American Journal of

VOLUME 83 1989

Published by American Society of International Law BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief THOMAS M. FRANCK University School of Law RICHARD B. BILDER CYNTHIA C. LICHTENSTEIN University of Wisconsin Law School Boston College Law School RICHARD B. LILLICH THOMAS BUERGENTHAL Emory University School of Law University of Virginia Law School ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD JONATHAN I. CHARNEY New York University School of Law Vanderbilt University School of Law HAROLD G. MAIER ANTHONY D'AMATO Vanderbilt University School of Law Northwestern University THEODOR MERON School of Law New York University School of Law JOHN NORTON MOORE TOM J. FARER University of Virginia Law School University of New Mexico BERNARD H. OXMAN ROGER FISHER University of Miami School of Law W. MICHAEL REISMAN MICHAEL J. GLENNON Yale Law School University of Cincinnati WILLIAM D. ROGERS College of Law Washington, D.C. ARTHUR W. ROVINE JOHN H. JACKSON New York, N.Y. University of Michigan Law School PETER D. TROOBOFF HAROLD K. JACOBSON Washington, D.C. University of Michigan DETLEV F. VAGTS FREDERIC L. KIRGIS, JR. Harvard Law School Washington and Lee University ROBERT VON MEHREN School of Law New York, N.Y. JOHN LAWRENCE HARGROVE, EX Officio Washington, D.C. Honorary Editors WILLIAM W. BISHOP, JR. MYRES S. MCDOUGAL University of Michigan Law School Yale Law School HERBERT W. BRIGGS COVEY T. OLIVER Cornell University University of Pennsylvania Law School LEO GROSS Fletcher School of Law and STEFAN A. RIESENFELD Diplomacy, University of California Law School SEYMOUR J. RUBIN JOHN N. HAZARD Washington College of Law, School of Law American University Louis HENKIN OSCAR SCHACHTER Columbia University School of Law Columbia University School of Law JAMES NEVINS HYDE LOUIS B. SOHN Newtown, Conn. Law School MONROE LEIGH ERIC STEIN Washington, D.C. University of Michigan Law School RICHARD YOUNG OLIVER T. LISSITZYN Van Hornesville, N.Y. Columbia University School of Law Editor Assistant ANNA ASCHER Editorial Assistant ANN W. NENNEMAN Assistant Editor Emerita ELEANOR H. FINCH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

VOLUME 80 CONTENTS 1986

[No. 1, January 1986, pp. 1-280; No. 2, April 1986, pp. 281-494; No. 3, July 1986, pp. 495-809; No. 4, October 1986, pp. 811-1095.]

PAGE On a Hierarchy of International Human Rights Theodor Meron 1 Court-Ordered Provisional Measures under the New York Convention Charles N. Brower & W. Michael Tuptnan 24 The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World Order John Norton Moore 43 Mexico's Guidelines for Foreign Investment: The Selective Promotion of Necessary Industries Sandra F. Maviglia 281 Transboundary Harm: The International Law Commission's Study of "International Liability" Daniel Barstow Magraw 305 Third-Party Intervention before the International Court of Justice C. M. Chinkin 495 The Right to Compensation: Refugees and Countries of Asylum Luke T Lee 532 "Secret Wars," Self-Defense and the Charter—A Reply to Professor Moore James P. Rowles 568 The Collapse of Tin: Restructuring a Failed Commodity Agreement EricJ.McFadden 811 Two Ways of Thinking about Cultural Property John Henry Merryman 831 Treaty Interpretation by the Executive Branch: The ABM Treaty and "Star Wars" Testing and Development Kevin C. Kennedy 854 Philip Jessup's Life and Ideas Oscar Schachter 878 Jessup: Memorials and Reminiscences I. Manfred Lachs 896 II. Stephen M. Schwebel 901 HI. James N. Hyde 903 IV. Philip C. Jessup, Jr. 908

Editorial Comments Has the International Court Exceeded its Jurisdiction? W. Michael Reisman 128 UK Foreign Affairs Committee Report on the Abuse of Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges: Government Response and Report Rosalyn Higgins 135 The Should Accept, by a New Declaration, the General Compulsory Jurisdiction of the World Court Anthony D 'Amato 331 Unnecessary UN-Bashing Should Stop Thomas M. Franck 336 Mr. Sofaer's War Powers "Partnership" Michael J. Glennon 584 In re Herbert Reis Thomas M. Franck 912 iv CONTENTS [Vol. 80

