy Studies Vol.1. 1999. Mankiw, N. Gregory, Mathew Weinzierl, Taxing Powers of State and Local Danny Yagan. Optimal Taxation in Government. Paris: OECD Publications Theory and Practic Service Oates, Wallace E & John Joseph Wallis. Talierco, Robert. Subnational Own Resource (1988). Decentralization in the Public Revenue: Getting Policy and Sector: An Empirical Study of State and Administration Right, East Asia Local Government. University of Decentralizes. Chicago Press http://siteresources.worldbank.org Oates, William E. 2005. Toward a Second Generation Theory of Fiscal

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CHANGES TAX CULTURE TO INCREASE TAX REVENUE; STUDY ON PROPERTY TAX IN BANDUNG

Nunung Runiawati, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Sumedang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Ira Irawati, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Sumedang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction intrinsic aspect like tax culture in order to Local taxes are one of the potential find out individuals‟ basic motivation in powers in almost all regencies/cities in paying taxes and to understand taxable Indonesia, including in Bandung City, as one subjects‟ behavior pattern. Hence, it can be of metropolises in Indonesia. Over a period of determined the strategy for managing local last three years(2013-2015)the contribution of taxes which is able to enhance tax awareness. the sector of local axes has been increasing Studies on tax culture conducted through with an average of 27.18% to local own- previous researches focused on working revenues (Reports on Performance of relationship between taxable subjects and the Government Agency [LKIP] of the Tax treasury in the tax system. Tax culture has Service Office of Bandung City, 2015). been studied particularly to find out its To increase various revenues of the tax influence on taxable subjects‟ obedience sector, some strategies for managing local (Khaerunnisa and Wiratno, 2014). Chuenjit taxes have been developed through the (2014) revealed that tax culture is a crucial delegation of fiscal authority to local factor in a tax organization. Tax culture governments, the efficiency of the revenue affects the behavior pattern in the tax system administration (Talierco; Chijoriga, 2012), and hence, without considering tax culture, the broadening of the tax base, the the level of tax compliance will not be enhancement of tax payers education, the achieved. improvement of tax collection (Chijoriga, In reference to that matter, Chau and Leung 2012), tax awareness and obedience (Chau (2009) added tax culture, apart from four and Leung, 2009; Widodo, 2010; other groups, i.e. demographic, Khaerunnisa and Wiratno, noncompliance opportunity, attitudes, and 2014).Determination of the strategy for perceptions as the factors of behavior model managing local taxes needs to consider the of tax obedience according to Fischer.

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Likewise, a research conducted by Alm and explored through one or more cases within a Torgler (2004) has found that there is a bounded system (i.e., a setting, a context). difference between tax compliance in the The data were analyzed through description United States and Europe. The United States of the case and themes of the case as well as has the highest tax compliance compared to cross-case themes in order to understand tax European countries due to the democracy culture in the collection of land and building system based on an active participation role tax. in the political process in the United States Preliminary Result that is able to enhance the public‟s loyalty to Tax culture is the overall formal and their country. informal interactions in an institution, which Considering the important role of tax link the national tax system with the culture, particularly in tax compliance, then relationship practice between tax apparatus the focus of this paper is tax culture related to and taxable subjects, which is historically one of local taxes managed by instilled in national culture, including regencies/cities, that is, Rural and Urban dependence and ties caused by continuous Land and Building Tax (PBB P2).This paper interaction between them (Widodo, 2010:12). would analyze the relationship pattern Some experts have proposed that tax culture between the treasury and taxable subjects, closely relates to the culture of of a therefore the obstacle in the collection of country(Nerre, 2002 andChuenjit, 2014). PBB P2 can be found. The research result can There are two approaches in learning tax be used as the material in the formulation of culture, which have been conducted by some policies as the strategy for managing Land experts since 1940s. The first is the research and Building Tax of Bandung City. which is based on taxable subjects as the

analysis unit. The second is the research Methods which is based on the treasury/tax collectors This research used the qualitative as the unit analysis. This section would method a case study approach was used for in explain the preliminary result of the study on the collection of land and building tax. The tax culture in the collection of PBB P2 with data used in this research were collected from the analysis unit of the treasury, that is, the multiple sources, such as interviews, PBB P2 division at the Office for observations, documents of financial data of Management of Local Revenues (BPPD) of the City Government of Bandung. Case study Bandung City. research involves the study of an issue 218

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PBB P2 is one of two types of taxes entertainment tax, etc.). Other types of local which were initially managed by the Central taxes are usually imposed based on the Government, but since 2009 their transaction between consumers and taxable management has been delegated to subjects, while PBB P2 is imposed on objects Regency/City Governments. This delegation of personal properties.Therefore, there are the of authority is the largest mandate of taxes provisions of reduce and waiver of owed received by local governments because PBB taxes and reduce and also reduction and P2 has the largest number of taxable subjects waiver of sanctions. Hence, PBB P2 becomes compared to other local taxes, achieving one of the types of taxes which have the most 531,233 taxable subjects (in 2014) with the number of management provisions because of contribution of revenues of 25.71% to the the complexity of its management. total of local taxes. The City Government of Evidence of payment of PBB P2 Bandung has organized the institutions, becomes the base for the sale purchase regulation, and facilities to respond to this transaction of land/building. Frequently, this policy and since 2013, officially BPPD has condition leads to the emergence of cases managed PBB P2. BPPD is able to respond to such as the filing of new taxable subjects, but this policy with a full support from its after examined, the land filed as the object is employees and a good information system. in dispute. This condition causes the Characteristics of residences of a determination process of new tax objects has region may affect regulation on the a specific research mechanism compared to management of PBB P2. An interview with other types of taxes. the Head of Subsection of PBB P2 has revealed that regions have local wisdom in Conclusions settling the problem of PBB P2 in their The study of preliminary result related regions. The example is the problems related to tax culture of PBB P2 can find out the to the file of relief or even waiver of PBB P2 relationship pattern between the treasury and in Bandung City. On average the file is taxable subjects and also the obstacles in the submitted by retirees and elderly people who collection of PBB P2, such as files for relief have objections to the tariff of taxes imposed or even waiver of PBB P2, manipulative on them.This condition indicates that not all cases of data for the sale purchase transaction taxable subjects of PBB P2 are able to pay of land/building. In order to anticipate those taxes, as in the case of majority of other types matters, the City Government of Bandung has of taxes (such as hotel tax, restaurant tax, stipulated some regulations on PBB P2 that 219

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can enhance the PBB P2 awareness and Muthia, Fella Ardhi. Pengaruh Moral Pajak dan Budaya Pajak terhadap Kepatuhan compliance. Pajak (Survey at the Pratama Tax Service Reference Office of Bandung Karees) Alm, James dan Benno Torgler. (2004). Nerre, Birger. Modeling Tax Culture. This Culture Differences and Tax Morale in the paper has been presented at the Annual United States and in Europe. Center for Meeting of the Public Choice Society (first Research in Economics, Management and draft) in San Diego, CA, March 22-24, the Arts 2002, at the 95th Annual Conference on Chijoriga, MarcellinaMvuula. (2012). New Taxation of the National Tax Association Areas for Enhancement of Revenue (second draft) in Orlando, FL, November Collection and Broadening Tax Base of 14-16, 2002, and at the 59th Congress of The Country.Presented in Consultative the International Institute of Public Finance Forum Organizedby the CAG. (third draft) in Prague, Czech Republic, Cuenjit, Pakarang. (2014). Journal of August 25-29, 2003. A shorter version has been published in the National Tax Population and Social Studies, Volume 22 Association Proceedings, Ninety-Fifth Number 1: The Culture of Taxation: Annual Conference 2002, Orlando, Florida, Definition and Conceptual Approaches edited by RanjanaMadhusudhan, NTA, for Tax Administration Washington DC, pp. 34 – 41. Duncan CR. (2007). Mixed outcomes: The Oates, Wallace E & John Joseph Wallis. impact of regional autonomy and (1988). Decentralization in the Public decentralization on indigenous ethnic Sector: An Empirical Study of State and minorities in Indonesia. Dev. Change Local Government. University of Chicago Hidayat, Widi and Argo Adhi Nugroho. Press (2010). Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Pengaruh Dimensi Moralitas Pajak terhadap Vol 12 No. 2: Studi Empiris Theory of Kepatuhan Pajak (Studi pada UMKM Planned Behavior dan Pengaruh Berbasis Budaya Batak di Kota Medan). Kewajiban Moral pada Perilaku Mhd. Fidhel gazzelly gultom Ketidakpatuhan Pajak Wajib Pajak Orang Talierco, Robert. Subnational Own Resource Pribadi. Revenue: Getting Policy and Khaerunnisa, Indar and Adi Wiratno.(2014). Administration Right, East Asia Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Perpajakan, Decentralizes. JRAP Vol 1 no. 2 Tahun 2014. hal 211- http://siteresources.worldbank.org 224.: Pengaruh Moralitas Pajak, Budaya Widodo, Widi. (2010). Moralitas, Budaya, Pajak, dan Good Governance terhadap dan KepatuhanPajak. Bandung: Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Alfabeta.

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EVALUATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ON THE COASTAL AREA AND SMALL ISLAND MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF GILI MATRA WATER PARK IN WEST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA

Nur Indrayati, Senior Lecture at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Hasanuddin University, Makassar, e-mail : [email protected]

Background sustainable coastal management, including within the exclusive economic zone (ZEE). The urgency of the existence of a public policy as the legal umbrella for an As the largest maritime and integrated management of coastal areas and archipelagic country in the world, Indonesia small islands (Integrated Coastal has a marine area of 5.8 million square Management - ICM) in Indonesia is very kilometers and 17,480 islands surrounded by urgent and absolutely necessary. This is due 95,181 kilometers of coastline. The beach is to a number of strategic reasons with the fourth longest beach in the world after the political, economic, social, environmental and United States, Canada and Russia. Coastal defense-security backgrounds. In addition, areas can be one source of new economic there is also problem relating to the growth, such as the development of marine overlapping of authority faced in its tourism potential that can increase the income management. of surrounding communities and create jobs (Dahuri,2009). But the beaches along the Law No.27 of 2007 amended by Law length of it can not be optimized in an effort No.1 of 2014 is the legal basis for integrated to increase income and job creation like coastal zone management (ICM), which is coastal community. This fact is very striking inseparable from the follow up measures of when compared with the State of Queensland United Nations Conference on Environment in Australia whose long beaches only 2,100 and Development (UNCEAD) in Rio de kilometers can earn foreign exchange from Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. One result is the tourism about USD 2.1 billion a year Agenda 21 Chapter 17 Program (a), which (Dahuri,2009). implicitly mentions coastal management based on the concept of 'Integrated Coastal Of the 16.42 million people in coastal Management', that is integrated and communities living in coastal villages, about

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32 percent of them live below the poverty line ecosystems and small islands, which at the (Ditjen Kelautan, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau same time can improve the welfare of the Kecil, 2007). Based on these issues, the date community and maintain the integrity of the of July 17, 2007 legalization of Law Number Republic of Indonesia. 27 of 2007 on the Management of Coastal Problematic coastal areas and small Areas and Small Islands. The regulation gives islands intertwine between economic, socio- new hope and strategic value for the cultural, legal and political issues, so that it is development of coastal areas and small not easy to decipher longstanding conflicts of islands in Indonesia. It is said to be strategic, interest. Given the policy points set forth in because the coastal areas in Indonesia have Law no. 27 of 2007 is very wide, so this developed into a region with a fairly rapid research is given limits on the implementation growth. The coastal areas can provide space of waters conservation area by taking the with high accessibility and relatively cheap object of Gili Matra Water Park (TWP) (Dietriech Bengen, 2010). But behind the research in the District of North Lombok, strategic economic value of supporting West Nusa Tenggara Province. Gilimatra economic development, coastal areas are consideration is used as the object of highly vulnerable to changes, disturbances research, because the management of this and pollution by humans or naturally or in Aquatic Park represents the implementation combination. Human activities and increased of management of coastal areas and small population pressure on the environment that islands in an integrated, transparent and does not pay attention to environmental participative manner, in accordance with Law conditions have led to an increase in coastal No.27 of 2007. damage in Indonesia (SLHI, 2010). In the public policy literature, public The main policies set forth in Law policy evaluations are differentiated into two Number 27 Year 2007 include management types (Mustopadidjaja, 2003). First, the type planning, ecosystem use, coastal waters of outcome evaluation, ie research based on rights, conservation, protection of indigenous policy objectives. Second, the type of process peoples' rights, and coastal disaster evaluation, an evaluation research based on mitigation. With policy coverage that touches implementation guidelines and technical the environmental management of coastal guidance. Policy evaluation is not only to see areas and small islands, it is expected to the results or impacts, but also to see how the ensure the sustainability of coastal implementation process, whether in

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accordance with technical guidelines and Langbein, descriptive method is more established. The measure of the success of the directed to the type of research process of implementation of a policy is the suitability public policy implementation. While causal between the implementation process and the method more lead to research outcome of established guidelines. public policy implementation.

Evaluation of the policy can be done This research is done by using at the stage of monitoring, supervision and documentary research method and field accountability. In the context of oversight, research method. The analysis is done in two policy evaluation should be able to provide ways, namely: interpretive understanding objective information on the level of analysis, which is used to provide arguments achievement of policy implementation within and / or scientific critics to interpret the a certain timeframe or deviations that occur research data obtained through in-depth and recommendations on follow-up findings interviews from resource persons based on of supervisory findings. the values adopted during the process of policy formulation that is running. And Based on the facts, it is concluded that content analysis is used to analyze secondary the handling of problems related to coastal data in the form of documents from the areas is so important and urgent, it is results of public consultation and minutes of necessary to conduct research on the the meeting when the process of public policy evaluation of public policy contained in Law formulation, research results and other written 27 of 2007. Is the existence of this law, the information. problems in the coastal areas and small islands that have been happening already can Result be overcome ?. From the results of research Research Methods identification, the findings can be found that the importance of stakeholder involvement in The research was conducted at Gili the policy targeted areas The involvement of Meno Water Park, Gili Air and Gili stakeholders who are actualized through the Trawangan (Gili Matra), which is Stakeholder Coordination Forum (FKPK) of administratively located in Gili Indah Village, Gili Matra Water Park, has encouraged the Pemenang District, North Lombok Regency. realization of a collaborative management The study used descriptive and causal implementation involving all stakeholders. methods from Langbein (1980). According to

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Although the legitimacy is not as strong as RW with the assistance of the Regional the Regional Regulation on the Plan for Spatial Planning Coordinating Board Zoning of Coastal Zones and Small Islands (BKPRD). This adhoc body was formed (RZWP3K), it can accommodate the based on the Minister of Home Affairs application of participatory principles and Regulation No. 50 of 2009 on Guidance transparency in the management of coastal Coordination of Spatial Planning Area. areas as required by law. Conclusion The Forum (FKPPK) succeeded in The issuance of the Regional encouraging responsiveness to address Regulation on Zoning of Coastal Areas and strategic issues such as rehabilitating coral Small Islands (RZWP3K) by the District of reefs by relevant stakeholders; the cessation North Lombok remains a must, although the of fishing methods that destroy marine district has enacted regional regulation no. 9 ecosystems by the fishing communities of 2011 on Spatial and Regional Planning themselves. High responsiveness is shown by (RTRW) of North Lombok Regency in 2011- target groups who benefit from policy, among 2031 and West Nusa Tenggara Provincial others, tourism entrepreneurs because they Regulation No.2 Year 2008 on the have certainty in investing; traditional Management of Coastal Areas and Small fishermen who are compensated by not Islands. catching fish at dive sites. Law No.27 Year 2007 on the Although collaborative management Management of Coastal Areas and Small implementation can mobilize community Islands (WP3K) requires the local participation, but the existence of Local government to issue a Plan for Zoning of Regulations on Zoning Plan of Coastal Zone Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K). and Small Islands (RZWP3K) is still needed This is in line with the principle of as a stronger legal foundation. The decentralization. Therefore all stakeholders in importance of collaborative management is Gili Matra shoul be directed to encourage the necessary because it can build a common issuance of the Plan for Zoning of Coastal perception and equality among stakeholders. Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K), as a Acceleration of the drafting of the Regional reference and legal basis for the direction of Regulation concerning the Plan of Zoning of resource use Coastal Areas and Small Islands Coastal Zone and Small Islands (RZWP3K) (WP3K) in provinces and districts/cities. can actually imitate the preparation of RT /

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Henry, N. Public Administrasi and public Dermawan, Agus dan Arif Miftahul Aziz. Affairs. Second Edition.New Jersey: “Pengembangan Minawisata Pulau-Pulau Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Kecil Untuk Mendukung Implementasi Cliffs,1995. Blue Economy”. (Makalah pada

