University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange School of Information Sciences -- Faculty Publications and Other Works School of Information Sciences May 1996 Electronic Publishing: A Study of Functions and Participants Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Donald W. King Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_infosciepubs Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Tenopir, Carol and King, Donald W., "Electronic Publishing: A Study of Functions and Participants" (1996). School of Information Sciences -- Faculty Publications and Other Works. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_infosciepubs/30 This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Information Sciences at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Information Sciences -- Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ELECTRONIC PTIBLISHING: A STTIDY OF FTINCTIONS AND PARTICIPANTS Carol Tenopir and. Donald, W IQng Uniu ersity of Tenne s s e e Keywords: Electronic Publishing, Scholarly Journals, Systems Analysis, Publishing System Functions, Publishing System Participants, Publishing System Attributes Abstract: As electronic publishing and distribution progress, participants in the publishing system will need to make critical economic and operational decisions concerning a myriad of rapidly evolving new technologies. The University of Tennessee, School of Information Sciences was awarded a Special Libraries Association research grant to produce relevant data and information to assist librarians, Iibrary funders, journal publishers, authors and readers, and other participants in dealing with electronic publishing in the future. In order to accomplish this goal, we have developed a framework for describing the system of scholarly journal publishing (particularly as applied in science). The dimensions of this framework include a context for journal publishing; principal functions performed; participants in the system; attributes of information and information products and services; and economic and systemic relationships among functions and services. CONTEXT FOR SCHOLARLY JOURNAL PTJBLISHING The framework for scholarly journal publishing is developed with science and engineering as an example because electronic publishing appears to be moving faster and is likely to have a greater impact in the near future in science and engineering than elsewhere. 1.1 Definition of Scientific Information There have been numerous definitions of scientific information, but we have adapted a definition developed under a National Science Foundation Study (Ref.l). In a broad context, scientific information includes messages about basic and applied research resulting from the efforts of scientists and engineers. The messages can include new theory and information obtained from experimentation, observations, instrumentation, or computation in the form of text, numeric data, or images. Once information is created it may be further transformed, described, evaluated, and/or synthesized. The information may be recorded and distributed in several media including paper, microform, electronic, magnetic, or others in order to enhance communication and increase its usefulness and value to a wide spectrum of users and uses. There are three components of a scientific information message including: 375 o information ^^_. r informati"; which conveys rhe meaning il:j"t of messages. patents, books, which consists of format -i"foil;;;J u"dit.u;;;, documented in mathematic"at which is the "type" of information -'::T:t such as rext, by users. Reg journals can a1 ;il1":HJ:**'T:,-*:ffi:l[,t1f;;XX.*:T:*T:flT"?lX,,:ffi [X:""#* these mechanis ranguage used-in t.xt; tyo. n;': text or syntactic or semantic structures rnathematic used in in the overall r structui-^T models; pie charts, uur or other types of graphs; communicatior r informatio; ::=:..ric tabtes; and so on. "rrurt, recorded ""0 ";';;l[]Jifr :,H. ffif;,T;;l isrcaprured o r The scholarlyjournal " *$.rl':,tr::r L.4 The L r information ves a number conrent, tilrifl"::"f of processes which are pertbrmed on or invotve can have Integrating Scientific inf a significant b.;.i# electronic technologies inro these processes For.example, on:t::, aftributes characterized inforynn6^--i"'B associated with the three information components. editing be meaningtur, begins with i: ur. oo". to-l}Jiiil"l::ltn"uld accura-tel*p.""tr", etc. peer review and usable form for Informarion is composed l whatev;r;;j::: i:,libutes.. should be in a comprehensible and until the .