Notes and Comments In Memoriam: Professor Julius Stone (1907-1985) I. L. F. E. Goldie 141 II. David D. Knoll 143 Judge Philip C. Jessup (1897-1986) 337 The Seventh Emergency Special Session of the UN General Assembly: An Exercise in Procedural Abuse Yehuda Z. Blum 587 The Francis Deak Prize 601 ASIL Awards for 1986 602 Marjorie M. Whiteman (1898-1986) Marian Nash Leich 938 Professor Martin A. Feinrider (1947-1986) James A. R. Nqfziger 940

Correspondence 144, 600, 941

Agora Superior Orders vs. Command Responsibility Anthony D'Amato 604 Some Comments on Professor D'Amato's "Paradox" Howard S. Levie 608 May the President Violate Customary International Law? The Power of the Executive Branch of the United States Government to Violate Customary International Law Jonathan I. Charney 913 Can the President Do No Wrong? Michael J. Glennon 923 The President and International Law Louis Henkin 930

Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law Marian Nash Leich 151,338,612, 947

Judicial Decisions Monroe Leigh 168, 346, 645, 955

Current Developments The Thirty-seventh Session of the International Law Commission Stephen C. McCaffrey 185 California Becomes Latest State to Consider "Foreign Legal Consultant" Wuliam R. Slomanson 197 Thomas Buergenthal Elected President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights T. M. F. 199 Indigenous Peoples: An Emerging Object of International Law Russel Lawrence Barsh 369 Recommendation of Minimum International Labor Standards Hans J. J. Teunissen 385 The Gulf of Sidra Incident Yehuda Z. Blum 668 Investigating Allegations of Chemical or Biological Warfare: The Canadian Contribution Miriam E. Sapiro 678 The IX Inter-American Indian Congress Russel Lawrence Barsh 682 The Three "Theme" Special Rapporteurs of the UN Commission on Human Rights David Weissbrodt 685 The New World Satellite Order: A Report from Geneva Gregory C. Staple 699 1986 UNAT Elections T. M. F. 720 International Law and U.S. Withholding of Payments to International Organizations Richard W. Nelson 973 1986] CONTENTS

U.S. Loyalty Program for Certain UN Employees Declared Unconstitutional Mark A. Roy 984

Book Reviews and Notes Edited by Detlev Vagts 200, 387, 722, 986

Books Received 275, 432, 779, 1059

Official Documents General Assembly. Resolution 40/61 on Measures to Prevent International Terrorism 435 United Nations Security Council. Resolution 579 (1985) on Hostage Taking and Abduction 437 United Nations Secretariat. Notes Verbales on Host Country Travel Regulations 438 United Nations Commissioner for Namibia. Implementation of Decree No. 1 for the Protection of the Natural Resources of Namibia 442 United Nations Legal Counsel. Statement on U.S. Imposition of Ceilings on Certain UN Delegations 783 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua. Operative Part and Summary of the Judgment of the International Court of Justice 785 International Legal Materials. Contents, Vol. XXIV, Nos. 5-6 (1985); Vol. XXV, Nos. 1-3 (1986) 279, 492, 808, 1063 Table of Cases 1065 Index 1068 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

VOL. 80 January 1986 NO. 1

CONTENTS PAGE On a Hierarchy of International Human Rights Theodor Meron 1 Court-Ordered Provisional Measures under the New York Convention Charles N. Brewer & W. Michael Tupman 24 The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World Order John Norton Moore 43 Editorial Comments Has the International Court Exceeded its Jurisdiction? W. Michael Reisman 128 UK Foreign Affairs Committee Report on the Abuse of Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges: Government Response and Report Rosalyn Higgins 135 Notes and Comments

In Memoriam: Professor Julius Stone (1907-1985) I. L. F. E. Goldie 141 II. David D. Knoll 143

Correspondence 144 Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law Marian Nash Leich 151 Judicial Decisions Monroe Leigh 168 Current Developments The Thirty-seventh Session of the International Law Commission Stephen C. McCaffrey 185 California Becomes Latest State to Consider "Foreign Legal Consultant" William R. Slomanson 197 Thomas Buergenthal Elected President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights T.M.F. 199