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diedit oleh Perdanahardja dan Patlis. Irwin, Laura Langbein. Discovering Whether Coastal Resources Project II (USAID). Programs Work: A Guide To Statistical Jakarta, 2005. Methods for Program Evaluation. Santa Monica, Goodyear, 1980. Ruchimat, Toni, Riyanto Basuki dan Suruji. Kawasan Konservasi Perairan, Pesisir dan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. Pulau-Pulau Kecil di Indonesia. Jakarta: Direktorat Tata Ruang Laut Pesisir. Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan dan Jenis “Pedoman Teknis Penyusunan Rencana Ikan, Ditjen KP3K, Kementerian Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2012. Kecil Provinsi”, Ditjen Kelautan dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil. 2012. ------. Mengenal Potensi Kawasan Konservasi Perairan, Pesisir dan Pulau- Kusnadi. “Filosofi Pembangunan Masyarakat Pulau Kecil di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pesisir”. Bandung: Humaniora, 2006. Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang (COREMAP II) dan Matsuda, Adrianto,Y. dan Y.Sakuma,. Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan dan Jenis Asessing Local Sustainability of Ikan, 2012. Fisherries System : A multi-Criteria Participatory Appraoch with the Case of Sain, Bibiliana Cicin, Knecht, Robert W. Yorun Island, Kagoshima Prefecture. Integrated Coastal dan Ocean Japan: Marine Policy, 2005. Management, Concept and Practices. Washington DC: Island Press, 1998. Mustopadidjaja, AR. Manajemen Proses Kebijakan Publik: Formulasi, Setyowati, Erni. Rival Gulam Ahmad dan Implementasi dan Evaluasi Kinerja. Soni Maulana Sikumbang. Bagaimana Jakarta: LAN & Duta Pertiwi Foundation, Undang-Undang Dibuat. Jakarta: The 2003. Asia Foundation dan Pusat Studi Hukum dan Kebijakan, 2003. Nugroho, Riant. Kebijakan Publik untuk Negara-Negara Berkembang; Model- Solihin, Lalu, Lucky Adrianto dan Arif Model Perumusan, Implementasi, dan Satria. Feasibility Study of Coral Reef Evaluasi. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Conservation Prgram in Gili Indah Komputindo, Gramedia, 2006. Villagees of West Nusa Tenggara Province: Comperative Study Between Parsons, Wayne. Pengantar Teori dan Praktik Government Regime and Community Analisis Kebijakan (terjemahan). Jakarta: Regime. (Seminar Nasional Perikanan Kencana, 2005. dan Kelautan Universitas Satya Negara Indonesia, Juni 2014). Putra, Sapta. “Studi Kasus Penyusunan Rencana Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Suana, I Wayan dan Hilman Ahyadi. Wilayah Pesisir Terpadu”, dalam Wiyana, “Mapping of Ecosystem Management

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Problem in Gili Meno, Gili Air and Gili Winarno, Budi. Teori dan Proses Kebijakan Trawangan (Gili Matra) Through Publik. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo, Particapative Approach“. Journal of 2002. Coastal Development. 2012. ------. Kebijakan Publik: Teori Sutardjo, Sharif C. “Mengenal Kawasan dan Proses. Jakarta: PT Buku Kita, 2008. Konservasi Perikanan Pesisir dan Pulau- Pulau Kecil” dalam Sudirman Saad et al. Wiyana. “Studi Kasus Penyusunan Dirjen Kelautan, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Rancangan Undang-Undang tentang Kecil, 2012. Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir diedit oleh Perdanahardja dan Patlis. Coastal Warmadewa, I Dewa Gede. “Analisis Resources Management Project II Stakeholder Dalam Mendukung Proses (USAID). Jakarta, 2005. Pengelolaan Kolaboratif Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nasional/Taman Wisata Perairan Gili Matra”, http://wdewa.wordpress.com (diakses 20 September 2013)

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LEGAL UNCERTAINTY OF ISLAMIC PERSONALITY PRINCIPLES BY SUPREME COURT CIRCULAR LETTER NUMBER 8 YEAR 2010

Rahadi Wasi Bintoro, Faculty of Law, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jl. Prof. H.R. Boenyamin 708, Purwokerto, Indonesia, E-mail : [email protected]

Tedi Sudrajat, Faculty of Law, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jl. Prof. H.R. Boenyamin 708, Purwokerto, Indonesia, E-mail : [email protected]

Introduction competence of the General Court Article 1 of Sharia economic system grew rapidly Law Number 50 of 2009. The other one is in the early 1970s. The development of sharia Article 49 of Law Number 3 of 2006 which economy is a critique of the existing refers to the Religious Judicial Law implicitly economic system at that time which regulating the competence of the Religious disregarded the importance of social welfare; Courts. Finally, the Supreme Court issued consequently, the development was partially Circular Letter Number 8 year 2008 which felt by certain circles. emphasizes on the Religious Courts. Those Extra judicial competence of are fit in the case of the revocation/execution Religious Court in Indonesia is as a result of of the National Sharia Arbitration Board the development of Islamic economic system. Decision; however, in 2010 the circular letter At least, it leaves a polemic on the was declared invalid and replaced by Circular uncertainty itself due to legislation Letter of the Supreme Court Number 8 Year overlapping. For instance, rules clash based 2010 (abbreviated to the Circular Letter of on judiciary competence against the Supreme Court) which is in the contrary with revocation/execution of the Decision of the the basis of Article 59 of Law Number 48 National Sharia Arbitration Board. In this Year 2009. The existence of these two letters case, at least there are two different Laws; indicates the Court's own hesitation to Article 59 paragraph 3 of Law Number 48 determine the competence of annulment of Year 2009 on Judicial Power (referred to as the National Sharia Arbitration Board the Judicial Power Law) which regulates the Decision. execution / revocation of the Decision of the Therefore, this paper tries to analyze the National Sharia Arbitration Board is the rules clash; then, it seeks for the solution 228

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regarding to the competence of the revocation Two judiciary institutions that often of Sharia Arbitration Board decision and experience competence overlapping are whether it is right that a circular is addressed Religious Justice and General Justice. The to a judge in his capacity as a judge when in overlapping means there is clash of regulation fact, a judge should be independent. to judge the case of verdict execution/revocation of National Sharia Methods Arbitration Board, in which in Article 59 section (3) of Independent Judiciary Law, this In order to answer the research becomes the competence of district court questions, normative research was applied under the scope of general justice. Meanwhile with legislation approach, conceptual in Article 49 of the Law of Religious Justice, approach, case approach and historical it implicitly emphasized that verdict approach. The legal sources in this paper execution/revocation of National Sharia consist of legislation, scientific journals, Arbitration Board is their competence, by textbooks, and judges' decisions which are taking base on Islamic personality principle then analyzed qualitatively. which becomes the case characteristics of

Religious Justice. Critical Review If the clash occurs, it must be based on Independent judiciary can be legal principle which is lex specialis derogat considered as a reflection of Universal legi generali. Therefore, a deeper study is Declaration of Human Rights, and needed that is one from lex specialis and one International Covenant on Civil and Political from generalis. Rights which regulates independent and Based on Article 7 section (1) of Law impartial judiciary. All those elements have Number 12 Year 2011, Law of Independent been accommodated in the 1945 Constitution Judiciary has vertical relation with the 1945 of the Republic of Indonesia and passed down Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and in the Law of Independent Judiciary. The Decree of People‟s Consultative Assembly subjects of independent judiciary in Indonesia (MPR), also horizontal relation with the law are Supreme Court with its judiciary of independent judiciary subjects such as Law institutions underneath (General Justice, of Supreme Court, Law of General Justice, Religious Justice, Civil Court of Justice, and Law of Religious Justice, Law of Civil Court Military Justice) and Constitutional Court. of Justice, Law of Military Justice, and Law of Constitutional Court. The emergence of 229

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Law of Independent Judiciary is inseparable legal relationship based on sharia principles. from the amendment of the 1945 Constitution The use of Sharia principles in a legal of the Republic of Indonesia, and in order to relationship is characteristics of the Islamic make its regulation more comprehensive, this principle which is the absolute competence of law replaces previous Law of Independent the Religious Courts. From those Judiciary. Amendment is also conducted explanations, it can be categorized that lex toward Law of Religious Justice including specialis is the Law of Religious Court while additional competences for Religious Justice. lex generalis is the Law of Judicial Power. It aims to adjust it with legal development Therefore, it is clear that the Supreme and people‟s legal needs of the Court Circular Letter Number 8 of 2010 implementation of sharia principles in contradicts with the principle of lex specialis economic activities. derogat legi generali. The next question is, It says that history of Indonesian whether the judge is required to follow the Religious Courts as one of the executors of circular letter? judicial power has been established for long The judge has double role; as a judge, time, as long as existence of Islam in he/she must study, follow, and comprehend Indonesia. This is in accordance with what the values of law and sense of justice that live Eugien Ehrlich says that "... good law is a law in society. On the other hand he/she is a state in accordance with the laws of the people". official under the Supreme Court and must Positive law is only effective when it is obey the rules in his/her institution. aligned with the living laws of society, in Therefore, it is common for the Supreme anthropological terms it is known as cultural Court to issue a circular for judges under its patterns. jurisdiction. Judicial Power Law is a general rule In the circular letter, it "ordered" the governing the exercise of judicial power judge under his jurisdiction to examine and while the Religious justice law is particular adjudicate the case of the implementation of arrangement on the exercise of judicial the decision of the National Sharia authority by the Religious Courts. Related to Arbitration Board in the district court under the revocation of National Sharia Arbitration the general court environment under Article Board decision, the case becomes the 59 of Law Number 48 Year 2009. In fact, in absolute competence of Religious Courts making a decision, the judge must be since the dispute filed in the National Sharia independent and upholds justice. It might be Arbitration Board is a dispute that occurs in a worse if the circular letter is attached to the 230

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duties of the judge as a judge, thereby International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Adopted and opened for signature, reducing the independence of the judge in ratification and accession by General examining the case. Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, Entry Into Force: 23rd

March 1976, inaccordance with Article Conclusion 49. Kelsen, Hans. (1961). General Theory of Law Conflict of rules in judiciary And State, translated by Anders Wedberg. competense can be solved by lex specialist New York, NY: Russell & Russell A Division of Atheneum Publishers, Inc.; derogat legi generali principle. Particularly, Presley, John R and Sessions, John G. (1994). lex specialis is Law Number 3 Year 2006 and “Islamic Economics: The Emergence of a New Paradm”. The Economic Journal, lex generalis is Law No. 48 Year 2009. 104, 584-596, retrieved from Circular Letter of the Supreme Court Number http://www.jstor.org/ discover/10.2307/2234633?sid=21105242 8 Year 2010 has violated the independence of 446221&uid=2&uid=3738224&uid=4 judges to examine and adjudicate a case, Soekanto, Soerjono. (1985). Perspektif Teoritis Studi Hukum dalam Masyarakat. hence, the circular letter shall be disregarded. Jakarta, Ina: Rajawali; Suma, Muhammad Amin. (2004). Himpunan Undang-undang Perdata Islam dan References Peraturan Pelaksanan Lainnya di Negara Adji, Oemar Seno. (1980), Peradilan Bebas Hukum Indonesia. Jakarta, Ina: Rajawali Negara Hukum, Jakarta, Ina: Erlangga; Press; Ahmad, (2014) “Penyelesaian Sengketa United Nation, Universal Declaration of Ekonomi Syariah di Pengadilan Agama”, Human Rights paragraf 10, available at Jurnal Ius, 2(6), p. 476-488; http://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_ Asutay, Mehmet. (2007). Conceptualisation booklet_en_web.pdf, accessed on Of The Second Best Solution In September 2016. Overcoming The Social Failure Of Zaman, M. Raquibuz and Movassaghi, Islamic Banking And Finance: Examining Hormoz. (2001). Islamic Banking A The Overpowering Of Homoislamicus By Performance Analysis. The Journal of Homoeconomicus, IIUM Journal of Global Business, 12(22), 31-38. Economics and Managemen, 15 (2), 167- 195, e-ISSN No: 2462-1420;

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INTERNET MEMES: REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIAN POLITICAL CULTURE IN JAKARTA GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION 2017

Rahmi Surya Dewi, Mahasiswa Program Doktor Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Padjadjaran, Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Andalas- Indonesia, email: [email protected]

Aceng Abdullah, Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Padjadjaran-Indonesia

Eni Maryani, Fakultas Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Padjadjaran-Indonesia email: [email protected]

Dadang Suganda, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Padjadjaran-Indonesia

Introduction increased to the quiet period and the election in the second round. The term meme is not a The election of Governor DKI Jakarta modern term recently coined by users of 2017 received considerable attention from the social media (Grundlingh, 2017, p. 1). Meme society in Indonesia. Many opinions say that is not only used for joking or just humor in the election of the Governor, like the social media but contains political messages presidential election because of ' hot that can impact on social groups. Shifman has temperature‟ political at that time. This said memes may best be understood as pieces condition has brought a tremendous change to of cultural information that pass along from the political culture in Indonesia, reflected in person to person, but gradually scale into a the behavior of the community both as a shared social phenomenon. Although they successful team and as a supporter of the spread on a micro basis, their impact is on the three candidates for the Governor. This macro level: memes shape the mindsets, behavior is reflected in the behavior of public forms of behavior, and actions of social communication, especially in social media groups. (Shifman, 2012, p. 18). along with the development of information technology and the media today. One of the Competence of such figures has long communication behavior of trend is not appeared in Indonesia. The person who communicating with use Internet Memes. picked it up is someone who is considered to This meme appears very rampant ahead of the give a 'benefit' to a few people. Unwittingly, 'Pilgub' campaign of DKI Jakarta 2017, and successful activists / teams join in supporting

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and shaping the image of candidates brought Memes in social media, especially instagram in campaign activities. Awareness of increasingly ahead of elections held. Memes conscious activists / teams is evolving are filled with symbols that represent a towards the campaign 'unhealthy', culture and this research is closely related to blasphemous opponents and exaggerated semiotics research. image. This condition is exacerbated by the Methods lack of Indonesian people who understand the This research used qualitative politics and awareness of the importance of tradition with critical paradigm and critical selecting a truly competent leader who can discourse theory which is done based on protect the community. In addition, some meme image spread in social media instagram Indonesians are in a state of 'unconscious' in especially #pilgubdki. This study explores the the midst of a developmental situation of symbolic meanings of the meme image using symbolic consumerism and hedonism, a Roland Barthes's semiotics analysis method valuable cultural heritage tends to be and through a brief analysis of memes are forgotten, Hoed (calling it the 'cultural “Debat Pilkada Jakarta ke-2: Pilkada DKI” amnnesia'.) The new symbol grows along and memes “Mesan Kobokan Doang”, have with the flow of globalization. One of which been found various implicit meanings. The appeared in the form of memes about the study of memes by semiotic method was also elections of DKI. proposed by Sara Cannizzaro in her journal This research aims to reveal the form entitled "Internet memes as internet signs: A of popular and growing political culture semiotic view of digital culture" (Cannizzaro, during the election of Governor DKI Jakarta 2016, p. 562). Cannizzaro proposes an outline Indonesia in 2017. This is evident of the of work for internet memes and its conversation in various social media, application as well as text analysis in new especially instagram used to load memes media communications. In relation to the from three pairs of candidates for Governor. proposal, this research took a semiotic Therefore it is necessary to analyze the method with the aim of dismantling the symbols and meaning of an image (memes) meanings on political memes so that found which is posted in media (instagram) during the representation of political culture in the Governor election campaign. The memes Indonesia especially in the election period of that have been posted on hastag #pilgubdki is Jakarta Governor 2017. one of the efforts to seek attention in winning. Results/preliminary result/critical review

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Meme in circulation represents Conclusions hyperrealitas culture and political culture of Since the election of governor of DKI the image of the candidate carried without Jakarta 2017, inter-religious harmony, looking at the competence of leaders in between tribes and groups broke out. various aspects. In addition, the signification Harassing, insulting political opponents into a on the meme is also implicitly propaganda in habit in social media. Excessive support for weakening or lowering the image of his the governor candidate grows into an political opponent, all that is packed in excessive fanaticism. Excessive fanaticism is memes that look funny. Based on the memes seen until now and can not accept the defeat post clearly visible political condition of of election results of the governor (pilkada). Indonesian society in crisis condition, crisis This kind of fanaticism which expresses of upholding of noble values, crisis of hatred towards one group continues to this harmony between groups, even religion. This day. This is expressed through the work of crisis appears in the memes post on various internet memes that are insulting and abusive. instagram accounts so that it have been Reference manifests into a habit of insinuating, mocking Cannizzaro, S. (2016). Internet memes as and even insulting political opponents. Insults internet signs: A semiotic view of digital against political opponents and people who culture. Sign Systems Studies, 562-586. criticize or oppose their candidates are still Grundlingh, L. (2017, March 28). Memes as going on today, those who contest their speech acts. Social Semiotics, DOI: candidates are labeled with negative labels 10.1080/10350330.2017.1303020 . and epithets, not only political opponents who Shifman, L. (2012). Memes in Digital are labeled negative but also Community Culture. Cambridge: The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series. (netizens) who are in opposition to their candidates. The condition of giving each of https://books.google.co.id/books?id=RQfdCw AAQBAJ&pg=PA57&lpg, Accessed on these negative nicknames seems to be a feud August 10th, at 1:20 AM that has not ended until today in social media, especially at instagram. In the end the symbols on memes are taken by netizens in instagram differently and eventually become "discourse battles" for the netizens supporting each candidate pair.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF STREET VENDORS IN BANDUNG

Rina Hermawati, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21 Jatinangor Indonesia, Email [email protected]

Nunung Runiawati, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21 Jatinangor Indonesia, Email [email protected]

