University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange
School of Information Sciences -- Faculty Publications and Other Works School of Information Sciences
May 1996
Electronic Publishing: A Study of Functions and Participants
Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected]
Donald W. King
Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_infosciepubs
Part of the Library and Information Science Commons
Recommended Citation Tenopir, Carol and King, Donald W., "Electronic Publishing: A Study of Functions and Participants" (1996). School of Information Sciences -- Faculty Publications and Other Works. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_infosciepubs/30
This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Information Sciences at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Information Sciences -- Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ELECTRONIC PTIBLISHING: A STTIDY OF FTINCTIONS AND PARTICIPANTS
Carol Tenopir and. Donald, W IQng Uniu ersity of Tenne s s e e
Keywords: Electronic Publishing, Scholarly Journals, Systems Analysis, Publishing System Functions, Publishing System Participants, Publishing System Attributes
Abstract: As electronic publishing and distribution progress, participants in the publishing system will need to make critical economic and operational decisions concerning a myriad of rapidly evolving new technologies. The University of Tennessee, School of Information Sciences was awarded a Special Libraries Association research grant to produce relevant data and information to assist librarians, Iibrary funders, journal publishers, authors and readers, and other participants in dealing with electronic publishing in the future. In order to accomplish this goal, we have developed a framework for describing the system of scholarly journal publishing (particularly as applied in science). The dimensions of this framework include a context for journal publishing; principal functions performed; participants in the system; attributes of information and information products and services; and economic and systemic relationships among functions and services.
CONTEXT FOR SCHOLARLY JOURNAL PTJBLISHING
The framework for scholarly journal publishing is developed with science and engineering as an example because electronic publishing appears to be moving faster and is likely to have a greater impact in the near future in science and engineering than elsewhere.
1.1 Definition of Scientific Information
There have been numerous definitions of scientific information, but we have adapted a definition developed under a National Science Foundation Study (Ref.l). In a broad context, scientific information includes messages about basic and applied research resulting from the efforts of scientists and engineers. The messages can include new theory and information obtained from experimentation, observations, instrumentation, or computation in the form of text, numeric data, or images. Once information is created it may be further transformed, described, evaluated, and/or synthesized. The information may be recorded and distributed in several media including paper, microform, electronic, magnetic, or others in order to enhance communication and increase its usefulness and value to a wide spectrum of users and uses. There are three components of a scientific information message including:
375 o information ^^_. r informati"; which conveys rhe meaning il:j"t of messages. patents, books, which consists of format -i"foil;;;J u"dit.u;;;, documented in mathematic"at which is the "type" of information -'::T:t such as rext, by users. Reg journals can a1 ;il1":HJ:**'T:,-*:ffi:l[,t1f;;XX.*:T:*T:flT"?lX,,:ffi [X:""#* these mechanis ranguage used-in t.xt; tyo. n;': text or syntactic or semantic structures rnathematic used in in the overall r structui-^T models; pie charts, uur or other types of graphs; communicatior r informatio; ::=:..ric tabtes; and so on. "rrurt, recorded ""0 ";';;l[]Jifr :,H. ffif;,T;;l isrcaprured o r The scholarlyjournal " *$.rl':,tr::r L.4 The L r information ves a number conrent, tilrifl"::"f of processes which are pertbrmed on or invotve can have Integrating Scientific inf a significant b.;.i# electronic technologies inro these processes For.example, on:t::, aftributes characterized inforynn6^--i"'B associated with the three information components. editing be meaningtur, begins with i: ur. oo". to-l}Jiiil"l::ltn"uld accura-tel*p.""tr", etc. peer review and usable form for Informarion is composed l whatev;r;;j::: i:,libutes.. should be in a comprehensible and until the .