Book Reviews and Notes Edited by Detlev Vagts Review Article: The in Retrospect (Leo Gross) 200 Van Dyke, Jon M. (ed.). Consensus and Confrontation: The United States and the Law of the Sea Convention (Lewis M. Alexander) 215 Putnam, Robert D., and Nicholas Bayne. Hanging Together: The Seven- Power Summits (Harold K. Jacobson) 217 Coll, Alberto R., and Anthony C. Arend (eds.). The Falklands War: Lessons for Strategy, Diplomacy and International Law (D. S. Whitescarver) 219 Backer, John H. Winds of History: The German Years of Lucius DuBignon Clay (Benjamin B. Ferencz) 221 Berman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Alfred P. Rubin) 222 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Volume XIV: China and fapan. 2 parts (Elmer Plischke) 225 Fawcett, J. E. S. Outer Space: New Challenges to Law and Policy (Charles L. Kent) 227 Cavers, David F. The Choice of Law. Selected Essays, 1933-1983 (Willis L. M. Reese) 229 Recueil des Cours de I'Academie de droit international de La Haye, 1977. Vol. V (Alfred P. Rubin) 230 Bernhardt, Rudolf (ed.). Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Instalment 6 (Domingo E. Acevedo) 231 Ermacora, Felix. Menschenrechte in der sich wandelnden Welt. Vol. II (P. Weis) 233 Soviet Year-Book of International Law, 1983 (John N. Hazard) 235 Edwards, Richard W., Jr. International Monetary Collaboration (William N. Eskridge.Jr.) ^ ^ 237 Le droit des relations iconomiques internationales: Etudes offertes a Berthold Goldman (Philip Alston) 241 Makonnen, Yilma. International Law and the New States of Africa (Keith Highet) ^ ^ 242 Michael, Michel. L'Applicabilite du traite instituant la C.E.E. et du droit derive au plateau continental des etats membres (Bernard H. Oxman) 246 Braxator, Kamil. Die Zwischenstaatlichkeitsklausel in den Wettbewerbsvor- schriften des EWG-Vertrages und des Freihandelsabkommens Schweiz- EWG (Ludwig Weber) 249 Neuhold, Hanspeter, Waldemar Hummer and Christoph Schreuer (eds.). Osterreichisches Handbuch des Vb'lkerrechts. 2 vols. (Giinther Handl) 252 Rubin, Seymour J., and Gary Clyde Hufbauer (eds.). Emerging Standards of International Trade and Investment: Multinational Codes and Corporate Conduct (Klaus A. Sahlgren) 253 Franck, Thomas M. Nation Against Nation: What Happened to the U.N. Dream and What the U.S. Can Do About It (Robert Rosenstock) 257 Meron, Theodor (ed.). Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues. 2 vols. (Hurst Hannum) 260 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee: Selected Decisions under the Optional Protocol (Second to sixteenth sessions) (Theodor Meron) 267 Craig, W. Laurence, William W. Park and Jan Paulsson. International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration. 2 binders (W. Michael Reisman) 268 Briefer Notices: Groux and Manin, 273; Wilson, 273; World Development Report 1985, 274. Books Received 275 International Legal Materials. Contents, Vol. XXIV, No. 5 (September 1985) 279 BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief THOMAS M. FRANCK New York University School of Law RICHARD B. BILDER RICHARD B. LILLICH University of Wisconsin University of Virginia Law School Law School ANDREAS F. LOWENFELD THOMAS BUERGENTHAL New York University School of Law Emory University School of Law HAROLD G. MAIER ANTHONY D'AMATO Vanderbilt University School of Law Northwestern University School of Law THEODOR MERON RICHARD A. FALK New York University School of Law Princeton University JOHN NORTON MOORE TOM J. FARER University of Virginia Law School University of New Mexico W. MICHAEL REISMAN ROGER FISHER Yale Law School Harvard Law School ROSALYN HlGGINS ARTHUR W. ROVINE University of New York, N.Y. London, LSE PETER D. TROOBOFF JOHN H.JACKSON Washington, D.C. University of Michigan Law School HAROLD K. JACOBSON DETLEV F. VAGTS University of Michigan Harvard Law School FREDERIC L. KIRGIS, JR. ROBERT VON MEHREN Washington and Lee University New York, N.Y. School of Law CYNTHIA C. LICHTENSTEIN BURNS H. WESTON Boston College Law School University of Iowa School of Law JOHN LAWRENCE HARGROVE, EX Officio Washington, D.C. Honorary Editors WILLIAM W. BISHOP, JR. MYRES S. MCDOUGAL University of Michigan Law School Yale Law School HERBERT W. BRIGGS COVEY T. OLIVER Cornell University University of Pennsylvania Law LEO GROSS School Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University STEFAN A. RIESENFELD JOHN N. HAZARD University of California Law School Columbia University School of Law SEYMOUR J. RUBIN Louis HENKIN Washington College of Law, Columbia University School of American University Law OSCAR SCHACHTER JAMES NEVINS HYDE Columbia University School of Law Newtown, Conn. PHILIP C. JESSUP Louis B. SOHN Norfolk, Conn. University of Georgia Law School MONROE LEIGH ERIC STEIN Washington, D.C. University of Michigan Law School OLIVER J. LISSITZYN Columbia University School of RICHARD YOUNG Law Van Hornesville, N.Y. Assistant Editor ANNA ASCHER Editorial Assistant ANN W. NENNEMAN Assistant Editor Emerita ELEANOR H. FINCH The American Journal of International Law The views expressed in the articles, editorial comments, book reviews and notes, and other contributions which appear in AJIL are those of the individual authors and are not to be taken as representing the views of the Board of Editors or the American Society of International Law. Manuscripts in triplicate may be sent to the Editor in Chief of AJIL, Professor Thomas M. Franck, New York University School of Law, New York, N.Y. 10012. All footnotes should be typed double space at the end of the manuscript. Please do not make multiple submissions to other journals. Subscriptions, orders for back numbers, correspondence with reference to AJIL and books for review should be sent to the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW (ISSN 0002- 9300), 2223 Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008. AJIL is published in January, April, July, and October and is supplied to all members of the American Society of International Law. The annual subscription to nonmembers of ASIL is $50.00, plus $3.20 for all foreign subscriptions. Avail­ able back numbers of AJIL will be supplied at $11.00 each. ($30 of membership fee is allotted to AJIL subscription.)

