[Entered at the Post Office of New York, N. as Second Class Matter. Copyrighted, l8�9. by Munn Co.) Y., &

A WEEKIS JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Vol. LXI.-No. 22'J 30, 1889. A NE}V YORK, $3.00. YEAR. ESTABLr.HED U!45. NOVEMBER L "-:EEKLY.

room p pi plant. 2. CaisBon. 3. dock. 1. Engine and um ng ShIp entering TIlE NEW SIMPSON TIMBER DRY DOCK AT THE BROOKLYN, N, Y., NAVY YA D.-[See page 841.J

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Jtitntifit �mtritan. THE UNITED STATES OF BRAZIL. It will probably be a wonderful and thrilling story The 14th day of November, 1889, is likely to be a which the adventurers will have to tell when they �titntifit �mttitan. memorable day in the history of Brazil, for it was then finally reach home, and it will also be a story of hard­ the monarchy was oyerthrown and the great country ships and privat.ions endured, of sickness, want of food, ESTABLISHED 1.845. assnmed the republican form of government. The good and unremitting toil of the severest kind under the Emperor Dom Pedro and the royal family were ex­ blaze of a tropical sun or in the more deadly African MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. pelled from the country and left. for Europe, the re­ morasses and jungles, but the results are certain to public and free suffrage were proclaimed, the eighteen place the name of Henry Stanley in a yet higher PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT M. provinces are to be made States with local governments NEW place than it has heretofore occupied among the world's No. 361 BROADWAY, YORR. and all political institutions are to be closely patterned great explorers. He has succeeded in rescuing the after those of this country. The new national flag in party of Emin Pasha, and his other work cannot fail O. D. MUNN. E. A. BEACH. its general style resembles that of the United States, to give an important impetus and a more intelligent except that Brazil has adopted yellow and white TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFI() AMEllI()AN. understanding to the numerous enterprises lJOW on foot stripes instead of our red and white. The corner field for the speedy opening up to the world of these va�t S. Canada ...... 83011 cOPY. six months, for U. S...... of the new flag co tains eighteen stars, one for eacl).of and hitherto almost unknown regions of Central OPY. to 1 �O n C 00 the new States. Afr ca One copy. one year. for the U. or ...... 4 i One the or Canada ...... This great political revolution has been accomplished .4' •.• OUR NEW BOOK. SCIENTIFICOneA one AME year.RICAN. any foreign country belonging to Postal Union. without bloodshed. The causes which led to it have . Remit bybank postal or expressa money order. been working like a yeast for a long time, and the Probably no book OIl physics ever reached so great a MUNN CO .. Franklin u8tralin and New Zealand.-Those who desire to receive the sale in so short a time as our new book" Experimental & :Itil for little over one year. may remit.£1in current transition, although sudden and complete, took place Colonial 'rhenotes. Sclenllftc Address American SUPI,lemen' without any serious public or commercial disturbance. Science," by Mr. George M. Hopkins, treating on ele­ N M Broaoway, corner of R Street. New York. The provisional president of the new Brazilian re- mentary practical and experimental physi s ;�: :!�:r c:I::� 1: ����� Its � :� :' ����.��!:;'����K.�z� c SCIEN'rIFIC AMEItTCAN . SUPPLEMENT, public is Dodoro da Fonseca. He is described as an value has been acknowleded by a large number of our n r $6.00 able and reliable statesman. The provisional govern­ most eminent scientists. . S. Sold :: �.�:� ;�:��� Prof. E. S_ Dana. of Yale University, New Haven, tbroughentwitb Term. of10 subscription for ment has so far acted with great prudence, and enjoys '5.00 ayear, for U. and Canada.SCIENTIFIC a yearAMERICAN to fore ign counSUPPLEMENTtries belong- the confidenceof the people. Conn., writes: II I shall expect myself to obtain from In(:OInblu"dg to the Postal Union.' Sir:�le copies, cents.S. by all newsdealers Brazil has an area almost the same as that of the it many suggestions which will aid in my instruc­ the country. U. dollalJ'S. tions. " Mellen ltates.-Theby and United States, namely, three millions of square miles. will be sent. for one year, tois any address in or Canada, on receipt of Her natural resources are of the richest description. Prof. John Trowbridge, Jefferson Physical Labora­ New SCIENTIFIf1 AMERICAN tory, Cambridge, ill do much to popularize SUPPLEMENTfJ'hesafest way to remit a draft, postal order, expreS8 money order. or Her territory is intersected by innumerable rivers, and says: .. It w registered letter. the length of her interior navigable waters surpasses the great subject of physi al science." c UNN .• Street. , AU8U'alia and ZeBland.-The and that of any other country. Her railway system is at Prof. S. P. Langley, Smithsonian Instit tion Wash­ :\1 wi1l& be I,olent3f11 for little over one year on receipt of £2 cur· u rent Colonial bank notes. present chiefly confined to the coast ; but doubtless, ington, D. C., writes: .. Many of the experiments and Addre&8NEW YORK,CO SATURDABroadway, corner Y, NOVEMBER of Franklin 30,New 1889. York. under her new and liberal institutions, capital and ill ustrations are new to me." population will be attracted to her domain, and her Prof. D. W. Hering, University of the City of New railways be extended northward to join those from York, says II I know of no work that is at the same ()onlen'.. will : an the other States, reac.hing to the Isthmus, to Mexico, time so popular in style and so scientific in character." and the United States. Prof. W. C. Peckham, Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, Appliances, ...... 340 B45 . There is reason to believe the adoption of the new N. Y., says: .. Of few such books can the author say (JIl11.tratedd il article.i · :: :::: are mllrken with asterisk.) Book. .j. li . la O ...... 345 and Illore liberal form of government will lead to a that all the apparatus has been constructed and the . �1�:1.16 �g United States . . n �s ...... • .... railway .. . :142 Invention., en ineering ...... experiments performed himself before the descrip­ Brazil, Channel...... i .. 341 great exten�lOn. of trade between this country and by . Lock, . 3·)9 . • �l���lr,;t�\i!lft��;y� ·r : f���gU���: �,���a'it�cai::::::::::. 341 tions were admitted to the book. This claim, made in our new...... 3il61:140 Inventions.Machine, cel ne U8 BraZIl. We are purchaSIng from her annually at pre- Cu ..of ...... Japanesemech,wlcal. In China ; .• 339 ...... 317 , . Ons ars wor tl1 f pro the preface. from so conscientious an experimenter as Bridge, Engli.h !.. . . 346 Light, electric. Massachu.ettseverywhere ... ..8 . 333409 sen t a ou b t f or t y '11' f d II I leI' - Brid.z;eport Wood }flnishing Co. I combination, lJouglass'*. . 1111 0 0 0 Mr. Hopkins is known to be, is the highest possible Brush �lectric ...... 31� . ice, Ilermi"ny's* ... . I ducts, and we admit her coffee duty free. But in Buatne,s and person �� ��tt';;�Mixer, Broughton•• ;\�� guarantee of the work." Chemistry. brewin" Norwe�lan8 in return she buys fromI t h e United States goods to the i� e •.:: :::: �g� m fN���V��i����f�r:\��ti��i�Tbdi����:;:��tcai;.i892:·::::·test:·::: .a���::, G\��,:ci;n; :::.:·· . amount of only about six millions of dollars. Great The following is fro Prof. W. Le Conte Stevens, of . �n .. � a ow : Britain buys from Brazil products amounting to only the Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, Y.: The E�(e�:g{:h,s.Wrr."�i�S.O·�;�*::::1:15:. . �i���'t��,t;;�I';:.'t��';,�i't1�g�:����{::;�'rW���ms�er :� . . N. ����:!'�����'ir:,;��eclI�� . �t:: : ... t� e e 8. . :: �:t . twenty millions of dollars, and maintains a tariff of author is accurate in statemel.lt, full of ingenious sug­ . . . . ied: l n e r ri ���,� ;, �·u��: �.:::::::::::G ::...... ��.� .�::: 340 per h undred pounds on Brazilian coffee, and yet gestions, plain and simple in style, and admirably clear ���t� ����� .' � d ��. .. c . �� $3,50 Gas n hl al Pitt'� �5 j,�gr8'tI���':;rI�s ;6rattach·.;;,;;,t g;([d��i n'cieve: l;':;,d :141 sells to Brazil some thirty-two million dollars worth of in his mode of presentation. The book will be very bU r� � :. ... �g'e · · ...· . � ���:�iW;,g�t���\�;,'liiirai::::::::::electrical . . . .  . goods per annum. It would seem in view of our largp useful to me as teacher of science, and Illy studen ts :�45 velg�'l�,:;'di8is:mii;ia;'Y:Fr';;;Ch*: sa!> a purchases in Brazil the balance of trade ought not to will use it for frequent reference as a laboratory man· Inventions, ...... Worthill"ton Pump Co ... .. be so greatly against us as it now is. It is claimed that ual. I know of no book that I can so confidently com­ TABLE OJ!' CONTENTS OF as soon as better facilities for transportation are pro­ mend as a stimulant and guide to young men who have vided, Brazilian trade will turn more to this country. not had the advantage of mathematical training. ,. -----...-...... - . ----- Prof. Samuel Sheldon, Polytechnic Institute, Brook­ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT STANLEY'S LATEST DISCOVERIES. lyn, N. Y., writes: "The book will be of great value No_ 726- Recent advices leave no room for doubt of the saf&ty to those teachers and instructors who are expected to of Stanley, the African explorer, whose arrival within fully illustrate the subject of physics, and yet have but 'Veek Ending November 30, 1889. actual reach of the telegraph may be daily looked for. a small amount of apparatus, and that badly chosen." For tbe He is approaching the Zanzibar coast with a party Prof. Robert Spice, of Brooklyn. says: II I must COIl­ For numbering some twelve hundred, including his own gratulate you on the production of such a splendid Price 10 cent,s, hy all PAGE followers and those of E in Pasha, the central African and valuable work." very paper lll Prof. R. H. Thurston, director Sibley College, Cor­ 1. day upon .ale new.dealerspractical CARL state so long governed by the latter, with headquar­ ters at Wadelai, having been overrun by and incorpo­ nell University, says of the book: A KRONAUTICS.-The Construction of Balloons.-By E. Ithaca, N. Y., "It II. AMYERS.-A valuable Highe.tby one of the most expertWorld .-Aballoon­ rated with the Soudanese possessions of the Mahdi. is full of ingenious and effective arrangements in expe­ ists of the this interesting subject, giving in- rimentation and crowded with interesting matter. It struction 45Hin the art ..Pa " ...... raguay at the , ...... 11596 Since the latter part of the year 1887, when the ex­ RCHl'l'ECTURK.-1'heot Chimney in tbe new plorer left Rtanley Falls, the Upper Congo. the fills a space of real importance, in Illy opinion." Pan:tguAy.--l ...... 011 chimney:. feet high. now in prucess of erection. in Germuny.-l Mr. Thomas A. Edison says: "The practical charac­ lllu tratlon...... 1159711500 news from him has been very meager, and that which fl'he8 Pavilion tmosphe ric French Exposition.-A very ill.beautiful buildingby erected atand the exposition, with view to removal did come was anyth ing but hopeful, especially when ter of the ph ysical apparatus, the clearness of the de­ and re-erection in illustration ...... taken in connection with the reports that Emin's set­ scriptive matter. and its entire freedom from mathe­ u H. I!:LECTRICl'l'Y.-Asuggestion Electricity.-Recent� observa·zinc matics give the work a value in my mind superior to lV. tionamagnesium conducted kites arballoonssemc upon aerial electrical'VARREN.­ po- tlement had been broken up and Emin himself was a tential ...... 01 ..... 11604 any other work on elementary physics of which I am byFilte ring simple prisoner in the hands of the Mahdi. The country ill filteringCHH:MISTHY.-Mngnesiumdevice rapid asC. H.Heag-enL-By GYZAKDER.-A N. A valuable for nnR-lyticalwork in the repla.cing which Stanley's route lay is a tableland of some five aware." �pe rmine.-Afor reductions, tests. etc"., ...... 11598 Arrangement.-By very thousand feet elevation, directly under the equator, Prof. W. J. Rolfe, of Cambridgeport. Mass., writes: for filtrationfor use in Jaboratories.-3 illus- V. at with many mountain ridges and snow-capped peaks, "The book is by far the hest thing of the ind I have trations...... 188\J.-An ...... , .... : ...... 115� k new alkaloid and its properties...... 11606 much of the surface heavily wooded, and having a seen, and I can commend it most cordially and em­ GEOLOGY.-Glacial Geology.-By Prof. JAMES GEIKIE.-Prof. GClkie's openinfiS address thed British ASSOCiation, Newcastle, vegetation so prolific as to be almost im penetrable, phatically.• , V meeting of �� thi�'�ettt;J��interestingm�fti review of the intluence of 1. and a in practice . . . while it has a very considerable population, mostly of glaCiers upon the earth's surface...... ,...... 11605 •.. 1. VII. :\IECHANICALE Birminghamt Cnmp ress­ 11597 small savage tri bes, always engaged in war and slave THE AMERICAN EXHIBITION OF 1892. edV�l�;b¥e Ai r p�:e�Supply.-Compres�ed ail'asS?��t vehiclei�)�,���i�:�i-; for conveying�i81��� very full discussionan of its utilizationa in ...... stealing. In a region of this character, about one The citizens of New York have cOlllpleted their sub­ lr. of . . .. . ingham ...... ENGIN. EERING.-The...... _...... thousand ruiles each way in extent, Stanley has been scription of five millions of dollars for the celebration Power . Aluminum 1592 powerand Silicon Clties. with accountl1�urnace of (Cowles' the work now progress and marching and countermarching for nearlr two years, by an International Exhibition, to be held in this city VIII.plant in process erection under the Sturgeon systemCowles atprocess Birm-, in 1892, of the four hundredth anniversary of the land­ preceded ...... and...... an J.... H.ac- ...J. 1 first in the interests of commerce and fOI' purposes of COlmtM��1'ALLURGY.-The Productionalloy ..... of the Alloys of exploration, and finally as the successful rescuer and ing of Columbus. In addition to the above large sum in the Electric Process).-By IX.DAGGER.-A review of the recent progress invery the deliverer of Emin Pashi from the Mahdi. two hundred thousand dollars have been raised to at the pl'oduct.ionand by a history of aluminum, with exhaustive.. .. 115116 ofloose the infillence sand upon its -2 illustrations ...... 11592 The additions made by the explore.r to our know- meet the preliminary expenses. With this splendid Ind ...... 1]596 . fund in hand, noth'llg is now needed to put the neces­ MISCln.lI,ANEOfTS.-PaintingIII in Sand.-A curious in· ledge of the geography of this vast region in Central teresting art, as shown Paris exposition,.. of de- 11604 signs graphicin by use of thetlngersHamburgonly.-1 ::A illllstmtionand�'CCO',; �t . Africa are necessarily limited by the meagerness of the sary works under construction except the influence of Note on Natural Gas Auburn, . . . .. is seen that they will the national government, mainly for the purpose of n o r . i Si accounts so far received, but it �(!r,�i� tl{:.�>�;7�'��� �� :e� i��:r��K�i.: sh·ort with: i� � fore the Albert N yanza securing official recognition abroad. N ew York will very illustrations of the sewer..��:. �of.���� a trip.. . of. be of great iInpo rtance. Hereto Nin KNGiNlr.I'�IUNG.-i nAopparatll"i foril .���8 a 1 5 considered the sonrce of the southwest branch go to Congress, not to solicit money from the public '1'b�c�6rr�rt��e�x����� gs o� fh� �i�·�1te i �� i{�U��Y·.:':'N(;t"i·cesi 1 99 has been x. A V AL s n t g s r t C ady �I���t�����ti��u��·p�;:�g��::bl'� t!��c�)/:;�s��if �� ;g��t�:�ty �I� ; 1 600 of the. White Nile. the "V"ictoria Nyanza being the treasnry for exhibition buildings. for that is aIr lfaft�!����ru i .�����:�����d . ��.� �.��.e ... C 1 �y�M�1����)i����?��A ���fr�?';:1�!�Cb�lt�g:rh7�t��1\�Providingt ��f[ti!··Ei8:' Steady sonrce of its south�ast branch, Stanley, however, has subscribed, but simply to ask such legislative encourage discovered an exten�ion of the Southp,rn Nyanza� or ment as the government c.an reasonably grant toward 1115591 eutel·prise. Depth FO llS 1 n Nyanza of U songora, which, he says, I, is c.alled now giving national stamp or character to the c C a ���I�����r f t e i S Albert Edward Nyanza, alld is about feet higher So far as money for buildings, grounds. and all the :���la� dlaph"'gmsge���i��fo:.� l�n�st�!t��.��.�.'����data photographic.��:.�����.� work.��. . :.��� 900 than Albert N yanza, having exit at Semliki, which paraphernalia of the great exhibition is concerned. Xl. PH01'OGRAPHY.-Constant Focus lindn ot in .Pho- all X streams from the snowy range of everything needful is provided. A magnificent site of llB��S�.Oli!f,�·1���:;f;;�I?t\�·��I'�;':,iO[h��,:;��!�·��Yt��ll����Jlp�i�f�i"��:�h�t)��:�t�tf�:c���?e� r��\�g receh'es over fifty . - t.he table of he and otber for pHrticulnrly .....hiS 11604 . . • several hundred acres in the heart of e city has been qua rtz threRds tand pra �uJeuzorl, and finally enters the Al bert � �'a nza, llIak· th TECH;>;OLOGY. -Improved �;��;:';;i�,,�i mg the Albert Edward the source of the southwest selected, convenient and accessihle from all directions e#xperimentel", present onea treating more b of ��r�ef�;��:':'I�I��,�tr�1i��/�r;:'d d'p�c�FM�.���l:."h,!:'i,�!�ta"use.-' illustrations.. .. 116021 branch of the White Nile." The area of the extension by land and water. All those splenoid highlands ex· . . cticai detail.g , of their ���\\�a .i.l square miles. froUl northerly Pa XliI. . �m.�Refrigeratmg. Machinery.-Re- is said to be 26,900 tending the enll of Central west- 0.1 ������ rk i n t d ot r r i e Wo���.���� �.����: � �w� : �.� . .��. a �.�I. �:� 115.Qf © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 30, 1889.] $dtntifit �mtritan. 337 erly to the Hudson River, embracing the Morningside this, know how to recommend substitutes for the malt, I you they are thinking, and trouble is brewing," he is Park, the Riverside Park, and the intervening grounds and present simultaneously a complete brewer's for- quoted as saying. And again: "They are making as far north and sou� as may be reWisconsin, settling first to state whether or not this or that predominant at the close of the month. Jupiter, Mercury, and Nep­ at Milwaukee, then at Watertown, and finally, in 1867, species Gf saccharomyces is to give his beer the desired tune are evening stars_ he came to Racine, where he founded the business color, taste, and facility of separation of the yeast, and which riow bears his name, and which has grown, . ------�" to act accordingly_ A chemist can determine the ------�,�SOME THOUGHTS� ...ABOU1' CHINA.--- largely by his efforts, which have been efficientlyaided quantity of soluble protein in the malt, anJ thence In an article in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of Sept.", by his son�, to be one of the best known in the the approximate amount of the chemical diastase pre­ 28, 1889, entitled" The Insulted Chinese," Rev. Chas. country, the S. Freeman & Sons Manufacturing Com­ sent which is to change starch to grape sugar, ready H. PowIer is quoted as prophesying trouble between pany. Mr. Freeman was also president of the Wis­ for conversion thence by the yeast plant into alcohol the United States and China at no very distant day, consin Agriculturist Company, publishers of this paper. and carbonic acid. The specialist must also, besides on account of the latter's anti-Chinese laws. "I tell - Wisconsin Agriculturist.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. _- , citutifit �mttitan. !_--- _.. JOHNSTON'S PATENT SIDE DRUM. in groups of six until, the successive reflections AN IMPROVED DISH DRIER. A drier designed to save the work of wiping dishes 'I'he drulll shown in the accompanying illustration att.enuating the intensity of the images, the latter may be used either for military or orchestral purposes. cease to be visible. Three or four persons massed has been patented by Mrs. Alice J�. Wilson, of Abilene, of the angles present the illusion of a compact Texas, and is shown herewith. It has a perforated It is quick of vibration, is strong of tone, and possesses in onA several novel features that have been patented by Mr. and mixed crowd standing upon a sidewalk and await­ hinged cover, and in its base is held a perforated false of a procession. The hats waving in bottom, a spout leading from the chambel' thus formed, W. R. Johnston. ing the passage One of these is the brace, which is an oval-shaped the air c onvert the peaceful waiting into an enthusias­ by means of which the drainage water accumulating metal shell provided internally (see cut) with an elastic tic manifestation, which is so mueh the more surpris­ there may be poured off. A curved projecting piece I ing in that it is made by but half a dozen per­ sons at the maximum. The accompanying figure gives an idea of this remarkable effect, and the three persons, whose images reflected ad infinitum produce the curious result that we call attention to, would have much trouble to believe that they were the subject of an illusion. Upon the whole, the experiment is nothing more than an application of the principle of the old kaleidoscope enlarged and revived, in the sense that the observer has before his eyes the successive reflections of his own image, and that the objects are replaced with living beings movable at will. Five or six persons may occupy, at the same time, the triangular prism, of which the sides are about six feet wide, and which they enter through a trap in the floor. When these five or six persons are walking about in all direc- MRS. WILSON'S DISH DRIER. JOHNSTON'S PATENT SIDE DRUM. tions, they present the aspect of a tumultuuus and agitated crowd commenting upon grave of sheet metal is secured to the side of the body to form fining which serves to prevent the brace from slipping events.-La Nature. a chamber in which knives, forks, and spoons may be on the cord. It stays where it is placed, and keeps an placed to drain and dry. Uprights attached to the .. �., .. even pressure on the head. It is light and ornamental false bottom support cross pieces, against which the Unknown Gall. and will not slip, stretch, or break. When the head is All dishes to be dried are placed. The dishes are washed, Passing Stratton ice works short time ago, about to be stretched, a bifurcated hook is employed, which a turned down in the drier, and hot water poured over 6 o'clock, a reporter saw Mr. Ware, one of the proprie­ inserted over the brace on each side of the cord. It them, when the cover is closed and the heat remain­ is tors, on top of the huge ammonia machines, intently b also provided with handle which enables the brace ing will effect the drying and give a glossy appear­ a watching a long jet of flame which was consuming the to be drawn down without injury to the fingers. The ance, the steam passing off through the perforations of gas ail it issued from a half inch vent pipe in the top of triple snares which are used in this drum are clamped the cover. the machine. Inquiring what kind of light it was, the to the shell of the drum on one side and at the other reporter was informed by Mr. \Vare that he did not ... �. side are retained by the triangular snare strainer, AN IMPROVED VIOLIN TAIL PIECE. know anything further than that it was gas which, by which is of peculiar construction. Holes are cut in the In most cases the breaking of violin strings takes some mysterious process, generated in the" absorber" hoop so that when tension is applied the snares after is place near where the fingers come in contact with the to during the process of ice making with ammonia, and they are passed through these openings, they will be which often creates such a back pressure as to ncessi­ drawn close to the snare head, greatly increasing the tate prompt attentio,n in giving it vent to relieve the vibration and tone of the instrument. The snare machine. The gas burns with dull greenish flame, strainer is triangular in shape and is provided with an a but is quite combustible; and while the matter was opening at its upper end, through whieh passes the being discussed by them, the supply was exhausted screw tightener. This screw also passes through an and the flame went out with a sputter. Mr. \Vare then apertured lip that is screwed to the side of the drum, said that there would be no more trouble with it for so that by simply turning the thumb screw the snare twenty-four hours, when another accumulation would will be tightened and held firmly stretched. This drum take place. He further said that no chemist had as has proved so far satisfactory that it was adopted by yet been able to explain the nature of the gas why the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia in June, 1889. o r it is generated in this manner.-Pensacola News. The 17 in. by 10 in. drum is used for military purposes, [The mystery of the above is probably not very deep. drum corps, etc., and the 14 in. by 5Yz in. for the or­ The greenish color of the flame at once betrays its am­ chestra. moniacal nature or the presence of some ammoniacal For further information address the patentee, Mr. compound. Under the conditions of pressure, presence W. R. Johnston, \Valtham, Mass. SNOW'S VIOLIN TAIL PIECE. of organic matter from lubrication, etc., it is easy to conceive that a combustible gab could generated AN OPTICAL ILLUSION. be strings in playing, the broken string being then use· which would contain enough ammonia to give a green We are going to present to readers the solu­ less if it consists only of one length. To avoid ihis waste Ollr color to the flame. Examination by a competent chem­ tion of a problem that came in our way by accident several lengths of string are sometimes coiled about ist would soon determine the composition of the gas.­ during our peregrinatioIls in search of curiosities of all the tail piece, a portion to be nncoiled at each break­ ED. S. A.] kinds, and which consists in making few persons age, but this arrangement is awkward and unsightly. a appeal' like an innumerable crowd. This interesting .... � .. and to overcome the difficulty is the object of an in­ scientific recreation was exhibited some time ago in a A Grand Prize to the Wortltlngton Pnmplnlt vention illustrated herewith, which forms the subject public establishment near the universal exposition. It Engine Company. of a patent issued to Mr. F. P. Snow, of Portland, Ore­ is now no longer in existence, but doubtless we shall In our list of awards at the Paris exhibition, given in gon. The tail piece has al chamber in its larger part, soon have an opportunity of seeing it again at our fete SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 722 and 723, the award of a grand closed by a sliding cover, shown in Fig. 1, and in this day shows. prize to the above company was in some way omitted. cham bel' metal plates or bars lie parallel, as in Fig. 2, The realization of this optical illusion, however, is We are glad now to make the correction. these plates being all pivoted at one end. The free one of the simplest of matters, ends of the plates are held in and reqnires the use of but suitable recesses, but so that very elementary material. such ends can be swung up­ Let us imagine that three ward when desired, as showlJ perfectly plain and very clear in Fig. 3, and each plate has mirror glasses, as large as pos­ on its side two studs, each sible, form a prism whose base plate with its studs forming a is an equilateral triangle. A kind of bobbin around which person placed in the interior the string is wound in an of this prism will see his image elongated coil. The chambel' reflected a very large number in the tail piece is preferably of times. A very simple geo­ made with bottom, and the a metrical construction, and one whole mechanism inclosed, w h i c h we recommend our the strings passing out from young readers to carry out as the chamber through small an exercise in optics, by the channels or recesses. Usually simple application of the prin­ but three bobbiIls are em­ ci pie that the angle of inci­ ployed, the G string being dence is equal to the angle of attached to the tail piece by reflection, allows us to see passing it through a conceal­ that the image of any point ed hole and tying a knot in whatever placed in the center its end. of this triangle of glass plates . will be reproduced indefin­ . . A CITY ordinance lately itely by groups of six images passed at Cleveland, and distributed symmetrically which gives popular satisfac­ around points e g u I a I' I Y tion, forbids the blowing of I' spaced in the prolongations of steam whistles. The manu" the planes of the three glasses. facturers find that the use A person, therefore, sees his of the screechers is not neces­ image reproduced indefinitely AN OfTICAL ILJ,USION PRODUCED WITH THREE MIRRORS. sary.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1889.1 NOVEMBER 30, $cituttftc �tutticau. 339 AN IMPROVED MECHANICAL MIXER. afford increased security, as compared with ot.her locks AN IMPROVED ORGAN PALLET. The accompanying illustration represents mixer, of this class, and at the same time be more simple in The accompanying illustration represents a metallic a patented by Mr. Milton Broughton, expressly designed construction. It has been patented by Mr. George M. pallet for organs, constituting a new article of manu­ to thoroughly mix patent; wall plaster, and equally Douglass, of Benedict, Neb. Fig. 1 is a sectional view, facture, which can be cheaply made in large quantities suitable for mixing fertilizers, sand, lime, cements, etc. with the bolt retracted, Fig. 2 being a s imilar view and kept on hand by organ makers, to be used when The machine is represented as occupying a portion of with the bolt in locking position and one set of the building the organ, instead of wooden pallets. The two floorsof a building. '1' he material to be mixed is operating disks removed, while Fig. 3 is a central inven tion for m s received in the hopper-like top portion of the machine, longitudinal sectional view. The bolt, 11, has projec­ 2 the subject of a in the bottom of which are two iron doors, the doors tions, 12 and 12a, on one side, and two longitudinal slots patent issued t.o being attached to shafts geared together ou tside of the through which pass spindles, 13 and 13a, having knobs, Mr. Gaspard O. casing, worm meshing into one of these gears and at- 14 and 15, there being in connection with each of the Girardin, of Lake a tached to a vertical shaft having a handle on its upper knobs a dial and pointers upon the lock case. Upon Linden, Mich. end affording ready means for opening and closing the spindle 13, as shown in Fig. 2, is mounted a disk hav­ The base is pre­ doors and regulating the feed as desired. In the mix- b, ­ ing a slot, this disk being held to turn with the spin ferably 0 f cast ing chamber, the interior of which is seen through the dIe by a pin engaging one of a series of notches formed iron, with an air partially broken away casing, are two horizontal in star shape centrally in the disk, and upon spindle opening and shafts geared together to run side by side in opposite 13a, shown in the same figure, is a disk with a recessed screw hoie s for directions, paddles being placed upon the shafts in screw peripheral fa(le, one side of the recess corresponding f a s teni g the with the slot, b, antI having adjacent thereto a cam plate to the11 wind face. In the side faces of these disks are spring tongues, chest, as shown in 22, adapted to engage the slots, e, of other disks, 23 the sec t iona I and 23a, shown in Fig. 1, the latter disks being loosely view, Fig. 3. On mounted on the spindles, and having notched peri­ GIRARDIN'S ORGAN PALLET. the under side of pheral faces. These notches are adapted to be en­ the base are lugs gaged by spring fingers, 24 and 25, preventing retro­ between whicll is pivoted lever having near one end grade movement of the disks. Upon one side of the a lug on which is held onea end of a coiled spring, the bolt is a notch. g, whereby thp. bolt when thrown other end of the spring reRting around a similar lug on may be engaged by a lever, 26, pivotally mounted in the base. The end of the lever opposite the spring the case. and having a thurnbpiece, 27, extending out­ carrie!' the valve proper, adapted to open and close ward through a slot in the upper wall of the case. The the air opening, the valve being pressed against seat a bolt is normally held retracted by a spring. 29. '1'0 of leather or ot.hersuita ble materia\. In the middle of draw the bolt, the operator, understanding the com­ the 'valve is a small hole for fastening a hook or loop, bination, turns the knob to bring the spring tongues as shown in t.he perspective view, Fig. 1, and generally on the disks shown in Fig. 2 into engagement with the used to hook on pull downs. Fig. 2 shows a modified form of the slots, e, on the disks shown in Fig. 1, the motion being pallet with an oblo ng air opening and continued until the slots are brought into line with correspondingly shaped valve, for sound boards requir­ the projections on the bolt. The motion of the knob ing channels on account of the slides for the different stops. is then reversed until the slot, b, of the disk, 20, and the recess, 3, of the disk, 21, register wit.h the projections ...... AN IMPROVED FAMILY ICE MACHINE. on the bolt, when the spring, 29, draws the bolt. The A simple and easily operated machine for making icp., bolt is thrown by turning the spindle, 13a, to bring the cam face of the disk. 21,against the rear lug on the bolt, ice cream, iced champagne, cooling water .for drinking, when the bolt is locked by means of the lever, 26 .