Introduction often touched by the policies of the city The informal sector is a general symptom government (Rachbini and Hamid, 1994:87). appears all over the world, particularly in The number of street vendors in Indonesia in developing countries. The existence of the 2013 was 23.4 million, scattering in all cities informal sector is often linked to the in Indonesia (Koran Tempo, Friday 1 March problems of urbanization, unemployment, and 2013). Some cities that experience a poverty (Manning and Tadjuddin, 1991; progressive growth of street vendors are Rachbini and Hamid, 1994 ). Widodo (2005) Bandung, Surabaya, and Jakarta. The number stated that 30-70% of workforce population in of street vendors usually increases prior to the urban areas work in this sector. The informal Ramadan and the school holidays. In sector is the one that is unorganized, addition, the complete, updated, and irregular, and mostly legal but unregistered consistent data on street vendors are not (Widodo, 2005). In Indonesia, the number of available. Many cities even do not have the workers in the informal sector has a very most basic data such as the number of street large percentage, reaching 70% (Ernawi, vendors in their regions in a time. If the 2010). government has no knowledge of the number Among various occupations in the of street vendors, who they are, and also has informal sector, the one with the most no understanding of the life system dominant and prominent activities is the street undergone by street vendors, it will be hard vendors. The presence of street vendors, in for the government to define the real problem quite a large number, has dominated the related to street vendors and as a result, it will fulfillment of the needs of the lower-middle be difficult to formulate an appropriate and class. Besides that, the street vendor is a effective solution. The unavailability of the business type of the informal sector which is data and information has also made some

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local governments tend to underestimate the number of street vendors coming from other presence of street vendors and it makes the regions and the increase in the number of policies not on target. Therefore, this article street vendors after the 1998 economic crisis. would map socio-characteristics of street This phenomenon indicates that the studies vendors in order that it becomes the base for that relate street vendors and manpower are the making of policies on street vendors. still relevant to explain the problem of street vendors. Methods Viewed from the socio-economic This research applied the quantitative characteristics of street vendors, it appears method aiming to map the socio-economic that education level, earnings, and the characteristics of street vendors in Bandung business typology of street vendors are City. The researchers conducted a survey on getting more varying. If previously street 100 street vendors located at the red zone. vendors were often considered small scale The process of sample drawing was business and identical to the urban poor conducted by using the technique of stratified groups (Kartono, 1980; Sethurahman,1981; random sampling through two stages (two Firdausy,1995), nowadays we also find street stage cluster sampling), namely: vendors who come from highly-educated 1. Conducting the first stage random to circles (high school and university), with big determine the number of street vendors in capital, big earnings, and modern business Bandung City which became the sample means like motorcycles and cars. Likewise, study area. consumers of street vendors have been spread 2. Conducting the second stage random to among the middle classes through high determine the number of street vendors quality products with quite a high price who became the respondents of each (hundreds of thousands to millions rupiahs). region which became the sample study This finding indicates that the profession of area. the street vendor is not only made as the means to earn the livelihood/to meet the basic Preliminary result needs but also as a strategy to develop the The economic problem (monetary business of the owners of capital and goods. crisis and rare job opportunities) and Therefore, if street vendors are mapped based urbanization are still relevant factors to on their turnover, there are categories of explain the growing number of street vendors “true” street vendors, independent street in Bandung City. It appears in the high vendors who make their living depend on the 236

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earnings of street vending, and yang Berkelanjutan. Paper in Seminar on “businessman” street vendors, those who Tranformation in Urban Spaces at UNDIP Semarang. have a turnover exceeding the criteria of Firdausy, Carunia Mulya. (1995). small enterprises. Pengembangan Sektor Informal Pedagang Kaki Lima di Perkotaan. Jakarta: National Research Council of Conclusions Indonesia and National Development The problem of street vendors cannot Planning Agency cooperating with be handled with a uniformed policy. Street Centre for Economic and Development Studies. vendors with small business capital and a low Manning Chris & T.N Effendi, (1991). business turnover need some protection in Urbanisasi, Pengangguran dan Sektor order that they are able to develop their Informal Perkotaan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. business, such as capital aid, soft loans, and Ramli, Rusli, (1992), Sektor Informal skill improvement. Meanwhile, street vendors Perkotaan: Pedagang Kaki Lima di with a high turnover should be transformed Jakarta. Jakarta: Ind-Hill Co. into traders of the informal sector. Rachbini D.J & A. Hamid. (1994). Ekonomi Informal Perkotaan Gejala Involusi Gelombang Kedua. Jakarta : LP3S. References Widodo, Tri. 2006. Peran Sektor Informal An Naf, J. 1983. Pedagang Kaki Lima dengan terhadap Perekonomian Daerah; Berbagai Segi dan Permasalahannya. Pendekatan Delphi IQ dan Aplikasi. Majalah Galang Vol 1 No 1 Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia Candrakirana, Kamala & Isono Sadoko. Volume 21 No. 3:254-267 (1994). Dinamika Ekonomi Informal di Jakarta. Jakarta: UI Press. Ernawi, Imam S. (2010). Morfologi- Transformasi dalam Ruang Perkotaan

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THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT INTERNAL AUDITOR IN FRAUD RISK MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF GUNUNG KIDUL AND SLEMAN YOGYAKARTA PROVINCE

Setya Nugraha, Se, M.I.B.A, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email:[email protected]; [email protected]

Dr. Ely Susanto, M.B.A, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Introduction strategies have been set to overcome all risks The main purpose of risk management that destroy organizations‟ goals. was previously to maximize company value One of the risks that can thwart the by anticipating from the possibility of organizations‟ goal is the fraud risk. bankruptcy (Smith and Stulz in Purnanandam, Generally, fraud is an illegal act by an 2007). Risk management was such a part of internal member of an organization or an hedging activity to shift the company‟s risks. external person in order to get individual and (Purnanandam, 2007). Finally, the risk collegial profits which cause financial approach used in risk management has been damage to other parties directly (Diantika, continuously evolving and has been adopted 2015). ACFE (The Association of Certified in public sector risk management in USA Fraud Examiner) has classified fraud into a (Hofmann, 2008) and Scotland (Hood and “fraud tree”, which is known as Uniform Kelly, 2007). Risk management has also been Occupational Fraud Classification System implemented in Korea when Enterprise Risk (ACFE, 2004). Fraud appears in many types Management (ERM) had been introduced in includes corruption of bureaucratic staff that public sector company since 2007 (Kim, directly caught (OTT) by KPK (Corruption 2013). According to COSO (Committee of Eradication Commission). Recently, there has Sponsoring Organizations), risk management been an emerging fraud cases such as OTT in is a process, which all levels and components Constitutional Court of Indonesia and of organization dedicate their commitment to legislative of Mojokerto regency, bribery providing a reasonable assurance of its cases of governor of Banten province, Head organizations‟ goals (Turlea and Stefanescu, of Klaten regency, governor of Bengkulu 2009). Therefore, all the organizations‟ province, corruption case of E-KTP with the

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amount of Rp 2 Triliun, bribery case of BPK The government internal auditor is an (Supreme Audit Agency), and other fraud authorized unit of a government institution cases. that has the main function to assure that Based on that phenomenon of fraud, it organizations‟ goals can be achieved is fair if it appears a question of the role of a effectively and efficiently as stated in articles government internal auditor in preventing 9 verse 2(d) UU number 39/2008 pertaining fraud cases. Muehlmann et al. (2010) states to the government ministry. The rapid that the internal auditor should be alert in dynamics of the business environment of the auditing of fraud high-risk areas. Fraser government institutions force the increasing (2011) also states that the internal auditor roles of the government internal auditor in must focus its audit in areas that have great risk management implementation (Sarrens possibilities of fraud by a risk based audit and Beelde, 2006). Coetzee (2016) states that approach. Douglas et al.(2013) states that the function of the internal auditor as an according to the three line defense model, the assurance of risk management should be internal auditor has to assure that fraud risk clearly implemented such as focuses of its management has been implemented audit in fraud high-risk areas, performs a risk effectively. The Institute of Internal Auditor based audit as well as communicates all risk (2007) in Sadler et al.(2008) states that issues of its organizations. Empirically, internal auditing is an assurance function of Danescu et al. (2010) states that the risk risk management to ensure management based internal audit can increase the obtain a holistic view of risk management effectiveness of risk management. strategy implementation. The full definition Based on an emerging of fraud cases of internal auditing according to IIA states in government institutions, therefore research that internal auditing is question is “Why the government internal "an independent, objective assurance auditor has not performed fraud risk and consulting activity designed to add value management optimally?” This paper tries to and improve an organization‟s operations. It research and disclose the role of the helps an organization accomplish its government internal auditor in fraud risk objectives by bringing a systematic, management in two research locations, which disciplined approach to evaluate and improve are Inspectorate of local government of the effectiveness of risk management, control, Gunung Kidul and Sleman regency, the and governance processes." special region of Yogyakarta province. The main purpose of this research is to provide a 239

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valuable contribution to the enhancement role quality assurance enhancement of its audit of the government internal auditor in fraud process includes hierarchical review, audit risk management. procedures and techniques of a risk based audit and other important questions. Methods This research has used qualitative Results/preliminary result/critical review methods through an interview with the Based on the research result through a highest level of those inspectorates, which are direct interview with the head of the the head of the inspectorate of local inspectorate of local government of Gunung government of Gunung Kidul and Sleman Kidul and Sleman regency, it can be regency. The main purpose of the interview is concluded that the role of the government to explore the roles of the government internal auditor in fraud risk management has internal auditor in the process of public sector not achieved optimum level. This means that fraud risk management. Although risk the government internal auditor has not management is part of management‟s performed all process of fraud risk responsibility, the government internal management effectively. Moreover, the auditor has also special roles in assuring the government internal auditor has not executed effectiveness of this risk management in fraud assurance function of fraud risk management prevention. The roles of the government as its audit was not a risk based audit as internal auditor will be elaborated through required by the internal auditor standard. direct interviews methods to those However,the inspectorate of local respondents. government of Gunung Kidul regency has The interview is supported by several made a list of the high-risk of its audit important questions that relate to the roles of objects. Meanwhile, the inspectorate of local the government internal auditor in all process government of Sleman regency has not had of fraud risk management through its audit that high-risk list as mentioned. Based on the and other supervisory tools. The examples of standard of Indonesian Government of topics in those questions are specific roles of Internal Auditor (SAIPI) number 3010 verse government internal auditor in providing 03, the priorities of an internal audit must be assurance of fraud risk management, a risk based on risk assessment/evaluation by the based audit, an internal auditor improvement internal auditor. program of its capacity building, its level of Both the inspectorate of local IACM (Internal Audit Capacity Model), a government Gunung Kidul and Sleman 240

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regency have not performed a risk based audit The role of the government internal comprehensively. According to SAIPI auditor in fraud prevention through fraud risk number 3120, the internal audit activity has to management has not reached an optimum be able in evaluating the risk management level, which can be seen its audit was not effectiveness and improving the risk based on a risk based audit approach. The management process. Furthermore, the government internal auditor has not standard also states that the internal audit performed an evaluation of a risk register activity must evaluate and mitigate the fraud include risk mitigations especially for fraud risk. Hence, risk management in those two high-risk. The reasons that the internal local governments has not achieved an auditor has not performed a risk based audit optimum performance because the are as follows: its awareness of the risk government internal auditor has not supported importance in an audit approach is still in low it with fraud risk management optimally. level, the quality and the quantity of its Based on the interview, the respondent said auditor, as well as its audit business process that there had been an audit of fraud high-risk that has not achieved an optimum level. construction project, but there was not any Several recommendations for the inspectorate finding in its audit. Unfortunately, the of local government Gunung Kidul and problem audit had been found by the external Sleman regency are awareness improvement auditor (BPK). This condition proves that the programs through a formal training and fraud risk prevention has not been performed education, seminars, in-house training relate effectively. The several factors why this to risk management and risk based audit. conditions happened, were as follows: the Besides, capability building programs both internal auditor‟s awareness of the risk quantity and quality factors should be importance in the audit approach was still in increased intensively includes quality low level, the quantity and the quality of the assurance improvement programs and internal auditor have not achieved the greatest hierarchical reviews in the audit process. It is performance, and the quality assurance recommended for both two of the government process includes hierarchical review has not internal auditor to start a piloting project with reached an optimum level. one or two audit teams in the implementation of a risk based audit. Conclusions Reference Association of Indonesian Government Internal Auditor. (2013), Standard of 241

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Internal Audit of Indonesian case of local authorities in Scotland. Government. Jakarta: AAIPI Policy Studies, 20(4), 273-283. (Association of Indonesian Government doi:10.1080/01442879908423784 Internal Auditor). Boyle, J.F., & Boyle, D.M. (2013). The Role Kim, E.S. (2014). How did enterprise risk Internal Audit in Enterprise Risk management first appear in the Management. Internal Auditing, 28(4), Korean public sector?. Journal of Risk 3-10. Research, 17(2), 263-279. doi:10.1080/13669877.2013.808685 Coetzee, P. (2016). Contribution of Internal Auditing to Risk Management: Muehlmann, B.W., Burnaby, P.A., & Howe, Perceptions of public sector senior M.A. (2010). Internal Auditors‟ Role In management. International Journal of Finding Corruption. Internal Auditing, Public Sector Management, 29 (4), 348- 25(5), 8-16. 364. doi: 10.1108/IJPSM-12-2015-0215 Purnanandam, A. (2007). Financial distress Danescu, T., Oltean, A., & Sandru, R. (2010). and corporate risk management: Theory Risk Based Internal Audit: Perspectives and evidence. Journal of Financial Offered to Corporations and Banks. Economics, 87(2008), 706-739. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Sadler, E., Marais, M., & Fourie, H. (2008). Oeconomica, 12(1), 231-237. Internal auditors‟ compliance with the Diantika, A. (2015). Analysis of Micro IIA Standards: a worldwide perspective. Banking Policy: A Case Study of Fraud Meditari Accountancy Research, 16(2), and Control in Indonesian Community 123-138. Bank (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat/BPR). Sarrens, G., & Beelde, I.D. (2006). Internal Faculty of Politics and Social Science, Auditors‟ perception about their Gadjah Mada University. role in risk management. Managerial Fraser, S. (2011). The Risk Based Audit Auditing Journal.21(1), 63- Approach: A look at the benefits of risk 80.doi:10.1108/02686900610634766 based auditing. Charter of Institute of Turlea, E., & Stefanescu, A. (2009). Internal Chartered Accountants in Australia, I, audit and risk management in public 54-55. sector entities, between tradition and Hoffman, M. (2008). Public sector faces actuality. Annales Universitatis unique enterprise risk management Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 11(1), challenges. Business Insurance, 42(14), 210-217. 15-16. Kelly,S., & Hood,J. (2007). The emergence of public sector risk management: The

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DEAR MR. MAYOR… CAN YOU CLEAN THE HOUSING? A CITIZEN’S DEPENDENCY TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL COLLECTIVE ACTION

Siska Sasmita, Universitas Negeri Padang, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hamka 25131, Padang, Indonesia, [email protected]

M. Fachri Adnan, Universitas Negeri Padang, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hamka 25131, Padang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Helfia Ideal, Universitas Negeri Padang, Jl. Prof. Dr. Hamka 25131, Padang, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction The housing was built in a vacant This article focuses on inequality land: neither owned by someone nor clan. relationship between citizen and local This might the reason why settlers unwell to government in solving environmental taking care. It seems like reverts the problem viewed from collective action responsibility to local government as the concept. As a part of Applied Product owner of the land. Community who gain from Research scheme (Penelitian Produk Terapan) common property tend to share common under the title: Coastal management in Muaro understand and concern to improve values of Padang: integrating both economic driven and good or service (Swaney 1990, p.455; disaster mitigation strategies, the study has Coleman & Mwangi, 2015, p. 857). While empiric background of citizen‟s dependency - there are no written laws regulating land uses, who live in Muaro Lasak housing area –to the community often shared access and rights local government in managing their housing. (Hayes, 2010, p. 35). It usually more Revitalization of Padang Coastal area as strengthens in a homogenous order. Taylor & major tourist destination in the central of Singleton (1993) argue that citizen Padang City has affecting local development. homogeneity will be survived without outside Unfortunately, those activities have not intervention. They do not really need a formal reached housing area located across the institution to steer the members‟ behavior. beach. The housing condition has become In fact, homogeneity is meaningless: paradox of the beach exoticism yet unkempt no settlers‟ communal action in Muaro Lasak. environment as slums. Cleaning the area either beach or the housing

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still become local government duty. The called Padang and West Sumatera as Halal settlers have becoming more passive. On the Tourist Destination. Several activities initiate other hand, local government is walking to reach the program‟s aim that mostly top- alone with more duties. down characterized, while its massively hard to follow by the settlers. Since the citizen has Methods role as co-producer of public good and Data is collected through interview to service, their active participation is the most settlers in Muaro Lasak housing area. Almost important to reach service effectiveness all of the settlers are working in informal (Davis & Ostrom, 1991). In Muaro Lasak field: mostly as hawkers, few are parking housing case, the local government attendants. They sell foods and drinks to the potentially mobilize the settlers as–what visitors in front of the housing facing the Adam Smith refers –it can creates benefit beach. Choosing the hawkers and parking economic outcomes for the settlers (Ostrom, attendants as the informant is a kind of 2016, p.91). starting strategy to get closer to the settlers Additional finding shows a fully since there is a stigma how difficult to enter comprehensive handover of environmental their livelihood. affairs by the settlers to local government. It Preliminary result means, the settlers have no informal Preliminary study indicates inequality institution to go side by side with the relation between local settlers and local government. It, then, become more interesting government in structuring environment if viewed from Minangkabau perspective of program. Settlers tend to be passive actors to communal. Despite they come from various almost every government movement. It may clans, they have been dwelling for decades. be a part of misperception as worst as This camaraderie often tides them, however, unsynchronized aim among them. Settlers it is now only between members of extended- have not seen rubbish and clutter as family. Economic competition in trade might community problems; major problem they are be one of reasons that slack bonds of facing is how to survive physically and togetherness. This, has become gap which economically in the middle of increasing fulfill by formal institutional initiated by local number family members which implicated to government. fulfillment of needs. Conclusion On the other hand, local government This article describes preliminary has mainly focused on implementing program result highlights citizen dependency to local 244