EDITORIAL OFFICE: BUSINESS OFFICE: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW 2223 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W. 40 WASHINGTON SQUARE SOUTH WASHINGTON, D.C. 20008 NEW YORK, N.Y. 10012

The American Society of International Law

The American Society of International Law was organized in 1906 "to foster the study of international law and to promote the establishment and maintenance of on the basis of law and justice." Society membership is open to all persons of whatever nationality and profession who are interested in its objectives. Dues are: regular, $70; special category, $30 for persons not resident in a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; intermediate, $30; student, $20. Membership application form is printed at the back of each issue of AJIL.

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1985-1986

Honorary President JOHN N. HAZARD

President DAVID G. GILL

Vice-Presidents FREDERIC L. KIRGIS, JR., W. MICHAEL REISMAN, PAUL C. SZASZ Executive Vice-President and Executive Director JOHN LAWRENCE HARGROVE Honorary Vice-Presidents: RALPH GERHART ALBRECHT,* WILLIAM W. BISHOP, JR., HERBERT W. BRIGGS, MAXWELL COHEN, ARTHURH. DEAN, EDWARD DUMBAULD, LEO GROSS, JAMES N. HYDE, PHILIP C. JESSUP, MONROE LEIGH, CARLYLE MAW, MYRES S. MCDOUGAL, COVEY T. OLIVER, FRANZ M. OPPENHEIMER, ELLIOT L. RICHARDSON, STEFAN A. RIESENFELD, WILLIAM D. ROGERS, SEYMOUR J. RUBIN, DEAN RUSK, OSCAR SCHACHTER, STEPHEN M. SCHWEBEL, LOUIS B. SOHN, ERIC STEIN, JOHN R. STEVENSON, WALTER STERLING SURREY, MARJORIE M. WHITEMAN.

Secretary MICHAEL H. CARDOZO Treasurer JAMES C. CONNER Assistant Treasurer JOSEPH GUTTENTAG

* (1896-1985).