. ' .. . REVERSING ATTACHMENT FOR TYPE WRITERS. The accompanying illustration represents an attach­ THE BROUGHTON MIXER. ment for type-writing machines whereby, as a line is completed, the carriage is drawn back to its original form, so that as the shafts arp. rotated, the material is position, and the paper turned up for a new line. lifted and thrown in opposite directions from one end simply by moving a lever, that is in Clonvenient posi­ of the case to the other, the constant motion insuring tion to be prp.ssed against by the knee, the hands not ni a thorough mixing. After the completion of the oper- having to be removed fro the keys. Th� invention patented . George Gledhill law re­ ation the material is dropped into a lower receiving has been by Mr : means slid t run porter, of Oswego, Kansas. The attachlD�nt shown chamber by of two ing doors tha on I IS ways and open directly nnner the center of each set of applied to a Remington machine, Fig. 2 showing that paddles, the shaft connected with these sliding doors part of the uppp.r end of the attachment connected being connected by a gear with a rod having a hand with the machine. Its base piece may be secured t o wheel. whereby the operator Illay conveniently re- the t ype writer direct, or to the stand upon which the move the material to bags or other r eceptacle provided machine rests, by mp.ans of a spring clamp at one end DERMIGNY'S FAMILY ICE MACHINE. therefor. The upper doors controlling t.he feed to the and ordinary screws in other places. A shaft is jour­ machine may also be connected to be operated from the naled parallel with the base piece, a short arm project­ etc., is shown herewith, and has been patented by Mr. same point. The doors from the receiving chamber are ing outwardly and upwardly from the shaft being con­ Paul L. Dermigny. Fig. 1 shows the machine with easily accessible and readily adjustable through open- n ected by a link with one arm of a bell cr ank lever a bottle in place for cooling, Fig. 2 being an icemould ings in the sides of the case, and the edges of these pivotally secured on the under side of the clamp. the and Fig. 3 an ice cream mould, to be suustituted for the doors are steel ground to a knife edge in shear form, other arm of this lever forming a downwardly ex­ bottle when desired. An inner receptacle is pl aced so that they will cut fiber or any other light obstruc- tending handle in convenient position to be pushed by within an outer one to form a space between them to tion. The mixing chamber and all working parts are the knee, by means of which the shaft parallel with hold water to be cooled, a faucet at the lower end of iron and steel making the machine solid and dur- the base piece is turned through part of a revolution . affording means for drawing the water as needed. The able and easy t operate. From the other end of this shaft projects a longer arm upper end of the inner receptacle has an outwardly T is machine �is manufactured by Messrs. Alexander which is connected with the carriage of thp. machine by extending flange forllling a cover over the water space, h means of a strap and a bell crank tripping lever, pivot- and there is here a covered opening for introd ucing Bradley & Dunning, of Syracuse.. N. Y. ' ally secured to the side of a collar fitting on the sup- watp.rto the water space, there being also an outlet �------'4...... '-< •...- .... port for the paper table. The arrangement is such pipe leading from the bottom of the inner receptacle, AN IMPROVED COMBINATION LOCK. that when the lever below the machine is moved from which may be ch arged with any sllitable freezing mix- The lock shown in the illustration is designed to right to left by the knee of the operator, the F;i y. :l. shaft. parallel with the base piece is rotated, swinging outward the arm projecting from its farther end, and drawing the carriage after it., the cord or strap connecting the arm with the carriage permitting the arm to move in the arc of a circle. For turning up the paper for a line space, a lug is attached to the rear end of the line space handle, the point of the lug projecting below the trip­ ping lever, which engages with the top of the lug whenever the tripping lever is swung downward upon its pivot. The leverage of this lever is so great that before the carriage starts upon its return trip the roller is turned up one or more spaces, as desired, this being regulated in the ordinary manner for a greater or less space between the lines. When the carriage is drawn back, and the pressure of the knee released, the tripping lever is raised by the mechanism of the. machine for retracting the line space me­ chanism for a new line. It is said that this attachment has been proved entirely practical in actual use, the operator not having to touch the line space handle except to put in a fresh supply of DOUGLASS' COMBINATION LOCK. paper. GLEDHILL'S ATTACHMENT FOR TYPE WRITERS.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 340 J'titnfifit �mtritan. [NOVEMBER 30, 18&}. ture, such as sulphate of soda and hydrochloric acid. HEAT.* The instrument depends for its operation on the dif­ The inner vessel is charged with the freezing mixture Heat is the manifestation of an extremely rapid vi­ ference between the expansion of brass and st.eel. The by removing the cover of the outer receptacle. Cen­ bratory motion of the molecules of a body. An increase linear expansion of brass is nearly double that of steel, trally in the bottom of the inner receptacle is a spindle in the velocity and amplitude of the vibrations in­ so that when a curved bar .of brass is confined at the on which is the disk of an agitator mounted to turn in creases the temperature of the body. A heated mass ends by a straight bar of steel, the brass bar will elon­ the freezing mixture. The disk preferably has short can impart vibratory motion to the ether which fills gate more than the steel bar when both are heated, upwardly extending arms in which a boUle may be space and permeates ail bodies, and these wave mo­ and will in consequence become more convex. placed, and longer arms having side agitating wings, tions of the ether are able to reproduce in bodies mo­ At 2 are shown two bars, the straight one being of which join a vertical shaft in the upper part of the re­ tions similar to thoBe by which they were caused. steel, the curved one of brass. The steel bar· is slit for ceptacle, this shaft having a bevel gear meshing with The more obvious effects of heat are expansion, fu­ short distance in two places at each end, and the earsa the bevel gear of a horizontal shaft provided with a sion, and vaporization. All bodies increase in volume thus formed are bent in opposite directions to form crank haudle on the outside of the freezer. The bottle when heated, gases being the most expan�ible, liquids abutments for the ends of the curved brass bars, two is firmly held in the agitator by a cone-shaped cover next, and solids the least. Heat may partially or brass bars being held by a single steel bar, thus secured on an arm sliding vertically on the side rods, wholly balance molecular attraction. Hence it is that, forming a compound bar, as shown at 3. Each com� and adjusted in position by set screws, the ice cream pound bar is drilled through at the center. Ten mould and the ice mould being similarly held when the or more such compound bars are strung together freezer is to be thus employed. It is designed, with loosely upon a rod, which is secured to a fixedsupp ort. the use of comparatively inexpensive refrigerants, to A stirrup formed of two rods and two cross pieces rests make ice in this machine in from·ten to fifteen min­ upon the upper compound bar and passes upward utes. through the support. Above the support it is con­ For further information relative to the invention ad­ nected by a link with a sector lever which engages a dress Messrs. L. Dermigny & Co., No. 126 West Twenty­ pinion on the pivot of the index. The use to which fifth Street, New York City. t.he thermostat is to be applied will determine its size and construction. It may be used in connection with . I.� . Norwegian Settlement In Massachusetts Five kilns and ovens and for operating dampers, valves. A. Mundred Years before Columbus. and electric switches. Watertowll, Mass. , one of the oldest towns in Massa­ ...... chusetts, celebrated on Nov. 24 the discovery of the Decline of Natural Gas at Pittsburg. ancient town or city of Norumbega by Professor Eben The Pittsburg correspondent of the Philadelphia Norton Horsford, of Harvard University. The exer­ In quirer writes : cises were held under the auspices of the American " The fact that the natural gas supply in this aBd Geographical Society at the tower erected near· the adjoining districts has passed the zenith and is now junction of Stony Brook with Charles River, which upon the wane can no longer be satisfactorily denied. marks the spot where the remains of Norumbega are The people, from the wealthy manufacturer to the said to have been discovered, and consisted of a sketch humblest employe, have been hoping against hope of the researches of Professor Horsford ; an address by that the plausible explanations given by the various Judge Daly, president of the society ; a Swedish folk companies for the shortage would prove true. The Fig. l.-METALLIC THERMOMETER. song by Madam Zela ; poem by Mr. E. H. Clement ; reason which has usually been given to the inquiring and a hymn composed by Miss Louise Manning Hodg­ public was that new mains were being laid to the wells, when heated, solids first expand, then (if no chemical kins, and sung by a choir from Norumbega Hall, or that the size of those already down was being in­ action occurs) soften and become liquid, and finally Wellesley College. creased. These changes have all been made, and still vaporize. Liquids are changed into vapors, and gases At the openiug of the exercises Professor Horsford the desired fuel does not pour through in the neces­ are rarefied. made the following announcement : •• It is now neady sary quantities. This state of affairs was first noticed v EXPANSION. fiveyears since I disco ered on the banks of Charles the latter part of last winter. but the warm weather Expansion takes place in all directions. To render River the site of Fort Norumbega, occupied for a time relieved the pressurp for domestic purposes, and this phenomenon apparent, an elongated and attenu­ by the Bretons some four hundred years ago, and nothing was heard of a shortage during the summer ated body, such, for example, as a finewi re, ilS chosen many years earlier still built and occupied as the seat of months. But with the firstapp earance of a change of and its linear expansion only is noted. Fig. 1 shows an extensive fisheries and a settlement by the N orthmen. temperature this fall, the trouble recommenced in an instrument for exhibiting the linear expansion of a long It is nearly fiveyears since the discovery was the subject aggravated form. thin wire, 1 and 2 being respectively front and side of a communication which had the honor to addresd "The last move of the natural gas companies I views. The instrument is provided with two ·series of has to you, in your official capacity, on the firstof March, been to ask the big mills to run only at night, when hard rubber pulleys mounted on studs projecting from 1885, and which was published in the October bulletin the demand upon the fuel for other purposes would be a board. A fine brasswir e (No. 32) attached to the of the American Geographical Society. of the same year. light. This request was vehemently opposed by the board at one end passes around the successive pulleys "I have to-day the honor of announcing to you the employes affected, and no satisfactory settlement has of the upper and lower series in alternation, the last discovery of Vinland, including the LandfaH of Leif yet been made. Many of the establishments have de­ end being connected with one end of a spiral spring, Erikson and the site of his houses. 1 have also to cided to return to the use of coal, and some have al­ which is strong enough to keep the wire taut without announce to you the discovery of the site of the ready done so. But even under these circumstance!', stretching it. The other end of the spring is attached ancient city of Norumbega." the supply at night is not sufficient, as several news­ to a stud projecting from the board. The pulleys are The following is the inscription on the tablet let into paper offices in the city could bear testimony if they so of different diameters, so that each series forms a cone. the tower : desired. By this construction the wire of one convolution is "A. D. 1000. A. D. 1889. Norumbega. City : coun­ "All of the electric light plants in the city were o prevented from covering the wire of the next. try : f rt : river. Norumbega = Nor'mbega. Indian forced to suspend operations for a time, the other The last pulley of the upper series is provided with a utterance of Norbega, the ancient form of Norvega, night, because of a lack of power, and the inconve­ boss, to which is attached a counterbalanced index. A Norway : to which the region of Vinland was subject. nience and annoyance, not to speak of positive finan­ W curved scale is supported behind the index by posts City at and near atertown. Where remain to-day cial loss, has been great in many illstances. The ap­ projecting from the board. docks, wharves, walls, dams, basin. Country extend­ parent result of the whole trouble will be that natural The series of pulleys are 12 inches apart, and there ing from Rhode Island to the St. Lawrence. First seen gas will be tra.nsformed from an ordinary fuel into by Bjarni Herj ulfson, 985 A. D. Landtall of Leif Erik­ a luxury. There will probably be enough for resi­ son on Cape Cod, 1000 A. D. Norse canals, dams, walls, dence use for years to come, and those who can afford pavements, forts, terraced places of assembly, remain it will have it, because of its superiority to coal, not­ to-day. Fort at base of tower and region about was withstanding the difference in price. occupied by the Breton French in the 15th, 16th, and " This condition prevails not alone in Pittsburg, but 17th centuries. River the Charles discovered by Leif in the surrounding districts. In the Beaver Valley the Erikson 1000 A. D. Explored by Thorwald, Leif's bro­ Citizens' Gas Company announced an advance of about ther, 1003 A. D. Colonized by ThorfinnK urlsefni 1007 11 per cent over last year, and a Bridgewater company A. D. First Bishop Erik Gnupson 1121 A.D. Industries has not only raised its rates, but has issued and or· for 350 years. Masur-wood (burs), fish, furs, agriculture. dered to all manufacturing consumers that all con­ Latest Norse ship returned to Iceland in 1347." tracts have been withdrawn and that hereafter no gas Prof. Horsford recounted narratives of Verrazano, can be furnished them. This will have the result of Parment.ier, and other explorers, relating to the re­ compelling manufacturers to return to the use of coal. ported existence of the remains of N orum bega as some­ The Bridgewater gas company also announces that where between the site of Gloucester and the head­ none but d wellings will be accommodated in the waters of the Charles. The name appeared on their 3 future. maps. " The Beaver Falls Gas Company has returned to There are monuments of the presence of the North­ the use of coal, and several other factories are making men, said Prof. Horsford, on every square mile of the · preparations to follow suit. Advices from the gas belt basin of the Charles. As evidences of this he alluded Fig. 2.-THERMOSTAT. of Ohio and Indiana show that the same state of to the canal walled on one side for a thousand feet affairs, while possibly not so far advanced, is already along the west side of Stony Brook and to the dry are ten convolutions of wire, so that a small change of noticeable. There is a general hope throughout the canal near Newtonville. There were also I"emain� of temperature produces sufficientexpansion of the wire region affected that in the case of the practical failure cana.ls, ditches, deltas. boom dams, ponds, fish traps, to cause a perceptible movement of the index. '1'0 of the natural gas supply, which it is now conceded can dwellings, walls, and amphitheaters scattered all increase the sensitiveness of the instrument, t.he wire not be averted, a manufactured fuel gas will be found throughout the basin of the Charles. is blackened by means of smoke or dead black varnish. to take its place. Unless some such plan is successful, An electric current passing through the wire heats it it is difficultto see how companies owning the miles ...... i sufficiently to cause a deflection of the index, the IN the suit in the Eastern District, of the Br dgeport of main and other facilities can avoid heavy financial Wood Finishing Company 'Vs. New York Wood Finish­ amount of deflection depending, of course. upon the losses." ing Company and others, for infringement of the cele­ strength of the current. Fig. 2 shows a simple thermostat which is capable brated Wheeler patent covering the use of ground silex, THE tide tables for the Atlantic coast of the United quartz, feldspar, etc., in a wood filler, subpOlnas have of many useful applications. It is represented with States for the year 1890, published by the U. S. Coast been served on all the defendants, citing them to an­ an index and scale, but these are not essential for most and Geodetic Survey, are now ready for issue, and purposes. swer on the first Monday of November, 1889. Appli­ copies can be obtained at the agencies of the f.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 30, 1889. J $titufifit �mtrt,au. 34 1 THE NEW DRY DOCK, BROOKLYN NAVY YARD. high. They run horizontally around the dock, form- Tomatoe •• The pioneer in the building of timber graving docks ing steps eight inches high and ten inches wide upon j The following is a summary of the results with toma- was Mr. J. E. Simpson, the senior member of the firm the parallel sides. These pieces are termed alters. toes at the Cornell University Agricultural Station, I. of J. E. Simpson & Co., of this city. For many years They are- of Georgia pine. They are bolted to side P. Roberts director : he upheld the superiority of wood over stone for these brace timbers that rise, following the same slope from 1. Frequent transplanting of the young plant, and structures. The points made in their favor are nu­ the edge of the flooring. Where the al terd cross these good tillage, are necessary to best results in tomato cul­ merous. Their original cost is comparatively low. timbers, the bolts are driven ; one bolt passes through ture. They resist the action of frost much better than do the center of the timber vertically, a second one is driv- 2. Plants started under glass about ten weeks before stone docks, whose members are apt to be dislodged en through the face of the alter diagonally, so as to enter transplanting into field gave fruits from- a week to ten by successive winters. Hence the repairs req uired are the brace timber perpendicularly. The lower ends of days earlier than those started two or three weeks n less than for stone structures. From the standpoi t the brace timbers abut upon the floor timbers and also later, while there was a much greater difference when of practical working they possess valuable features, against square longitudinal tiUlb ers bolted to the floor the plants were started six weeks later. Productive­ Four piles upport when constructed upon Mr. Simpson's system. The and representing the bOttOUlalter. s ness was greatly increased by the early planting. material is safer and better for the workmen than is each brace timber at equidistant points of· its Jength. 3. Liberal and even heavy manuring, during the stone. The steps are so low that they can easily be A mass of concrete rises six feet up the side, back of the present season, gave great increase in yield over no fer­ two to five feet in thickness mounted. As they entirely surround the aock, no alters, running from . tilizing, although the COUllllon notion is quite to the choice of a place to go to or from work is needed. In Above this the space back of the alters is rammed with contrary. Heavy manuring does not appear, therefore, severe weather ice is not so liable to form and remain clay, so as to be filled to produce vine at the expense of fruit. upon wood as on stone. with a compact and al- 4. The tests indicate that poor soil may tend to ren- Thus it is clear that many practical points of merit most impervious pud- de_r fruits more angulal·. can be cited. At first sight they would appear of a dIe. 5. Varieties of tomatoes run out, and ten years may more temporary character than stone, yet this does Upon every third floor' perhaps be considered the average life of a val'iety. not seem confirmed on examination. The first dock timber oak bearers are 6. The particular points at present in demand in to- of this type was built in Boston in 1853 and 1854. It bolted, upon which the matoes are these : Regularity in shape, solidity, large is still in use and in fair condition. Less than two bilge blocks slide. size, productiveness of plant. years lat.er a second dock was completed there. After From the intel' i 0 I' 7. The ideal tomato would probably conform closely constant service for twenty years with but slight re­ lines of coping the dock, to the following scale of points : Vigor of plant, 5 ; pairs, part of the wood 1V0rk was rebllilt. But this re­ as stated, is one hun- eal'liness, 10 ; color of fruit, 5; solidity of fruit, 20 ; building only refers to the alters or facing pieces, as dred and thirty feet four shape of fruit, 20 ; size, 10 ; flavor,5 ; cooking qualities, the original piles, floor timbers, and abutments are inches wide, and twen- 5; productiveness, 20. still in use. ty-six feet back from 8. Solidity of fruit cannot be accurately mea.sured The Brooklyn Navy Yard dock, which we illllstrate, this coping line tongued either by weight or keeping quafities. is one of three contracted for the government by this and grooved sheet pil- CROSS SECTION OF ALTERS. 9. Cooking qualities appear to be largely individual - fiNn. Hitherto the United States naval authoritifls ing is driven well below rather than varietal characteristics. have favored stone as the material for graving docks. the floor level of the dock, so as to completely surround 10. The following varieties appear, from the season's When they began to consider the expediency of erect­ it. This gives a total width of one hundred and eighty- work, to be among- the best market tomatoes : 19notuUl , ing wooden docks, boards of inspectors were appointed two feet four inches. Four rows of piling with cross Beauty, Mikado, Perfection, Favorite, Potato Leaf. by the Secretary of t he Navy, to examine existing tim­ caps are driven within this area between sheet piling 11. The following recent introductions appear to ber docks, and to report upon the advisability of and coping, and diagonal braces are carriei'!from the possess merits for market : Bay State, Atlantic, Bran­ building such struct.ures for the navy yards. In ac­ center of these caps to the center of the cross brace dywine, Jubilee, Matchless, and, perhaps, Lorillard, cordance with the recolIlmendations of these investi­ timbers that carry the alters. Prelude, and Salzer. gators, timber docks were started at three navy yards, The dock is closed by a floating caisson. This is an 12. The following recent introductions are particu­ at Portsmouth, Va. , League Island, Pa., and Brook­ iron vessel with sloping stem pieces that exactly fits the larly valuable for amateur cultivation : Dwarf Chal1l­ lyn, N. Y. dock entrance. A heavy India rubber packing is car- pion, Lorillard, Peach, Prelude. The dock represents an excavated basin or slip lined ried around the entrance sills and abutments against , , • • • throughout with Georgia pine timber, with sides and which the caisson bears. No grooves are used, the Electric Light Companies Everywhere. inner end sloping to the floor. The outer end is open, working of the dock being thus greatly facilitated. A gas and electri c light and puwer company is w and is provided with heavy sill and abutment timbers. Two sills are provided, an outer and inner one. This about to be established ill Monson, Mass. , a to n of An iron caisson fits this opening and acts as a gate. is to enable repairs of the inner or main sill to be at- about 5,000 inhabitants, situated on the New London The general dimensions are as follows : Length tended to, as this is the one most used. The caisson and Northern Railroad, four miles south of Palmer over all on coping, 530 feet ; length over all inside of can close the dock from either sill. and fifteen miles east of Springfield. caisson, 500 feet ; width on top amidshi p, 130 feet 4 Very powerful pumping machinery is provided for George H. Newton will be prel'ident, and Thomas F. inches ; width on floor amidshi p, 50 feet ; width on emptying the dock. It consists of two centrifugal Robinson treasurer of the Ilew company. The capi­ by the floor at entrance, 53 feet ; width on top at entrance, 85 pumps of 42 in. diameter, driven by two vertical en- tal will be $20,000, and the stock is to be taken feet ; depth of gate sill below coping, 30 feet 6 inches ; gines 28 in. diameter of cylinder by 24 in. stroke. Three business men of the place. Ml)nson has long been depth of gate sill below high water, 25 feet 6 inches ; Scotch steel boilers 13 ft. in diameter by 11 ft. long noted for its academy of learning and for its exten­ depth at center, 32 feet 8 inches. supply steam. The Southwark Foundry and Machine £Oive cotton and woolen factories. Ladies' woolen dress It will be seen that the sides at the ends are brought Co., of Philadelphia, supply the pumping plant. The goods, men's straw hats, and ladies' straw bopn ets are together, thus economizing pumping. The general pumps have a capacity of 80,000 gallons a minute, and manufactured in large quantities, and it is here the outline conforms in some degree to the outline of a can empty the dock in ninety minutes when no vessel celebrated granite quarries, worked very many years ship. The visible part of the dock is by no means all is in it. If a ship is docked, the time required will be by the Flynt family, are located. of it. A great part of the structure is hidden away proportionately less. Open sluiceways are provided .. , • I - under ground, the whole being surrounded by close that are made in the concrete under the floor timbers Japanese in China. sheet piling that lies twenty-six feet back from the on each side of the keel way. These lead to a drainage A remarkable phase in the recent i ndustrial develop­ coping. culvert and pumping well near the front of the dock ments in China, says Industries, is the increasing nuUl­ The structural features are shown in cross section in on one side. The suction pipes run thence to the ber of Japanese employed in engineering works and the cut, one-half only of the dock being included. At pumps. This su pplies means for emptying the dock. man ufactures. It is now almost twenty years since the bottom is the floor, fifty feet wide by four hundred The filling is done through the caisson. Culverts, with Japan made a start in modern industry, and not only and sixty feet long. Around the peri- did it start works under the superintend­ phery of this area eight-inch tongued and ence of foreigners, but it commenced at grooved sheet piling is driven. In good - 'f-----F-'---·-·-·-65' 2-c--.---.-.-.------the foundation, and instituted schools 652,.:------.-----,- - - - ground the practice has been to drive this and colleges for the training of natives in down seven and one-half feet. But on i the arts and sciences, and now, to a large account of quicksand, it was driven down extent, it is independent of foreign assist­ forty-five feet in the present instance. ance in this respect, and almost all the The area included within this sheet piling works of which we hear so much are de­ contains round piles, driven in rows, three signed and manufactured by natives. In feet between centers transversely. and China there have been a few schools or four feet in the direction of the length of colleges started with the same objects, the dock. Each row of piles carries a but they have never been carried out longitUdinal square timber of Georgia with that thoroughness which is neces­ pine. Upon these rest cross timbers three sary for real success. feet between centers, and the planking We understand that at present the Chi­ for the bottom is spiked or bolted to nese government is on th� outlook for these. This planking is three inches several capable men to go to Pekin as pro­ thick. Special rows of piles are driven fessors in different departments of "ure DOCK. to carry the keel blocks ; a space ten l'LAN OF and applied science. During the past feet wide beneath the center of the dock year a considerable number have been contains extra closely spaced piling for this purpose. valves, run through its body transversely. Several flood engaged in similar capacities in the various arsenals, The timber used y Chinese have is in genel'al about one foot square, gates 22 in. in diameter are provided, operated by hand where schools for the training of oung and the piling twelve inches in diameter. wheels. Thus the fillingcan be extremely rapid. been established. In the meantime, however, the sup­ Under the floor and surrounding the ese is very limited, and some of heads of the The caisson is raised and lowered by pumping out or ply of q ualified Chin piles is a bed of Portland cement concrete, have not been able to get over five feet admitting water ballast, a small boiler, engine, -and the local governors, who thick at the center, and rising toward each Europeans, have engaged a considera­ side be­ rotary pump being contained within it. The same their dislike to tween the transverse timbers t o the height Japanese engineers, especially for mines of one foot, engine works a capstan on its deck. Work was begun ble number of giving a maximum thickness of six feet. Any water upon the dock about Dec. 16, 1887, possession of the and some departments of manufacture. In some ca8es which may find its way thereto runs down to the cen­ ground having been acquired one month earlier. It is even we understand that Japanese have been engaged tral axis of the dock, owing to this slope. hoped that it will be completed by Feb. 1, 1890. as instructors in applied science, and, although able to From each side of the speak the floorthe s ides rise in steps with understand the Chinese books, they cannot slope of eight upon ten, or about They are lined A. SCRIEREN, of the firm of Chas. A. language ; and we have the curious spec tacle of the a 39°. MR. CRAS. with pieces of ten-inch plank, elevQn inches l nation teaching the older nation in greatest Schieren & Co., has been appointed one of the com­ younger Orienta height" but chamfered off at their rear l . the medium of the English language-a. very and ower cor­ mittee for the International Exposition of 1892, to throu/!h ner, so that their vertical rear face is only three inches represeut the lea.ther belting industry. odd phalie in the history of civilization.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [NOVEMBER 1889. 342 Jtitutifit !tutritau. 30, THE PROPOSED BRIDGE OVER THE ENGLISH so that these joints may be at all times readily inspect­ The roadways are of the ordinary width of 1'50 m. be­ CHANNEL. ed to ascertain whether anything is out of order in each tween the axes and the rails. The latter will be set in The idea of connecting England with the Continent separate portion of the work. grooves to obviate accidents. The floor, made uf rib­ by a bridge is not new. It has \ from the beginning of The distance between the piers, fixed at 500 m. and bed sheet iron, is to cover the bridge throughout its this century occupied the minds of a great number of 300 m. for the large spans, will not be less than 200 m. length, so as to make every part accessible to the men distinguished men, but the labors of M. Thome de and 100 m. respectively for the small ones, and will, at appointed for the supervision of the bridge. Between Gamond particularly contributed to render the idea all events, be sufficient to prevent their proving an ob­ and outside the roadways pavements are provided for popular. The problem is at present clearly placfld be­ stacle to the free navigation of sailing vessels. As re­ the men to stand on, and thus keep out of the way of fore the technical authorities of both countries. gards steamships, no such danger is to be apprehended, passing trains. Upon the flooring it will be possible to The preliminary projects submitted by MM. H. Her­ as the current, which would certainly become a EttIe establish "refuges, " stations for the guards, signal sent, Schneider & Co. , and Fowler & Baker, at the faster in the center of the open spans, would carry boxes, switches, etc. All these arrangements may be meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, Paris, 1889, floating bodies, even disabled vessels, toward that part, multiplied according to the requirements of the traffic, consist of separate reports relating respectively to the and prevent their ever touching the bridge. It may, and scattered over any convenient points and spans. foundations for the piers to be erected in the sea and therefore, be reasonably admitted that, owing to these On the piers lighthouses may be erected, to indicate to the construction of the superstructure, as well as of distances and dimensions, the piers would in no way obstacles to be avoided. a rational statement of the means for placing in posi­ modify the conditions of navigation in the channel,and •••• • tion the foundations and spans. would certainly not constitute an appreciable obstacle Doring Car Wheels. The amount of metal and machinery to be provided to navigation in general. In measuri ng the accuracy of a car wheel borer for the construction of a bridge over the channel would The metal columns are firmly placed upon the plat­ chuck, one is liable to believe the chuck to be correct represent an aggregate weight of about 1,000,000 tons. forms of the supporting piers of masonry. They are when it is not so. The three jaws may be at equal The assumption is that each country will have to sup­ of a distinctly cylindrical shape, and vary in height be­ distances from the center of the machine before the ply one-half of this amount, which on either side tween 40 m. and 42 '780 m., and on them will be placed load is applied to the bInding screws, but when a would for a lengthy period give a powerful impulse to the main girders of the bridgfl. There will thus be be' wheel is in position and the screws tightened up, the the development of national industry. tween the lower parts of the beams and the level of chucks may no longer be at equal distances. There­ An approximate idea, as far as can be possibly formed the sea at low water a free space varying in heigh t be­ fore, it would seem that almost the only satisfactory by a rough calculation at first sight, assuming that tween 61 m. and 63'780 m., which height at high water way to determine the accuracy of the three·jawed th e distribution of spans shown in the engraving is will be reduced to 54 and 56'780 m. respectively. chuck would be to place therein a wheel which had m. adopted, permits the following figures to be given with This height is amply sufficient for the passage of ves­ been turned to an exact circle and bored precisely true. reasonable certainty : 380,000,00Clf. for mason ry sup- sels of whatsoever description or tonnage. By placing The cutters then could be lowered into the axle fit,