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government in managing housing forest system. Policy Sciences, 43(1), 27- environmental. This dependency had 48. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40586551. developed since some factors destroy settler Marchiori, C. (2015). Inequality and rules in communal bonds, i.e. economic interest and the governance of water resources. slack of citizenship tied. This gaps, then, Ecological Economics, 105, 124-129. Retrieved from fulfill by local government through centralize http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.201 environmental programs which support 4.04.021 tourist achieving sectors. Ostrom, E. (2016). The comparative study of public economies. The American

Economist, 61(1), 91-107. Retrieved References from http://aex.sagepub.com Coleman, E. A., & Mwangi, E. (2015). Conflict, cooperation, and institutional Sandier, T. (2010). Common-property change on the commons. American resources: privatization, centralization, Journal of Political Science, 59(4), 855- and hybrid arrangements. Public Choice, 865. Retrieved from 143(3/4), 317-324. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24582952. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40661026 Davis, G., & Ostrom, E. (1991). A public Swaney, J. A. (1990). Common property, economy approach to education: Choice reciprocity, and community. Journal of and co-production. International Economic Issues, 24(2), 451-462. Political Science Review, 12 (4), 313- Retrieved from 335. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4226284 Hayes, T. M. (2010). A challenge for environmental governance: Institutional change in traditional common-property

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THE ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS IMPROVE DISASTER- AFFECTED SMALL ENTREPRENEUR AND SURROUNDED SOCIETY STUDY OF PAGUYUBAN KAMPUNG SABLON, WEDI VILLAGE, KLATEN REGENCY

Syadza Alifa, Universitas Indonesia, Jl.Narasoma 1 No.14, Bogor, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Fentiny Nugroho, Universitas Indonesia, Komplek Depok Mulya 2, Depok, Indonesia, Email : [email protected]

Introduction Yogyakarta. The earthquake disaster in Klaten region caused the loss of morale and One of the most important post- material and socio-economic order of disaster recovery and empowerment efforts is earthquake victims in Klaten. The majority of to increase the level of community self- people owning and working in small reliance through empowerment in local convection home industries suffered great institutions or local organizations. loss in both capital and business resources. Implementation of empowerment in local Despite of that, small entrepreneurs of communities is manifested in various forms convection in Wedi village didn‟t easily felt of collective actions in order to make changes despair and collapse, instead they began to in living conditions. Therefore, at the local rise again in convection business field by community level the most important establishing convection business community. instrument in the empowerment process is the presence of local institutions. Research on the role of institutions in empowering communities after the disaster One of the empowerment through has been conducted previously. The research local institutions or local organizations that discussed about economic empowerment conducted in disaster area is economic through entrepreneurship and skill training empowerment of society in Paguyuban was conducted by Amry Hari Besar, Moch Kampung Sablon, Klaten, Central Java. Yuhdi Batubara, and Margono with its title Klaten District is one of the areas affected by “Empowerment of Lapindo Mudflow Victims the earthquake disaster on May 27, 2006, in Ensuring Survival of Live in Mindi measuring 5.9 on the Ricter Scale in Kecamata Porong Village, Sidoarjo

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Regency”. This study shows that government mostly carried out by the government, not on efforts to empower community through skills the initiative of the community itself. programs are often fruitless because only few Therefore in some previous studies, economic people will survive and apply the knowledge empowerment programs for disaster-affected after being trained. This is because the communities were deemed ineffective in empowerment program through the restoring economic conditions and creating improvement of skills and entrepreneurship‟s community economic independence. Derived characteristic is top-down so it more likely from the facts, this study formulated the has a less comprehend of the real needs of problem : How to benefit the presence of society in the field of social economy. local institutions for improving the lives of small entrepreneurs and surrounding Another study of the KDP communities?. entrepreneurship program (Kecamatan Development Program) conducted by Method Sukmaniar under the title “Effectiveness of This research uses a qualitative Community Empowerment in the approach and descriptive type of research Management of Kecamatan Development because it tries to describe the existing Program (PPK) in Lhoknga Sub-district, conditions in the field which is the process of Aceh Besar District” shows that in general, community empowerment through local community empowerment in post-tsunami institutions in disaster affected communities. KDP management in Kecamatan Lhoknga in This research was conducted in Paguyuban attempt to improve the condition of Kampung Sablon, precisely in Wedi Village, community empowerment is less effective. Klaten, Central Java during May-September The main cause of its less effectiveness is 2017. In this research the researcher uses data typology of community empowerment. collection technique by observation, From the previous studies there has documentation, and interview. been no research that specifically discussed Results / preliminary result / critical the process of empowerment through local review institutions made by local communities in disaster-affected areas because these Paguyuban Kampung Sablon is a institutions are generally formed by non-partisan, independent and non-profit government or NGOs. In previous studies, organization based on membership in home economic empowerment programs were industry community and convection workers

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in Krangkungan Pandes hamlet, Wedi Klaten. the disaster we didn‟t really felt down so Paguyuban Kampung Sablon started its soon, because we feel like we have friends activities in August 2006 and officially and we can help each other. After the declared to be founded when five of home establishment of Paguyuban Kampung industry owners of convection hold a meeting Sablon, we promoted it everywhere. Praise on October 7, 2006. the lord, we got many orders maybe it‟s also because they see our condition” (FX, member The establishment of Paguyuban of Paguyuban Kampung Sablon). Kampung Sablon derived from the will to rise again and become independent after the The establishment of Paguyuban disaster in 2006. Originally, the beginning of Kampung Sablon as a local organization in this Sablon Village was established in 2006. the community of Wedi village gave many “Formerly, there were a lot of convection benefits, both for members of Paguyuban business here, but it was more individually Kampung Sablon and for the surrounding run. However after the disaster, many community. This is as expressed by the business capitals were destroyed. Some of members, the benefits are great. “For them has nothing left, some of them only has example, initially there are 3 orders, but in sewing machine remains, and some of them this association we get more, maybe like 4 or only has silk screening, really, there was not 5. At first, the marketing is still conventional, much left. Before the disaster, we were quite maybe only to schools friend and so. Then we close to each other and often hanging out are in the Village Sablon knew about IT a together, that‟s what we called it. Therefore, little bit, so that time we conducted marketing right after the disaster, we immediately through FB” (AB, member of KS). It was discussed about what we can do for the next. revealed that members of Kampong Sablon Then it sparked the idea to establish the members benefited by the presence of society of this Sablon Village. So the aim of it Paguyuban Kampung Sablon, which is to collect convection entrepreneurs here expanded the business marketing of members, whose business capital only has little remains, facilitated the marketing of member's so we can help each other. For example the A business through various social media, who has a sewing machine, he gets the boosting the name of Wedi Village and sewing part. The B who has a silk-screening convection business. tool, he will get the part to silk screen it. Apart from providing benefits for the Later, there is a marketing section. Right after community itself, the surrounding part of the

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society also receive benefits by the presence local institution has benefited the of Paguyuban Kampung Sablon, especially management of self-development community. young people who get jobs as well as There are several advantages of this experience by joining one of the member. institution according to Soetomo (2013), “Yes there is a benefit for the society, such namely; the institution is quite entrenched in giving vacancies for surrounding community. society, so that its existence is stronger and Like me who work at Mas Heri. Other young well established and have wider support from villagers are also attracted to the convection the community itself; this institution has been business. Some are still attend school, some more tested because it is obtained through the are already graduated. It‟s great, it can give learning process in responding to the me some more income” (LS, Wedi villagers). development of environment both natural There are also some people who began to environment and social environment; and this open small-scale convection business institution further guarantees the themselves after joining the business of one sustainability of joint activity patterns. This is of the members of the Village Circle Sablon. proven by the benefits of development felt by This is expressed by IND, a member of small entrepreneurs members of the Paguyuban Kampung Sablon, “There are community and the other community as well. some people who used to work for me, but now they have started their own business so they don‟t work here anymore. So there are Conclusions some people who work here before, then From the research results it can be because they felt like they already have the concluded that the presence of local knowledge and experience, finally they open institutions have a very important role in their own business. And we even think that it recovering the socio-economic conditions of was great, because they can start their own the affected communities, especially in now”. members of Paguyuban Kampung Sablon.

Based on the findings in the field, Local institutions that stand on the initiative The findings should conduct socio-economic of citizens are able to grow and empower change under the term of community turned other community so that the process of out to be fruitful in the development of Wedi economic and social development in Wedi Village as a whole. It was found that the Village can run well after the disaster. presence of Paguyuban Kampung Sablon as a Reference

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Adi, Isbandi Rukminto. 2002. Pemikiran- Hikmawati, Eny, dkk. 2009. Pengkajian Pemikiran dalam Pembangunan Efektivitas Asuransi Kesejahteraan Kesejahteraan Sosial. Jakarta : Lembaga Sosial. Yogyakarta: B2P3KS Press. Penerbit FE UI. Huda, Miftachul. 2009. Pekerjaan Sosial & Kesejahteraan Sosial : Sebuah Adi, Isbandi Rukminto. 2005. Ilmu Pengantar. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Kesejahteraan Sosial dan Pekerjaan Pelajar. Sosial. Depok : FISIP UI Press. Kenny, Susan. 2007. Developing Adi, Isbandi Rukminto Adi. 2007. Communities for The Future. 3rd Perencanaan Partisipatoris Berbasis edition. Melbourne: Thomson. Aset Komunitas (Dari Pemikiran Menuju Penerapan). Depok : FISIP UI Press. Kodoatie, Robert.J dan Roestam Sjarief. 2006. Pengelolaan Bencana Terpadu Adi, Isbandi Rukminto. 2013. Intervensi (Banjir, Longsor, Kekeringan, dan Komunitas & Pengembangan Tsunami). Jakarta : Yarsif Watampone. Masyarakat Sebagai Upaya Kreimer, Alcira and Margaret Arnold. 2000. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Jakarta : Managing Disaster Risk in Emerging PT.RajaGrafindo Persada. Economics. USA : The World Bank. Amien, A. Mappadjantji. 2005. Kemandirian Kunreutcher, Howard, and Michael Useem. Lokal : Konsepsi Pembangunan, 2010. Learning from Catastrophes : Organisasi, dan Pendidikan dari Strategies for Reaction and Response. Perspektif Sains Baru. Jakarta : PT. USA : Pearson Education. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Lassa, Jonatan, Puji Pujiono, Djuni Anwas, Oos M. 2013. Pemberdayaan Pristiyanto, dkk. 2009. Pengelolaan Masyarakat di Era Global. Bandung : Resiko Bencana Berbasis Komunitas. Penerbit Alfabeta. Jakarta : PT Gramedia Widiasarana Ashman, Karen K. Kirst, Grafton H. Hull. Indonesia. 2006. Generalist Practice With Marshall, Catherine dan Gretchen B.Rossman. Organizations and Communities. USA : 2006. Designing Qualitative Research. Thomson Higher Education. USA: Sage Publications. Coppola, Damon P. 2006. Introduction to Midgley, James. 1995. Social Development, International Disaster Management. The Developmental Perspective in Social USA : Butterworth-Heinemann. Welfare. London : Sage Publication. Fahrudin, Adi. 2012. Pengantar ______. 2014. Social Development : Kesejahteraan Sosial. Bandung : Theory and Practice. London : Sage PT.Refika Aditama. Publication. Field, John. 2011. Modal Sosial. Yogyakarta Mukhtar. 2013. Metode Praktis Penelitian : Kreasi Wacana. Deskriptif Kualitatif. Jakarta : GP Press Group. Hikmat, Harry. 2004. Strategi Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Bandung : Penerbit Naryanto, Heru Sri. 2001. Penanganan Humaniora. Bencana Seri Forum LPPS No, 43. Jakarta : Lembaga Penelitian dan

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Pembangunan Sosial KWI (LPPS-KWI) Wrihatnolo, Randy R, dan Riant Nugroho Caritas Indonesia. Dwidjowijoto. 2007. Manajemen Pemberdayaan Sebuah Pengantar dan Nawawi, Ismail. 2009. Pembangunan dan Panduan Untuk Pemberdayaan Problema Masyarakat “Kajian Konsep, Masyarakat. Jakarta : PT. Gramedia. Model, Teori dari Aspek Ekonomi dan Sosiologi”. Surabaya : Putra Media Yustiningrum, SIP,MA, RR.Emilia. 2010. Nusantara Strategi Penanganan Pasca Bencana Alam di Neuman, W.Lawrence. 1997. Social Research Methods : Qualitative and Bangladesh Government. Quantitative Approaches. USA : Allyn Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Direktorat and Bacon. Jenderal Cipta Karya. Modul Khusus Pramono, Agung. 2011. Pengembangan Fasilitator : Pengelolaan dan Kelembagaan Lokal. Jakarta : Penanganan Bencana. PNPM Mandiri Management Studio & Clinic. Kota. Rajeev. 2014. “Sustainability and Johansson, Catrin, and Mikael Linell. n.d. Community Empowerment in Disaster Public Empowerment Policies for Crisis Management” International Journal of Management. Mid Sweden University. Social Work and Human Services Practice Vol.2. No.6 Dec, 2014, pp. 207- Lismana, Riska Widya. 2015. Jurnal S1 Ilmu 212 Pemerintahan Volume 4 Nomor 3 Edisi Soetomo. 2009. Pembangunan Masyarakat : September 2015 “Analisis Program Merangkai Sebuah Kerangka. Pemberdayaan Sosial Ekonomi Pasca Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar. Bencana di Desa Pasir Kabupaten ______. 2013. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat : Mempawah”. Pontianak : Universitas Mungkinkah Muncul Antitesisnya?. Tanjungpura Kalimantan Barat. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar. Suharto, Edi. 2005. Membangun Masyarakat, Pandey, Bishnu, and Kenji Okazaki. n.d. Memberdayakan Rakyat (Kajian Community Based Disaster Management Strategis Pembangunan Kesejahteraan : Empowering Communities to Cope Sosial & Pekerjaan Sosial). Bandung : With Disaster Risks. Japan : United PT.Refika Aditama. Nations Centre for Regional Development. Sumodiningrat, Gunawan. 2007. Pemberdayaan Sosial Kajian Ringkas Sukmaniar. 2007. Efektivitas Pemberdayaan Tentang Pembangunan Manusia Indonesia : Dampak Terhadap Indonesia. Jakarta : Penerbit Buku Kelompok Rentan. Jakarta : LIPI. Kompas. Moduls/Journals/Articles Warto,dkk. 2002. Pengkajian Manajemen Besar, Amry Hari, Moch Yuhdi Batubata, Penanggulangan Korban Bencana pada dan Margono. 2014. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Daerah Rawan Bencana Masyarakat „Korban Lumpur Lapindo‟ Alam dalam Era Otonomi Daerah. dalam Menjamin Keberlanjutan Hidup Yogyakarta : Balai Besar Penelitian dan (Survival of Live) di Desa Mindi, Pengembangan Pelayanan Kesejahteraan Kecamatan Porong, Kabupaten Sosial.