^- rqrposes rt is needed. publication t information The information media should provide storage changes tr ,l_.1 distributed. -.ar.n'Ji, ffi.t"",t"Ti tit""iy i;;;i'ino pi,ysical access. A.,y therebv, arrect ll:'to" distribution r rhe u'", u,.nirT":::h^#,..:'yiijl,lr:ffi,;:]ournar iystem processes and, distribution t 1.2 Scientific Jour- -*rnak in the context The "life" o: Endeayors of Research, Teaching and other scientific follow a hig One must consider whl must be acqt wJral thev scientiric not normalll do. one ;;lii;]ff::ili:*_t:y inrormation arrecrs, and is arrecred by, of this model are context is displayed to drganize i rtt .n.-".llli.1j,_1hi:*-'lrvrlr€s in Figure 1 (Ref.l). At rhe hearr research, teaching, that scientists any point in ets. . perform. Many resources are used to do support time,_worksrations, in order to a staff. s;i"trifii"i#j*:.:::Tiut, oiiile and classroom space, and becomes a r lff#:n:"J,fiff ';ffi",,'Jf :1:":$l,it.nTH,:":,,ii.h:ff ,:ff }:f #':f ?il:H'":l resource The reason I for scientific *,i"i ,o:.*1 articles are found ro be an essential input of this r"l'it-Ill*: are likelY tc simple moaet are ltt l}"li::-"-l.output from these activities. The fourrh .o-por,"r,t inrormation that is ourpu.t",ffi#:ltTf:,fl::,Tffi: of the info H:.Til:.::[:i5i.f.;"--,i''i.",. publishing I This model is importr the fact tha communicare of readings ,.i.rrlti""ilrjl"1-,t^"-t,:11-b..:ause any changes in the way in which journals on research. aiternative teaching uno .o .,l"ttll -":'. take into account the effects of resultant information serves in the cYclt 'nronnarion as "" '*.*."'.o"TTi[r,".T.T1lJ"'::iJ;i:::5J: :ffi;':.-:i,];:fi:,"'. 1'3 Scientific Journah in the context of the Life cycle of scientific Information Once scientific information ;- and colleagues 2. FIJ and srb.;;"tJ;:tl^u^,t .."*lnicated in many ways over the years. Garvey message have is communicar^^ ;'*'rvam shown the many channels by which an information articles, DescriPtio: books, .r".i an{ rormal tecrrnicar *c',rli;*^'^::l:Tl| G;ffi;': reports, journar literan channels starting rrom time frames for the the timl'.;"::::.:1 flow of information irrrorrgi, trr"r" l reported by such at- which Research ..unr u.- r;llc_leatton' time the information is documented and discussions, conference functions' o&;il,",#:?.;lj::::ij;.#:ig|;::fi::lj;1n second is I h,ffi_#;.ff do. To ke
376 patents,books,bibliographicentries,state_of-the_artreviewsandsoon(Refs.6,7;.Irssweli documentedinthisconte^xt.isthetimeframeatwhichtheinformationisobtainedandapplied s text, byusers.Regardless,thiscontextisimportanttorecognizebecauseelectronicaltemativestothe past' all of the ottrer-comminication channels' In io on. can affect urro-u" affected by iournals n"tot and requirements and fiiled a niche have ,uirri"Jpu*icutar inro#uiion content ihese mechanisms balance among all the there appears ; ;; ;t ecologicai-like used in in the overall scheme. Howevei, when necessary' be^monitored and interjections made graphs; communicatior, *""nurriJJ, irr"i-"" rred or Found in Journals 1.4 The Life Cycle of Scientific Information involve Scientificinformationthatiscommunicatedthroughajou.rnal.publishingSystemcanbetunctions (Refs'8,91- )CCSSES ,,splrai,, of traditionar g"*ti. prJ.essing characterized uy a at someT1"^Yd trme' cnents. froi research' This information' begins with informad;;;;+1";.9t *:"tl:l ew and iscomposedforarticlepublication(i.e,written,received,edited,etc.)'Whenreadyforformalcan be reproduced and and m io* *,1]:l rle publication rhe inform;rion is record"a a'ffiri.^i storage distributed.Injournalpublishing,thetimespanr,omlomnglitiontoinitialpublication Any distributioncanrangefromfewmonths."v""^_rn"fs'6,9).Ofcoursethereisalsoprior :s preprlnts' and, distribution to reviewers, peers and
The,,life,,ofintbrmationfoundinarticles,consideredfrominitialpublicationtouse,tendstoThus' the information entific not unlike a nuclear decay curve' follow a highly ,*"*"Jairi.iu"tion, can involve journals that are tuture physical access. Since use must be acquired it is necessary "i;";;;f;; r"i"*is, oitnuf u." needed long after publication' nor normally read by ,pJii" location when needed' At led by, to tu"iliiu'" identification and to drganize und to all or part of an arlicle e heart "ontro"loi#^#;;,.nscientists must gain physical-access any point in the iourn-al iir" Thus' the information to do "v"r", ro, ir"uittt, teaching' etc' in order to assimilate u"J rr" ,rr" ioror-utio' :e, and endeavors' becomes a resource for future scientific t input e most Thereasonthatthelifecyclecontextisimportantisthatanychangesinprocessesorparticipantssystem' particularly over the life I input and systemiC irthe are likely to affect '"iuiio*t'ipt to believe that electroruc ponent """".j*i.For example, some dJ;;" have been-led of the information. in-house collections' This ignores lnicate ttre neeo ror uurariell their publishing has eliminaied "fLrt media and about 80 percent are currently^"""ir"ur" in electronic the fact that few oro"r-urti"t., have suggested new or years old ito* libraries' some of readings of artictJs ol., ,*o processes earlier lurnals such "o*" information alrernarive pro""rr"r-i,.