THE PROPOSED RAIL WAY BRIDGE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE. ports and 480,OOO,000f. for the metallic superstructure, the floor upon vertical cylindrical columns, the space and by revolving the machine, measurements could be in all 860,000,000f., or £34,400,01)0, or $172,00Cl,000. The above indicated, of a minimuIll height of 54 m., is made as to its accuracy. Of late, much attention has works for the tunnel and the railways of both coun­ kept throughout the whole width of the span. been paid to grinding wheels, and it is not uncommon tries would have to be planned later on in agreement In order to make the exigences of navigation agree as to Bee wheels on the tread of which considerable more with the companies whose lines would lead up to the far as possible with the economical carrying out of the material had been removed from OIle side than from bridge. The time required for the completion of the preparatory works, three different lengths of span have the other ; and while grinding wheels may not decrease undertaking m. ay be fixed at about ten years. been proposed. No. 1, alternate spans of 300 m. and their mileage when they fI.re properly centered on the The situation which seems preferable for a bridge 500 m. ; No. 2, alternate spans of 200 and 350 Ill. ; axle, yet if too much material is taken from one side, Ill . connecting England with the Continent is, as it were, No. 3, alternate spans of 100 m. ano. 250 m. The largest it is believed by several wheel makers that the mileage suggested by nature herself, namely, by the line spans correspond to the greatest depths, the smallest of the wheel may be cunsiderably reduced. Grinding stretching over the shallowest parts of the channel, to the most elevateo. parts of the sea bottom and to the wheels will certainly make them true, but the know­ and connecting the shores where they are closest to parts near the shores. The system of girders to be em­ ledge of the possibilities of grinding should in nowise each other. This line commences at a point near to ployed is simple, unlatticed, trussed, so as to insure lead to a decrease in the care exercised in boring. The Cape Grisnez and reaches the coast of England near the distribution of all stresses. The secondary beams Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific has decided, after in­ Folkestone, passing over the banks of Col bart and provided are intended to refl uce the length of certain spection of the mileage sheets of its car wheels, to do Varne. This arrangement has been adopted in order membel's, to prevent buckling of braced beams, and to away with the process of grinding, having found that to enable the existence of these two banks to be taken 'give those employed as struts proportions suitable to most wheels, when ground according to its system of advantage of, so as to avoid working in great depths, the lengths concerned, whereby it becomes possible to grilJding, are reduced in mileage about 20,000 miles. It and thereby to diminish the height of the piers to be leave the coefficient of compression, which would in­ is true that better ch illed wheels are now being fur­ erected. The ground is found to be sufficientlysol id to crease the weight, out of consideration. nished railroad companies than ever before, but to support very extensive works. The ltlvel of the permanent way is 72 m. above the obtain from them the mileage which their good quali­ The masonry will be built inside metal caissons simi­ low water level. This height might have been red uced ties render possible, it is necessary that they be not lar to those used for ordinary bridge piers, and forced by arranging the permanent way in the lower portion only carefully centered , if they are not to be ground, by compressed air down to the solid ground. These of the bridge, but in that case it would have been but even mol''' carefully centered if they are to be caissons, which will be surmounted by metal cases sur­ necessary to make the cross beams a great deal larger, ground. -Raill'oad Gazette. rounding the masonry, will serve to float the piers un­ and consequently heavier. By raising the permanent ... � . til they touch the ground. This will enable the ground way, on t.he contrary, as it is proposed here to do, a Natural Gas under Lake .Erle. to be carefully cleaned, and promote the application marked economy is attainable, which will certainly not A Chicago note, under date of October 21, says : of the concrete that is to be interposed between the be absorbed by increased expenses involved by the " A vein of natural gas was opened recently by two masonry and the bottom. as will be explained further necessity of erecting viaducts at both ends of the wOl'kmen engaged in sinking the shaft at the inter­ on. The caisson will, moreover, be surmounted by a bridge. There will be a double set of rails, and the mediate caisson af the new city water tunnel, about movable deme, which will be removed when thfl upper width of the flooring proper will be 8 m. The whole two miles o t in tne lake. The gas was ignited by the u part of the column is completed, as to enable the width of the bridge- is variable. greatest distance lamps in the workmen's hats. There were five at work so The masonry to carefully finished with squared stones be between the axes of the main girders Is 25 m., such a in the shaft, and all of them were more or less seriously above the level of low water. Special arrangements space being necessary to insure the stability of the burned. The injured workmen were finally rescued for in ng will he made j i the columns to the masonry. structure nder the action of violent gusts of wind. and sent ashore on a tugboat." o u

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1889.] NOVEMBER 30, 'eitutifie �mtri.eau. 343 THE MILITARY BICYCLE. section of two men between them. Each man then Japanese Lacquer. The art of war is now borrowing from applied lici­ grasps his machine at the point of balance, and turns From a paper on Japanese lacquer read lately by ence all the resources that are at the latter's disposal, it outward, so that they form a square, with the men Mr. R. Hitchcock before the Chemical Society of l p and there is nothing u p to velocipedism that is not inside, ea