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Sidoarjo. Malang : Universitas Negeri (PPK) Pasca Tsunami di Kecamatan Malang. Lhoknga Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Semarang : Universitas Diponegoro. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center. 2008. Community Empowerment and Disaster United Nations Development Programs. Risk Reduction in Chittagong City. 1998. Modul Program Pelatihan Masyarakat dalam Pengelolaan Manajemen Bencana. Program Pengembangan Kecamatan

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ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN OF HEALTH OFFICE TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC SERVICE IN HEALTH AFFAIRS IN BARRU REGENCY

M. Thahir Haning, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Andi Imam Arundhana Thahir, School of Public Health, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected]

Introduction However, after implementation of these Act no. 25 year 2009 regarding public government regulations, the Barru services requires that all of the public services Government faced some problems such as the have to fulfill the principles of quality in problem of determination of local providing the services such as. It will promote government agencies which is commonly the customer satisfaction from the services based on the policy of central government received. An effective organizational design instead of the vision and mission of Barru is necessary to produce properly the size of Regency. In addition, the forming process of organization (right sizing) based on the local government organization is generally district need (Corkindale, 2011). It could conducted by the team work consisted of support the organization to provide the better government agency officials. It means, in quality in public services. In Barru Regency, determination of nomenclature, the size, and the design of local government organization type of agency, could not be done objectively. based on the new paradigm of government Another issue, in case of determination the organizational reform has been done. The official to fulfill the existing position, is not design of the government organization has to based on job and workload analysis. be changed at least four times namely Therefore, the official placement in certain Government Regulation no 84 year 2000, positions generally have not based the need of Government Regulation no 8 year 2003, agencies. One of the agencies provided many Government Regulation no 41 year 2007, and public services are District Health Office Government Regulation no 18 year 2016. (DHO). This agency has implemented the Government Regulation no 18 year 2016 in

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this year (2017). This implementation aimed to August 2017 in District of Health Office, to create the efficient and effective of Barru Regency. government organization in supporting the The variables observed in this study implementation of local government affairs, include three aspects: strategic policy, especially in the field of health. institutional arrangement, and structuring of The effectiveness of local government human resources (according to competence). organization could be observed by the aspect Data obtained from this study, both primary of district strategic policy, organizational and secondary data, have been processed and structure, and the re-position of the staff to analyzed descriptively. The analysis of this fulfill the position in organization (Thoha, study uses three dimensions, namely 1993). Through these strategies, based on the dimension of complexity, dimension of three aspects, DHO is able to result the right formalization and dimension of size of organization based on district need. centralization. The objectives of this study are (1) to know the conformity of the vision, the mission and Result/Critical Review the goal of health development with The current study found that the design organizational structure of DHO in Barru of organizational structure was in line with Regency; (2) to know the suitability of the vision, mission and objectives of health organizational structure in health development in Barru District. Furthermore, administration affairs; and (3) to know the the design of the organizational structure has conformity of competency with the placed reflected the health administration affairs. In official in existing positions. addition, in terms of staff placement the existing structural positions, it has not fully Methods conformed to the competencies required in The design of this study was cross each of the positions within DHO sectional with triangulation qualitative organization in Barru Regency. In fact, based method. The data collection used were in- on the previous study, the placement of depth interview, observation in community, employees in accordance with their and observation some documents related to competence will bring innovation in the work DHO organization. A total 15 informants, (Pini & Santangelo, 2007). The result of this head of department, secretary, head of field, study found that two aspects have been and head section, have been selected achieved by DHO Barru Regency and left one purposively. This study conducted from July gap (employee position vs competency). To 254

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reduce that gap, the DHO has to give training Business Publishing. for the employee to increase the capability Corkindale, G. (2011). The Importance of and competency based on the position or even Organizational Design and Structure. to redesign the structure. The right structure Retrieved September 16, 2017, from can facilitate the decision-making process and https://hbr.org/2011/02/the-importance- services that can create a conducive service of-organization climate as a condition of realization of Pini, P., & Santangelo, G. D. (2007). The role customers satisfaction in public service of organizational structure and workers‟ (Carus, 2011; Sargent & McConnell, 2008). competences in the introduction of exploitative and explorative innovation. Conclusion Unpublished, 1–35. This study concluded that although it Sargent, A., & McConnell, T. (2008). has fulfilled some aspect in organizational Practical Approaches to Organization design but the staff who implements the Design. public service has not met the competencies Thoha, M. (1993). Kepemimpinan Dalam so that the better-quality services is difficult Manajemen. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo to give to people. DHO is better to place the Persada. staff position based on their competencies which could be preceded by job analysis. In addition, to support the organization's performance in public service, it is necessary to develop general and special functional positions. It purposes to clarify the duties and functions of each officer.

Reference Carus, N. M. (2011). Organization design. IE

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QUESTIONING THE ESSENCE OF BUREAUCRATIC NEUTRALITY: DIALECTICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA

Tedi Sudrajat and Rahadi Wasi Bintoro, Faculty of Law, Univesitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jl. Prof. H.R. Boenyamin 708, Purwokerto, Indonesia, E-mail : [email protected]

Introduction Statistical analysis of the data for Indonesia in It cannot be denied that in the current the East Asian Barometer backs up this globalization era of communication, the role contention. It shows a positive correlation of social media is really needed by society to between respondents‟ sense of political interact with others, include in politics. This efficacy and their likelihood of participating phenomenon creates a new model of in campaign work, engaging in acts of democracy called digital democracy. contentious politics, and contacting public Unconsciously, the role of media has created officials. an effect to society in expressing their In Indonesia, political process is a part opinion and maintaining their political choice of democratic process (like the general and behavior. In this context, social media election). Everyone can be free and actively have significant impact in influencing involved in influencing each other, sharing political participation. This condition makes information and tending to place themselves social media used as a political media. From to one choice. The problem arises when the this perspective, the network society is media users (which is Civil Servant) are constituted from autonomous individuals who potential to reduce the essence of neutrality connect with one another in an ever opening through various forms of political statement space within politics. Consequently, in social media. nontraditional politicians have affected new The urgency of this paper is to appoint forms of consciousness through blogs, twitter, the phenomenon of digital democracy into a Facebook activities and online petitions. format compatible with the legal policy Danielle N. Lussier and M. Steven regarding with the existence of bureaucratic Fishillustrate depict that if people believe that neutrality in Indonesia. Until now, the they can make a difference, they are more government still has not made a policy yet, likely to take part in political actions to whether to allow, restrict or prohibit such defend their rights, such as participating in activities. On that basis, the government protests or helping to build opposition parties. needs to determine a rational attitude to stem 256

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the problems that will occur and determine that everyone has the right to freedom of the direction of the policy that matches the opinion and expression; this right includes needs and the dynamics of democracy. freedom to hold opinions without any interference and get through any media and Methods regardless of frontiers. Despite international This paper uses legal approach. There guarantee, the space of freedom remains are - at least - 2 (two) logical consequences limited. It means that freedom still needs to for the use of this approach. First, this paper have guarantee of recognition and respect for will always be related to the content of the rights and freedoms of others and to fulfill legislation concerning the neutrality of fair demands according to moral judgment, bureaucracy. The content material contains religious values, security, and public order in various functions that are understood as the a democratic society. This condition is the demands of activity that should be in the beginning of arrangements created to limit the norm; and Second, this approach provides legal issues that have the potential to cause certain techniques for certain functions that legal consequences. apply on the neutral legal objects. In this H.L.A.Hart stated that there are 3 approach there are ideal values that imply the (three) rules of behavior. First, the Rule of rights and obligations on the nature of Recognition. It is the rule that defines which bureaucratic neutrality. existed rule within a given legal society that Operationally, this approach is oriented must be obeyed; Second, the Rule of Change. to comparison of the concept of democracy, This is the rule that defines how a behavioral human rights and legal policy of the rule can be changed; and Third, the Rule of government where the outcome is the Authority. The rule governing by whom and fulfillment of justice for bureaucrat. The by the procedure in which the rule of conduct policy review will be harmonized with norms, is established and how a behavioral rule theories and doctrines and other non-legal should be applied if in any given event there aspects through the use of multiple is uncertainty. Observing the rules of interpretation models, both grammatically behavior, then in the legal relationship and systematically. between the state and civil servants there is Critical Review limitation on the behavior of employees who In a global context, guarantee for work in the state agencies. This relationship is freedom of speech is regulated in Article 19 called a public service relationship. The of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights implication of public service relations is an 257

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obligation for employees to submit to statement has a close correlation with the appointment in certain kinds of positions weakness of the legal substance regarding which imply that the employees do not reject neutrality. Supposedly, the regulation of the (accept unconditionally) their appointment in neutrality is to limit the powers to the a position determined by the government, possibility of the movement of power over its otherwise the government has the right to own instincts, which ultimately leads to the appoint an employee in a certain position abuse of power; therefore, restriction is without any adjustment of will from the required. related party. Therefore, if the civil servants The authors acknowledges that hope to exercise their full human rights, the freedom of speech in the digital democracy government can declare that the person era has created the question of the neutrality concerned is not the person whose assistance of civil servants. In comparison, Francis is needed by the government. Fukuyama explained that many states with With regard to the issue of civil relatively high-level governance-China, servant participation in political activities in Japan, Germany, France, and Denmark, for Indonesia, the government now has made example-created modern "Weberian" arrangement the restriction on their activities bureaucracies under authoritarian conditions; called the principle of neutrality which those that subsequently went on to become regulated in Article 2 letter (f) of Law democracies inherited meritocratic state Number 5 Year 2014 regarding State Civil apparatuses that simply survived the Apparatus (ASN act). transition. The motive for creating modern Towards the existence of civil government is not grassroots pressure from servants neutrality, Eko Prasojo and Laode informed and mobilized citizens but rather Rudita stated that the current concept of elite pressure, often for reasons of national neutrality is still felt not wholeheartedly security. because in order to maintain the civil servants neutrality and avoid practical politics, ASN Conclusions act only forbids members and administrators Along with the development of digital of political parties. Along with the democracy, it makes the politicians and the development of a democratic system, political public easier to obtain adequate political intervention is not enough if it is "only" literacy. On the other hand, this ease also measured by the involvement of a member or opens the gap for anyone to interact with in political party official. Eko Prasojo's democratic process, including civil servants. 258

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This phenomenon should be addressed by the Hart, H.L.A (1994, first edition 1961). The government through rational thought that can Concept of Law, 2nd ed. ed.P. Bulloch and answer the subject matter, which is not only J. Raz . Oxford: Clarendon Press from the aspect of prevention and Lussier, Danielle N. and Fish, M. Steven. prosecution, but also creating policies in (2012). Indonesia: The Benefits of Civil Engagement, Journal of Democracy. 23. accordance with the spirit of democracy 70-84. doi : 10.1353/jod.2012.0017 through the establishment of Norms, Osifidis, Petros and Wheeler, Standards, Procedures and Criteria. Mark .(2015). The Public Sphere and Network Democracy: Social movements and Political Change?. Global Media References Journal. 13. 1-17. ISSN 1550-7521.

Choi, Jihyang; Lee, Jae Kook Lee ; Metzgar, Prasojo, Eko and Rudita, Laode. (2014). Emily T (2017). Investigating effects of Undang-Undang Aparatur Sipil Negera; social media news sharing on the Membangun Profesionalisme Aparatur relationship between network Sipil Negara. Civil Service, Jurnal heterogeneity and political participation. Kebijakan dan Manajemen PNS. 8. 13-29. ISSN: 1978-7103 Computers in Human Behavior. 75. 25- 31. doi : 10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.003

Fukuyama, Francis. (2015). Why Is Democracy Performing So Poorly. Journal Of Democracy. 26. 11-20, doi: 10.1353/jod.2015.0017 Hadjon,Philipus M, et.al (1994). Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Indonesia. Yogyakarta:Gadjah Mada University Press

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ACTORS’ ROLE IN PUBLIC ASSET MANAGEMENT: A STUDY OF LIMBOTO LAKE GORONTALO DISTRICT

Trisusanti Lamangida, Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo Haedar Akib, Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo Muh. Firyal Akbar, Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo Muh. Aswar, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar [email protected]

Introduction made either through academic research, The three pillars of development that community empowerment by NGOs through play a role which determines its successes are the utilization of water hyacinth, and focused 1) The Government (stakeholders), 2) The group discussion by various agencies in the Private Sector, and 3) The Community / government level Gorontalo province, until Society. The three pillars of the development the signing of the MoU management have a role and function in order to answer agreements Limboto Lake, between the the questions of the public as well as government city and the district government becoming the motor of development in of Gorontalo in 2006 before the Governor of providing solutions related to asset Gorontalo and the Minister of the management in particular public of Limboto Environment. However, it is considered too Lake. Limboto Lake silting process that late to follow-up from the time lost. continues to happen raises concerns about the Implementation Regulation No. 1 of 2008 on fate of the lake in the future. Limboto Lake the management of Limboto Lake has not has a recorded history of delivering an been accompanied by concrete efforts, increased prosperity to the people of effectively and continuously by the Gorontalo, because of the vast majority stakeholders, the public, especially the private (60%) of people dependent on the results of sector. Aspects of the political administration this wealth of fresh water, but the fact of the (Bioregionalism approach) proposed by the Limboto Lake instead becomes a source of Supervisory Board of Japesda Gorontalo misery. In the rainy season, it always floods. shows that the management of Limboto Lake However, in the dry season, Gorontalo has in the rescue efforts was not done in isolation. not enough water for drinking and agriculture The role of public actors in the management due to drought. Lake rescue efforts have been of Limboto Lake is needed, ranging from

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program planning; regulation, control, and of science and technology. Lack of available maintenance of the Limboto Lake can information hinders the understanding of the become an essential part of the management role of the sector, and in running the public asset study in managing Limboto government's relationship with the public and Lake. This study aims to identify and describe private sectors to improve the responsiveness the role of the three sectors in the of policy to the needs of the public. management of public assets Limboto Lake. Conclusion The conclusion that Limboto Lake as Method a public asset is not being well managed by The method used is a type of the local government. Keyword management qualitative case study approach. The research paradigm prevailing in the government location is Limboto Lake of Gorontalo. organization has not been fully used as a basis Networking techniques and collecting data for managing assets that can reliably improve through observation, interview, and the welfare of society and growth of the area. documentation. The research instrument is the Consolidation through FGD has hosted researcher himself, aided by research tools. involving various relevant institutions on a Source of research data consists of primary provincial level, to produce the signing of the data and secondary data. Data analysis management agreements between the Local technique begins with the reduction of data; Government of Limboto Lake and Gorontalo. presenting data and conclusion are carried out They disregard usage of guidelines for the simultaneously with the process of data implementation of the management of public collection. assets; planning, regulation, control, and maintenance of the core management of Results public assets, are not used as a forum for The results showed that the sector's resolving cases in Limboto Lake role in the management of public assets management. Limboto Lake has not been based on the References paradigm of public administration which Amal, Ichlasul. 2002. “Desentralization and Democratization in the New Order insists on the New Public Management Indonesia”, A Paper presented for (NPM), which in development follows the International Symposium Democratic Experiences in Southeast Asian development of a society that is increasingly Countries, Thammasat University, growing, and as a result of the development Bangkok 261

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Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) Kabupaten Thoha, Mithah. 2001. “Pelaksanaan Otonomi Gorontalo, 2016 Daerah”. Makalah diberikan pada Seminar Program MPA dan FIA Untag Cicin-Sain, B., and Knecht, Surabaya. R.W. 1998. Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management. Concept and Trisakti, B. & G. Nugroho. 2012. Practices. Island Press. Washington Pemantauan perubahan kualitas danau D.C. Covelo, California selama periode 1990 - 2011 menggunakan citra satelit multitemporal. Denhardt, Pol ert B. and Denhardt, Janet V. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Limnologi 2003. The New Public Service, Serving VI Tahun 2012 Not Steering. England: M.E Sharpe UU dan Peraturan: Gobel, Erwin Zubair. 2015. Implementasi Kebijakan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2004, Tahun 2008, Tentang Pengelolaan tentang Sistem Perencanaan Danau Limboto, Tesis S2 Program Studi Pembangunan Nasional (SPPN) Administrasi Publik. Gorontalo:STIA Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2009, BinaTaruna tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Jamli, Ahmad. 1998. “Akselerasi Lingkungan Hidup Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 8 Tahun 2008, Globalisasi”. Jurnal Kebijakan dan tentang Tahapan, Tata Cara Penyusunan, Administrasi Publik (JAKP). Volume 1 Pengendalian dan Evaluasi Pelaksanaan (Februari 1998). hal. 4. Rencana pembangunan Daerah Kuncoro, Mudrajad. 1995. “Desentralisasi Permendagri Nomor 26 Tahun 2006, tentang Fiskal di Indonesia: Dilema Otonomi Pendekatan Dalam Penyusunan Rencana dan Ketergantungan”. Prisma 4. April Pembangunan Daerah 1995. hal., 12-14. Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 67 Laporan Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis tahun 2012, tentang Pedoman (KLHS). 2016. Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Pelaksanaan Kajian Lingkungan Hidup dan Perumahan Rakyat Provinsi Strategis dalam Peyusunan atau Evaluasi Gorontalo Rencana Pembangunan Daerah Nontji, Anugerah. 2016. Tulisan Lepas Peraturan Daerah Nomor 1 Tahun 2008, Tentang Danau Limboto. Email: tentang Pengelolaan Danau Limboto [email protected] Peraturan Daerah Nomor 4 Tahun 2011, Soemarsono, Soni. 2001. “Peranan tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Akuntansi dalam Sektor Publik pada Era Provinsi Gorontalo 2010 – 2030 Otonomi Daerah bagi Pemerintahan Daerah dan Masyarakat Menuju Terciptanya Good Governance”. Makalah disampaikan dalam diskusi panel sehari di Istana Ballroom Sari Pan Pacific, Kamis, 22 Maret 2001.

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OVERCOMING CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL POLICY REFORM IN INDONESIA Ulfah Fatmala Rizky, Gadjah Mada University, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction Most of people view social welfare policy as a pro-poor program, rather than a Social policy is a technical guideline pro-well-being program. That means, the to answer social problems and form a social social welfare programs benefit the affluent welfare, for instance fuel subsidy, as well as the poor. Blau and Abramovitz unconditional cash transfer (BLT/Bantuan (2003) divided social welfare programs in Langsung Tunai), health security services United States of America into two major (BPJS Kesehatan), labor security services programs, they are universal programs that (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan), and school profit society (individuals or families) with operational assistance (BOS/Bantuan income measurement, and selective programs Operasional sekolah). Dye (1976) in Suharto that aim to only support poor family. The five (2005 : 71) defined social policy as a various programs of universal welfare government action, its historical background, program are Retirement Insurance (Pensions), and the impact of the action toward social Unemployment Insurance, Medicare, The problems and social welfare. As a part of Older American Act, and Veterans‟ Benefits. public policy, social policy is allied with other policies, especially economic and While selective welfare program development policies. Edi Suharto (2005) contains ten social programs, they are described that : Temporary Aid to Needy Families, Supplemental Security Income, General “Within the contextual of social Assistance, Food Stamps, School Food development, social policy is a set of Programs, Medicaid, Public Housing, mechanism and system that guide and Subsidized Rentals, Energy Assistance, and interpret various development goals. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for orientation of this policy is social objective. Women, Infants, and Children. Blau and This objective contains two related definition, Abramovitz (2003) stated that : they are to solve social problem and to fulfill social need”.