-it" rir" rycle ;il;i;il;-library mation in ttt" (see, for example' Ref'10)' entific "y"t" t),
JOURNAL SYSTEM 2. FINCTIONS OF TIIE SCHOLARLY iarvey nation Descriptionsandanalysisoffunctionsiscertainlyisnotnewa^n{continuestobedescribedin ournal two types,of theliterature.ArecentstudyandreportofanAssociationofAmericanUniversities(AAU)(Ref . 1 i) . There are really r these project prlsented a list of tu;;*"t Research Libraries scholarly journal system and a generic pro."rr".-il*fu"i in the :d and functions, the first describes should accomplish or at tt ,cholarly journal sy^stem rsonal is more u""rrru,"iy o"rzriu"o ty *t second t"r", "io the lattei type of tunctions as roles' ticles, do. To keep the dirti"#;"i"^. *.?rii
377 2.1 Scholarly Journal process Functions I i A number of researchers ( have iientified and described scholarly journal process functions (see, for example, Refs.1,4,7,9,1I,r2,13). Some of these involve gene.ic scientific communication functions, 2.2 but are appropriate to the scholarly journal system n"evertheiess. Information-related process functions include: The sch an impc o Creation of Information involves scientific processes such as development of new primary theory and hypotheses, performing experimentation, sampling, observations, correlating prestige or linking information from several sources, evaluation and inalysis, and so on. Some ownersl refer to this a generation of information or knowledee. electron Composition consists of documenting or writing atout ' newly created information, the role including authorship of article text, moders, tables, graphics, etc. o Transformation of Information Content including tianslation from one language to J. another, subject or text editing, and so on. . such as describing the validity of Each o1 information through peer review and preparation secondary oi information including be char abstracts, indexes, catalogs for logical access to the information. It would also include publishr incorporating information from articles into reviews, state-of-the-art reviews, and so on. instituti o Logical access.involves identifying needed information and locating sources of the as with information through reference searching, referral, linking and other pro."rr"r. librarier o Evaluation and analysis of information includes urr"rJ*.nt of information on behalf researcl of users including annotated search outputs. because
Some process functions deal largely with information media or the way in which information is 3.1 packaged. Examples of media,related process functions include: There i o Communications (sometimes called information transfer, information exchange or describ, distribution) among journal system participants. o Recording refers physically to inputting information into various media such as page masters, computer storage, cD-RoM disks, and so on. once physically recordeo^ the information can be reproduced, distributed or stored. Reproduction involves processes for making multiple copies from or of physical media.' o Phvsical transfQrmation is converting information from one medium to another such as paper to microform, electronic to paper and so on. o Storagq is holding and making available the various media such as in libraries, computer files and so on. o Preservation includes processes required to ensure that information on media or the media themselves do not deteriorate over time and, if likely to deteriorate, the information or media be reproduced or restored. 3 Physical Access includes processes that present the information medium to users or others such as receipt of a personal subscripiion, journal issues in libraries, ptrotocopies through ILL, terminar displays, computer or workstation printouts and so on. once physical access is achieved the information is assimilated and used. These functions are: o Assimilation of Information involves processes for receiving and absorbing information through reading ' an article text, tooking at charts and graprrs and so on.