Fig. S.-DRILL OF ENGLISH MILITARY BICYCLISTS.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [N OVEMBER 344 J cieutifit �lUefic.a... 30, 1889- THE HOOP SNAKE. met German who was in a great state of fright. He This would effectuallystop progression, as all flexibility BY .NICOLAS PIKE. a was cutting rushes for chairs, when he said he saw a would be arrested, on which the creature depends for The serpent has been through all the ages an object great snake come rolling toward him, and he had cut its marvelous speed. 'f his superstition is on a par with of terror to man and beast. It has been and still is an it in two with his sickle. I went to the spot he in­ the violent hissing of snakes and their poisonous object of worship by many nations-noticeably so by dicated, and found a four-foot female milk snake. To tongues. The latter delicate organ is thrust out quiv­ some of the native tribes of Hindostan. The death show how easily such mistakes are made, I will state ering when the snake is in fear, or actuated by euri­ of a (of rate is fearfully increased in that country by bites from that this man had never heard rolling snake, yet osity which they have a large share) to touch any VAuomOllS snakes, and often whole families are bitten he spoke of it as such quite confidently from what he near object, and is constantly used on its food. I have and the reptile goes free, because they fear to kill even had seen, and doubtless it did appear so to him. often seen my snakes in confinement test the food an evil deity, as they look upon a cobra or other deadly I disturbed a milk snake once near Farmingdale, offered by the tongue, and it was accepted or rejected elevated A reptile. H appily the missionaries and the heavy re- when it raised its head, the body into what by the result. s to hissing, very few snakes make any wards offered by the British government for snake appeared to be a circle, but was in reality an elongated noise at all, and then it is more of a puffing, blowing, heads are breaking up some of this terrible creed. Even loop, and vanished down the slope. Had I not known or whistling noise, and mostly noticeable during the here a snake remains only a mysterious and repugnant its habits of progression, I should have believed in its breeding season. reptile to th e generality of mankind. Wisdom and rolling, so perfect was the delusion. Some time ago I I should like to touch on one point connected with suhtlety, grace and ngliness, cunning and treachery, had one of these creatures in confinement a whole win­ snakes that should be impressed on every farmer in re­ and a host of other q ualities have been attributed to ter. A favorite position was to raise one or two long lation to the milk and other harmless snakes. It is a serpents, yet with two exceptions (the rattler and cop- loops and rest the head on one of them , the little bright pity they are being so indiscriminately slaughtered. perhead), like a good many people, they are not as bad eyes taking in everything that moved near it (see As the birds destroy insect life, snakes are the perse­ as they seem. plate). Sometimes it raised only one loop, twisting its vering hunters of rodents, beetles and t.heir larvlll, etc. It appears strange that at this late day the wildest tail ronnd the neck in most intricate folds and hiding The farmers have already found out that by the destruc­ superstitions are still extant with regard to reptile life, its head, where it remained for days thus fast asleep. tion of insectivorous birds insect pests have increased , not only with the uncultured Indians, whose traditions Any one who has studied the anatomy of a serpent to the detriment of their crops. So it is that the same are rich in serpent lore, but among most intelligent knows that it is impossible for it to gyrate in a perfect policy with regard to the harmless snakes is giving th e white men. There is one reason that may account circle, still less could it roll with its tail in its mouth. rats and mice full sway in the harvest fields. I partly for it. Nine out of ten people who meet snake It is difficult to understand the propel ling power in I will terminate with a story a farmer told me. He a either kill it or run from it. In the latter case, fear these creatures without some knowledge of their or­ said there was an old snake on their farm that year by not only lends wings to their feet, but to t.heir imagi- ganization. To look at a dead snake casually, it ap­ year made its appearance among the sheaves of corn nation also. A harml ess three-foot garter snake is pears as if nature had somewhat neglected the Ophi­ and soon cleared them of vermin effectually. His magnitied to t;ix or seven feet at least, with hissing and dians, and yet in truth she has provided wonderful father would not have the creature molested, and it a venom thrown in. Now, if a little trouble were apparatus for gi ving them celerity in eluding danger, came and went at pleasure. Farmers, kill all your taken to watch some of the habits of the harmless catching their live prey, cl imbing, swimming, or walk­ rattlers and copperheads, but spare the harmless ones suakes, they would soon lay aside their erroneous ing, hardly found in other ani mals. -it will pay you to do it. I will give some idea of the mechanism employed, by ideas. .. , 0' " Brush Elec'rlc Sells Ou'_ There has been considerable written abopt the hoop quoting here and there from the old naturalist, P. M. The COlDpany or hoople snake, as t he country people call it. It is Roget: "The solution of the enigma is partly solved The recent purchase, by the Thomson-Houston Com- firlllly believed that it rolls pany, of the property and oVI'r the plains of Long Island franchises of the Brush Elec­ and elsewhere, and if you tric Company, of Cleveland, doubted it, they would think, was a transaction altogether if they did not say it, you unexpected in electrical cir­ were a booby. Students in cles. Financially, it is the the field (who ought to know m 0 s t important operation better), farmers, and others, which has taken place in the all men of intelligence and electric lighting business since ordinary veracity, positively the era of combination and aver they have seen the snake consolidation set in. The roll often, and I do not doubt Brush company was the old­ they believe it. est one in the field. It has I will give one story to show been managed from tha out­ how far credulity can go. A set with unflagging energy, letter was received at the and for the most part with Smithsonian Ins t i t uti0 n, uncommoIi commercial saga­ Wa sh ingt on, accompanied city,· and, as a natural conse-· with an affidavit by a clergy­ quence, has been eminently man of the truthfulness of prosperous and successful. himself and a Mr. Laine, of The Thomson-Houston com­ Whittaker, N. C. The follow­ pany has certainly paid a long ing is the gist of the story : price for the property, but as THE HOOP SNAKE (OPHIBOLUS DOLIATUS TRIANGULUS). .. When ill the suburbs of the the purchase brings under one town, Mr. Laine heard a noise control almost the whole of behind him, and on looking round saw a hoop or by the structure of the skin, covered with numerous the arc lighting business of the United States, and at horned snake three or four feet distant, rolling as scales, and partly in the peculiar conformation of the the same time disposes of a rival which was beginning

he came on, with his tail in his mouth. When ribs. The edges of the scales form rough projections, to be troublesome in the direction of incandescent light­ within striking distance, it disengaged the tail, struck which are directed backward, so as to catch the sur­ ing and electric railroading, it is a question whether, at him, but mis�ed its aim, when it stretched itself faces of the bodies to which they are applied and to after all, the bargain may not prove to have been a full length on the ground. A second attack was prevent any retrograde movement. Every scale is con­ wise one. made, when Mr. Laine killed it, and he found the rear nected with a particular set of muscular fiherscapable The consolidation·of electric companies by " heat and portion, one-third of the snake, capable of erection, firm of raising or depressing it, so that in this way it is con­ pressure," of which we have more than once spoken, and horn-like, all of which condit,ion except 2� inches nected into a kind of toe, and thus the body rests on has gone on with increasing rapidity during the past of the tail disappeared after death !" Other stories the gronnd by numerous fixed points of support." year. By far the greater number of the rninor organiza­ · spaak of their striking trees with their horny t·ails and It would be out of place here to explain the whole tions have one by one fallen under the control either of poisoning them! form of the vertebra ; suffice it to say that it admits of the T homson-Houston or the Westinghouse interests, While shoo�i ng at Pondquogue, I had a very intelli · its assuming any degree and variety of curvature. until at the present moment the Edison company is gent man as a companion, who told me positively that Even this is not all-all the ribs play into concave pro­ about the only one of any prominence which has not he had often seen the milk snake roll, and all I could tuberances of the vertebra. To quote further from the succumbed to the inducements which one or the other say to the contrary was of no avail. I could recite a same author : of its stronger rivals have been able to offer. But as dozen more such instances, did space allow. My own "Each rib terminu,tes in a slender cartilage, tapering the Edison company does not pretend to do anything first acquaintance with this snake was over forty years to a point, which rests for its whole length upon the either in arc lighting or in incandescent lighting by ago, during a pedestrian tour round Long Island with upper surface of one of the broad scuta or broad scales alternate currents and converters, the bulk of the hard a friend. While encamped on the Coma,c hills, we on the under side of the body. These scuta are also fighting, from this on, will necessarily be directly be­ sauntered out one morning, gun in hand, pot hunting. moved by short muscles, and may be compared to tween the two powerful, well-equipped, and energeti­ As we descended a slope, a large snake started almost hoofs ; while the ribs may be considered as performing cally managed organizations represented by Charles under my friend's feet, and he moved so rapidly for­ the office of legs. The ribs move in pairs, and the A. Coffin and George Westinghouse. ward, I had difficulty in checking his career with No. 8 scutum under each pair being carried along with it in The absorption of the Brush company marks the be­ shot. We had been warned to be very careful of these all its motions, and laying hold of the ground by its ginning of what will doubtless prove to be the final and snakes, but we were both familiar with reptiles, and pl"Ojecting" ledge, becomes fixed point for the advance decisive struggle for supremacy in the electrical indus­ a were studying and collecting them fearlessly. of the body. The serpent advances by a creeping, ver­ tries of this country. - Th e EiectTical Engineer. This was a fine speci men of the llIilk snake, or Op hi­ micular motion-in fact, a succession of short steps ; ••••• boluli doliatus triangullls, and as I was standing in an but it.s progress is accelerated by the curvat·ures into SOME statistics recently published by the city of oblique direction from my friend and near the snake, which it throws its body. ·Where expedition is needed, Berlin show that London streets are. on the whole I had an excellent op or un seeing its move p t ity of ­ the bod y can be raised in one great arch, of which the the most crowded of allY city in Europe. In 1878 it Illents, rapid as they were. It darted from us in a extremities touch the grouD 1. When in fear, or to es' was ascertained that 43,014 people passed every 16 �uccession of looping movements of the body, similar cape danger, they coil themselves into a spiral ' by con­ hours along the Leipziger Stra�se in Berlin, and in to those made by the measuring or geometrical worm tracting the muscles of the body first on one side, then . 883. 3/),000 people crossed the J annowitz Bridge every in walking. This peculiar mode of progression is not on the other. till it is propelled as if by the release and 18 hOl1 l"o. The most crowded bridge in Berlin is the confined to the milk snake, but the bull or pine snake unwinding of powerful spring with an i mpulse that OrallJ in. over which 80,000 people hours. a pass every 18 (Pityophis melanoleucus) and the queen snake, or raises it to ..e height from the ground and proj ects In 1884, 58,743 passed along the Munt.z Strasse every 16 sOIl O. getulus, both have it. The apparent gyrating it to a considerable distance." hours, and 47, 506 along the Getraudten Strasse. In motion is caused by the lightning-like rapidity with Now, if my unscientific readers will note the above London it is esti mated 110,525 pedestrians pass over which the reptile goes over the ground. that confuses rough outline of the organization of a serpent, they will London Bridge daily; over Black friars, 79,198 ; West­ the eye and renders the whole thing an o ptical illusion. see how impossible it would be for a snake to make min!lter, 44,460 ; Waterloo, 32,815. The most crowded Three years a.go I was hunting in a swamp, when I itself into circle, especially with its tail in its mouth. thoroughfare Europe is the Pont Neuf, Paris. a. in