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“The U.S welfare state provides nonstatistical inquiry techniques and people with income maintenance (cash processes to gather data about social benefits), food, medical care, housing, and a phenomena. Creswell (2007) defined case wide range of social services. These programs study research as a research that involves the fall into two major categories : universal and study of an issue explored through one or selective. The key difference between the two more cases within a bounded system. For is that the universal programs provide more further explanation, Creswell (2007) benefits to individuals and families regardless described case study as a methodology with of income, whereas the selective measures are qualitative approach, where the investigator designed solely for the poor. Some universal explores a case or multiple cases over time, and selective programs are also referred to as through detailed, in-depth data collection categorical programs because they serve including great deal of information resources. particular groups of people such as single This research use a method of documentation mothers, veterans, the working poor, elderly and literature review for collecting its data. individuals, or those with handicaps”. Preliminary Result This research has four purposes, they From Partial Beneficiary to Universal are: first, describing the alteration of social Beneficiary policy in Indonesia. Second, presenting social welfare policy implementation in South Government of Republic of Indonesia Korea and America as best practices. Third, exactly started to formulate and implement describing some challenges that faced by social policy in Indonesia after the strike of Government of Republic of Indonesia in economic crisis in 1997 – 1998. The policy implementing social welfare policy. Fourth, divides into two major programs, they are describing some recommendations to social assistance and social security. The overcome the challenges. main difference between those two programs is the fund resource. The social assistance is Methods financed by government‟s income as tax or This research use a qualitative subsidy decrement. Whereas the fund of approach with case study method. Yang and social security comes from member‟s Miller (2008) defined a research method as a premium. Widjaja (2012) stated about technique to collect data, and McNabb (2002) historical background of social protection in explained a qualitative research as a set of Indonesia as :

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“After the fall of the dictatorial regime Security System (Sistem Jaminan Sosial in 1998, the concept of social protection was Nasional/SJSN) was created. Trough Act introduced in Indonesia in order to protect the No.40/2004 about SJSN, all Indonesian economic life of the poor, to protect the people have an access to social security. health of the population, to protect children According to the type of social policy in from being out of school, and to help people Indonesia that contains social assistance and when natural disaster occur. Social protection social security. Each of those types have in Indonesia, as in any other country, consists several useful programs, they are BPJS of social security and social assistance…the Kesehatan (health insurance) and BPJS financing of insurance is mainly taken from Ketenagakerjaan (labour insurance) for social contributions from the participants. It should security programs. While social assistance six be noted, however that social security also main programs, those are Raskin (Beras includes unfunded pansion for civil servants Miskin/Rice for the poor), PKH (Program and military, which is not social insurance”. Keluarga Harapan), PNPM (Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat/National In addition, according to the Program for Society Empowerment), BLT beneficiary of those programs, social policy‟ (Bantuan Langsung Tunai/Unconditional beneficiary in Indonesia altered constanly Cash Transfer), BSM (Bantuan Siswa from 1953 to 2004. In 1953 to 2000, the Miskin/Poor Student Subsidy), and BOS beneficiaries are public servants. That (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah/School describes cronogically as : in 1953 only Operational Assitance). People‟s Representatives Council that accept the benefits, in 1966 civil servant and military Indonesian Government tends to was added as the beneficiaries, in 1978 implement social assistance better than social President and Vice President was security. This situation is applied in U.S as participated, and in 2000 Minister was well, some first paragraph of this paper stated included. As can be read that in 2000, all that U.S Government has more programs for public servants in Indonesia are the social assistance than social security, because beneficiaries of social policy. it is easier to implement social assistance than social security. Mainly noted that social The giant step was made by the assistance has not need the Act, and as well Government in order to provide social known that the process of policy making welfare through a social policy reform takes a lot of time. In addition, social (Widjaja, 2012). In 2004, National Social

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assistance has a tangible political benefit for receive a better and qualified social protection the government popularity. in a long term.

Conclusion

From Fuel Subsidy to Education Subsidy Social welfare policy implementation in Indonesia faces some challenges, they are: Another precious action was made by first, a different understanding about social the Government of Indonesia in 2001. The policy concept among society. Second, the Government deciced to decrease the fuel cross subsidy system between the have and subsidy and allocated the funds to educaton, the have not cause social jealousy between health, and infrastructure. In order to raise those social classes. Third, finding the human capital through education, the method to implement social security system Government add more scholarship for all more effectively and efficiently in Indonesia. students. There are two main scholarship that received more funds from fuel subsidy allocation, those are BSM and BOS. Reference Sulistyaningrum (2016) stated impact of the Blau, Joel., and Abramovitz Mimi. 2003. fund allocation toward students‟ National Social Welfare Policy. New York : Oxford University Press. Test Score as : Suharto, Edi. 2005. Analisis Kebijakan “there is a statistically significant Publik. Bandung : Alfabeta. impact of school subsidy (BOS) on test score Sulistyaningrum, Eny. 2016. Impact at 5 percent significant level for NN matching Evaluation of The School Operational Assistance Program (BOS) Using The with replacement and without replacement. Matching Method 31(1) : 35 - 62. For individual in the treatment group, the Journal of Indonesian Ecconomy and treatment has raised the test score by 0,26 Business. points on average for NN matching with Widjaja, Muliadi. 2012. Indonesia : In Search of a Placement-Support Social replacement, and by 0.28 points on average Protection 29(3) : 184 – 196. ASEAN for NN without replacement.” Economic Bulletin.

This result proves that the alteration of McNabb, David E. 2002. Research Methods in Public Administration and Nonprofit subsidy orientation guides social policy in Management : Quantitative and Indonesia to a sustainable impact. Qualitative Approaches. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Consequently, all Indonesian people will

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Yang, Kaifeng. & Gerald J. Miller (Eds). Five Approaches. United States of 2008. Handbook of Research Methods America : SAGE Publication. in Public Administration. Boca Raton :

Taylor & Francis Group.

Creswell, John W. 2007. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design : Choosing among

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THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE ON THE VILLAGE APPARATUS SATISFACTION WITH WORK MOTIVATION AS MODERATING VARIABLE: A CASE STUDY OF VILLAGES GOVERNMENTS IN GORONTALO REGENCY, INDONESIA

Dr. H. Walidun Husain,Msi, Lecturer at Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo

Introduction From the description above it is clear that leadership style and work motivation can Leadership style influences increase employees‟ work satisfaction in employees‟ work motivation due to leader‟s implementing their daily works. However, in constant interaction with followers. general, in village office, it is common to find Purnomosidi in Sopiah (2008: 171) village apparatus whose complaining about mentioned that satisfaction toward leader as their lack of incentive, lack of opportunity to one of the work satisfaction. Leader‟s become civil servant, etc. Considering that attention by providing reward toward the these village apparatuses have extensive jobs followers related to the way followers and functions in implementation of implement tasks optimally and efficiently government, development and empowerment have impact on followers/employees‟ work in village level as stipulated in Undang satisfaction. Undang No. 6 of 2014 (Act, henceforth called In addition to leadership style, as UU) on Village, their work satisfaction is motivation also influences employees‟ work important to ensure their high performance. satisfaction. As Frederick Hersberg (in This condition is evident in several Sopiah, 2008) stated that work satisfaction villages in Gorontalo Regency. During the rooted from the existence of intrinsic 2017 evaluation meeting, there are 65 villages motivation and that work dissatisfaction is who have not submitted their accountability due to inexistence of extrinsic factors. Even, report on 2016 Village Budget (henceforth Wahyusemidjo (1994) wrote that motivation called as ADD) Usage and many have not is one of the leader‟s technical ability in also submitted the evaluation of village implementing the leadership functions and budget and expenditure (henceforth called as tasks. 268

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APBDes) (Gorontalo Post, 22nd February Meanwhile, leadership described as an 2017). This lateness is also admitted by the ability to influence a group of people toward Bupati, Prof Nelson Pomalingo, whose the achievement of goals (Robbin, 2001, mentioned human resource as one of the Williams, 2005). The word influence, clearly constraints in the management of village has different meaning than commanding or budget. forcing a group of people to do certain jobs. Thus, it is interesting to study the Hughes, Ginnet and Curphy (2006) further leadership style influence on village said that leadership is a comple x apparatus‟ satisfaction with work motivation phenomenon as it involves the leader, the as the moderating variable. This study was follower, and the situation. Each leader has conducted on villages‟ apparatus in Telaga different leadership style that they occupy in sub-district, Gorontalo Regency. their leadership, such as autocratic leadership Leader‟s existence in management is style, participative leadership, and free reign evident in public management functions. Out leadership (Davis and Newstrom, 1989, of six functions of public management, as Harmon and Mayer,2014). mentioned by Syafi‟I (2010), four of them, public actuating, public coordinating, public Method leading, and public motivating, are closely As this study aims at describing the relate to leadership. Considering these influence of leadership style on employees‟ management functions, which mostly related job satisfaction with motivation as the to functions and roles of leaders, then it can moderating variable, then this study uses be said that management function is similar to quantitative approach to verify its objective. leadership function, hence, these two terms The population of this study are the are often interchangeable by many (Toha, village apparatus from eight villages in 2007). Talaga sub-district, Gorontalo regency with In relation to job satisfaction, total number of population 64 people. The Robinson (2001) defined it as an individual‟s samples are taken using total sampling general attitude toward his or her job. In method and the data are analyzed using addition, Handoko (2015) also put forward a multiple regression analysis. definition on job satisfaction as pleasant or Results unpleasant emotional state on how employees a. Leadership style with work motivation view their job. as moderating variable simultaneously

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have a significant influence on village 11.7% change in leadership style. Or that apparatus job satisfaction 11.7% of job satisfaction can be described by The F test reveals the F count value of leadership style. This result of study also 17.004, which is larger than the F-table which means that leadership style has positive and is only 3.16 in the significant level of 0.05. significant influence on job satisfaction of the This indicates that leadership style with work villages apparatus in Telaga sub-district. This motivation as its moderating variable also indicates that the higher the value of simultaneously have a significant influence leadership style of the chief of village, the on the job satisfaction of the villages higher the job satisfaction of the village apparatus in Telaga sub-district. This study apparatus. indicates that the job satisfaction of the It has to be noted that most of the villages apparatus in Telaga sub-district is leadership styles applied by the chief of largely depend on the leadership style and villages in this sub-district are bureaucratic work motivation of the chiefs of village. The style and participative style. leadership styles applied here are bureaucratic c. Work motivation mediates the stle, participative style, and the free-reign influence of leadership style on the style, as well as the authoritarian. These job satisfaction of the villages leadership styles are able to motivate the apparatus in Telaga sub-district villages apparatus, which in turn, motivate For this third hypothesis, the t-count is them in their work, hence, influence their job 3.325, while the t-table is 1.67203 in the satisfaction in daily jobs implementation by significance value of 0.027. Further, the providing services to the people in their regression coefficient value for work respective villages. motivation is 0.683 or 68.3%. This indicates b. Leadership style influence the job that each one unit changes in job satisfaction of the villages apparatus satisfaction, 68.3% of it is due to work in Telaga sub-district motivation. Hence, it is proven that The t test reveals the value of t-count which leadership style positively and significantly was 2.757 which are higher than the t-table influences the job satisfaction of the village which is only 1.67203 in the significant level apparatus in Telaga sub-district through their of 0.045. Further the regression coefficient of high working motivation. Leadership style variable (X1) is only 0.117 In the same manner, the regression or 11.7% which can be described that each coefficient for interaction between 1% change in the job satisfaction is due to the leadership style (X1) and work motivation 270

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(X2) is 0.428 or 42.8%. This describes that 3. Job motivation mediates the influence of each changes that happened in job leadership style on job satisfaction of the satisfaction, 42.85 of it is due to the village apparatus. The chief of villages interaction between leadership style variable regards the needs of his apparatus by and work motivation, while the rest 57.2% providing supports that boost their work can be described by other uninvestigated motivation, such as tap on shoulder when variables. In other words, work motivation they are working, or sharing cigarette, strengthens the leadership style. praising them on their good works, mediating and facilitating the village Conclusion apparatus to obtained better education, 1. Leadership style, through work etc. Through these facilitations, will in motivation as its moderating variable turn create job satisfaction among village simultaneously has positive and apparatus. significant influence on job satisfaction of the village apparatus. The closeness of References this relationship because of the chief of Ali, Faried dan Baharuddin.2014.Ilmu village who implements bureaucratic, Administrasi Dalam Pendekatan Hakikat Inti.Aditama. Bandung. participatory, free-reign, or even authoritarian leadership styles depends Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2006. Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Rineka Cipta. on the situations and that these chiefs of Jakarta.

villages also provide work motivation, Banteng, Asri, 2017. Setiap Desa Harus Ada hence, it becomes the capital for the Inovasi, Gorontalo Post.

villages apparatus to perform better. Basuki, Johanes. 2002. Kualitas Kepemimpinan Manajer Media: Survei di Lembaga 2. Leadership style positively and administrasi Negara.Disertasi tidak significantly influences the job diterbitkan.UNJ. Jakarta.

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Behavior.8 , Edition Mc Graw-Hill Mantja, W. 2002.Manajemen Pendidikan dan International Editions. Singapore. Supervisi Pengajaran. Wineka Media. Malang. Dubrin, Andrew J. 2005. Leadership Edisi kedua. Prenada Media. Jakarta. Ma‟ruf, H. Mohammad. 2005. Pedoman Alokasi Dana Desa dari Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota Gorontalo Post. 2007. Laporan kepada Pemerintah Desa.Penerbit Citra PertanggungJawaban Dana Desa Tahun Utama. Jakarta. 2016.

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Sekaran, Uma. 2006. Research Method For ______.2014.Birokrasi Pemerintah Businesses Metode Penelitian Untuk Bisnis. Indonesia Diera Reformasi.Kencana. Jakarta. Buku satu, Edisi Empat.Terjemahan Kwan Men Yon. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Umar, Husein. 2010. Desain Penelitian MSDM dan Perilaku Karyawan: Paradigma ______.2006.Research Method For Potivistik dan berbasis Pemecahan Masalah. Businesses Metode Penelitian Untuk Bisnis. Rajawali Pers. Jakarta. Buku dua, Edisi Empat.Terjemahan Kwan Men Yon. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa. Penerbit Rona Pancaran Siagian, S.P. 2004. Filsafat Administrasi Edisi Ilmu.Jogyakata. Revisi. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta. Usman, Husein. 2010. Manajemen Teori, Praktik, ______.2007.Fungsi-fungsi Manajerial Edisi dan Riset Pendidikan Edisi Ketiga. Bumi Revisi. Bumi Aksara. Jakarta. Aksara. Jakarta.

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THE NEED OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA

Wisber Wiryanto, Center of Administrative Reform Studies, National Institute of Public Administration, Jl. Veteran 10, Jakarta, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

that brings destruction. Therefore, it takes Introduction effort to develop knowledge of contemporary The problem faced by Muslims in the Islamic perspective for higher education in field of education today is secularism in the Indonesia, through the Islamization of various branches of science disciplines. knowledge. Discipline contemporary science is taught in college until now, is a contemporary Western One of the social sciences are more secular disciplines. The use of Western influenced by secular Western theory is the secular sciences emptying the science of science of the public administration. This can revelation has caused the problem. In other be seen in the teaching of public word, the education system faces problems of administration disciplines mostly uses secularization that is split between education Western worldview than the Islamic and religion. worldview. The result has been confusion, abuse of authority, corruption, tragedy and The secular sciences using the destruction, as is often reported in the media. Western worldview that does not match the As a solution is needed nonwestern environmental conditions of the religious public administration, that is public community. Indonesia is a country that is administration an Islamic perspective or predominantly Muslim. Indonesia contains islamization of public administration. This statistical data (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011), study formulate problems: Is there a need for adherents of Islam in Indonesia in 2010 public administration an Islamic perspective reached 207,176,162 people (87.18 percent). in Indonesia? This study aims: to meet the Higher education in Indonesia should needs of public administration an Islamic be developed using Islamic worldview that perspective for Higher Education in provide safety of life in this world and the Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to hereafter; not use Western secular worldview conduct a study entitled "The Need of Public

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Administration an Islamic Perspective for Qur'an as a source of knowledge; (2) the Higher Education in Indonesia". implementation of the Islamization of knowledge; (3) the preparation of the Methods curriculum / syllabus of public Appraisal method used is library administration; and (4) Writing Textbook: research method. Collecting and analizyng Public administration in the perspective of data used descriptive qualitative, through Islam. textbook and an online library that are relevant for this study. This research was Related the implementation of the conducted in 2016. The focus of study: the Islamization of knowledge (IOK), data shown theat Islamization of Knolwledge is solusion needs of public administration disciplines in Islamic perspective. The locus of study: some to efforts the needs of the branches of science institutions of higher education in Indonesia in the Islamic perspective. Data the that have faculties/ departments science of International discource of the Islamization of public administration. Knowledge 2006-2015, see table 1.