378 purposes for which the o Information Use includes the ways information is used or the professiona,l information ,, ,,,"0 including .research, teaching, keeping current or develoPment and so bn' rs (see, rication 2.2 ScholarlY Journal Roles -related science, inciuding serving as (i) The scholarly journal system plays several important roles in particularly beyond an author's un l*po*uni rireans of'con1-uni"uting scientific information, (3) a way of conveying of new community, (2) a permanent a-rchive for scientific information, f.i-uiy ^and plagiarism, establishing :elating pr"rtGl, and recognition, (4) a process for protecting against information (Refs' 11' 14)' Evolving Some i*n"irtripr, and eisuring uninhibited iccess to scientific these roles unless one or more of electronic publishing and distribution must continue to futfill nation, the roles are disregarded. rage to 3. SCHOLARLYJOURNALSYSTEMPARTICIPANTS one or more participants who can lity of Each of the generic functions and specific processes involve (e.g., readers), institutions (e.g.' :luding characterized as ueronging to typ.' ofpersons authors, be to which the persons or include publishers, vendors, libra'rie-s) or organizations or communities professional societies)' Just so on. institutions belong (e.g., library and riader parent organizations, conduct the-processes (e'g'' publishers' of the as with process funciions some of the participants journal publishing (e'g'' funders of libraries, scientists) and some exert external in{iuences on one must also consider participants behalf research, copyright authorities). In addition to functions, and information needs and requirements' because each is driven b! their own motives, incentives rtion is 3.1 Scholarly Journal System Process Participants journal system plocess' These participants are There are many participants in the scholarly nge or described brieflY below: professionals whose experiments' rs page c Creators are the scientists, engineers and other (or knowledge) to be communicated to led the observations and so o., cr"at" neJinformation taught, reviewed' oit."r,,o be assimilated into a body of personal knowiedge, applied, "create" new knowledge ranging from the hysical and so on. There are many motivations to areas' desire to discover and learn to being assigned research and other results in several ways :r such @ Authors, usually the creators, document researctr motivations to write (see, for including scholariy journal arlicles. There are rnany one's work and the necesslty raries, Ref. 15) initoOitrg the enjoyment of documenting ""u*pt.l to "publish or Perish". the accuracy and vaiidity of or the e Reviewers and rei-erees provide authentification of but do the reviews to reciprocate for e, the information in an articia They are usually unpaid, peers' work, and as a "donation" review of their own manitscf ipts, to keep up with their iers or to their Profession. a number of important processes ,copies e prirnar"r publishers of scholarly journals perform soiieited and unsolicited including, among others, starting'a journil' acquiring editing,.arranging peer revierv' manuscripts, arranging-for'copyrigrr;t ownership, subject referees, redaction, cieveloping master N are: managing interaction with authors, editors and are basicaily four kinds of images, reproduction, distribution, and so on There publishers who provide journals as orbing p.rOilrt commercial for-profit publishers; society "rr,^ )n.