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 30, 1889.] 345 compartmeut for RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. simple and strong in construction, which can be readily for the cleaning and having a separate STRAP ATTACHMENT.-Walter Nelson, chanr;ed to and used as a side harrow, a V .harrow, an rinsing. Wheeling, West Va. This is a .trip of sheet metalwith Ene;ineering. II A·harrow, and a T-harrow, the invention covering tz clamping lugs on its under side and guides on top FOLDING Bo - Charles Schwar , STEAM BOILER. - John M. Lachlan, various novel features and combinations of parts. x. adapted to receive the strap, a strip of flexible material Brooklyn, This is an improved paper box, New York City. This invention relates to marine and N. Y. bemg held on the under side by the lugs. making an COTTON PICKER. - William F. Snow­ adapted to be folded flat for shipment or packing, and stationary boilers in which circulating pipes are em­ improved strap for carrying shawls, satchelS, o tc .• the don, Brooklyn, The frame of this picker has is made with folding walls adapted to be drawn up by a ployed in the fire box, and in the water space at the N. Y. attachment oerving to conveniently hold the strap in upper and lower lateral rotating rollers on which travels tape and locked to hold the box firmly in npright posi- bottom of the boiler below the ash pit, the invention place on the shoulder. an endless bel t, and having toothed aprons which dip tion, the end walls having flaps with locking tongues to covering a novel construction and com'!Jinationof parts into and between the plants to pick the cotton, there en ter slots in the outer end flaps, and the cover of the TRUNK HINGE. - Henry T. Helbing, whcreby the circulation is madc reliable and effective, being device for sweeping the cotton from the belt hox being a part of the blank. Highland. N. Y. This invention covers a novel con- and is placed under the easy aud quick control of the a aprons into chute. ICE TONGs.-John Sosenhamer, struction of the joint portion of the hinge and the hin ge engineer and fireman. a Hamil- pin, whereby the lid or cover when ·thrown open, or SHEAF CARRIER. - Augustus Jewell, ton, Pa. In these tongs the lower ends of the handles nearly open, held supported in such position �nd8 of th� arms are pivoted together, Dowagiac, Mich. This is an attachment for a self-bind­ and th� upper is by the Railway Appliances. hmge. and all other straps, cords, or jointed braces. ing harvester, and is so constructed that the bundles the arms being then pi voted to the handles at points are dispensed with. CAR FLOOR.-Daniel H. Talbot, Sioux are dumped without hanging or catching in the arms inside their individual pivotal points, whereby a slight of the handles gives a wide movement of the ' City, Iowa. This floor is made up of a series of parallel of th� carrier, the weight of the bundles assisting in movement l'RIPOD.-John F. Godillot, New York of their strips, united and held in position by bolts passed dumping the load, while the dumping devices are ef­ arms, and increases the rapIdity and efficiency City. The legs of this tripod may be readly detached transver"ely through them, the strips being held a fectively operated and locked by the of the driver. use. from the table, and the sections disconnected and foot suitable dIstance apart by springs, the floor being HAND TRUCK.-Joseph P. Menard and shoved together and fastened, to be carried or packed in small space, the table also taking little room, the elastic, and especially de.igned for freight aud stock Edward T. Weyman, Missoula, Montana Ter. This Millcellaneonll. tripod beinl( light and more particularly designed for cars, being adapted for convenient application to any truck has a forwardly projecting arm, at the outer end photographers and surveyors. 1reight car. the BALE TIE MACHINE.- Albert Henley, of which is a horizontal clamp, a rod for operating a p, and a lever pivoted t the rod and truck, �he VEHICLE BRAKE. - John M. Hardin, RAIL TIE AND CLAMP. - Frederick Lawrence, Kansas. This machine is specially designed cl � ? deVICe bemg deSIgned espeCIally for use m movmg Robert and Edward P. Eastwick, Jr., New York City. to manufacture bale ties of Wire for baling hay, straw, Gest, Ky. This invention provides a brake �dapted to plow bottoms from place to place. ThIs tie is made of metal, and in connection therewith etc .. and has a feeding mechanism and a cutter past be applied to the ,vheels and removed bv the team, the I are employed two clamping blocks and two screw bolts, which the wire extends, in combination with a longl- FIRE ESCAPE. - Lewis E. Morrison, brakes being applied when the team backs, as in going down hill, and removed when the team starts forward, each bolt having screwed thereon an adjusting nnt, tudinally grooved rotary cylinder into which the wire Brooklyn, N. Y. This invention provides a fire escape means being provided whereby the brake may be held whereby lateral movement of the rail sections may be is fed, with mechanism below the cylinder for succes- designed to automatically prevent the too free run of out of contact with the wheels when the vehicle is to readily obtained when desirable, the invention also pro­ sively operating covers to permit the wire to fall fl Om the lowering rope, avoid severe shocks, and insure be backed. viding meaus for removing the ties withont affecting the lowermost grooves. smooth and uninterrupted descent, while it can be made the rail sections. A MALGAMATOR. - Nathan L. Raber, at but little expense, and is adapted to safely and smoothly lower any weight from any height. CAR COUPLING.-Edward P. Eastwick, Corvallis, Oregon. This machine has a disintegrating Jr., New York City. This conpler is of the vertical­ feed wheel with upwardly projected ribs or flutes, the MATTRESS. - Henry C. Farrell, New SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN plane hook type, and provides for a much greater bear­ inner ends of which have inwardly faCing cutting edges, York City. The casing of this mattress has top and ing surface than nsual of the revoluble knuckle, while a ring-like cover plate being secured to and revolving bottom aprons at the sides and ends, so laced that the BUILDINO EDITION. the strain upon the drawhead caused by a buffing blow with the wheel, the chemicals for quickening the mer­ top and bottom of the casing may be drawn taut, and reduced and taken up on the pin, which also answers cury being fed directly to the feed wheel, the motion of affording proviflion whereby a eirculntioll of air may be i 1 NOVEMBER NUMBER.-(No. 49.) fer a locking pin. which effects an instantaneolls and perfect distribution obtained through the mattress at all times. of the chemicals throughout the mercury space. CAR COUPLING. - Frederick Robert, BARREL COVER. - Charles F. Heins, TABLE OF Ne York City. This coupler is of the vertical-plane PIPE CARRIER.-Henry W. Petersen, Charleston, S. C. This cover consists of two arts N � CONTENTS. type, and the invention is designed to simplify the con­ Appleton, Wis. This carrier consists of an overhead pivoted for movement face to face, one part having a 1. Elegant plate in colors of a Gothic cottage to cost stru,tion and do away with machine work, while pro­ track on which travels a truck supporting rods connect­ hoop adapted to fit a barrel top, with a spring normally $1,950. Perspective elevation, floor plans, and v id large bearing surfaces for the knuckle, and novel ed near their lower ends by a cross piece on which the closing the cover and a latch normally holding the cover details. h: � mean for taking up the buffing strain on the side of pipe rests, being especially designed for conveniently open. the cover being one which may be simply laid on \ Plate in colors showing a cottage to cost $1,300. the drawhead, together with a locking device having a holding pipe or other.articles to be brazed or welded in a 2. top of the barrel or be secured thereto by screws or Floor plans, pert;pective elevation, and details. larger bearing surface than usual, and one in which furnace fire and then mnning the pipe to an anvil or nails. the amount of lift of the pin is much reduced. A residence at Sonth Orange, N. J., to cost from stake for welding, hazing, soldering, riveting, or put­ 3. SLED.-John D. Thomas, Petoskey $4,000 to $6,000. Perspective and floor plans. CAR COUPLING. - Charles H. Peard, ting the pipes together. , Mich. This is a sled adapted for propulsion by means F. W. Beall, architect, )lewYork city. Philade 'phia, Pa. The drawhead of this coupling is WATCH REGULATOR. - Frederick W. of oar-ltke attachments, the oar-like levers each having The Cathedral of Seville. F'all of interior portions. a formed with an aperture adapted to receive coupling Schimmel, Wallace, Idaho Ter. The regulator has a on its outer end a foot furnished with spikes or prongs 4. 5. A residence for $3,800 recently erected .at Chester hook, while a standard to which a coupling hook is curved screw and a nut with a circumferential groove adapted to enable the operator to obtain a strong hold F oor per­ pivotally connected is mounted to slide in a second Hill, Mount Vernon, N. Y. l plans and near one end for receiving the endof a regulating lever, upon the ice or road bed over which the sleigh is pro ­ spective view. aperture in the drawhead, with means for operating the a star wheel being pivoted on the regulator, and there pelled. 6. a coupling hook, the device being designed for coupling eing o:her novel features, making a simple and ect- Perspective view and floor plans of colonial ? � SHAFT SUPPORT.-J ohn Vander N oot freight cars of different heights without going between Ive deVIce whereby the regulator may be poslttvely� house erected at Larcbmont Manor, N. Y., at a $8,500 the cars. a and Gerard W. Ryder, Gravesend, N. Y- Standards cost of complete. moved short distance ' so that any owner of a watch I carrying hooks are arranged for connection with the $1,950, readily regulate it. 7. A very attractive cottage for built at West illay forward axle, chains being connected to the shafts and C HAN G E DELIVER PARATUS. New Rochelle, N. Y. A. Robinson, architect. Electrical. Y Ap arranged for connection with the hooks, whereby the W. - Perepective and floor plans. David S. White, Huntley, Ill. A hopper is arranged shafts will be upteld and the draught animal relieved DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHIN1';. - Hein­ $2,000 under two pIvotally mounted flanged plates or leaves, or the burden of their weight, and the shafts may also A cottage for at West Rochelle, S. New N. Y. rich Geisenhoner, Schenectady, Y. The frame of Plans and perspective. N. rods being connected to the leaves and a ring carried by be held in elevated positIOn when the vehicle stored. this machine has four loops in which arc arranged the 9. the rods, the ring being arranged beneath the hopper, is Drugstore architecture and decorations, with illus­ field magnet cores with their windings, the cores having BRICK PALLE'I'. _ Robert J. Stuart, to provide for the quick and easy delivery of change trations. polar extensions projecting on opposite sides of the New Hamburg, N. Y. This is an improved pallet for and obviate the necessity of picking it up from the 10. A colonial house recently erected at Chester Hill, frame, and two ring- armatures revolving' between the supporting unburned bricks while beiug dried, and has counter. Mount Vernon, Y., at a cost of $4,000. Plans polar extensions on opposite sides of the machine, light vertical projections on its top against which the legs or N. and perspective. or heavy currents of different intensities being obtained PENCIL SHARPENER. Mar tin W. supports of the superposed pallets rest, by means of - very by changing the connections. Walker, Sing Sing, N. Y. This sharpener has two which the several pallets may be arranged vertically on 11. A attractive residence at Chester Hill, Mt. Vernon, sides inclined toward each other on which cutting edges a car, and will be held from displacement by the sway­ Y .. from plans by H. Rapelye, INCANDESCENT LAMP SOCKET. - N. '6,500. Plans andS. are radially formed, an apertured bottom plate connect­ ing of the car. architect, at a cost of perspec­ Samuel Rodman, Jr S. A. (at present stationed at tive view. .. U. ing the lower ends of the sides, and points being Newport, R. I.) This invention provides a switch TRAP. - Michael B. Nicholson, New secured to their upper ends, to fasten the device to the Ornamental comer and band for ceiling decora­ cylinder with a continuous spiral contact plate, there York City. This trap has the usual U-shaped body, 12. frame of a slate. tion. By Barrett. being spring tongues which bear agamst the cylinder between the vertical members of which is a nearly J. 13. and connections between the tongues and the light-pro­ PENCIL SHARPENING GAUGE. George closed chamber, having communication through small Christ Church, East Orange, R. Robert­ - N. J. H. ducing agent, with other novel features, whereby the F. W. Holman, United States Navy, Torpedo St�tion, openings at the bottom and one upper edge with the son, architect, New York. power or mtensity of the 11ght may be varied at will. Newport, R. I. This is a gauge and paint protector, to main pipe, whereby, when the regular discharge is 14. A cottage for $5,000, recently erected on Chester faCIlitate the true sharpening of pencils or crayons with. siphoned out, a discharge will be effected from the Hill, Mt. Vernon, Y. Plans and perspective N. out soiling the hands or breaking the point, and con­ closed chamber sufficient to seal the trap. view. Mecbanlcal. Sists of a tubular case cnt away diagonally at one side STAVE BASKET. - John W. Alleger, 15. A residence for $5,500 recently erected at t. to provide gauging faces for a cutter, an axially rotat. M SCREW MACHINE George Heyn e, Brooklyn, N. Y. The base of this basket is formed of Vernon, N. Y., from plans prepared by J. C. . ..J able pencil clamp being fitted into the case. floor Offenbach-on-the-Main, Germany. This invention a hoop or band of angle iron, the staves being attached Brown, architect. Perspective view and covers variouli combinations of devices for holding, BOOK REST.-John P. Findley Blan­ to the vertical member of the hoop. while the bottom IS plans. , feeding, turning, berring ant, tapping, and cutting the chard. Pa. This is a rest designed for attachment to forced down inside the staves upon the horizontal 16. New Post Office and United States Court House, rods or other pieces of metal from which the screws, a chair or seat, for holdiug a book firmly, and by which member of the hoop, the bottom bemg thus firmly sup­ Asheville, N. C. o nuts, and similnr articles are t made, the invention the book may be readily adjusted to any desired posi­ ported and held, and making a basket adapted to with­ villas and be 17. Group of ornamental grounds in Han­ being an improvement on a former patented invention tion, the device being simple and inexpensive con­ stand hard usage. of over, with ground plan, of the same inventor. struction. SKATE.-Thomas H. McQuown, Biggs­ 18. Hall chimney piece, executed by Messrs. Walker & ARTIFICIAL STONE. - Carole BOBBIN SPINDLE.-James Warrener n e M , ville, IlL The runner of this skate is made in two Sons, of London. , Fal l River, Mllss. This is a spindle or skewer with a Egbert, Westfield, Pa. This is a compound to be parts, the front part being pivoted on a bracket fastened 19. A pigeon house with view showing inside and bearing point partly of wood and partly of glass, moulded in a molten state, and used for tombstones, to the front end of the ft'ar runner and the front end of ground plan. having at it. lower end a socket in which is a glass tip, vases, statues, etc., becoming very hard and durable, the sale plate section, the skate providing for readily Sewage works for large and small towns. being made of thallium, glass, calamine, alum, white the object being to lessen the amount of friction within passing over uneven ice, for making short cnrves, etc. 20. the lower creel, while maintaining at all times a suffi­ lead, white prepared chalk, etc .. combined in .specified Miscellaneous Contents : Brown and red sand­ CANDLES'l'ICK. - John P. NessIe, New­ 21. cient and uniform tension. proportions and n a manner described. stone. of Connecticut.-Raising grape vines, with i ark, N. J. This candlestick has " weighted slidmg illustrations.-The best rosea.-Practical men.­ HEMMER FOR SEWING MACHINES. ­ COMPOSITION FOR MOULDINGS.• -Paul frame with an opening for the candle, the frame de­ Scaffold bracket, with illustrations.-The first Alice La Guayra Mayo, Great Falls, Montana Ter. E. Gonon, New York City. Two patents have been scending as the candle is consumed, while the melted American marble quarry.-Wood carving and This is an attachment for use with articles reqniring a issued to this inventor for a composition of matter part of the candle is turned inward toward the wick, so furniture. - Trees growing in towers. -- Black wider hem than the ordinary fell, the device affording which, when dried, is an imitation of wood or metal, or that it will not run down the sides, and every particle granite.-Building in Colorado.-Improved road means for turning a hem up to eight inches in width, bronze, and whose density can readily be made equal of the candle is consumed. roller, illustrated.-Strengtb of stone maoonry.­ and inserting a rihbon Or tape Within the hem, the to that of the different kinds of wood and metals, while VEGETABLE 'l'oOL.-August Hirschel, An interior enamel.-The ., Amines " process of hemmer also having a double gauge and being con­ the substance may be moulded or worked into orna­ Hackensack, N. J. This tool has a coring scoop por­ sewage purification.-Responsibilities of French carved, and can e structed in a simple and durable manner. mental articles or carved as wood is b architects. tion, having a knife, and a flattened, spout-hke portion The burning of Rome, - Antique easily made fire proof. - MEAL BOLT. - Conrad P. Steinmetz, having a transverse slot, and constructed to form a carved furniture and woodwork. -Rock asphalt Mitchell, Dakota Ter. This invention covers an im­ MITER Box.-William S. Herrington, cutter on its back. making an implement especially pavement. - The black birch (Betula nigra).­ proved shaking bolter in which a screen is secured to San Francisco, Cal. This is a box readily adjustable to adapted for peeling or scraping vegetables, with means Drives and walks.-Transits for architects and tne shaking box of a feed mill, and receives its motion admit any sized stick, moulding, or board to be oper­ for slicing and grating uses as well. carpenters, illustrated.-Ratchet auger handle, therefrom, this bolter being particularly adapted illustrated.-The roor.-Mammoth walnut burl. for ated on, the box being one which can be quickly taken TRASH BURNING STOVE. - George bolting cornmeal, buckwheat, and other coarse grain. apart for convenience in carrying or packing, the in­ C. The Scientific American Architects and Builders Werner, Beatrice, Neb. This stove has an outer sheet ventlon covering various novel parts and details Edition is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. Single copies, metal case, within the walls of which, leaving a slight designed to provide a simple and durable construction. cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal to abou t Agricultural. space, is held a perforated sheathing, there being upper 25 two hnndred ordinary book pages ; forming, prlicti­ BAKING DISH. - Mary H. Holcomb, and lower draught-controlling slides, and other novel PLANTER. - Addison cally, a large and spl,mdid MAGAZINE OF ARCHITEC­ Leffel, Xeni , O. Fargo, Dakota Ter. This dish is arranged to have at· features. providing for the ready removal or the stove a TURE, richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and In this ple.nter the wheels supportmg the main frame tached to it an ornamental rim or cover provided with body to dump the ashes and to refill the body with with tine engravings, illustrating the most interesting have apertured fellies connected to hollow hubs, feed drapery, so that such dishes may be placed upon a trash. examples of Modern Architectural Constraction and slides actuated by a cam plate being arranged in con­ handsomely arranged and well furnished table, and will WASHING MACHINE.-William T. Ven­ allied snbjects. nection with the hub bores, while COVerers are mounted present an attractive appearance. able, Christiansburg, Ky. This machine has a recipro_ The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Convenience to the rear of the wheels, the invention also covering PLATE OR DISH W ASHER.-Thomas cating shaft having stirring and agitating arms, and a of this work have won for it the LARGEST CIRCULATION other novel featnres of construction and arrangement A. Pudan, Sacramento, Cal. A brush is mounted to be re­ donble-acting spring buffer connected and acting any Architectural publication in by of parts. the world. Sold wit. of volved in a casing by means of a horizontal shaft, the on the shaft, within closed tank or receptacle, all newsdealer HARROW.-Joseph A. Beard, Liberty, contact with plate a tile •. brush being held by a spring in a mechanism being designed to operate qnickly lind MUNN &; 00 Miss, is a convertible harrow, designed to be held holder, the hol water .. PUBLI8HEII8, This inthe casinl: ding prepared eas1ly without strainon the parts. 361BroadwlIJ. New York.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Jeitutific �lUtti.eau. [NOVEMBER 30, 1889- set up that brings ahout the result? Is it at th� expeuse is irrespirable and poisonous. I would like to lakes has also less air than moving streams, this like­ that 2. of the zinc by means of very slow oxidation? The other know whether turpentine mixed with charcoal is dan­ wise contributing to the density of lake ice. The dif­ question is, are these articles perfectly safe for culinary gerous to use., and what its propertIes are ? A. It would ference between water of Lake George for instance and The chargefor In sertion under thUJ head is One Dollar purposes? A. The metal is zinc. It prevents oxida­ have Borne tendency toward spontaneouB combustion, that of the Hudson River can be seen at a glance. Ob­ a line for each insertion : about eiqht words a to tion of the iron hy galvanic action, hecoming oxidized and would be highly inflammable in any case. jects that can readily be seen at from to feet below Advertisements line. must be received at publication offi ce 20 30 itself. Such artIcles are dangerous, and not to he recoUl­ W. R. the surface in Lake George may be only seen at from early Th ursday to appea1' next issue. (1549) C. asks : Is a combined mended for culinary purposes. 4 as as morninq in lead and iron pipe more injurious to drinking water to feet in the clearest water on the Hudson below 3 All books, app., etc., cheap. School of ElectrICity, N.Y. (1535) No Name asks whether electricity than ODe entirely lead ? A. Not as regards healthful­ Albany. The clearest and densest ice keeps the long­ e.t. Wanted-First class mechanical draughtsmen. State is a fluidor not. Two say it is. and three say it is not a ness, but any iron in contact with the water would rust icul rs and salary expected. Baltimore Sugar Re­ fluid. A. Electricity is called a fluid for convenience. and discolor it. (1 58) A. T. O. asks : 1. What is the p'trf So uth Baltimore. A. A. .• 5 Co., Co Md. It is supposed to he wave motion. (1550) W. S. asks : Is a ray of light a !.Tl:ng lowest degree of cold that has been produced artificially, wood workin,g . establishment wants some (1536) A. K. writes : 1. Here (Columbia, body or not? A ray of li!(htis theoretically a series and by what means was it accomplisbed ? A. By evap­ Lar:..(ea to manufacture. }facilities the best. Prices A. -2250 C.) we often see drops of water like rainfall uuder of ether waves. The ether is a hypothetical body whose oration of solid nitrogen a temperatnre of C. haK '. pcci;dtye . a e n l st Excel in th h saw work. Address s. existence has never been proved. Yon may say in any been obtained. I he () the trees when the sun is shining and the sky is per­ An interesting note on the su bject is \Vestminster Saw Mill Co., Westminster Station. Ver­ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN fectly clear. What is the cause? A. The roots absorb case that a ray of light is not a hody. given in the of February mont. 1866, 2. 27. w l and a d more moisture than can be evaporated from tbe leaves. (1.151) C. E. J. writes : May I ask you page Is it generally believed by scientists Models, experimental work, and light machinery con­ 137. 273 Hence the tree breaks out into visible perspiration, just to publish in your next weekly issue of your valuable that if a substance, say gold, were cooled to or structed to order. r nd fi>n , Riving-tonSt., N. Y. -459 2·5 C.,  a 8 107 as a human being does. 2. Please give formula for ex­ paper as many of the most usefnl things for inventors to Fah., its molecules would come in actnal con­ Patents for tlale -Extension fire ladder. U. S. 365,556 ; pansion of ()mpressed air when heated. A. For each work on as you can think of? A. Their name is legion. tact., and tha't there could be no further change in tem­ Canada A. Warner, ...... ,,-,': oren H l a � St., if x S. 1-491 perature in that direction ? A. We do not Imow 29,527. F. N. l a , degree Fahrenheit air expauds part of its volume The skill of an inventor is as much exercised in finding what Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a 'pecialty. John at 32° F. For information on bookbinding we refer a want as in supplying it. Look around you, and see would happen, except that the molecules would be in h reenwoo Co .• o es e See illus. p.173. 3. . N. you to Workshop Receipts, 4th series, which we can where improvements are needed, cultivate observation, contact, and there could be no further diminution of G & R Y. 3. Best Ice and Refrigerating Machines made by David send by mail for $2. and,you will find plenty to work on. volume. Why would not the addition of matter to Boyle. Chic go ma h ne in satisfactory use. (1537) W. G. asks : 1. How can I the earth, as hy falling aerolites, so disturb the adjust­ d . 140c t r N. R adv., O. (1552) E. J. R. 8ays : Please let me know Mill Property Power for Sale. ment of gravity to centrifugal force as to change the make a gQod preparation, liquid or paste, for labeling how to make a good concrete pavement. A. Portland and J ersey. miles from New orbit of the earth, causing it to be projected into space tin or glass, which will not corrode the tin and will be or Rosendale cement one part, clean, sharp sand three Y k on thea lineIll. of c i 38 or drawn into the sun? A. If suffiCient amount, very or , the Delaware. LaCkawanna che 2. ap ? A. Use a fresh solution of gum tragacanth. parts. Make a thick mortar and spread three inches III Western Railroad, and a branch of the Central Rail­& grave changes might be thus produced. No percepti­ Want to make composition, with glue or resin as basis. thick. road·Situated, conn atecti Rockaway.ng with New immediatel at ble ones can be traced to ElIch a source. y What will harden and make waterproof, the entrance to the property, containing twelve acres of also be cheap? (1553) Florida asks (1) method of pre­ land. A. Use resin melted up with brickdust or sawdust to (1559) E. E. asks (1) if gasoline has been 1532, 3. serving figs, as they are beginning to be sold in Northern ill nearly with an proper consistency. Also see answer to query successfully used in gas engines as a motive power. The m is both new,railroads and com plete markets. The pulp, which is the only part used, comes equipment of rolls, furnaces, engines, turbine wheel. What is expense of filing " caveat? A. We file caveats What would be the amount consumed in gallons per in oblong ,hape about date size and is sngar incrusted. hammer, etc. There water pow­ for twenty-five dollars. hour per indicated horse power? A. About gal lon. A. Fig paste is thus made : 10 pounds flgs are cut up � ers, suitablerolling for silk or dwe in s (1538) Dr. G. V. R. asks : In a wooden 2. Could the gas evolved from gasoline be ignited by h s offices. etc., in finely and boiled to a pulp with a littlc over 1 gallon of s op , repair. and a new stone 3. container separated into two equal parts by a thin me­ an electric spark in a cylinder? A. Yes. In what dam heater,r ch of the PassaiCare two Riv distincter. making it one water. This is stramed through a sieve and pounds t.allic partition, each 30 proportion should the gas be nsed, mixed with air and of the most des ar e other factorIes.in the St atthreee. Any reall song -', side to be nearly filled with water of 8ug3r are added. It is evaporated in a water bath b introduced with a pump? ,A. About of gas to 20 of e on o e. for the purpose of decomposition, by electrolysis-in able amount can r m incomplete m tg g Terms easy. Ap­ untIl stiff. It may be poured into moulds of any de­ 1 ply toacross William a b A.n Torre , 6 l Street, New York. such an apparatus, would the gases be given off at the air. Would such a motor be dangerous? Not y l sired shape. Carefully cooked corn starch may be 4. A. W imreersedelec�rode8 necessarily. The principal danger is in the storage. etc., For best hoistingi a l engimillne. sites J. S. Mundy, Newark, J. the 8ame as if no partition existed added to the above before the last evaporation. After 5. a r a N. between them? If no t, why not? A. No; becausc the of the gasoline. It might affect insurance also. Guild Garrison, Brooklyn, N. Y., manufacture remoyal from the moulds, which must open or come a molecules Please suggest a plan for generating the gas before in­ pumps.& vacuum pumps, vacuum apparatus. air of water must interchange atoms with each apart, roll in sugar. 2. Best way to prevent mildew on other, which is impossible with an impermeable screen troducing it into the cylinder? A. Draw the air through pumps, acid owers, filter press pump t etc, books. A. Keep dry, and air occasionally. There is � between the electrodes. The water in either cell might 3. a vessel containing gasoline over its surface ; wicks For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, no other preventive. If cinchona can be grown here, steam decompose, giving off hydrogen from the screen and may be used to increase the snrface. d res the M. C. Bullock Mf�. Co. Chicago. Ill. and if so. some information as to its cultivation. A. s oxygen from the electrode, and vice bl , Would It is very doubtful. Address the Secretary of Agricul­ (1560) G. C. asks how to make elastic Pr esses Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J versa. 2. E, a porous non metallic partition work in such a case & - ? ture, Washington, D. C. Do you consider Burn'. gelatine moulds for electroplating. A. Soak gelatine The Holly Manufacturmg Co., of Lockport, N. Y., A. Yes_ 4. a d Fonic Shorthand System (which you recently recom­ for twenty-four honrs in cold water,drain offthe water, will sfi>nd their pamphlet, descri ing w ter work (1539 b s ) B. G. asks for a reccipt for ebon­ mended to a correspondent) better than Pitman's or and heat in an ordinary glue pot. After pouring over chinery. and containing reports of tests. on applicationrna,.. izing wood. A. Roil parts gall nnts, 4 parts rasped Graham's. and how does it dIffer from each? A. We object allow to stand twelve hours before removing. Tuerk water motors at Cortlandt St., �ew York. 5 40 logwood, parts each of sulphate of iron and verd i­ cannot decide as to relative merits of shorthand sys­ This is only available 12 a for rapid plating. It may be pro' Screw machines, milling machines, and drill presses. gris with water, strain through linen, and apply warm. tems. 5. It is stated that Arabs or the desert live to tected to a certain extent bv pouring over it a pe r 200 10 E. E. arvin CO., IJaight and Canal New York. Follow by three coats of a solution 10 parts iron filings, the age of years. Abont how near the trnth is cent solution of bicbromate of potash and exposing it G & 75 Billings' Double-acting Ratchet Drills. Drop Forgings. in parts vinegar. this? Are there any statistics by which you can in­ to the sun, or it may be varnished, a solution of India Bronze Forgings. Billings Spencer (1540) B. G. K.-Habitual divers in salt form me which is the longest-lived race, and the per­ rubber in bisulphide or carbon or benzole being the & Streets, Conn. water o!ten have inflammation of the eyes. The expos­ centage of centenarians? A. We do not bel ieve it. Such best varnish to nse. Try mixing with skim milk as 6. The Improved Hydraulic Jacks, Punches. and Tube ure such diving necessitates is not beneficial. The only reports are far from reliable. What is Greek fire ? below. Co., Hartford, A. Probably a bituminons composition. Its composition Expanders. R. Dudgeon. Columbia St., New York. proper way to keep a gun barrel in good order IS to (1561) F. M. W. asked in query 1452 24 is not known. 7. Best way to clear out roaches. Friction Clutch Pulleys. The D. Frisbie Co., N.Y. city. wash it out with boil!ng hot water, dry with linen swabs 8. A. about waterproof glne. W. R. D. B. writes us that and oil with vaseline or cylinder oil, every time that it Use powdered borax. How to tell oleomargarine, Belting.-A good lot of second hand belting for sale glue mixed with skim milk WIll resist water after dry­ Roberts, 31m is used. It should never be laid aside unattended to for etc., from butter. A. Analysis by a competent cbemist. cheap. Samue1 Pe rl .• New York. ing. ::;t a day or two after firing. Butter experts claim to be able to tell by taste, ap­ W-Send fornew and complete catalogue of ScientIfic pearance, etc. 9. How to detect ad'1lterations of milk? (1562) J. L. writes : I have tried a m ix­ (1541) A. L. K.-See SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ and other Books for sale by Munn Co.• Broadwa , a CAN SUPPLEMENT, A. Analysis by a chemist is the only certain way. We ture of coal tar, glue, plaster of Paris and pitch to cover New York. Free p i ation & 361 y No. 316, for ,he art of japanning. on ap l c . import and supply foreign books by mail. glassware with make it appear like the bark of a tree See Techno-Chemical Receipts, which we mail for $2, to after painting it the proper colors. It works in some on How to Copper and Tin Iron. (1554) A. B. C, writes : 1. Will you way well enough, only the composition does not grow (1542) H. C. B.-Zinc expands up to the please tell me where I can get a very easy book on hard enough, so that it sooner or later will come off 6 plain drawing, as I would like to learn, and have got no melting point. A bar of hammered zinc inches long again. Can you suggest me another composition for hook. I want an easy one, regardless of cost. A. Plan will expand one one-hundredth of au inch in raising this purpose or some means how to harden the mix­ and Map Drawing, by Andre, price $3.75. 2. Also, the temperature 1000 Fah. ture descrihed above? We would suggest that you will a ball shot out of a gnn strike an object harder at A. (1543) A. T.-There is no practical nor use strong alum water to mix your plaster of Paris a distance of three feet or at a distance of ten, or does HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. profitable way of removing copper and zinc from with. little glycerine (10 per cent of the dry glue) it decrease in speed the instant it leaves the powder? A Names and Address must accompany all letters, plumber's solder. Care and good methods of working will make glue less brittle. With these two suggestions A. It will gain in velocity until it leaves the mouth of or no attent;on will be paid thereto.. This is for our should keep it free enough for purposes of the trade. you will probably be able to make a stronger com po_ informat!on, and not for publication. the gun, and then will at once begin to lose velocity. (1544) G. W. W. asks : What. prepara­ sition. Referell ee8 to former articles or answers should 3. In a recent issue I Bee a question, Can animals see give date of paper and page or number of question. tion is nsed to make quicksilver adhere to glas" and in the dark? The answer was, no. Now, if you ever (1563) writes : man feet of Inqllirielil not answered In reasonable time should C. A. How y metals? A. On mirrors an amalgam with tin is used. be repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that worked in a mine, you would oe led to beheve they can. radiating surface to each 100 cubic feet of air space some answers require not a little research, and, Tin foil is placed on a flat surface, and mercury is Take mule a mule under the ground, in a mine, and he does one need in hot water heating? What tempera­ though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter poured over it. The perfectly clean glass is slid over it will come out or travel the roads all right. How is it? 212° or in this department, each must take his turn. ture is the water nsually kept at? Is it above Fah" with its front edge under the surface, and when in place SI.ecial Written Information on matters of A. No animal can see in the dark. The mule may, by heating in frame buildings, and is hot water heating personal rather than general interest cannot be is put under pressure for some time. It IS then hIS highly developed sense of smell and touch, together practical in a small way? A. For direct radiatiou with expected without remuneration. placed on edge and allowed to drain for a day or more. with memory, do what you describe. What seems ab­ the coils in room, use square foot of heating surface Sclentilic American SUI'plementll referred For glass and metals no surface adhesion of pure mer­ 1 to may be had at the ollice. Price 10 cents each. solute darkness to us may not be really so. Can a to cubic feet of space in ordinary rooms with hot 4. 80 Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of cury as a rule can be produced. Such metals as it amal­ cnbic foot be made square on all [corners ? A. Theore­ water circulation. If for indirect heating by coils in }>rIce. gamates with, rapidly absorb it into their substance. tically, it can ; practically, only with the greatest diffi­ air chambers with registers in ro.,ms, the proportion Mineral sent for examination should be distinctly marked.. or labeled_ {1545) J. S. asks : 1. Which magnet has culty. may be square foot to cubic feet space. With a 1 50 of the most power-artificial or natural ? A. The artiflcial (1555) J. H. S. asks (1) for method of tank pressure upon the pipes from the upper story a (1530) T. R. asks for a recipe for a 2120 G. is far the most powerful. 2. If a magnet ever loses its making cyanIde of copper solution for plating iron full temperature of or 214° may be obtained in t.he harmless compound which will stimulate the growth of attractive power, when left to itself. A. Yes; unless and other metals. lower coils. Generally with open tank at top of build· hair on the face. A. We have little confidence in any provided with a keeper, a piece of iron in contact with A. Water...... 1000 parts. ing, any temperature below may be had to corre­ supposed promoters of the growth of the hair. Try the . 212° both poles. Bar magnets are best arranged in pairs Acetate of copper (crystallized). .. spond with the outside temperature. The hot water following: Croton oil 12 drops, sweet oil of almonds '" 20 side by side a little distance apart, with keepers across Carbonate of soda...... system is most desirable for small houses. oz. troy. Mix and rub on skin gently twice a day. . . . 20 Yo the center. Their poles must be in opposite directions. Bisulphite of soda ...... 20 If too irritating, double the amount of sweet almond . . . . (1564) J. H. K.-There is equal Cyanide of potassium (pure) . nothing oil. It is poisonous. (1546) W. B. R. asks : In what number ...... 20 to friction, with the leather slightly damp, for giving a First mix the acetate of copper with jnst enough water 8 SC a e as t g a high polish on the edge of fresh cut sole leather. There (1531) F. - The speci men is chal- to make a paste, then add the carbonate of soda and A. S a ll s d 200 is no varnish made or nsed for the purpose. The fric­ cedony, of no value. � :: ��:� �:::� 7 � :� �:;�� !';,' ��:� � ::;� parts of water ; after stirring add the bisulphite of soda tried ordinary cotton sat.urated with alcohol, bllt it tion should be sufficient to just stop short of burning and parts of water, and finally the rest of the (1532) F. B. asks for (I) a receipt for would not burn the magnesium powder. See S�IEN­ the leather. For rccipes for cologne and a great variety 200 i1lm. If the liquid ap­ TIFIC AMERICAN. 15. 1887, A. water and the cyanide of potass making carton pierre ornaments for pictnre frames. Oct. page 241. Flash cotton of fine purfumes, see SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ pears blue add enough cyanide to decolorize it. Also A. 'l'hefol lowing a formula for ,"uch " C OmlJosition : is gun cotton. used iu making collodion. See page 116 2. 'lENT, Nos. and 486. Gum benzoin is sometlmes le elec­ is instead of Russia iron for field magnet in simp 472 of February 2.3, 1889. issue SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. used instead of vanilla, as well as with it. Glue previously dissolve!! in water parts. tric motor, would a wrought iron one answer as well? ... 13 2. Have you a good formula for hydroquinone devel- Pulverized litharge...... Yes ; make of SCIENTIFIC AMERlCAN SUPPLEMENT, If so, how thick shonld the iron be? A. (1565) M. G. asks : 1. Is there a w ax ...... 84." oper? A. See White lead...... the same dimensions. 3. Would No. 19 iron WIre do to No. 621 . used in taking impressions of type for stereotyping Plaster of Paris...... wind armature core in same ? A. Yes...... ] which will .tand the heat of melted type metal WIthout Very fine sawdust...... (1547) J. L. D. asks : 1. How can a ves- (1556) J. writes : In mixing 160 melting, and if what is it? A. We know of no such ...... 10 " sel be lled wi h gas, without the use of water? A. By M. B. Oil the monlds in which it is cast to prevent adheSIOn. fl t 80, 2. grains tannin, 1 onnce sulphate iron, and pint water, material. Papier mache is now generally used. acing the air. If the gas is lighter than air, the Yes­ Can you refer me to any receipt books that tell how displ 1 I a blue-black fluid is evolved, which is perfectly free desire to preserve r::.pecimens of fruits of various kinds 2.to make carton pierIe ornaments ? A. You will find sel should be inverted and the gas al lowed to stream from particles for about six hours. after which time a for exhibition. Alcohol destroys the natnral color of it. If heavier, the reverse position should be other formulas in H Workshop Receipts, " 1st series, pp. into thin coat forms on top of the solution. What IS this the frnit and in a rew months becomes discolored so as In either case, the gas sh onld, by means of a and 30!. We can supply this work by mail for chosen. $2. thin coat, and how can I prevent its formation? to prevent a fair view of the fruit. Is there any other 123 tube, be led as near to the bot.tom of the vessel as pos- A. (1533) W. writes : have some The thin coating is:a precipitate of taunate of iron. It is liquid which will be preferable? A. You will get some C. E. I siblE. There will always be considerable loss of gas, a but in so finelydivided a form as useful hints from the article ou this subject in our issue moose horns wnich hav'l becoIne stained by lying on and without strong cnrrent it will uot be at all free present from the first, 2, the ground. Please tell throu h the Notes and a not to be visible as a solid. To prevent its deposition, of November 1889, page - g from air. Is sugar of lead. or acetate of lead, or any 2n. SCIENTIFme lC A MERICAN 2. with the water. Queries column of the how I can preparation of lead, used in the manufacture of common mix a little mncilage (1566) J. A. M.-The "weather plant " clean and bleach them A. Use binoxide of hydrogen writing inks, or of the printing inks of various colors (1557) E. G. S. writes : I load vessels described by Norvack is precatorius, of the order 1 Abrus mixed with a little ammonia. The first is sold in the used nowadays? A. Oxide of lead, or litharge, may be monthly at New York with ice for the West Indies, and Leguminosre. The plant was originally a native of drug stores as hair bleach. Apply cautiously with o 3. used to s me extent us a drier in such compounds. my consignees out there claim that no other but lake India, but is now fonnd in the West Indies, South rag, so as not to bleach too powerfully. COuld some formof lead be nsed in them without de- suit or staud the climate, while icemen of good America, and other warm countries. The scarlet seeds a ice will : In this market triment to the desirable qualities of such inks? A. It and that river ice is with a black hilum are much used for necklaces, and (1534) W. D. S. writes authority here Bay to the contrary, n in urions. are employed in India as a standard of weight. The has just appeared what termed anti-rusting tinware, ot. i better than lake ice . How is it? A. The water of still, iii is made in the ordmary manner, with the addition of a (1548) G. S. asks whether bisulphide of deep ponds or lakes is purer or more free from sus­ weight of the famous Koh-i-noor diamond was ascer· cross of sheet zinc soldered to the inner side of the carb.m i. dangerous to use, and what its properties are. pended mineral or vegetable matter than the flowing tained in this way. The roots are sweet and taste like bottom of each piec... Now one question is, if this zinc, A. It is volatile, combustible, asphyxiating, and poi.on­ water of rivers. The ice from such sonrces will there­ liCOrIce, whence the name licorice bush. Other love p ea. or whatever it may be; prevents rust, what ous. When it burns, it acid gas, fore be more clear eolid The still water of is the action produces sulphurons and . clear, names are red bean and