Result/Critical Review

Developing public administration in Islamic perspective for higher education in Indonesia conducted by: (1) the study of the Table 1. The International Discource of the IOK 2006-2015 Year Authors Title of the IOK Articles 2006 Sukree Langputeh The Islamization of the Discipline of Public Administration Ibrahim Ragab The Metodology of Islamization Human Sciences Jeffrey Ayala Miligan Reclaiming an Ideal: The Islamization of Education Mahmaud M. Galender Islamization of Communication Mohammed Arus Othman Islamization of Human Mohamed Mokdad Approach to IOK: the Case of Psychology Nuhammad Taqi Usmani The Islamization of Laws in Pakistan 2015 … … Source: Wiryanto, W., The Islamization of Human Resource Management: Textbook for Higher Education in Indonesia Through al-Faruqi‟s Theory”,Banda Aceh: Ar-Raniry: International Journal of Islamic Studies Vol. 3, No. 1 June 2016. many as 37 articles. One of them is "The The results of this study found, the Islamization of the Discipline of Public needs of the branches of science in Islamic Administration". But, this effort seems still to perspective. Note the article Islamisation of be rarely done, so it needs to be continued. knowledge covered in the international- discourse of Islamization of Knowledge as

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The comparison of the Western Public Administration textbook,on the other hand, Administration textbook, on the one hand; see table 2. and the Nonwestern Public Administration textbook, in this case, the Islamic Public Table 2 The Comparison of the Western and Islamic Public Administration textbooks at some universities in Indonesia Administration Public textbooks Institution of the University Western Islamic

1. University of Indonesia (UI) 102 6 2. State Islamic University Sultan Syarif Kasim(UIN Suska) 48 3 3. State University of Yogyakarta (UNY) 46 1

4. Universitas Terbuka (UT) 38 1 Source: an online library of each university related, accessed on September 19, 2016.

The result of searching on-line through of secular education hegemony show the four libraries in Indonesian universities, secularization of the Public Administration shown an inequality public administration existing science at various universities. textbooks in various university. This shown Furthermore, list of the title Islamic Public that the university library in Indonesia is very Administration in each university in like to provide many Western public Indonesia, see table 3. administration textbooks than the Islamic public administration textbooks. It is a facts

Table 3 List of the title Islamic Public Administration Textbook at some universities in Indonesia UIN Title of Textbook UI UNY UT Suska 1. Al Buraey, Muhammad, Islam Platform for Alternative Development √ √ - - Administration (Islam Landasan Alternatif Administrasi Pembangunan), (Ttranslate) Budiman, Achmad Nashir, Jakarta: Rajawali, 1996. 2. Noer, Deliar, Administration of Islam in Indonesia, Ithaca-Newyork: Cornel √ - - - University, 1978. 3. Noer, Deliar, Administration of Islam in Indonesia (Administrasi Islam di √ √ - - Indonesia), Jakarta: Rajawali, 1983. 4. Rahim, Husni, Systems Administration Authorities Islam: The Sultanate of √ √ - - Palembang (Sistem Otoritas Administrasi Islam: Masa Kesultanan di Palembang), Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1998 5. Sherwani, Haroon Khan, Learning opinion of Islamic scholars on State - - √ - Administration (Mempelajari pendapat sarjana Islam tentang Administrasi Negara), Jakarta: Tintamas, 1964 6. Sholeh, Abdul Rahman Sholeh, dan Muhtadi, Siddik, piety towards God - - - √ Almighty as the basis for Orderly Development Administration, (Takwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa sebagai dasar Pembinaan Tertib 276

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Administrasi), Jakarta: Gunung Agung, 1982. 7. Yasid, The Islamic Perspective of changes in government administration and √ - - - law, JIIS 6 : 1, 2012.

Source: an online library of each university related, accessed on September 19, 2016.

Institut Perguruan Tinggi Ilmu al-Qur‟an, Therefore, public administration an 2002. Islamic perspective for higher education in Naim, A. and Syaputra H., Kewarganegaraan Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari- Indonesia is the need. Need the effort to hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus development public administration in Islamic Penduduk 2010, Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik, 2011. perspective to be continued. Noer, D., Administration of Islam in Conclusions Indonesia, Ithaca, New York: Cornel University, 1978. Public administration in Islamic Noer, D., Administration of Islam in Indonesia (Administrasi Islam di perspective for higher education in Indonesia Indonesia), Jakarta: Rajawali, 1983. is the need. It can be done through the Rahim, H., Sistem Otoritas Administrasi Islam: Masa Kesultanan di Palembang”, preparation of curriculum/ syllabus of the Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1998 . public administration; and writing textbook: Rahman, A., Quranic Science, Al-Qur‟an Sumber Ilmu Pengetahuan (translate), Public administration in the perspective of Arifin, M., Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, Islam. 2000. Wiryanto, W., “The Islamization of Human Reference Resource Management: Textbook for Higher Education in Indonesia Through Al-Faruqi, I.R., Islamization of Knowledge: al-Faruqi‟s Theory”,Banda Aceh: Ar- General Principles and Workplan, Raniry: International Journal of Islamic Brentwood, Maryland, International Studies Vol. 3, No. 1 June 2016. Institute of Islamic Thought, 1982. http://www.iais.org.my/e/attach/2nd_ICIHE/p Ali, M.D., Azhari, T, and Daud, H, Islam pts/Dr.%20sukree%20 untuk Disiplin Ilmu Hukum dan Sosial langputeh%20The%20Experience%20of Politik: Buku Daras Pendidikan Agama %20Thai%20Muslim%20Community.pdf Islam pada Perguruan Tinggi Umum, , “Langputeh, S., The Experience of Thai Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1988, pp. 1-128. Muslim Community: A Case of Yala Daud, W.M.N.W, Islamisasi Ilmu-Ilmu Islamic University”, accessed on Kontemporer dan Peran Universitas September 1, 2016. Islam, Universitas Ibn Khaldun Bogor & http://fisip.uniska-bjm.ac.id/ uploads/file/file/ Centre for Advanced Studies on Islam, matakuliah _an_ ganjil. pdf., “Universitas Science and Civilisation Universiti Islam Kalimantan, Banjarmasin, Daftar Teknologi Malaysia, 2013. mata kuliah semester fakultas ilmu sosial Hude, M.D., Basri, H., Abbas M., and Al- dan ilmu politik”, accessed on Oktober 3, Hafizh, M.A. Cakrawala Ilmu dalam al- 2016. Quran, Jakarta: Penerbit Pustaka Firdaus, http://i-epistemology.net/v1/economics-a- Bale Kajian Tafsir al-Qur‟an Pase and business/214-islamization-of-curriculum- project-public-administration.html,

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“University of Dhaka, Islamization of Kuliah Tiap Semester Jurusan Curriculum Project Public Administrasi Negara, accessed on Administration”, accessed on September September 20, 2016. 20, 2016. https://uin-suska.ac.id/fakultas/fakultas- http://asepwildanfirdaus.blogspot.co.id/2015/ ekonomi-dan-ilmu-sosial/jurusan- 10/distribusi-mata-kuliah-tiap- administrasi-negara/, “Universitas Islam semester.html, Universitas Islam Sunan Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim, Jurusan Gunung Djati Bandung, Distribusi Mata Administrasi Negara” accessed on http://library.uny.ac.id, “Universitas Negeri September 10, 2016. Yogyakarta”, accessed on September 19, http://lib.ui.ac.id, “Universitas Indonesia 2016. Library”, accessed on September 19, http://www.pustaka.ut.ac.id/pac/opac/, 2016. “Universitas Terbuka Library”, accessed http://lib.uin-suska.ac.id, “Universitas Islam on September 19, 2016. Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau”, accessed on September 19, 2016;

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INNOVATION OF PUBLIC GOODS MANAGEMENT BASED ON LOCAL CULTURE: A CASE STUDY OF FOREST PARK MANAGEMENT IR. H. DJUANDA, INDONESIA

Yanhar Jamaluddin, Post Graduate Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Bukit Dago Utara no. 25 Bandung, 40135, Indonesia, and Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Islamic University of North Sumatra, Jl. Sisingamangaraja Teladan Medan, 20217, Indonesia, [email protected], [email protected]

Background Tourists as many as 1851 people, while for Forest Park Management Ir. H. research purposes only as many as 12 Djuanda until now continue to be done. research programs. According to the results of surveys and c. There has been an increase in revenue interviews there are several phenomena that realization (PAD) since 2010 - 2015 of greatly affect the management of the Forest 114.03%, which is obtained through the Park, such as: entrance fee and regional license utilization fees. a. The transfer of parts of Tahura that are d. The arrangement of transportation services diverted for business purposes is marked (OJEK) controlled by certain groups (Jeger by the presence of street vendors and cafés / Local Thugs) with the return-going tariff that interfere with the spatial layout and to and from Tahura objects amounting to beauty of the Forest Park, both outside and Rp.100,000 (one hundred thousand inside the Tahura area. Noted there are 2 rupiah). The arrangement of this Cafe outside and 20 street vendors within transportation service does not involve the the conservation area and hawkers are Park Management Hall of the Great Forest. lined up in front of the entrance / Gate e. The participation of residents around the Tahura. forest parks Swadaya improve the road b. The dominance of Tahura visitors is only with asphalt Concrete to Object Tahura for tourist destinations, minimal for (Cliff Keraton) along the 1.5 km and width research purposes. The number of visitors of 6 meters. in 2015 is projected: Nusantara Tour as many as 386,585 people and Foreign

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f. The existence of guidance from the to develop innovative thinking on the Management Center to local residents to development of the Forest Park Ir. H. be assigned as Tour Guide. Djuanda by lifting Sundanese culture g. The layout, especially at the Tahura Gate becomes the basis of management and that does not show the impression of development. With the approach of Sunda conservation area architecture with the culture, it is hoped that Taman Raya Ir. H. proliferation of unloved hawkers, thus Djuanda West Java has a distinctness so that making inconvenience visitor. it becomes the attraction of eco-tourism, eco- political and eco-social in Indonesia.

Based on the phenomenon, then the To discuss the issues, then systematically fundamental problem in the management of this article will discuss: the history of the Forest Park Ir. H. Djuanda, can actually that development of Forest Park Ir. H. Djuanda, is on the concept or thematic what needs to be Forest Park as public goods, Urban Forest developed in the management and Policy, and Innovation of Ngabandung based development Park Forest Ir. H. Djuanda West Forest Park. Java. Some research and articles on forest park management or urban forest, among Methods others: Arne Arnberger and Carsten Mann The method used in conducting and (2008); Crowding in European Forests - A discussing the study of Innovation Forest Review of recent research and implication for Park Development Ir. H. Djuanda based forest management and policy, Tien Wahyuni "Ngabandung" is literature analysis and & Ismayadi Samsoedin (2012); Review on phenomenon, while Data collected consist of Application of Urban Forest Policy in East primary data and secondary data. Primary Kalimantan, James N. Morgan (2014); The data obtained through interviews and Impact of Travel Costs on visits to U.S. observation. Interview conducted openly with National Parks, Shannon Lea Watkins (2015); key informant while observation done by The Public Good Nature of the Urban Forest observing phenomenon that happened inside and Implications for Management, basically and outside Forest Park area. Further has put forward a cultural approach to policy secondary data is obtained through literature formulation and management and or documents in the form of research results development of forest parks or urban forests. and related articles on forest park Therefore this article is prepared and intended management or urban forest, books and

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regulations on forest park management or c. Management: submitted from the Central urban forest. Government to the Government of West Java Province¸include Area Results Administration Bandung, Bandung Based on the academic approach, the Regency, and West Bandung Regency. Its Forest Park Ir. H. Djuanda can be called management is based on benefits and public goods and as urban forest. As a public sustainability, justice, togetherness, good, the Forest Park has non-rival and non- openness and integrity. exclusive characteristics where the safe forest d. Management objectives: 1). Ensure the management financing collectively is sourced preservation of the Great Forest Park area; from financing budgeted in the APBN / 2). Fostering the collection of plants and APBD. While as urban forest or urban forest, animals and the potential of the Forest because of its development to accompany the Park area; 3). Optimizing the benefits of spatial development of Bandung. the Great Forest Park for nature tourism Demographically tahura is in a position in the and recreation, research, education, middle of the city flanked by the city of science, supporting cultivation and culture Bandung and West Bandung regency and for the welfare of the people; 4). Improve Bandung regency. hydroorological function; 5). Increase Thus the Ir. H. Djuanda Forest Park as local revenue. urban park or urban forest is public good e. Licensing permits: in the form of general when referring to the definition expressed by service licenses (for entering the Forest Hughes (1998) and Watkins (2015). As a Park), certain licenses (such as natural public good, Forest Park Ir. H. Djuanda can tourism exploitation - utilization of be seen from several elements, among others: environmental services - utilization of a. Means: is a Nature Conservation Area for areas for wildlife and plant breeding the purpose of collection of natural and activities), and business licenses (in order artificial plants and / or animals, genuine to use Facilities and / or assets) to persons and / or non-original species. or entities that will carry out certain b. Utilization: for the benefit of research, activities in the area of Forest Park. science, education, support cultivation, f. Retribution Quotation: as payment for the culture, tourism and recreation. utilization service of forest park area, consists of general service levies (for entry into the area), certain License Levies (for 281

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Nature Tourism Business Permit, area 3. Innovation of Forest Park development utilization permit, and environmental should be directed to Ngabandung-based service utilization license), and Levy strategic policy and programming Service Enterprises (for Leasing or Use of approach which characterizes Sundanese Natural Tourism Visitor Facilities and culture, resulting in economic and social Researchers). attraction and benefit for the public and the In the context of the management and region. development of the Great Forest Park, state or 4. One of the strategic innovations of Forest government intervention is crucial in the Park development is by empowering local management of public goods. As explained people and providing multipurpose ticket by Hughes (1998), in Setiyono 2014: 29, the service as an entrance ticket which intervention and the role of government are includes inside for culinary, insurance and generally carried out through four tour guide instruments: provision, subsidy, production, Reference and regulation.

Akadun, Administrasi Perusahaan Negara, Conclusions Bandung: Alfabeta, 2007 Based on the description of the results and Sedarmayanti, Restrukturisasi dan Pemberdayaan Organisasi, Bandung: discussion above, then the conclusions that Mandar Maju, 2000 can be put forward are: Setiyono, Budi, Pemerintahan Dan Manejemen Sektor Publik, Jakarta: PT. 1. As public goods, Forest Park Ir. H. BUKU SERU, 2014 Arne Arnberger and Carsten Mann, Djuanda must be managed by the State by Crowding in European Forests – A not providing an opportunity for Review of recent research and implication for forest management and privatization policy, to ensure the policy. 2008 sustainability of culture-based Gibson, James L, Ivancevich, John M. Donnely Jr. James H, Organisasi dan management. Manajemen, Perilaku Struktur, Proses, 2. The management of the Great Forest Park Alih Bahasa Wahid Djoerban, Jakarta: Erlangga, 1990 is still in balance between conservation of James N. Morgan, The Impact of Travel nature conservation and utilization of Costs on visits to U.S. National Parks, 2014 facilities. But tend to experience a shift in Shannon Lea Watkins, The Public Good the management of ecotourism is more Nature of the Urban Forest and Implications for Management, Vincent prominent. and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political

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Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana Contingent Valuation Study, Urban University,Bloomington, 2015 Studies,Vol.40,No.11,2207–2221,October Tien Wahyuni & Ismayadi Samsoedin, 2003 Review on Application of Urban Forest Rules ; Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor 63 Policy in East Kalimantan, Jurnal Analisis Tahun 2002 Kebijakan Kehutanan Vol.9 No.3, Desember Rules ; Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Jawa Barat 2012: 219-239 No 25 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pengelolaan Forest Park Ir. H. Djuanda Seung-Jun Kwak, Seung-Hoon Yoo and Sang-Yong Han, Estimating the Public‟s http://tahuraIr.H.Djuanda.jabarprov.go.id Value for Urban Forest in the Seoul Metropolitan Area of Korea : A

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E-POLICY: DESIGNING E-APARATUR IN BANDUNG CITY

Yogi Suprayogi Sugandi, ([email protected]), Dedi Sukarno, ([email protected]), Sawitri Budi Utami, ([email protected]), Ramadhan Pancasilawan, ([email protected]), Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung Indonesia

Introduction

Currently there are three regulations that govern job analysis in Indonesia, therefore this paper formulates an application called E-Aparatur to facilitate the user in using one application to obtain 3 results. Researchers working in collaboration with Bandung City Government to develop this application. Each of those three policies has a different task, thus the present study merges those policies into an electronic application. This is a web-based application that can be accessed at the address: http://e-aparatur.bandung.go.id. Bandung City Government provides some hardware infrastructure for this application. The frontend of this E-Aparatur application is shown in Figure 1.1 below.

Figure 1.1 E-Aparatur Application

Source: E-Aparatur Application, 2016

E-Aparatur was developed since the end of 2015 as part of an effor to answer the need of staffing arrangement in local government in carrying out job analysis and workload analysis, particularly in Bandung City Government. E-Aparatur is an offline and online application installed on a server or cloud that supports the process of filling job analysis and workload analysis in one place and one time, equipped with the printing report ability in accordance with the requirements of job analysis regulation and workload required as seen in Figure 1.2. For the

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process of filling the position (Bernardin, HJ, & Beatty, R. W, 1984) users only need to click and input data both on the job analysis and the workload analysis menu.

Figure 1.2 job and workload analysis menu

Source: E-Aparatur Application, 2016

Result of the job analysis and workload analysis input (Brannick, M. T., & Levine, E. L, 2002) can be downloaded and printed in a PDF format that can be customized with needed regulation as shown in Figure 1.3 and Figure 1.4.