379 a service to their membership; educational institutions who provide an outlet for their provide adec authors; and others such as non-profit organizations and government agencies who are advocates for a research field. Another type computer cel o Secondary publishers such as abstracting and indexing services provide description collection ag and synthesis of journal article information to achieve logical access to the information. contribute su They perform many of the same publication processes as primary publishers, but affect and ar currently reiy heavily on electronic media and access. They tend to cover scientific fields and specialties and many of them are non-profit and were at one time partially SCHt subsidized by the National Science Foundation and/or professional societies. o Second partv distributors are usually profit-making organizations who gain permission There are ge from a variety of publishers to distribute articles electronically through CD-ROIr4, onSne are also spec and magnetic tape. A royalty, typically based on use or units sold, is paid to the a sense, the primary publishers. Some librarians serve this function by downloading databases available through Internet and then distributing to their users. Document delivery services also fall into this category. 4.r Gent o Third oarty distributors contract with a second party to provide further distribution Three exam of electronic publications for which the second party has obtained permission. They are recently cite often profit-making "vendors". The vendors may serve as a third party for some electronic publications, but also as a secondary party with others ifthey contract directly with the primary publisher. ot( c OA Gatewav organizations provide access to third party online services. In this role they o' typically provide hardware, software and telecommunication links only. oiI c Libraries serve as intermediaries in that they acquire scholarly journals to be shared among O rv\ their users and to serve as an archive, a facility to distribute and/or reproduce aa copies for subsequent use, a means of identifying, locating and obtaining copies of Oa articles if needed. o ot' Subscription agents are profit-making organizations that have developed a niche for ott "brokering" subscription negotiation, payment, claiming and renewal between libraries and primary publishers. ctr e Information brokers are profit-making organizations or individuals that provide The second reference search services, services to obtain copies of articles, and other related services to libraries and small companies. Oi a Library networks are unique organizations found throughout the country that were mea developed to serve groups of libraries through shared services (e.g., acquisitions, otr cataloging, etc.) in which economics of scale are achieved and by facilitating interlibrary lending. lessl cI @ Computer centers in large academic, industry and government agencies store and aa provide access to electronic full-text and bibliographic databases. ai @ Readers are scientists, engineers and others who use scientific articles to perform their ol work. Evidence has shown that those who read these materials more tend to perform ol their work better and more productively (Ref.2). ol
set 3.2 Other Scholarly Journal System participants A third a Some participants do not have a role in directly processing information or media, but can have a a significant impact on the system. The these first of includes government or others who fund a the research and development leading to creation of information. They determine the extent of o research and, therefore indirectly the number of articles written. However, they often do not o
380 r their provide adequate funding to ensure that resultant information is adequately communicated' ho are inother type of funder i*lud.r parent organizations that support authors, readers, libraries, computer-centers and other information-related processors. Copyright granting and royalty ription collection agencies also aie important participants in the system. Professional societies also ration. contribute substantially to the facilitation of scientific publications. Each of these participants s, but affect and are affected by changes in scholarly journal processes' entific Lrtially 4. SCHOLARLY JOURNAL SYSTEM ATTRIBI.]"TES rission there There are generic attributes that the overall scholarly journal system should achieve and online In are also specific attributes of the input resources and output of each process in the system. to the a sense, the roles of the system could be stated in terms of generic attributes' abases iivery 4.1 Generic Attributes of the Scholarly Journal System (and bution Three examples of generic attributes follow. The first set given by Goodwin in 1959 ey are recently cited by Penniman) includes (Ref.16): some irectly o to get information desired, o at time it is desired (not before or after), e they e in briefest form, . in order of importance, ;hared r with auxiliary information, 'oduce o and indications of reliabilitY, ies of o and authority of information (source), o to exert minimum effort, he for . to be screened from undesired or untimely information, and rraries o to know negative results are reliable.
:ovide should be: The second set, first presented in the 1970s (Ref.17) suggest that information rvices o accurate (i.e., created information should be factually described, with the correct . were meaning conveyed to both authors and readers); .tions, -- no more, no o precise (i.e. , conveyed in the right dosage that is needed by readers ibrary less); o meaningful, comprehensible and usable; e and o available in thelquited information form (format and structure) and medium; o accessible where needed; r their o provided in the required timeframe following creation (i.e., not before or after); rform o provided in a timely manner when the need arises; and o provided in an economic manner (i.e., in terms of price and ease of use). follows: A third set of generic attributes was prescribed in the AAU report (Ref. 11) as