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 1889.] 30. J 347 ======�= '{tuttf==t, �lUtrt,�C:======aU. = =

'-��' � ...... 415.111 � =7======Churn power. Johnson ...... TO INVENTORS. Harvesters. grain shocking attachment for. L. Phonograph. T. A. Edi.on ...... il4.7liO

Cider or wine preJ. W. W. Root ...... 415,126 ...... An experience forty years and the preparation of . . . Miller ...... 414.716 Photographic films. roller holder. .for. T. Taylor. . 414.731> ••• E...... Cigar cutter. F. W. Powell ...... 415,061 Hatchet...... 14 6 2 . . more than one hunOf dred thousand applications for pa­ Fowler. .... 4 . � Pile. R. Gray ...... 414.700

. . W...... Clamp. See Metal tie clamp. Railway rail Hay rack. Riedel...... 4H.824 ...... tents 'l.t home and abroad. enat-Ie u� to understand the . Pile. metal. R. Gray ...... 415.037 I,. clamp. Heater. See ElectriC heater. Tank heater.. Water. . . . Jaws and practice on both continents. and to possess un­ Pipe and nut wrench. B. Donahue ...... 414.799 Clasp. See Garment clasp. equaled facilities for procuril!f"patents everywhere. A heater. Pipe coupling. �'. G. Botsford ...... 414.855 synopsis of the patent laws of the UDited States and all Cleaner. See F'lue cleaner .. Stovepipe cleaner. Hinge, A. T. Williams ...... , ...... 415,083 Pipe wrenCh, chain, C. Mahnicke ...... 4 5,047

Clevis, plow, T. C. Belding .....••.•..•.•...•.•.••..• 415,016 Hinge...... 414, 2 foreign countries may be had on application, and persons gate, P. C. Zimmerman ...... �:) Piston, 8elf�lubricatingL.. D. B. Morison ....•.•...... 414.7771

...... Clip. See Detector bar clip. Hinge. lock. S. Baker ...... 415.086 . . . contemplating the securing of patents, either at home or . . Planing machine. E. F. Autenrieth ...... H4,8:1:1 Clock or watch key. G. D. Clark ...... 414,617 J...... 414. 5 abroad. are invited to write to this office for prices, ...... Hinge. trunk. H. T. Helbing ...... 00 Planter. A. Lelfe! ...... 414.mZ

...... Closet. See Water closet. Hob nail. W. R. Wilcox ...... 415.181 ...... which are low, in accordance with the times and our ex­ Planter. corn. C. A. Anderson ...... Clothes pounder. A. E. Hebblewhite ...... 414,704 Holder. See Address holder. Check holder...... tensive facilities fol" conducting the business. Planter. com. D. Baird ...... 4lfi.414.7Olj8"

Coins and receipting therefor, apparatus for re Nozzle holder. Pantaloons holder. Paper G. . MUNN & CO.. Office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 361Address Broad­ - Planter, cotton, Johnson Mit. chell ......

...... 414.795 . . &...... way New York. ceiving. I. E. CUlford ...... roll holder. Rope or line holder. Telephone Plow. C. Gregory ...... 414.'U415.0t�I! ...... Coking furnace. G. Clark ...... receiver holder. Wig holder. Plush C.finishing machine. P. Van. den E.ch ...... 415.�

A...... 415.022 Collar making apparel. J. K. P. Pine ...... 415.059 Hook. See Snap hook. Pole, carriage. J. R. Freeland ...... 415.101 •. Collars. making apparel. J. Squires ...... 414.071 Horse blanket. C. G. Broyhill ...... 415.089 Polishing machine, H. Oberholtzer ...... 415,121

INDEX OF INVENTIONS Combing machines, device for reciprocating the Horse blanket fastening, I. W. Bates ...... ••• 414,672 Portable house, G. L. HarveyC...... • ...... ••..•• . 414,976

For which Letter. Patent of"the drawing·olf rolls of. Illingworth ...... 414,884 Horse detacher. W. B. Walker ...... 414,929 Post. See ElectriC light post.

United State8 were Granted Composing stands. caseh'. holding bracket fOf, Mil- Horseshoe pad, M. Starkweather ...... 0_ 415,003 Power. See Churn power.

ler & Gompers ...... 415.052 Hose coupling. N. 8.Pritchard ...... 415.062 Pres See Baling press. Cider and wine press.

. .. . . J...... ••.•• ••. ••• £15,105 •. November 12, 1889, CondUit for underground wires, H. B. Camp . . . 414,,970 Hotel indicator. W. C. GraftoD Printing press. Stnmpinj!press. Corrugated furnace or fiue. S. Fox ...... 414,761 House. See Portable house. Printinil form and means for securing- the same

Cotton" apparatuB for handling and cleaning seed, Hub and axle. vehicle, W. H. Wright . . o •••••••••••• 414,830 in place. fiexible, W. C. \Vendte , ...... e_ .0 • ••• 415,132 A.ND EA.CH REA.RING THA.T DA.TE. E. Elam ...... o •••••••••••0 ••••••••••••0 414,762 Hydrant, T. Mc Elhose ...... o ••••••••••••••••••• 415,119 Printing frames, vignetting attachment. for, S. D. [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.] CottonW. picker. W.et aL Snowdon ...... 414.924 Igniting andS. extingnlshing. apparatus. H. Harvey ...... 414.811 �'. Couplinl[o See Car coupling. Hose coupling. Chapin ...... A.. . . 414,941 Printinu: machines, adjustable gearing for. T.

...... 414.959 Adding machine. C. H. Webb ...... Pipe coupling. Thill coupling. Indicator. See. Cash indicator. Electric indi- King ...... J.. . .. 414.979

Address holder for umbrellas, sticks, etc., C. Crates, framework for. A. T. Linderman ...... 414.715 cator. Electric current indicator. Hotel indio Printing press Billstein. Snediker ...... 414.791

Michel ...... '" ...... 415,116 Crocheting or overseaming machine, Merrow & catof. Street or station indicator. Printing press, W. Mc&Elhone ...... 414.869

Adjustable chair. Edwards Griffin...... 414.801 Stedman ...... 414.718 Inking pad. S. T. Smith ...... 414.846 to 414.848 Printing press set'olfG. mechanism. . C. B. .Cottrell ... 414.680

Air brake, C. R. Daellenbach& ...... 415.162 Cushion. See Scalloped ball cushion. Insect screen. W. Boughton...... 415.018 Projectile. G. H. Ogilvy...... 414.989

. . . . . Air brake. P. Mas.ey ...... 414.717 Cut-out. mechanical. Battershall ...... 414.966 InterlOCking switchJ. and signal. T. Hambay ... . . 415.168 Propeller for boats. vibrating. S. A. Wight ...... 415.082 A. J. W. Alarm. See Low water alarm. Cutter. See Cigar cutter. Straw cutter. Iron. See Sad iron. J. Prope1ling mechanism for boats, B. Kenoyer ...... 414,711 Alcohol, apparatus for purifying wood, S. T. Cutting machine. J. G. Leffingwell ...... 415,045 Ironware, enameled. C. Comstock ...... • ...... 15,161 Protector. See Grave protector.

. . . Burcey ...... C.. , ...... 414,936 Dam for regulating channels and banks, portable,. lronin� machines. reversing mechanism for, J. 4 Prnning implement. C. Dunhuln ...... , ...... 414.974

Annunciator. T. Hes ...... 415,182 G. H. Lommer ...... 414.913 Daley ...... J.. . 415.094 Pulley lubricator. loose. B. Rhodes ...... 414.888

Armor plates, A.moulding, W. F. M. McCarty ...... 415,174 Deadcenters. device for overcominJOC. S. B. Min- J ack. See Wagon. jack. Pulleys. making 8asb cordJ ., C. O. Case ...... 414,972

Awning. W. Astrup ...... 414.832 nich ...... 414.984 Jeweling tool. J. Thomas ...... 415.006 Pump. oil well. F. O.born ...... 414.820

Awning. W. H. Fullerton ...... : ...... 415.102 Detector bar . clip. T. Hambay ...... 414.862 Joint. See Railway rail joint.. . . Pump. steam. C. Olin ...... 415.055

Axle bearings, oiler for railway, T. H. Symington 414,783 Diaper. C. Arnold .J...... 4U,853 I Kettle, W. R. Walton ...... 414,850 Pumps, valve motion�'. for steaID,. J. Tonkin ...... 414.956

Axle box. car, J. J. Anderson ... . " ...... 414.746 Die. See Screw threading die. Key. See Clock or watch. key. Watch key. Puzzle. H. L. Motter ...... J......

Axle. vehicle. W. H. Wright ...... 414.831 Digging wells or post holes. device for. E. G. Knife. R. Christy ...... 414.97:l RaCk. See Hay rack. . 414.986

Bag. See Paper bag. Woven .eamles. bag. Stephenson ...... 414.873 Knitting machine.J. Circular.. W.. H. [{elly...... 414.8'"» Railway cable. H. Pierce ...... 414.021

Baling press. P. Dederick ...... 415.029 Disinfectinll and deodorizing device, Dun. Knitting machine feeding device, circular, G. D. Railway. elevated,A. Rodgers Mee ...... 414,825

K...... J. 8...... BalinI' press condenser. W. Bailey ...... 414.671 ham ...... 414.668 Mayo ...... 414.865 Railway rail clamp, I. S. McG& iehan ...... 414.779

Bandage. for veterinary Juse, . etc., G. Chapman. 414.752 Display fra.me. H. Rung ...... 415,065 Label attaching. machine. Parker & Ross ...... 414!�91 Railway rail jOint, W. Walsh ...... 415,0'79

Banjo, E. BoulanJler...... T...... 415,019 Distillation of ammoniacal liquid. apparatus for. I...tRclng hooks for shoes, manufacture of, H. Railway rails, constructingJ. railway. cross ties. of,

Bar. See Sash bar. . M. R. Wood ...... 415.133 Cummings ...... H...... 414.684 A. Durand ...... 410.012

Barrel cover, Bean ...... ••....•••...... 415.014 Distilling grease. and. other fatty substances, Lamp, L. Clark ...... •...... , . 414.753 Railway rails in chairs, wedge or. key for securing,

Ba.ket tave. W.J. J.W. Alleger ...... 414.894 E. Jan en ...... G... . .&. 414.709 Lamp. incandescentH. electric. G. W. Wil.on. 414.741. 414.742 T. Despiau ...... H4.8'8

• • ...... •• Bath mitten. Cowen Pratt ...... 410,026 Distilling pyroligneous. .. acid, apparatus for, C. Lamp. regenerative burner, J. E. W. Schmidt . . 415,067 Railway rails into. flat. plates, mechanism for .con-.

Battery. See Secondary& battery. . T. Burcey ...... J. 414.937 Lamp .ocket. incandescent. S. F.Rodman...... 414.922 verting. Durand ...... 415.031

Bed pan. W. F. Spurgin ...... 415,002 Distilling WOOd, apparatus for, C. T. Burcey . . . . 414,9:�8 Lamp wick rai8er. Henkle ...... Jr...... 415.108 Railway rails,A. tie and clamp for, Robert & Est-

Bed. wardrobe. Appleton & Sliter ...... 415,013 Drawer pull. K. Molfett...... J...... 414.867 J, amps. cut'out forL. Incande.cent. . T. D. Bottome . . 414.79'2 wick. Jr ...... 414,921 . J. . Beer wort or beer, aerating and purifying, Drill. See Seed drill. Lamps. street lamp post for electriC, F. Adams 414,9:hl Railway signal, .electric, W. P. Kookogey ...... 414.773

...... A.. 414.673 ...... 414.980 U.. . . . 414.940 ...... 415.092 Bergh ...... Du.t collector. O. [{ut.che ...... Lamps. auspen.ion device for. D. Carney ...... Railway track. J. Clarke ...... Bells, pneumatic apparatus for. ringing, H. L. Easel, S. McDonald ...... 414,987 Lamps, wick raiser for central draught, J. C. Mil- Railway vehicles, H.rubbing iron for, .W. Wright . ... 414,745

Roosevelt ...... 414.998 Electricl...t. current indicator. F. Mebren ...... 414.866 ler...... 414.948 Railways. device for wire cable. E. Culver . . . . . 414.r.Sl

Belt tillhtener, E. .... Autenrieth ...... 414.,s:.i4 Electric energy. utilizing natural,J. M. W. Dewey . . 4H.943 Lathe attachment for turning- wrist pins. P. Railways, drum for cable, J. Walkerh'...... 414,958

Bicycle. tandem. Starley� & Owen ...... 415,072 Electric heater. M. B. I,eonard ...... 414.714 Cole ...... F.. . 414.897 Rain conductor. automatic. J. A. W. .lusti ...... 415. 109

Billet conveyer. H. S. Smith ...... 415.001 Electric Indicator. Edgecomb & Terry ...... 414.879 Lathes. tool.. po.t for. D. Williamson ...... 414.788 Range finder. naval. Nordenfelt & Middelboe . . ... 414.8\!l

Billiard cue tip or head for. T. . S. Meyer...... 414.775 Electric indicator. F. E. Morgan ...... 414.868 J. ead. manufacture of white. T. D. Bottome ...... 414.985 Rattan furniture. E. L. Taft ...... 414.781

•• ...... Binder. temporary. G. V. Clilford ...... 414.794 Electric light post. P. Dinn ...... 414.686 Leaf turner, MiIl�r ...... 415.051 Red. See Sand reel. .

Bit. See Morti.ing bit. . Electric light support.J A.. Dawes ...... 414.798 Lemon juice Jextractor. . P. Mauny ...... 415.018. 415.019 Refiector for locomotive headlights. E. C. Glazier 414.807

Bituminous rock, apparatus for redUCing natural Electric machine, dynamo, H. Geisenhoner .... •. ... 414,900 Letter opener. R. MorseJ...... 414,8&6 Refractory compOSition. T. B. Kerr ...... 415,170

or artificial. Greene ...... 415,167 Electric motor support. S. H. Short ...... , . •. , . 415.070 Lighting device.W. L. Roberts ...... 414.889 Refrigerator. C. Hill ...... 414.007

�'. V...... 1 3 and traction increaSing. A...... :... 415.020 V. .. . 414.874 Blind. Venetian. G. Wilson ...... 4 4.74 Electro-magnetic brake Liniment. O. Brown ...... Regenerative furnace. H. Swindell ...... Board. See WashJ. board. device, combined, E. E. Ries ...... 414,996 Liniment, B. �'. Gochenoner ...... 414,769 Rein button, W. Ta]]man ...... et ..al...... 415,00

...... 414.980 clamp for holding articles to C. . G...... 414.845 Bobbin spindle or .kewer. Warrener . . ... Electroplated. be. Lock. See Gun lOCk. Nut lock. Permutation lock. Rein support. W. Vajen ... . . 9 Boiler. See Steam boiler. J. W. A. Dunlap ...... 414.860 Lock. E. J. O·Keefe ...... 0 .. . .. 414.720 Rivet. H. H. CummC.ings ...... 414.682

. . . Boiler. Baird ...... 415.135 Elevator. W. H. Knapp ..... '" ...... 414.712 Lock. W. H. '1' aylor ...... 415,178 Rivet making machine, . Cummings ...... 414.680

...... Boiler. J.E. Gillet ...... 414.806 Elevator bucket. T. Walden ...... 414.829 Locomotive journal bnx. E. Me.eke...... 414.!182 Rivet manufacture of hollow.H. H. H. Cummings. 414.755

J ...... Bolt. See Meal bolt. . Elevator case. V. Pitts ...... 414.721 Locomotor. electric. R. �' inney ...... 415.165 Rope ••or line holder. W. H. Holder . H...... 415.lU9 A. . Bolts or rivet heading blank. for. M. McGee. . 414.949 Engine. Fire engine. Steam engme. Log dogging apparatus.J. W. Perkins ...... 414.9',4 Rotary meter. double piston. H. �' . Gaskill ...... 414.694 Boot or shoe heel•• trimming machine.A. R. H. South- Engine lubricator team. C. Verniaud ...... 414.785 Loom. C. A. Littlefield . . . . .J...... 414.864 Rule. pocket folding. Dauchy & Roberts ...... 414.877 • all ...... 414.731 Engine .topplng mechanism.• H. Held ...... 414.837 Loom lever. Wyman & Gordon ...... 414.852 Sad iron. G. Heidel ...... 414,836

Bottle cover. Ink. G. P. Goulding ...... 414.699 Engines. machine tor milling the valve ports of, Loom stopping mechanism. Beck. & Graichen . ... . 414.854 Sand reel. D. J. Thayer ...... 415.076 Bottles, combined metalliC cap and fastener for, Davis ...... •...•...... '" ...... •...... 414.756 Loom temple. A. Isherwood ...... 415.041 Sash bar, metallic window, H. Schuhmann ...... 415.068

H. Libbey ...... 415.171 EvaporatorJ. , T. Gaunt ...... "" " ...... 414.696 I,oom temple. C. Littlefield ..."''' ...... 415.172 Saw filing machine. W. Green ...... 415.106

Bottles.W. jacket for. Yocum &. Kacer ...... 415.134 Exercising chair. A. Caldwell...... 414.675 Loom pile cuttin"A. mechanism for double pile Saw gauge. G. M. ClendinenJ...... 415,023

Box. See Axle box. Locomotive journal box. Exhibiting machine. F.light. F. Euphrat ...... H4.764 fabric.•• A. C. Bachman ...... 414.670 Saws. forming teeth on cotton lI:in, H. V. & C. F.

Music box. Water closet service box. Exhibiting shoe laces. etc., case for, Paton...... 414,992 Low water alarm, Page ...... 414,900 Scattergood ...... 415.066

Box endmg mechanism. E. Arzt ...... 414.747 Extractor. See Lemon juice extractor.J. . Lubricator. See EngineW. L lubricator.. Pulley lubri- Scalloped ball cu.hion. C. E. Bentley ...... 414.748

Box for jewelery, silverware, etc., L. Burt ....•. ... 414,751 Fabric. See Woven fabric. cator. Screen. See Insect screen.

Box for retailers' use. J. M. & B. C. Wilt.e ...... 415.010 Fan. electric motor, P. DiehL ...... 414.758 Mallet. G. B. Goddard ...... 414.808 Screw machine. G. Heyne ...... 414.!IOli

Brake. See Air brake. Car brake. Electro ·ma",... Fan motor. electrical, P. Diehl...... 414,757 Map case and holder, W. .Hen. derson ...... 414,945 Screw threading die, J. N. Severance ...... 415.0119

netic brake. Vehicle brake. Feed trou�h. M. Le Fever ...... 414.814 Match safe and box. combined.1. H. G rimm ... . . 414,702 Seam pressing machine. W. Collyer ...... 414.;:)4

...... 5' Brake latch , M. G. Smith ...... 414.729 �'ence guard. J.S. B. Grubbs ...... 414.703 Meal bolt. C. P. Steinmetz ...... J...... 414.925 Secondary blll tery. W. RobertsC...... 4 4 " \ 1 Break scalper. B. Martin ...... 415.050 Fence machine. W. H. McGrew ...... 414.817 Medicine. remedy for dy.pepsia. O. George ... . 414.901 Seed drill. W. Huggins ...... 414 0;

BI'ick mould. J.PauL ...... 414.918 Fence machine Iat and wire. H. Staples ...... 415.177 Metal by electro·depo.itlon. apparatus�'. for ob- Selling device. coin·operated.. D. Olmsted ...... 414.950.•

Brick pallet. R.A. Stuart ...... 414.926 Fence machine.•• wire. Page & Lamb ...... 414.844 taining .heets of. C. Coffin ...... 415.024 Separator. See Ore .eparator.