^- rqrposes rt is needed. publication t information The information media should provide storage changes tr ,l_.1 distributed. -.ar.n'Ji, ffi.t"",t"Ti tit""iy i;;;i'ino pi,ysical access. A.,y therebv, arrect ll:'to" distribution r rhe u'", u,.nirT":::h^#,..:'yiijl,lr:ffi,;:]ournar iystem processes and, distribution t 1.2 Scientific Jour- -*rnak in the context The "life" o: Endeayors of Research, Teaching and other scientific follow a hig One must consider whl must be acqt wJral thev scientiric not normalll do. one ;;lii;]ff::ili:*_t:y inrormation arrecrs, and is arrecred by, of this model are context is displayed to drganize i rtt .n.-".llli.1j,_1hi:*-'lrvrlr€s in Figure 1 (Ref.l). At rhe hearr research, teaching, that scientists any point in ets. perform. Many resources are used to do support time,_worksrations, in order to a staff. s;i"trifii"i#j*:.:::Tiut, oiiile and classroom space, and becomes a r lff#:n:"J,fiff ';ffi",,'Jf :1:":$l,it.nTH,:":,,ii.h:ff ,:ff }:f #':f ?il:H'":l resource The reason I for scientific *,i"i ,o:.*1 articles are found ro be an essential input of this r"l'it-Ill*: are likelY tc simple moaet are ltt l}"li::-"-l.output from these activities. The fourrh .o-por,"r,t inrormation that is ourpu.t",ffi#:ltTf:,fl::,Tffi: of the info H:.Til:.::[:i5i.f.;"--,i''i.",. publishing I This model is importr the fact tha communicare of readings ,.i.rrlti""ilrjl"1-,t^"-t,:11-b..:ause any changes in the way in which journals on research. aiternative teaching uno .o .,l"ttll -":'. take into account the effects of resultant information serves in the cYclt 'nronnarion as "" '*.*."'.o"TTi[r,".T.T1lJ"'::iJ;i:::5J: :ffi;':.-:i,];:fi:,"'. 1'3 Scientific Journah in the context of the Life cycle of scientific Information Once scientific information ;- and colleagues 2. FIJ and srb.;;"tJ;:tl^u^,t .."*lnicated in many ways over the years. Garvey message have is communicar^^ ;'*'rvam shown the many channels by which an information articles, DescriPtio: books, .r".i an{ rormal tecrrnicar *c',rli;*^'^::l:Tl| G;ffi;': reports, journar literan channels starting rrom time frames for the the timl'.;"::::.:1 flow of information irrrorrgi, trr"r" l reported by such at- which Research ..unr u.- r;llc_leatton' time the information is documented and discussions, conference functions' o&;il,",#:?.;lj::::ij;.#:ig|;::fi::lj;1n second is I h,ffi_#;.ff do. To ke 376 patents,books,bibliographicentries,state_of-the_artreviewsandsoon(Refs.6,7;.Irssweli documentedinthisconte^xt.isthetimeframeatwhichtheinformationisobtainedandapplied s text, byusers.Regardless,thiscontextisimportanttorecognizebecauseelectronicaltemativestothe past' all of the ottrer-comminication channels' In io on. can affect urro-u" affected by iournals n"tot and requirements and fiiled a niche have ,uirri"Jpu*icutar inro#uiion content ihese mechanisms balance among all the there appears ; ;; ;t ecologicai-like used in in the overall scheme. Howevei, when necessary' be^monitored and interjections made graphs; communicatior, *""nurriJJ, irr"i-"" rred or Found in Journals 1.4 The Life Cycle of Scientific Information involve Scientificinformationthatiscommunicatedthroughajou.rnal.publishingSystemcanbetunctions (Refs'8,91- )CCSSES ,,splrai,, of traditionar g"*ti. prJ.essing characterized uy a at someT1"^Yd trme' cnents. froi research' This information' begins with informad;;;;+1";.9t *:"tl:l ew and iscomposedforarticlepublication(i.e,written,received,edited,etc.)'Whenreadyforformalcan be reproduced and and m io* *,1]:l rle publication rhe inform;rion is record"a a'ffiri.^i storage distributed.Injournalpublishing,thetimespanr,omlomnglitiontoinitialpublication Any distributioncanrangefromfewmonths."v""^_rn"fs'6,9).Ofcoursethereisalsoprior :s preprlnts' and, distribution to reviewers, peers and The,,life,,ofintbrmationfoundinarticles,consideredfrominitialpublicationtouse,tendstoThus' the information entific not unlike a nuclear decay curve' follow a highly ,*"*"Jairi.iu"tion, can involve journals that are tuture physical access. Since use must be acquired it is necessary "i;";;;f;; r"i"*is, oitnuf u." needed long after publication' nor normally read by ,pJii" location when needed' At led by, to tu"iliiu'" identification and to drganize und to all or part of an arlicle e heart "ontro"loi#^#;;,.nscientists must gain physical-access any point in the iourn-al iir" Thus' the information to do "v"r", ro, ir"uittt, teaching' etc' in order to assimilate u"J rr" ,rr" ioror-utio' :e, and endeavors' becomes a resource for future scientific t input e most Thereasonthatthelifecyclecontextisimportantisthatanychangesinprocessesorparticipantssystem' particularly over the life I input and systemiC irthe are likely to affect '"iuiio*t'ipt to believe that electroruc ponent