o Ease of use L have . Timeliness r fund c Responsiveness ent of o Accuracy lo not o Authenticity
381 o Predictability 5. McClure o Adaptability (i.e., how flexibre is the system in providing new approaches to Communicatir information or providing acces,s for unanticipated users?) o Relevance r 6. Garvey, Eligibility (i.e., who has access to information in the system?) . Cost Communicatit o Recovery (i.e., Lexington, Ivi how well is the system able to avert or recover from error?) c Innovation (i.e., how well does the system perform research and development to provide system inaovation?) 7. Subraman o Extensibility (i.e., 1981. how well does the system integrate between media? Between disciplines? what is the system's ability to extend itself without a total restructurins?) 8. King, D.\ 1980. " Wash: ^'t Attributes of Specific Scholarly Journal System processes
A process can be described 9. King, D. by the input resources (i.e., staff, equipment, suppries, etc.) necessary to conduct the process Economics. S and the output quantities of units, trinsactions, eic. produced from the process. There are attributes associated with both the input resources and the outputs. 10. Lucier, R For example, attributes of staff include comp.etence (knowledge and skills). output attributes Knowledge include such things as quality, timeliness I otdelivery, availability, accessibility, and so on. Most processes are designed to improve Champaign, attributes that will make information or media more useful and-valuable' The degree 1992. to which this is done could be considered the value-added contribution made by the process. Taylor refers to such attributes as values and has described such great ',values,, 11. Report in detail (Ref.18). It is abundantly clear that the price one is willing to pay is dependent Technical Inl on the level of attributes purchased (see, for example, Ref.2). 5. CONCLUSION 12. Griffith Education. \tr what has been described thus far is a static environment. However, in reality the environment is anything but static. In order 13. Pinelli, T to better understand the scholarly.;ournai system and how emerging new technologies Infonnation t are likely to affect the system, we must retognize the dynamic of the nafure system and the interdependencies among functions and participants. 14. Herschm 6. REFERENCES 157th Annua
1' Griffiths, J'-M', et al. "Description 15. Tenopi of Scientific and Technical Information in the United States: current starus and_Trends." Publishing. " Report to the National science Foundation by university of Temessee, Center for Information Studies, Julv 1991. 16. Penniu Computer/Ht Increasing the Information Edge. 11. King, 3. Krockel, H. "Advanced Materials Telecommttn Data Systems for Engineering.,, rn: scientific and Technical Data in a New p.S. Plains, NY: Era. Ed- by Gloeser. New york: Hemisphere, 1990.
4 Little, S'B' "The Research 18. TaYlor' and Development Process and Its Relationship to the Evolution of Scientific and Technical Literature: ,, Publishing C e Hlocet for Teaching Research. The Technical Writing Teacher 16 (1989). 19. TenoPir, Journal (Ma
382 1 5' Mcclure, C'R. et "Electronic al. Networks, the Research process, and Schoiarly communications. " Syracuse university, School of Information Management. 6. Garvey, w.D. et "A al. study of the communication strucfure of Science.,, In: communication Among _scientists and Engineers. Ed. by c.E. Nelson and D.K. polrock. Lexington, ViA: Heath Irxington Books. 1-920.
7' Subramanyam, K. Scientific and Technical Information Sources. New york: Marcel Dekker, 1981.
8' King, D.W. et al. "Statisticai Indicators of Scientific and Technical communication: 1960- 1980. " Washington, D. C. : Government printin g Office, I97 6.
9' King, D.W. et al. Scientffic Journals in the United States; Their production, (Jse, and Economics' Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company (Academic press), 19g1. 10' Lucier, R.E. "Embedding the Library into Scientific and Scholarly Communication Through Knowledge Management-" In: Designing Information: New Rolei for Librarians. Urbana- Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 1992.
11' Report of the AAU Task Force. "A National Strategy for Managing Scientific Technical and Information,' r99 4 . http : r r arr. cni. org/aaui srlToc. trtmt.
12' Griffiths, J.-M' and D.W. King. New Directions in Library and Information science i Education. Westport, CT: Greenwood press, 19g6.
13' Pinelli, T'E. et al. "The NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusionproj ect.,, Government Infonnation Quarterly 8 (2), IggL il 14' Herschman, A. "The Primary Journal: Past, Present, and Fufure.,' paper presented at the li 157th Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, 1969.
15' Tenopir, "Authors C. and Readers: The Keys to Success or Failure for Electronic Publishing." Library Trends 43 (4), Igg5.
16. Penniman, w.D. "Systems Interfaces Revisited.', Design and Evaruation oJ Computer/Human Interfaces; Issues for Librarians and Information"scientists, 19gg. r7 . King, D.w. "Roadblocks to Fufure Ideal Information f.ransfer systems.,, In: Telecommunications and Libraries: A Primer for Librarians and Information Managers. White Plains, NY: Knowledge Industry publications, Inc., 19g1.
18. Taylor, R.s. vatue-Added processes it! in Information systems. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1986. ;il ], ii 19' Tenopir, C. and ,, D.W. King. "Electronic Scholarly Publishing Myths and Realities. Library lournal (March 15, 1996): in press.
383 DESI
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