Bridge, arch, J.Cowdon ...... 414,859 Fences, swaging bench for iron, C. Hanika ...... 414,770 Metal. machine for 2alvanizingC. sheet or plate. J. Separator. B. J. Corcoran ...... 415,09:l

J...... 414.9�9 Bridge gate;J. F. Wi.trom ...... 415.011 Fender. See Carriage wheel fender. Paton ...... 414.951 Sewing machine, T. R. Rossiter. ... .

Bromides of the alkalies. making, A. File, cabinet, E. Phillips ...... •...... , 415.057 Metal tie clamp,. I. S. McGiehan . . : ...... 414,778 Sewing machine cording attachmenl, T. R. Ros-

...... 415,056 ...... 414,713 ...... 415,000 Frerichs ...... lI'.. .. .W...... 414,835 File, letter or document, E. Phillips ...... Metal, reducing, W. A. Koneman ...... siter ...... ' ...... Brush, A� GorbeU ...... •.... 414,698 Fire engine, W. Morrison ...... � ...... 415,053 1 Meter. See Grain meter. Rotary meter. Sewing machine hemming attachment, J. C. Good-

Brush, blacking�M. P. Tracy ...... 415,008 Fire extInguisher. automatLc, R� Freeman...... 415,166 Mill racesr device for clearing the gratinl{@ .Jf. win ...... 415�035

Buckle. J. Elson ...... 415,164 Flask. for making seamless sasJ. b weights, A. S. Rakes '" Ellers ...... 4.14,887 Sewing machine hemming attachment, A. L.

Building ventilator. A. Wollf...... 414.31>1 Hodges ...... 414.8:l8 Mould. See Brick mould. . . Mayo ...... 414.914

Button, S. Tiffany...... 415,130 Flue cleaner, boile. r. B. Torrey...... �. 414,821 Moulders, picker rod for. H. R. Travers ,...... 415,179 SewIng machine. sole. E. P. Richardson...... 415,064

...... 414.954 Calipers G.or dlvlders. H. Suerstedt ...... Frame. See Display F.frame. Monkey wrench. W. H. [{altenbeck...... 414.77� Shaft support. P. O'Dwyer ...... 415,16:1

Can capping machine. W. S. Bacon ...... 415.160 Fruit packing case. L. Stevens ...... 415.074 Mortising bit. A. [{appler...... 414.9i8 Shaping machine �'.table. Bear Paxman ...... 415.015

CandlestiCk. J. P. Nessie ...... 414.�17 Fruit pitting machine.J. G. W. Campbell ...... 414.971 Motor. See �'an motor. Sheaf carrier. A. Jewell ...... &...... 414.909

Capstan. Whitney ...... 410.081 Furnace. See COkmg furnace. Corrugated tur- i Mower. lawn. T. R. McDonald ...... 414.842 Shearing machine. Richardson ...... " 411i.025

Car brake.RH C. V.. Rote ...... 414.890. 414.891 nace. Regenerative furnace. MUSiC box. A. Gautschl ...... 415.034 Shingle machine. G.J. Drake ...... 415.098

Car coupling. R. Dry ...... 414,898 Furnace, M. H. Steele ...... 414.826 Music leaf turner.H. J. ReiRim�er ...... 414.8'40 Shingle packing machiF. ne, Perkins ...... 414.Wa

...... " 415,077 Car coupling, E. M.P. Eastwick. r , ...... 414.Sfl9 Gauge. See Saw gauge. . Nail. See Hob nail. . Shoe. turned. S. '}litcomb\V. .. J ...... I ...... 415,058 Car coupling, C. H. Peard . . . . J. . > • • ; . , ...... 414,919 Game apparl.\tus, R. W. Newton ...... 414,gSS Nail making, distributing, and driving machine, Show case, dustJ. proof. Phillips ......

Car coupling. F. Robert ...... 414.920 Garment clasp. A. W. Cash ...... 414.857 F. Raymond. 2d ...... 414.952 Signal. See Railway signal.�.

...... 414.91S Car. automatic station indicator for railway, Garment support, A. W. Cash ...... 414,858 Nail strip.�'. Prouty...... , 415,175 Skate. T. H. McQuown ......

...... 415,0,)0 [(ras\y . ..". . _.,...... H... 414,885 Gas burners, alarm attachment. for, E. Harri- Necktie fastener.J. R. F. lfairbanks...... 414.765 Snap hook, R. M. Dillard ...... Cars.G. floor for etrailway. al . D. H. Talbot ...... 414,927 .on ...... J�...... 414.8&1 Nozzle holder. GramsC...... 4U.681 Snow plow. J. Godard ...... 415.1

. 4. Cars, sar.ld box for. E. Robinson ...... 414,997 Gas generator, carbonIC acid, Feld Siebrecht . . . . 414.691 Nut lock, IveJ.s ...... 414,708 Soldering machine,E. can, Seneca ...... 41 70328

...... 416,025 Cars, sanding attachmentI. for. W. Bates...... 414,8�5 Gas lighting. automatic ('ircuit making& and break- Nut Jock, C. D. Jones ...... " ...... 415.04.1 Spinning mule. Conley S.And J. rews ......

& . . . . . •••••••••• Carbon dioxide. making. S. CabotJ...... 415.090 ing mechanism for, W. Estabrook ...... 414,763 Nuts. implT.ement for removin�.. M. Martin ...... 415,114 Spoke drawer. J. Germann ...... 0 414.'JOZ . Card setting machines, cutter for. S. Midgley ...... 414,815 Gate. See Bridge gate. W. . Oil burning apparatus. G. D. StreeterJ ...... 415.0i5 Spring. See VehicleM. spring. Watch case spring. 414,7 2 Cards. foundation for. J. Moseley ...... 415.118 Gates. hanger for swinging or sliding. J. T. Sar- Oil. oxidized lin.eed. Robinson ...... 414.724 Sprinkler. F. Split.toser ...... 415,0i80 Carpenters' use, combination tool for. Ansley & gent...... 414.726 O il. tllickenio2" linseed,C. 11.H. Robim-lOn. . . . 414,722. 4l4,72;� Stair cases, co�struction of, Wagner...... r.... 414.910 Schenck ...... 414.875 Gearing, W. Joslin...... 415.044 Ore concentrator. H. C.And erson ...... 414.962 Stamp. atmospheric. C. K rause. .. H 414,687 Carpet stretcher. . Walradt Cobban ...... 4:14,737 Gears, machine for cutting lobed, J. C. Fowler . . . 414.803 O"e separat ing and amalgamatingJ. machine. A. Stampine press, steam. H.. Dopp...... \V. . . . 414,911 Carriage seats. automatic recorder& for, C. A. An- Generator. See Gas generator. . Custer . . . , ...... 41 4,685 Steam boiler, M. Lachlan ... . , ...... J. dersson ...... , ...... , ...... 414,963 Gimp preparing machine. A� Edwards ...... , 414,683 Ore separator, Hooper , ...... 414.706 Steam engine, W. E. Clarke. ...

. . . .. Carriage wheel fender. R. Brown ...... 415,021 Girder. lifting truss, Olsen ...... 414,843 Overshoe attachW.ment, H. B. Crampton ...... 415.027 Store service apparatus, S. Duvall...... 41415,1;;75.099 Carrier. See Parcel carrier. Sheaf carrier. Gissware, apparatus A.for the manufacture of. Packing, metallic, J. M. Guibal ...... 414,882 Store service apparatus, switW. ch for, T. . . 414 '; 80 1 VV. Rand. . 4 1 Cart, dumping, Lynch ...... 414,947 Schulze-Berge...... H. 414.727 Packing". piston, F. Devlin ...... , ...... 415 ,097 Stove and re8ervoir therefor, oil. S. WilJ iam� . 14, .J ...... :11 Cartridge loading�'. '1\machine. Bachmann ...... 414.964 Glue .tock. machine for cutting, Fi.cher. . . . 414.766 Pad. See Horseshoe pad. Inking pad. Thera' Rtove. �ot blast. V. O. Strobel ...... � I ...... 414.7:\ ...... 414.81.1 Case. See Elevator case. U.�' ruit packing case. Gold ores. chlorinating. H. PollokF. J...... 415.060 peutic pad. Stovepipe cleaner. [{em & Jackson . J...... 415.046 Peyton...... 4-15.122 Map case. Show case. Governor. steam engine. L. C. Morgan ...... 414,816 PadlOCk. permutation, S. H. Logan ...... Stove, st.raw burning. O. R. . . . 414.mH Cash indicator aDd register. W . C. McGill ...... 415,120 Grader, road, A. Bronson ...... 414,67t Pan. See Bad pan. Stove, trash bUlning, G. C. Werner ......

...... 414.730 H. M. Vaughan ...... 414,7:l6 Ca4h indicator and register. W. G. Schickner .. .. 414.781 Grain binder. H. Holme ...... 414.S39 Pantaloons holder, W. M. Smith ...... Stove. vaoor burnin".

...... 414.6'9 Nelson ...... 414.�16 Cash indicator and register. Sharpe ...... 414.872 Grai n binder. W. M. Piatt ...... 415.123, 415.124 Paper bag. E. E. Claussen ...... Strap attachment.

...... W...... 414.969 Gasting armor plates. F. M.J. McCarty...... 415.173 Grain meter. rotary.W. R. & A. Bohnenb1ust ...... 414.750 Paper bag., making. Arkell ...... 414.9:14 Straw cutter. Bohmer . . ...

...... J...... 414.840 H...... 414.977 Castin" ingots. apparatusW. for. J. lIIingworth ...... 414.841 Grave protector, !. Hahn ...... 415,107 Paper box machine. H. A. Hou.e ...... Street or station indicator. H. Jenne C. Casting ribbed articles. pattern for. Hogan. .. 414.705 Grindinll machine. Strattan McCulloch...... 415.004 Paper box machine, A. Pratt ...... 414.822 Switch. See Interlocking switch. J. . 4l4.�23 ...... , .... 414.800 Chain wheel casin". Merrill . .J,. . .J...... 414.774 Guard, See Fence guard. & Paper roll holder and cutter. S. Reynold ...... Tank heater. C. Edminster

. W...... 415.115 h' ...... 415.040 Chair. See Adju.tableG. L.chair. Exercisinll. chair. Gun lock. H. Com.tock ...... 414.796, 414 .797 Parcel carrier or holder. M. Medart ...... Telescope objective. C. S. Ha.tlngs

...... 415.039 ...... 414.856 ...... 414.961 Che�k ho:der and check .preader. S. E. Har.h . . .. 410.038 Gun. magazine. C. G. Harston ...... Parer. vegetable. E. Brock ...... Telephone receiver holder. H. M. Wn.on ...... 41�028 IV...... 415.091 aratus, W. Thomp- Christmas tree ornament and candle holder. Harne. Crosby ...... Pe�ging machine, Chase ...... Temperatureregulating app ...... F...... 414.739 ...... D...... 415.007 Schlueter Kuch ...... 414.871 Handle,F. F. L. Eldridll:e ...... , 414.R!IO Pen. E. C. Wney son ......

. I � ...... 414.74� I,�n ...... 414,716 ChUCk. brace. &S. �·ranci ...... 414.768 Harness loop.H. Bauer...... 414.7� Pen. W. . Winton ...... Terra c.oua construction. . ch

...... 414.896 ...... 414.985 J Illu.lons Chuck jaw. Sweetland ...... 414.9Ii5 Harrow. C.Beard V...... i PermutatIOn lock. T. Morris ...... TheatrICal appliance for optICal . W. B...... W. L...... J. A...... 415.113 J. H. & D...... 414,759. 414,761 W ood ...... Churn . McI( lDney ...... 415.054 Harrow, ...... Phonogram blank. A. Edison . . . . " ...... flo.1Jjij H. J. C. La Dow T, .

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1citufifit �mtritJu. [NOVEMBER 30, 1889. '.r healrlcal purposes, metallic cor.et for. W. B. 415.085 Wood ...... rfisements. I SEBASTlAN,MAY&CO'vl1ii!� ______��\)e Therapeutic pad. G. H. Berns ...... 414.967 Improved Screw ClIttlDg-

. . each ...rU .. - cent. a lille. Thill couplinl'.Holtzman Forsyth...... 414.946 IU81de PRge, n Back I' all'e. each insIn erti ..n - - - 7' � Il line. Thill coupling. D. D. Whitney& ...... 415.ISO -- $1.00 414;r38 The above are charges per aJ!ate line-about eight TbrashiDJ{and. separatinilmac hine, G. White ••. ... words l'erline. This notice shows the width of the line. Tbrashiml' machines, tooth for the cyJiDders of. and is set in agate type. Eng-ravings may head adver­ Drill Presses, Chucks, Drills, Dogs, and machinists'. and ama­ W. H. J. Butterworth. Jr...... tisements at the same rate per �ate line. by measure­ ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be teurs' outfits. & ...... 4Ib.l36414.719 Tile. A. Metzner ...... received at publication officeas early as 'l'hursday morn.. Catalogues mailedLathes on on trlal. Tobacco. metallic fastener for. S. W. Reynolds ... 414.845 ing to appear in next issue. rJ'ooth crown, artifiCial,C. M. Richmond . .. , .. . 0 •• 414.995 165 W. 2d St.,

. . . . . 415,176 Toy. E. Scott ...... THE PHONOGRAPH.- -A DETAILED J. . 414.818 Trap. M. B. Nicholson ...... f t USE A DAM ANT WALL PLASTER ��� �,:�g�-:,c:. .f°W;tg 8 ��J�� Trestle. coal stock. C. C. Rose...... 414,725 It is UenMe, and ing..�����g�i Containedj��l ;;:,':t��r in SC lENTIFIO AME:RIOAN SUPPLE­ 414 980 dhesiHal 'd,Does not check 10 ARCHITHCTURAL BOOKS. Tricycle. White ...... or MENT, No. 632. Price cents. �'o he bad at this F. 415,088 A ve.It is impervious officeand from all newsdealers. TrioxybeDzophenonet Bohn ...... "0" " to wind.Cr(Le/(. water. and disease Tripod. J. F. Godillot . .B...... 414.90J . - t���� It�a��:i�p�e��� Useful, Beautiful, and Cheap. Tripping machine. electro mechanical. T. any kind of weather. It is -��--���--�.------...... �'. 14.6115 Gaynor...... in general use. Licenses �'o any person about to erect a dwelling house or .ta- Trough. See Feed trough. 4 Ilranted for the mixing, using. and selling. Address • ble. either In the coulltry or city.or any builder wishing . 414.733 Truck. cable car. Stephen.on ...... to examiue the latest and hest plans for a church chool J. . . . . 415.112 TrUCk for .treet railways. W. Jo.lin ...... ADAMANT MFG. GO. house. club house, or any other public building of.• high ...... '415.087 Tru.s. S. Blackburn ...... E. Genesee !Street. or low co.t, should procure a complete set of the ARCHI­ J. . . . . 414.880 7'1 Tru.s. V. Fischer ...... Syrncu�e. N. TECTS' AND BUILDERS' EDITION of SCIENTIFIC . . 415.078 Trus J. O. Stephen ...... Y. AMERICAN. tbp. •• . . . . 414.893 Tunnelinll(machine. R. Stanley ...... USE REFRIGERATOR. . 414.983 WE-HO AND The informntlon these volumes contain renders the Typewriter drop cabinet. Mill(hell Gladwin ..... Directions and Dimensions lor construction. with one work almost indispensable to the architect and builder. & . . 414.968 Typewriters. etc .. cabinet for. L. G. Billings . . ... illustration of cold house for preserving frnlt from and to persons about to bUild fvr themselves they will . .. . 415.06d season to season. The air is kept dry and pure through. Typewritinll(machine. A. B. Reid ...... 36°. . out the year at a temperature of from to Con­ find thework suggestive and most useful. They contain TypewriunQ'mach ines, Jine feed mechanism for. tained lu S('lENTIFICAMERICAN SUPPLEMENT34,0 No. 10 1 16. colored plates of the elevation. plan, and detail draw­ ...... 414.749 Price cents. To he had at this ofllce and of newa. T. Bigelow ...... Ings of almost every class of buildinot. with specifica­ Umbrella. or para.ol detachable. C6ver for. D. C. iIealers. all ...... ••...... 414,861 tion 311d BlJProximate cost. �·I.chel. . SendTY for NewPE lllustratedW CatalRITERSogue describing all Ma­ Urethral Irrigator and dilator. Llndenschmidt chines. Largest stock in America. Seven bound volumes are now ready and may be ob­ Screw Cut­ New or Second - hand 'l'ypewriters of all makes. tained. by mall. direct from the publishers or from any �'. J. . . 414.975414.981 Valve. pressure reglatlng. Fo.ter ...... tin� Auto­ Machine� Bented in any part oj the counlry. Supplies in new.dealer. Price. $2.00 a volume. Stitched in paper J. M. rustIC Cross abundance. Prices the lowest. Veltetables. tool for peeling or .craplng. A. Feed, etc. covers. Subscription vrice. per annum. $2.50. Addre . . ; ...... 414.908 NATIONAl, 'I' YI'EWRITER EXCHANGE, Hlr.chel...... and remit to •• . . 414.904 La Slllle Street. ChlcOR", III. Vehicle brake. J. M. Hardin ...... 161 . . . MUNN Publishers, Vehicle running Jil'ear. W. 14�rackmann ...... 4H.69:i & CO., H. . U4,892 VELOCITY OF ICE BOATS. COLLEC- Vehi.clerunning gear, Sharpe Carson ...... A Broadway, New York. Cataloguee tion of interesting letters to the editor of the SCIENTIFIC 361 Vehicle .eat back. C. Bew .....&...... 415.017 Freall O t d f e . . 414.876 Vehicle .prinl{, E. Cook ...... of ou]' ft t: �E�� t�e�� . Vehicle wheel. Morsman Higby ...... 415.117 !�:���faster thanti�g"'t.�� the wind��a"� which'h� propels them. Dlustrated�:'a"f\. ' �"U with 10 explanatory diagram.. Contained In SCIENTIFIO & . . . 414.782 Vehicle wheel. F. E. Southard ...... AMERICAN SUPPLI!;"ENT. No. Price 10 ce"ts. To Vehicles prin" platform for. F. Davis ...... 415.096 had at this ofllce and from all214. newsdealers. be Vending ••apparatus, Williamsn...... 414,787 Ventilating .ubway J. A.L. Johnson ...... 4.14,7. . . 86,... 415.110 Pimberthv Automatic Injector. SPECIALhave just is.ued a CatalogueNOTICE and Price Li!st � Cost leAS t.han others and do equal work. Ventilator. See Building•• I. ventilator. ofWe Mining. Tunne]tn�, and Quarrying Machinery. � mailed, free to contractors, Lift feet and work from head as well...... 414.923 This catalogue wUl be V'iolintall piece. P. Snow ...... engineers, and to any one engaged or interested in Restart20 themselves and require ;now atch­ Wagon jack. J. F.Clark ...... 414.b'18 rock excavation or compressed air. ing. Will lift through hot pipes, work all other from to 150 lbs. pressure. Parts remov­ W."on .eat f... tener.W. Van Horn '" Lathe...... 414 .957 persons it Will be sent on receipt of1'0 cents in postage stamps. 25able without disconnectinJ(.ab�o in­ . . . 414,805 50 Wash board, G. Fnller ...... INGERSOLJ... SERGE ANT ROCK DRILL CO., terchan"eable. Send for pamphlet. P. . .• Was lnllma chine. Japhet ...... 414 10 Park Place, New York. Penberthy Inlector Co Detroit. Mich. h 174: C. A. . 415.12U•• lU Donegan Swifts. Fulton St., ICE·HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.--BY Washinllmachine. W. Slipher ...... New York. &Park Lacy, San Fran­ G. Hatfield. With directions for construction. FourR. . . 414.928 Washing machine. W. T. Venable ...... cisco. L. Rumsey&; Mfg. Co .• St. engravings. Contained In SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUP­ 10 Walter. table. M. G. Tousley ...... 415.131 Louis. M. PLEMENT. Price cent.. To be had at this ofllce and of all newsdealers.1i9. Watch bow fastener. F. L. Turner ...... 414.828 Watch case bow, C. Chappatte ...... • . 414.793 Watch case .pring.E. D. Ewlnl{ ...... 414.S02

J. . . . . 414.804 OIL hLJ Ltd. Wat�h key. R. H. Franklin ...... �� A��!�!R5�;, 414.697 RECENTLY PUII),ISHED. Watch tem wind in" and settinll. Goddard ..... Scientific Bill Catalogue Plttshu rgh. •• •• I. . . . . 415.100 Watches. decorating. L. Favre ...... Our new catalogue containing over 100 pages, includ- Manufacturers of everythingI'R needed for Water clo.et .ervice box. Crawford ...... 414.942 r t d r��! ect Will be .A.�TESZA.1'iT I ::e ���a"�: ����e�� ln ! �W:t • J. . 415.128 �: �� . �:Ii1LLS Water clo.et. siphon. W. Scott ...... MUNN CO � or e iner •• Publishers ScientifiC American. j�: �:}��s � al Water closet valve. J. Ecker.ley ...... 415.083 f l¥'e�� .���iI� . �p &-: B I·oodwaY'. New Yo,·k. Cordage, l>rililng Tool., etc.� . . . . 4U.939 Water heater. G. Butterfield ...... 361 Illustrated catalo,lil"ue,price We.. vlng plain oneW.-ply fabrics. Emery. ELECTRO MOTOR. SIMPLE. H OW TO lists and discount sheets A. D. 415.139. 415.144 on request. . 415,149 d �i?era�a"��;;���c:::Pt�� Weavlnltseamles. bag E. D. Emery ...... :::amateurs���r � to make a motor which mlllht�e�be ¥:,a��I���driven with THE MODERN ICE YACHT. �BY WeavIng seamles. bag •• A. D. Emery ... . 415.155 to 415.157 advantage by a current derived from a battery, and Geo. W. Polk. new and valuable paper. containing Weavin/f .eamless hlp pocket•• Emery . . . . . 415.158 which would hn.ve sutHcient power to operate a foot full practical direeA. tions and .pecifications for tilecon­ lathe or any machine requirina not over one maD power. stmetlon of the fastest and best kinds of Ice Yachts •• A. D. . . . 415.15.Q 11 WeRvlnll seamle.s side pocket D. Emery . .. With figures. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN the latest. most approved forms. Illustrated wIth en­of Weaving two-ply fabrics. A. D.•• EmerA.. y...... 415.145 SUPPLE.t>;NT. No. 641. Price 10 cents. To be had at gravings drawn to scale, showing the form, pOSition, 415.146 this ofllce and from all newsdealer and arrangement of aU the parts. Contained Weaving two-ply figuredfabrics. D. Emery . . . In SCIEN­ •. TIF C AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. Price 10 Wheel. See Vehicle wheel. A. . ceut..I To be had at thl. ofllce and of all6 newsde�4. alers. . . 414.m Wheel wrench, T. Hutchinson ...... CATALOGUES fREE TO ANY ADDRESS Whimetree. C. H.G. Kelly ...... 414.812