Figure 1.3 Report Analisis Jabatan

Source: E-Aparatur Application, 2016

To simplify the supervision in the process of filling E-Aparatur application, Figure 1.5 offers a concept of 1 username for 1 SKPD and master data modification (Gael, S., 1984) controlled by 1 admin. This is done so that the filling process can be objective without any interference related to the filling up to printing final report (Harvey, RJ, 1991).

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Figure 1.4 Work Load Analysis Report

Source: E-Aparatur Application, 2016

The aim of this paper is (1) to describe three policies issued by the central government in Indonesia about Analysis of Civil Servant Job in Bandung, (2) to analyze the process of fusion form into an electronic-based policy named electronic apparatur (e-Apparatur), (3) to analyze the harmonization of the evaluation of job information policy for civil servants (PNS).

Method The policy on Job Analysis of the Ministry of Domestic Affairs in the form of Minister This e-Apparatus answers the Regulation No. 35 of 2012 on Job Analysis in deadlock to be done by central and local the Ministry of the Domestic Affairs and governments, especially to prepare Job Local Government, Ministry of Analysis, consisting of Job Information, Job Administrative Reform and Regulation of the Name, Job Resume, Job Description and Job Minister of Administrative Reform No. 33 of Map (Brannick, M. T., Levine, E. L., & 2011 on Guidelines for Job Analysis and the Morgeson, F. P, 2007) , that exists in each last regulation issued by the National Civil organizational unit in both the central and Service Agency and the Regulation of the regional levels. The method used is (A) Head of State Employment Agency No. 12 of analyzing three rules governing the job 2011 on Guidelines for Job Analysis. analysis to be (B) transformed into a policy Transformation performed on these policies that is directly accessible by users of the into an application based on information policy that are the civil servants both at the systems and technology can be seen at this central government and regional levels. The link http://eaparatur.bandung.go.id. The link disharmony of these three regulations is is the beginning of electronic policy (Flynn, caused by the policy of each government Nancy, 2001) in Bandung Government. These agency due to the overlapping budgeting and three regulations are then combined and the same tasks on each organization.

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analyzed in their common purpose and goal formulating various policies (Gael, S., 1988). and are transformed into the electronic policy This paper will also display a descriptive (e-Apparatus). E-Apparatus program is an method of analysis. After the analysis, the innovation with a background of lack of three regulations are then transformed into a harmony of the Indonesian government in simpler electronic policy, without reducing the content and intent of these policies. The simple analysis is converted into applications Results/preliminary result/critical review that are easier to input by civil servants in the city government or in the language of the Table 1.1 explains the advantages and OECD (Organization of Economic disadvantages of E-Aparatur application Development) named as the application of development that should be improved so that Government to Employee (G to E). Each the purpose of structuring personnel can be policy (McCormick, E. J., 1979). achieved (Zimmerman, Eilene, 2002). has difference in translating the contents of the job analysis, but has the same intention. There are several differences between one policy with other policies (Fuentes, Susan,

2008), but does not detract from the purpose of identifying the job in question.

Table 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Aparatur Application after input test in 2016

Advantages Disadvantages 1. E-Aparatur has facilitated the process of 1. Result of job mapping still needs filling job and workload analysis in one development to be integrated with the application. job code and the value of the accumulated assessment of workload. 2. E-Aparatur can be installed offline and 2. Feature for printing report for each SKPD is online in server and cloud. This way, users not yet available. can use the application anytime and anywhere using supported devices. 3. E-Aparatur uses user friendly features and 3. Features for filling workload analysis is not menus in order to obtain expected results in yet efficient because users still have to click accordance with the expected target and each job description in different pages. time. 4. Job and workload analysis report are 4. Time standard for the executing and

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expected to be able to be adjusted to the functional officers has not been formulated. necessary regulation by doing only one process of filling. 5. The application supports usernames 5. Job code in the job analysis form still needs management administered by an admin so formulation so that the result of job and that the quality of filling job and workload workload analysis can be well-managed. analysis is accountable. 6. E-Aparatur master data is dynamic and can 6. This application will later be adaptive to the be managed by the administrator to facilitate needs of other apparatus data such as: job any user data modification. evaluation, remuneration, etc. 7. Guidelines and regulations that support the 7. This application can be made available in filling process of job and workload analysis Android-based devices. are provided in a specified feature so that users focus more on filling everything in one application. 8. E-Aparatur provides a search feature to find 8. This application has an automatic signature filling process and reporting features with a feature for all existing report validation. variety of search filters. 9. E-Aparatur supports multi-user process for up to hundreds of users in the process of filling and printing of job and workload analysis. Conclusion

By using E-Aparatur application, the E-Aparatur application makes the job following results can be obtained: of inputting job and workload analysis data 1. job descriptions, job easier, by cutting the input work and time requirements, and job mapping with a ratio of 1 to 12. It means the process can be accessed anytime and of inputting 1 data for three regulations can anywhere on the go using be completed with 12 times less than before. supported devices; The use of this application opens a direct and 2. job workload, employee's needs, easy access to job description, job number of existing employees, requirements, and job mapping. The retirement estimates, efficiency of workload of each job, the employee's needs, units, job performance; the number of existing employees, including 3. E-Aparatur application evolves the estimates of retirement, unit efficiency following the needs of and job performance, are also available. employment data in accordance

with applicable regulations.

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Refference Gael, S. (1988). The job analysis handbook for business, industry, and government Bernardin, H. J., & Beatty, R. W. (1984). (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. Performance appraisal: Assessing human behavior at work. Kent Pub. Co.. Gael, S. (1984). Job analysis: A guide to assessing work activities. Jossey-Bass Inc Brannick, M. T., & Levine, E. L. (2002). Job Pub. analysis: Methods, research and applications for human resource Harvey, R. J. (1991). Job analysis. management in the new millennium. McCormick, E. J. (1979). Job analysis: Brannick, M. T., Levine, E. L., & Morgeson, Methods and applications. Amacom. F. P. (2007). Job and work analysis: Zimmerman, Eilene (2002). HR must know Methods, research, and applications for when employee surveillance crosses the human resource management. Sage. line. WORKFORCE-COSTA MESA-, 81, Flynn, Nancy (2001). The ePolicy 38 - 45. Handbook. Designing and Implementing

Effective E-mail, Internet, and Software Policies. New York, NY: AMACOM.

Fuentes, Susan (2008). Policy Handbook Identification and Evaluation. Policy.

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ENHANCING PUBLIC SERVICE QUALITY BY STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF OMBUDSMAN

Yuli Tirtariandi El Anshori, Enceng, Universitas Terbuka, Jalan Cabe Raya, Pamulang, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia, Email:[email protected]

Introduction public service (Boyne, 2010). Daft (2009)

Good public services have been very suggests several structural dimensions of significant issues nowadays. All government organizational design, namely formalization, agencies should conduct best service to serve specialization, span of control, centralization, the public. In fact, there are many complaints professionalism, employee ratios. While the due to the delivery of public services by the Contextual Dimension according to Daft agencies. It includes the matter of time, consists of size, technology, environment procedures , and costs. Sometimes the public outside, organizational goals and strategies, service delivery raises a dispute or conflict. It and organizational culture. is not easy for citizens to have fairness when they involved in a dispute with the Methods government. Thus, It requires a guard to watch the implementation of public services. This article uses qualitative method with The guard is Ombudsman that has the explorative model. Data collection authority. Ombudsman in Indonesia is techniques were in-depth interviews, established based on the Law No. 37/2008 documentary studies, field observations, and about The Ombudsman of Republic expert review. Qualitative data analysis was Indonesia. This articles discusses the role of conducted to explore the phenomenon. Ombudsman in Bangka Belitung Province in Results/preliminary result/critical review Indonesia to overcome the public services dispute cases. To carry out its functions, duties and authorities, The Ombudsman of Bangka Literature review Belitung has made many settlements of

Public service improvement can be maladministration cases of public services. defined as a close correlation between actual Referring to organizational theory according perceptions and the desired standards of a to Chistensen (2007), ORI needs to address

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dynamic environmental changes. To completeness indicator, all respondents stated undertake its authority, the Ombudsman physical completeness is good. The Representative has several supporting and availability of service equipment, the number inhibiting factors. The supporting factors are of proportional employees are also in good the cooperative attitude shown by the category, as well as the number of agencies in the local government and vertical communication tools owned by The institutions. Then, the success of the Ombudsman. Ombudsman to resolve various cases that had Establishing Ombudsman in Regencies/Cities been hanging over the years, encouraging the Establishment of Ombudsman public to be more confident with the work of Representatives is conducted at the Ombudsman Representative. There are also provincial level first, then in districts and some obstacles. First, some of the staffs have cities based on the decision of the Central not been able to carry out the task by Ombudsman. This is by considering the issue promoting local cultural approach. As said by of human resources, budget and input from Boyne (2010), performance of a public The Provincial Ombudsman. Establishment organization's services can be increased by of district-level Ombudsmen in Bangka paying enough attention to the problem of Belitung is possible but is unlikely to be culture, both internal and external implemented in the short time due to budget organization. Another inhibiting factor is the and human resource constraints. funding constraint. The Ombudsman Theoretically, according to Daft (2009), one Representative only get fund allocation 300 of the structural dimensions of organizational million rupiahs per year. This is felt to hinder design is the performance of Ombudsman centralization. The existing Ombudsman Representative of the Province of Bangka organizational design particularly in the Belitung. The Ombudsman in Bangka Province of Bangka Belitung that is only Belitung has never conducted an internal established at the provincial level needs to be survey to measure citiziens‟ satisfaction. It analyzed further to see its effectiveness. The concluded that the clients have been satisfied principle of centralization applied by the because there were no cases unsolved. The Ombudsman at this time needs to be rate of cases completion reaching 100 analyzed deply, whether it makes the percent by 2014 and 2015, and 87% by the performance of Ombudsman in Bangka end of 2016. For examples, the tangible Belitung Province easier or more difficult. dimension, in particular physical facility 291

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Conclusions Belitung to be more pro-active in socializing and solving the cases. While the discourse of Based on the previous description, it establishing Ombudsman at the district / city can be concluded that the authority possessed level, can be undertaken if the budget and by The Ombudsman Representative of the available human resources are adequate. This Province of Bangka Belitung is very large is urgent to consider because the number of because it is protected by law. For example, whistleblowers coming from outside the city Ombudsman can call forcibly the reported where the Ombudsman Representative Office party if denying until three times. Then the resides showing an increasing trend. If the Ombudsman can report the parties who do Ombudsman's office is re-established at the not implement the recommendations from the district level it will further improve service to ombudsman. The report can be delivered to the community. President of Indonesia and The House of Representatives. This shows that1. Reference Ombudsman has considerable authority as Bowman, JS. (2010). Achieving Competencies in Public Services. The mandated by the Law. Such great authority Profesional Edge, Second Edition, has made the role played by the Ombudsman Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe Representative of the Province of Bangka Boyne, G., Asworth R., and Tom E. (2010) . Belitung for the last two years can satisfy the Public Service Improvement: Theories and Evidence. New York: Oxford complainants. Nevertheless, there are Universty Press obstacles in the exercise of such authority for Creswell, J.W. (2016). Research Design: the Ombudsman Representative of Bangka Pendekatan Metode Kualitatif, Belitung. It is still strongly bounded by Kuantitatif, dan Campuran (edisi keempat terjemahan). Yogyakarta: existing regulations in exercising its Pustaka Pelajar authority. Then the level of satisfaction of the Daft, LR. (2009). Organization Theory and reporting community services shows a good Design (tenth edition). Ohio, USA: level. This is due to the case resolution index South-Western Cengage Learning reaching 100 percent in 2014 and 2015. Denhardt,R.B., and Denhardt, J.V. (2003). The New Public Service: Serving, not Nevertheless, the community requested the Steering. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe Ombudsman Representative of Bangka

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ARRANGING STREET VENDORS (STUDY ON POLICY MANAGEMENT OF STREET VENDORS IN BANDUNG)

Rina Hermawati, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21 Jatinangor Indonesia, Email [email protected]

Caroline Paskarina, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor Indonesia, Email [email protected]

Introduction more open political structure of Indonesia The city government‟s policy on and the failure of the policy on street vendors street vendors is inseparable from the due to street vendors‟ resistance to the dilemma faced by the city government in policy, the government changed the addressing the problem of street vendors. On paradigm of the city government in settling one side, the presence of street vendors is the problem of street vendors. In Bandung, considered as the “savior” because it the paradigm has been embodied in Local provides employment, facilitates consumers Bylaw Number 4 Year 2011 on Supervision in obtaining cheap goods, makes the city and Arrangement of Street Vendors which in more attractive, and enlivens the city. On the outline contains the spatial arrangement of other side, street vendors are considered to be street vendors, the organization of policy one of the causes of traffic jam and also they implementers, a limitation on the number of are considered to be the disturbance to the street vendors, the approach of consumers‟ city‟s cleanliness and beauty. This dilemma behavior. Normatively, the policy on street allegedly has caused the city government to vendors seems to be ideal. However, the be slow and inconsistent in implementing the reality in the field indicates that the policy policy on street vendors. cannot be optimally realized. This article The view that places street vendors as would explain the implementation problem the disturbance causing the city‟s dirtiness of the policy on street vendors. By using a and disorder has made the policy on street perspective on the policy theory, the writer vendors before 2011 dominated by the policy attempted to describe the internal and of eviction. The policy of eviction cannot be external factors which made the implemented consistently, among other implementation of the policy on the things, because of street vendors‟ resistance. arrangement of street vendors have not been After the 1998 reform which is marked by a optimum.

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the Red Zone is locations in Bandung City Methods where street vendors are forbidden to This research used the qualitative method in operate; 2) the Yellow Zone is locations order to be able to holistically describe the which can be opened and closed for the management of street vendors in Bandung. operation of street vendors based on time and The data collection techniques were places; and 3) the Green Zone is locations conducted through in-depth interviews, where street vendors are allowed to operate participant observation, and documentation. every day. The arrangement uses five Interviews were conducted with board concepts as follows: members of the associations/organizations of a. Relocation; the process of moving the street vendors, and the Special Task Force of locations of street vendors, Street Vendors in Bandung. In order to select b. Market revitalization; the improvement of informants from the organizations of street the function and potential of markets vendors, the writer conducted a preliminary based on the utilization of unused places survey by spreading questionnaires to the in the market for street vendors, organizations. These questionnaires were c. Thematic shopping; the placement of able to map the strengths of the organization street vendors based on various types of of street vendors as the basis in selecting the wares in a particular location, research informants. Meanwhile, informants d. Concept of Festival; the placement of from the Special Task Force of Street street vendors based on the organization Vendors included the government apparatus of certain events, and who directly addressed the problem of street e. Concept of Food Court; the placement of vendors, such as the Civil Service Police street vendors that sell foods based on Unit, the Office of Cooperatives, Small and certain locations by using a profit-sharing Medium-sized Enterprises, and Industry and system with the owner of the location as a Trade, and Regional Development Planning replacement for the rent. Agency. In general, street vendors‟ responses to the Preliminary Result policy of arrangement are divided into two The arrangement of street vendors in groups, i.e. accepting on certain conditions Bandung is conducted spatially. In order to and refusing the policy. The group that arrange street vendors, Bandung City divides accept the policy on certain conditions think its space into the following three zones: 1) that the arrangement of street vendors can be 294

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conducted by considering the suitability of the government needs to communicate the places of relocation with characteristics intensively with the groups of street vendors of street vendors and its integration with the to reach an agreement in the management of policy of supervision, such as facilitation of street vendors. loans, the improvement of the business ability of street vendors, and the promotion References of places of relocation. Meanwhile, the other group refuses the arrangement of street Dunn, William N. 1999. Analisis Kebijakan Publik. Yogjakarta: Gadjah Mada vendors because they have lost their University Press. confidence in the government‟s ability in Dye, Thomas R.1995. Understanding Public resolving the problem street vendors. This Policy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. distrust has made the organizations of street Edward III. 1980. Implementation Public Policy. Washington DC : vendors make every effort to oppose the Congresional Quarter Press. policy, both in the form of resistance and Grindle, Merilee S., (ed), 1980, Politics and negotiation with the government apparatus. Apolicy Implementation in the Third World, New Jersey: Princetown

University Press Meanwhile, from the aspect of the Mustafa, Ali Achsan. 2008. Model government, difficulties in the Transformasi Sosial Sektor Informal implementation of the policy of the Sejarah, Teori dan Praksis Pedagang Kaki Lima. Malang:In-Trans arrangement of street vendors are caused by Publishing the lack of places of relocation for street Rachbini D.J & A. Hamid. 1994. Ekonomi vendors, the limitations of the number of the Informal Perkotaan Gejala Involusi government apparatus supervising street Gelombang Kedua. Jakarta :LP3S vendors, poor coordination between sectors Ramli, Rusli, 1992, Sektor Informal in the Special Task Force of Street Vendors, Perkotaan : Pedagang Kaki Lima di Jakarta. Ind-Hill Co, Jakarta and the policy of street vendors which have not yet been integrated into the city planning. Sethuraman, S.V. 1974. Urbanization and Employment in Jakarta. Geneva:ILO

World Programme Research Conclusions Widodo, Tri. 2006. Peran Sektor Informal The policy on the arrangement of street terhadap Perekonomian Daerah; vendors still needs an improvement, both at Pendekatan Delphi IQ dan Aplikasi. the levels of policy contents and Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Indonesia Volume 21 No. 3:254-267 implementation of the policy. Besides that, 295

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