& �'. . . . . 415.104 s Wig holder. F. Godefroy ...... A...... 415,036 Windla.s. S. Baker ...... ® �.�:t ��Qt:\..S Wells, Oil Gas Wells. J. . . . Windlass. shiP. E. Whitney ...... 415.080 ARTandESIAN drilled

. H. . 414.965 Window. Barr ...... � U���:tt ��:�: J. . . . . 415.0115 Window. T. Daniel ...... G��lX G>.�l l and J. . . 414,944 c':,�'!'l�= Window casement. metalliC, H. Dugmore ...... able HorseDri1liog Power Hounted. . . Wire, reel for winding, D. Grove ...... 4.14,809 Steam centsMachines for lOO to . . 415.127 '100catalogue ft. Send 6 "iel·cefor Ill)·t�l!IlaJlustrated Wood shapinII' machine gnard. C. Rudolph .. CABINET WOODS Oil Well.• SupplyA .. . 4J5.138. 414.140et al . 415.143 Woven fabric. A. D. Emery ...... to andBeaver Street. New York.C .. 415,141 and \Voven figured fabric,two -ply, A. D. Emery ...... VENEERS, A SO Woven seamless ball.A. D. Emery. FRET SAW BRACKET WOODS, ND CA�TERS, ICE-BOATS _ THEIR CONSTRUCTION or 415,143. 4L'j.I50. 415.15.3. 415.154 :l?L.A.1'iT:Ii1Z> �E.A.Z>Y NOisel. ess Rubber-Tired Truck Wheels and mauagement. With workln draWings, dotai". and Send stamp for catalollne.F'C>:Et. 'US:m 4J.G.152 AND CASTERS, � Woven seamless hip pocket. A. D. Emery ...... ��s'tj�:;:';o�. fl{iIew��¥1h�'l��'f�s��s��g:-':a\'I1::'g" gga� . .. . 415.151 that save all wearing of fioors. IV oven .eamless .Ide pocket A. D. Emery . .. . . HENRY T. BARTLETT, 200 k.'i:'Q',II�o\k� EET, used on the Hudson river in winter. A. HorsfaU, COMPLETE 'I'RUCKS. Contained in ScmNTIFIC AMERICABy H. N SUPPLE­ Wrench. See Monkey wrench.•• Pipe wrench. MENT, The same number also contains the rules and Pipe and nut wrench. Wheel wlench. Catalogue free. M.Eregolat.ions. 1. for the formation of Ice-boat clubs. the . . 415.183 10 Wrench. McDonnell...... CEO. P. CLARK, ing and management of ice-bo ats. Price cents. san. Yarn. andV. texJ. tile fabric machine .for fulling. Windsor Locks, Conn. washing, scouring, cleani•• ng. and beet11og, W. After Being on the Market Four Years

...... 414.810 L. Hammer.ley ...... The "A Slill Leads. A. . HE PENNA. DIAMOND DRILL & MFG. CO. SizesC MOne.En Two. Three, and IIIRDSIiORO. PA . . Builders of High Class Four Horse Power. Arranged DESIGNS. Steam Engines. Diamond DriJling and General . , ...... 19.426 for either NATURAL GAS or Badge. E. M. Requa . . Machinery. Flour Mill Rolls Ground and Grooved. Kerosene Oil fire, as ordered. Belt clasp. W. L. Starr...... 19.428 THE GIRARD HYDRAULIC RAILWAY. T No extra ins uran ce required on accollnt of the fire. Send for Bonnet, child's, E. J. Lynch ...... 19,m -De.criptlon of a railway which has excited much tech­ BARREL, KEG, cataloJlue giving011 full partic­ . . . 19.417. 19.418 nIcal interest In Europe and America. and which threat­ Box. W. E.te ...... ulars and prices. ens to revolutionize both the method and speed of Hogshead, Roche�ter Mach i n To ..1 DI.h, R. C. John.on ...... ; .. 19.423 l n x e s Works. Rochesler. N. I,. .. AND on e Mirrors. etc .. back for hand, G. L. Crowell. Jr ... .. 19.411 f,"::ri' t��u';�� ;i�:I� �gg:r�i! ��rt�� � �: Contained in SCIENTIFIC AM.ERICAN SUPPI.ICMENT, Tank. Y. . . 19.413,. 19.415 #llt � Stove. cooking Dwyer ...... No. Price 10 cents. To be had at this ofllce MA.CHINERY. C PILE DRI d ! !t ••1. .. . 19.414. 19.416 7'17'. VING Stove. heating. J. Dwyer ...... and from all newsdealers. Over vsrietiesmauu­ : 50fa ctured by logne. Vulcan Iron Works, N. Clintonret St: .• Chicago.� , ...... 19.427 Tableware. J. Smith ...... SO H...... 19.419. 19.420 TYlle. font of. G. F. Giesecke ...... E. & B. HOLMES, Typewriter etc .. cabinet for. Billing 19.410

•• L. G.. . •...... 19.408, 19.409 BUFFALO N. Y. The Stevens Portable Umbrella stand. H. Beeston ...... , For CORN and FEED Grinding, Uphol.tery and .hadeW. trimming. G. S. Hensel...... 19.422 SE W AGE WORKS FOR SMALL AND Upholstery or shade trimmings. G. S. Hen.el...... 19.421 Large Towns.-Descril;>tionof the sewage works of Klng- BUHR STONES . . . . . 19,425 a b Genuine French VehIcle body. Osborne ...... ���i:��:�g)c��:a'!: �':. !�:t:;:.� �i!� l(,��� POWER CORN SHELI,Elt. J. H. . . 19.412 Wrenche lnsertible jaw for, B. Donahue ...... tained in SCnn�'TIFlC AMERIOAN SUPPLEMENT,irtf��g. No. Prices below the lowest. •• . 10 6. Price cents. To be had at this ofllce an d A. W. TRADE MARKS. from7' 1 all newsdealers. STEVENS &. SON, , N...... 17.189 Bed springs. E. Jone ...... Also Mfrs.AUBU of ThreshersRN andY. Engines. Canned corn, beA.ans, and succotash, Baxter . . 11,184 Canned salmon. Nort.hern Packing CompanyH. C...... 17.191 Canned ve�etable8. fruits. fish, oysters, Rnd meats. H. C. Baxter...... 17.185 Cigars. W. Stralton ...... 17.193 The value of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN as an adver­ Ejeg]ass aod spectacle frames, glasses for. John... ti8in�TO medium BUS cannot beINE overestimated.SS ItsMEN circulation MESSRS. MUNN CO .• In connection with the publi­ r t h t s r cationPA of the SCIENTIFICTENT& AMERICAN, continueS to ex­ ! .ton Optical Co ...... 17.188 �O�H:lb�i�e:d! �� :�e� i��o �I�\�: s�lte���� � �ri��� amine improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents � for Inventors. Gum, cbewinjZ', T. Heisel...... 11,187 ries, and is read in all the prinCipal Ubraries and reading rooms of the world. business man wants something this line of business they have had forty-one yeaTS' C. . . . 17.192 Petrolatum. Stenl{er McKee ...... more thaD to see his Aadvertisement in a printed news.. expe·rieIn nce. and now have 'Unequaled facilities for the Shina-lesand sawed lum& ber, CbaJfe . Athens, ...... 17,186 paper. Be wants Circulation. Thi@l has when he preparation of Patent Drawing'S,�pecificat ions, and the advertises in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.he And do not prosecution of Applications for Patents in the .United Stoves and ranges, beating and cooking.& Michigan let the advertising agent intluence you to substitute States. Canada. and If'oreignCountries. Messrs. Munn Stove Company ...... : ...... , ... 17.190 I I w e Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats. Copyrights& Ifs�P�I ��bl�i������ �IglC���! g:C�d e l� i� for Books, Labels, Reissues, Assignments. and Reports Pri ted copy :���for yourt?��� int erest to advertise. This is frequently done. b of tne speCIfication lind drawing of for the reason taat tne �ent Jrets a larger eommission r�e���i������lt �t�c�;Y��re p� ��;Stn��������e�� anyA patentn in the foregoing li.t will be furnished from from the papers having a small Circulation tun is allow­ reasonable terms. :� � this omce for 25 cents; In orderinleplease .tate the ed on the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. m l O c name li'orrates see top of tlret column of this paae, or ad­ tarni�� lu�lr�l�r� Rt��� �f,o���:�egrs :E� hC�� tr:; ��: Bnd number of the patent desired. and remit to Munn dress cure them ; directions coneerning I.abels, COpyrig�ts! Co., 361Broadway. New York. & MVNN &-:.CO .. Pnbll.bpr8. DeSigns, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, As­ slllnments, Rejected Gases. Hints on the Sale of Pa· CRnadlau may now be obtained by the Broadway, New Yo,·k. tents, etc. PRtent. 361 We also send. charge. a Synopsis of Foreign Pa. Inventors for any of the inventions named in t·he fore.... � tent Laws howingfree ofthe co.t and method of becnrin� $40 going n.t. provided they are .imple. at cost of • . ISO TO 500 TONS, patents In all.• the principal countries of the world. each. complicated. the.co.t will be'a littlea more. For REalmo.tSSES by Hand or Power. If For ever--, purpo8.e l'eQulrlqpreuure nUNN 361 Solicitor. oC Muon & &: CO.Broadway., New York. Patents, instruction. addre.s .. Broadway. .. 622 run 1IIa7Co 381 BOOMER '" BOSCHERT PRESS CO. BRANCH O�·FICBS.-No. and Street, �IIW fonrian pat,enfa s-lp 166 W�.t W.ter S_ t, BuUdtng. near Street. Washlll¥ton.62£ F p" Y

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. NOVEMBER 30, 1889.] j'citutific �mtricau. 349 Foumded by Mathew Oarey, 1785. SPECIAL SAMPLE OFFER! NOW READY. HENRY CAREY BAIRD Ik. CO. r:rhis eut is exact size of our 65c. Industrial Publi8hers, Booksellers, and Importers, razor steel, 2 blade. warranted l'n Knife. Our prod llction, doz. SI ll Wnlnnt St •• Philndelphia. .. U. S. A. monthly. Price900 to IF'Ournew and Revised Catalogue of Practical and new customers, for ScientificBooks, 84 pages, 8vo, a nd our other Catalogues a w h i e, postpaid, and Circulars. the whole covering every branch of Sci­ 48c., I for $�. ence applied to the Arts, sent free and free of postage Blade�5 made Experimental S;cience, to any one in any part of the world who will furnish his fi t on address. c �� ��� :�i -BY- ��soft;L�. Send for page f r e e inus­64 'r::a:E TO),EDO, GEO. M. HOPKINS. 01110. .-�-- 740 Pages. 680 Illustrations. J CitutifiBLIc SH �mED tricau HARRISON CONVEYOR ! . , • . ESTA lS46. Ha�:rringGrain, Coal Sand Clay, Tan B.irk, Cinders, Ores, Seeds,&'c. PRICE, by mai l , postpaid, $4.00. The Dlost Popular Stieutiflc Papff iu the World. BORDEN, SELLECK, , & CO., Chicago, ilL VeRI', g��:M�i. 1 l MJ.�'�'!,rs, l Onl)"83.0 0 a inclndinllPostage. MUNN & CO , Publishers, Numbers Vear. " Weekly. STEEL TYPE fo r TYPEWRITERS, ;}� n �t ThlM widel Ch'clllnled and splendidly lIIustrated Stencils, Steel Stamps, Rubber �mc£ :mtbt�dtnmi( �nuri(aU, paper is publ1sr.rdy weekly. Every number contains six.. REMINCTONI teen pages of useful infoImation and a large IfIbmberof and Metal Ty pe Wheels. 361 Broadway , New York" original engravings of new inventions and discoveries. Y Ol"k Stencil ol'ks. ,\ ,ow100 Nassau Street,\\T New York.Mfl's. representing- Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, This book treats Qf the variom: topiCS of Physic!'!in a New Inventions. Novelties in MechaniCS, Manufactures, popular and practical way. (,bernistry. Electricity. Telegraphy. 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XIX. Elec· Broadway, New York. i XVHI. 36 1 I tric ...i ghting. Induction by ElectrIC Currents. WATEasR adapted MOI for blowing0R i I ':relephone,XX. Microphone, and Electrical T�E ORGANS. XXI. . Lantern Projection. Mechani"al OpMa}!\{�era­ Automatic, Noiseless. XXIItions. XXIII. Scientific American Supplement. Send for Circulars. Each chapter is full and eomplete .. TInder he head INTER ESTING BOOK � 01h This a separate and distinct puhllcatlon from Howard Bros., Buffalo, N. Y. Up�)ll Its t;Jsesa�d peculiar prop- �ou,nd, an �xtended .descrlptIOn of tne new honograp 18 ertles, mailed With !ilample free IS given. With directlOns for construction. TheI chapter THIl:SCl H::"TIFIC but is uniform therewitb The TOllrh,t Itonte between Chicago and Florida is In Size, every numberAMERICAN, containing sixteen large pages full Western Mineral Wool Co. on Polarized Light is superbly illustrated and contains the Monon Route via Louisville and. Chattanooga. }1'or L V of engravings. many of which are taken from foreign particulars, address James Barker, .. Chicago. C E OHIO. many simple experiments explanatory of this difficult papers, and accompanied with translated descriptions. (i. p, A ELA1\0 , I subject. The chapter on Photography is a manual 01 THE SCII!:"�TIFIC AM ICRICAN SUI'PLI£MICNT is published ======:::::,o..::----.:------.:--.-=-=-.:..: the art. Electricity in all brancheR it-!ful ly treated. The weekly, a.ndincludHB a very wide ra.ngeof contents. It performance of the experiments in the chapter on Dy­ presents the mOEt recent papl:?rs by eminent writers in numic l�lectricity will give the reader a practical know­ all the prinoipal departments of Science and the ledge of electricity in its modern npplications. The Useful Arts. embraCing Biology, Gecloe;y, Mineralogy. part devoted to Electric Lighting gives a clear under­ Natural History, Geo�raphy. Archreology.Astronomy, standing' of all the principal sy::;tems. The ('hapter Cbemistry. ElectriCity, Light" Heat. �l echanical Engi. Projection contains a large number of new experiments.ott neering, Steam and Railway Engineering, �1ining. The book closes with a chapter on Mechanical Opera­ Ship Building, Marine Engineering, Photography, By'U'SEF E. E. Roberts.'U'L A book of over 80 pages. Full of in_ tions. containing information of great value to the ex­ formation about the Engine and Boiler. Sent on receipt perimenter. Each.exper iment described has been suL­ Technology, Manufacturing Industries, Sanitary En­ of 20 cents. W. Blitz, Publisher, 107 Liberty St., N. gineering. Agriculture. Hortieulture, Domestic Econo.. Y. mitted to a practical test. my, Biography, Medicine, etc. A vast amuunt of fresh Send for Free Illustrated Circular and Table Con­ and valuable information obtainable In no other pub­ tents. of Hcation. MUNN & CO., Publishers, Tile most Enl]ineering Works, echanisDls, impOt"tant 1\1 and Manufactures at home and ab:ros.d are illustrated 36 1 Broadway, New York. and described in tbe SUPPLEME:'\T. ------.----" -- Price for the Sl'Pl'LEMENT for the United States and proposals fOI" CrRIlI,·!'!haft for U. IJronk. THEnow funy preparedBOOK to furnish WAL�teel CastingsTER on short notice, CASTING of any size and pattern, made under co. the lyn, at Navy Yard, NOl'folh;:.-OS.ctobe'l' S. 29, 1889.- Canada. $5.00a year. or one copy of the SCIENTIFlC AM· Are Sealed proposals. endorsed " Proposal8 for Shllft. etc., to 26, 1889." and one copy of the SUPPLEMl!:NT,both mailed These castings:I3<><>H. are guaranteed� .A.LT.tiJ:H. to be 80und and true.A.N:1> to the pattern,:H.<>:I3:El:H. andof unequaledT :E» A.TEN tensile RtrenTIS. gtn aTl d ductilit.'\". l be opened November will be received at the forICHICAN one year for $7 .00. Single copies cents. Address a Address THE BOOKWALTER CASTINe CO., S p r ingfi eld, O hio " I W�g��n�gv�����t�r�i:�q�r��:' nNo�i!. £"fe�\,�;�: and remit by postal order, express money10 order, or check. 1889, and pubJic1y opened immediale]y thereafter, to 1IUl'iN& Co., 36J furnish and deliver the Navy Yard, Norfolk. Va,. Publishers SCII:I:NTlFlC AMEUICAN.Broa dway, N. Y .. BEST IN TH E WORl.D. Crank-shaft for the iltU. S. S. Brooklyn, within daYaR _ :: • from Gate contract. The weight of the shaft 120will he _ A.CUTLER SON • & .• about ofpounds. Bids WIll be received for its manu- • facture7,500 of either steel or iron. If of steel, the metal BUFFALO. N.Y U.S.A. must be made by the open-hearth process, and must II CUTLER DESK conform to specifications WhICh, together with blank Building Edition. t s SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN AND f����:��\'u� �\l:l�i�sbiie�rJ�� g;�Ot.P��h :PB��:�i�e�i THE ARCHl'l'EC'rS'$2.50 reserves the right to reject any or all bids not deemed BUILDERS' EDITION Is issued monthly. a year. advantageout-!to the Government. Single copies, 25 cents. Iforty]ur ge quarto pages, equal Porforatod Eloctric Boltin[ JAMES lfUL'l'ON, Pallmatlter-Gene1'al, to about two undl'ed ordinary book pages forming a � -FOR- U. S. !\rar". large and splendidb Magazine of Architecturj e, rich.. Iy adorned with e a plates colors. and withother SWIFT RUNNING MACHINERY. WATCHMAl'i'SImproved TIME DETECTOR Write for Descriptive Catalogue to Hne engravings ; lIlustratlngleg nt thein most Interesting ex­ with Safety Lock GENERAL AGENTS amples of modern Architectural Construction and Attachment. Pat­ CHAS . A . SCHI E REN &. CO. ented 1H75-H-7-80-81. AN D anted subjects. Beware of infringe 4-1)-51 FERRY ST.. NEW YORK. special feature is the presentation in each number ments. This in­ WANTED ufA a variety of the 1atf'stand best plans for private resi­ is sup- SALESMEN of keys A PRA ()T ICAI, !"lJc(ms!". ON dence!'!. city at.dcountry, including tho�e very mod... 12 In· VAN DUZEN'S PAt'. LOOSE PULLEY OILER. RAND, McNALLY cO.'S erate cost as well as the more expensive. Drawings in for all Thousands in satisfactory every­ &, concerns employ­ day use. Entire reliability and con- perspective and in color afe given, together with full ing flight watch­ stancy demonstrated in a two years' Plans. SpeCifications, Sheets of Details, Estimates, �tc. men. Send for cir­ test by (would be) Eastern skeptics. I ______I Economy shown byrensonable prices The elegance and cbeapness of this magnificent work cuJars to New Family Atlas �0 World Lnr"est P.O.W. Box11\1- ���e. Send for have won for it the Circulation of any 2875. 208 ��1�:::��� INDEXED. 288 PAGEs. SIZE PAGE, II 14. RE A PRICE, $3.50 HAlJSER. and �1?6 OF X T IL Archlld�f j�s� Proportionate Rates for Six Months. ". SCIEN'rlFlC AM.ERICAN " in trilt. Necessaryf�!J;J�� for PROGRF.'-;S MA OHJNI£ This incluoes postage, which we pay. Remit by postal every one who wishes to preserve the paper. Address PULLEYS' HANCERS' .A.._ & F. BEO""VVN""."WOR KS'I express money order, draft to order of f)r & CO or ro w y V N N & CO •• Publishers SCIENUFIO A:M&RICAN. FRICTION CLUTCHES. 44 ::Park. ::P1aoe. :N". 'Y_ . d , III MUNN . 361 B n a New Vork.

.. O. ·W 0 R KIN G M 0 D£ L S & LIGHT MACHINERY. INVENTIONS DEVELOPED. Send fo r Model Circular. Jones Bros. E Co Cin�ti.

© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. I 30, 350 Icitlltifir �mtrinut. NOVEMBER 1889. What more a�gr8vat1ng than leaky valves, whetheris In House, Office,or li'ac- �bverti.gement.9. h i¥ills,j�J'Yl"aV'i�� Inside Paae. in8ertlon centll i each • • a line. Accept no valves J��.Jenkins:i�� ���� Bros.V���:: un­ e Hne. Hack Pall"e, ch -• 81,. �.UO a less stamped with8S our 'u Trade The above areR charl'e.insert perion "I'ate - - hne-about eight like cut. M.ark " Sy����S[ WMA B lltABU RNS�lt PROpn. I��� W��KS words per Hne. This notice shows the width of the line, JENKINS BROS . and is set in agate type. Engravin/ls may bead adver.. tisements at the BRIDe rate per 81lste line. by measure... John Street, New ment. as the letter press. A�verti8ements must be n Milk Street, Booton.York. received at publication Office88 early Thursday mom .. 106 North 5th Street, Phil ... ing to appear in next issue. 8S 21 Dearborn Street, Clhl ...... 1>4 �-Dfi-s·�·�' & (10., 38 Park Otis Brothers Row, New York

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Herbert Ward, the companion of Stanley in his explorations in Africa, is the ouly white man connected with Stanley's This owns the Letters Patent African e lorations who has ever returned alive from the "Dark Continent." Mr. Ward's articles rmming through eight Company oxpf the " Ledger " are of the most intensely interesting description, and cover Africa, granted to Alexander Graham Bell. March numbers five years of his adventures in and they will be illustrated by sketches made by Mr. Ward, and by tae reproduction of photographs taken by him in Africa. 7th, 1876. No. 174,465. and January 30th, These pictures throw much upon the manners customs will light and of the hitherto unknown cannibaltribes of Africa. 1877. No. 186,787. The Story of a Forsaken Inn, (A By Anna Katharine (freen. The transmission of Speech by all known SERIAL STORY ) forms of Electric Speaking Telephones in­ Life in British America, By Bev. E. B. Young. Being the adventures and experiences of Rev. R. 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Leo Hartmann, a fugitive from Russian authorities, has been connected with the most daringfeats of the RussianNihilists. Mr. Hartmann shows how the intelligent people of Russia are becoming Nihilists in consequence of the despotism of the form of government. A participant in plots to the Czar, such as the blowing up Winter of the Palace, he is a ble to give true information as to how this other greatkill schemes were accomplished. he situation in Russia is T sufficient to increase the love of every true American forand our form of government. EXTRA SOUVENIR SUPPLEMENTS. Among these beautifullyillustrated f0111'-page souvenirs, which willbe sent free to every subscriber, willbe a poem by J ohn Creenleaf Whitti er, Illustrated by Ho ward Pyle. Written for the " by Ledger " Mr. Whittier in his 82nd year. 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