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Decolonizing Mission Partnerships: Evolving Collaboration Between United Methodists in North Katanga and the United States of America

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Decolonizing Mission Partnerships: Evolving Collaboration Between United Methodists in North Katanga and the United States of America Decolonizing Mission Partnerships: Evolving Collaboration between United Methodists in North Katanga and the United States of America by Taylor W. Denyer submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: JNJ Kritzinger December 2018 1 DECLARATION Name: Taylor Ann Walters Denyer Student number: #55718973 Degree: DTh Missiology Exact wording of the title of the thesis as appearing on the copies submitted for examination: Decolonizing Mission Partnerships: Evolving Collaboration between United Methodists in North Katanga and the United States of America I declare that the above thesis is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. May 3, 2019 2 SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS This thesis asks “What would a decolonized partnership look like between North Katangan and American United Methodists?” Guided by the 7-point mission praxis matrix developed in the missiology department at the University of South Africa, it explores a series of subquestions. First, the terms “mission,” “partnership,” and “decolonize” are defined, and literature applicable to these concepts is discussed. In Chapter 3, the historical relational power structures and culture of the Luba and Lunda Kingdoms are summarized. Chapter 4 provides a historical overview of American and North Katangan United Methodist (UM) collaborations and describes the dominant relational dynamics and mission models of each time period. This chapter draws heavily from memoirs, reports, and articles published by United Methodist agencies. Chapter 5 explores the psycho-affective dimension of these interactions, focusing on identifying issues of guilt, shame, grief, trauma, and racial biases at play. Chapter 6 documents the responses to in- depth interviews with North Katangan UMs and American collaborators about their memories and beliefs about a twenty-year period (approx. 1994-2014), during which a shift took place in the how North Katangan (DR Congo) church leaders viewed their own capacities relative to those of the American United Methodists they encountered. The final section compares the theological reflections of interview participants, explores the ways in which Methodist doctrine and praxis can be used in furthering the decolonization and healing process through the partnerships, and explores pathways forward. The interviews conducted reveal areas of tension in the partnership, differing missiologies (e.g. mission as outreach vs. mission as relationship), and visions of the future of the partnership. The responses show that the partnership is currently on a trajectory towards decolonization, but that more needs to be done in the areas of healing and self- awareness--both on the individual and collective level. Key Terms: Christian mission; partnership; The United Methodist Church; North Katanga; patronage; mission as partnership; decolonization; Luba culture; trauma recovery; racism; savior complex 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The thesis could not have been accomplished without the many people who supported me along the way. Thank you to my academic advisor, “Klippies” Kritzinger, for introducing me to authors and ideas I would not have found on my own. Thank you for your words of encouragement and for helping me shape my ideas into a structured work. Thank you to the other scholars who have helped me in my research and writing process, especially to Pamela Couture, Jeffrey Hoover, David Maxwell, and Rene Sephton for sharing their research on Katanga history with me, including copies of difficult-to-obtain documents. Thank you to Kate Koppy and David Scott for your assistance and advice on the pragmatic aspects of writing and editing this thesis. Thank you to my husband, who made these years of focused research and writing possible, and thank you to my entire family, especially my father, who died before this thesis’ completion, for inspiring me and believing in me. Thank you to my past and present bishops, Bishop Ntambo and Bishop Mande, for giving their blessings for me to pursue my research topic, to John Maloba and Joseph Mulongo for helping me strategically identify and locate retired clergy, and to all interview participants for giving of your time and trusting me with your memories and your words of wisdom. Wafwa ko sana. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION 1 SUMMARY AND KEY TERMS 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH OVERVIEW 10 1.1 Introduction 10 1.2 Study Location 13 1.3 Research Question 18 1.4 Objectives and Relevance of the Study 19 1.5 Limitations of the Study 19 1.6 State of the Research 20 1.7 Research Framework 28 1.8 Research Design 29 1.8.1 Qualitative Research 29 1.8.2 The Praxis Matrix 30 1.9 Research Methodology 33 1.9.1 Literature 33 1.9.2 Interviews 33 1.10 Ethical Considerations 38 1.11 Personal Stance/Journey 39 1.12 Overview of the Following Chapters 44 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 46 2.1 Mission 46 2.1.1 Mission as Outreach 50 2.1.1.1 Outreach: Short-term Missionaries and Mission Trips 51 2.1.1.2 Outreach: Critiques 52 2.1.2 Mission as Relationship 58 2.1.3 Mission as ‘Inreach’ 59 2.1.4 Mission as Listening and Prophetic Dialog 60 2.2 Partnership, Mismeeting, and Mutuality in Mission 65 2.3 (Neo/Post/De)Colonialism 70 5 2.3.1 Postcolonial 74 2.3.2 Neocolonial 75 2.3.3 Decolonial 80 CHAPTER 3: THE HISTORICAL CULTURAL CONTEXT 83 3.1 The Luba and Lunda Empires 83 3.1.1 Empire Boundary Maps 87 3.1.2 Paying Tribute/Understanding Patronage 89 3.1.3 The Luba Chieftaincy System 90 3.2 The Spirit World and the Vital Force 92 3.2.1 Spirits, the Gates of Life and Death, and the Impact of these Views 95 3.2.2 Bumuntu and Dignity in Luba Society 99 3.3 Closing Remarks 101 CHAPTER 4: METHODIST MISSION PARTNERSHIPS IN KATANGA 101 4.1 The Founders 103 4.1.1 Tensions in Founding Mission Partnerships 107 4.1.2 Rhetoric and Motivations of Methodist Missionary Campaigns 112 4.2 Mid-20th Century Mission Partnerships 114 4.2.1 Political Context 114 4.2.2 Mid-Century Missionaries: Missionary Dynasties 115 4.2.3 Mulungwishi Mission Station 119 4.2.4 Episcopal Viewpoints: Methodist Bishops in Central Africa 122 4.2.5 Mid-Twentieth-Century Mission Motivations in the Methodist Church in America 128 4.3 The 1970s-1980s 132 4.3.1 Reforms in the Board of Missions 133 4.3.1.1 Pushback 137 4.3.2 Through America’s Eyes: New World Outlook 140 4.4 The 1990s 147 4.4.1 Politics and Violence in Zaire/Congo 147 4.4.2 United Methodist News Service Coverage; 1990s 149 4.4.3 New World Outlook: 1990s 155 4.5 The 2000s-2015: 159 4.5.1 The UMC North Katanga Response 161 4.5.2 UMNS Coverage 2000s+ 163 4.6 Off the Record: Looking Back and Beyond 167 6 CHAPTER 5: RACISM, VIOLENCE, AND EXPLOITATION: 171 5.1 Violence and Exploitation 173 5.1.1 Recent Violence in North Katanga 174 5.1.2 Distrust, Sabotage and Curses 175 5.1.3 The Difficulty of Forgiveness and Reintegration 177 5.2 Racism 177 5.2.1 Unexamined Racism: Microaggressions, Racist Acts of Love, and White Fragility 178 5.2.2 The Pain not Discharged: Americans and Racism 183 5.2.3 Racism in North Katanga 186 5.2.4 Racism in The UMC 188 5.3 North Katangans and Internalized Oppression 190 5.3.1 Internalized Racism and the Mzungu 191 5.3.1.1 Origin of the Term Mzungu 191 5.3.1.2 Mzungu and Tutsi 192 5.3.1.3 Mzungu as Emotionally Charge Word 193 5.3.1.4 Responses from North Katangans on the Meaning of the Word Mzungu 193 5.3.1.5 Changing Views Among North Katangans 194 5.3.1.6 Perceptions of White American UMs 197 5.4 Grief, Guilt, Shame and Empathy 199 5.5 Implications 203 CHAPTER 6: REFLECTIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP 205 6.1 Conflicting Expectations 206 6.1.1 Patronage and Partnership 207 6.1.1.2 Post-Patronage Relationship 214 6.1.2 Missionaries as Mercenaries 217 6.1.3 Americans as Political Enemies 219 6.1.4 Americans as Educators 221 6.2 Power, Respect and Money 225 6.2.1 Power of Communication: Relationship Bridges and/or Gatekeepers 226 6.2.2 Money and Agency: Who Controls and Who Decides 230 6.2.3 Where Did the Money Go? Causal Factors and the Elephant in the Room 236 6.3 Governance and Administration 240 6.3.1 Bishop as Paramount Chief and Spiritual Leader 242 6.3.2 Critiques and Conflicts: Decisions, Suspicions and Misunderstandings 247 7 6.3.2.1 Segregation, Superiority Complexes and Decolonizing Taboos 248 6.3.2.2 Designated Funds and Conflicting Priorities 253 6.3.2.3 Short Term Mission Teams: True Partners or Fairweather Friends? 254 6.3.2.4 Impunity and Nepotism 256 6.3.2.5 Double Standards: Good Enough for Congo 263 6.3.3 Reports: Pragmatic and Psychological Divides 266 6.4 Return of Fulltime American Missionaries? 273 6.5 North Katangans as Missionaries in America 284 6.6 Anxiety about the Future 287 6.6.1 Neo-Colonialism in Church Politics: Homosexuality and Schism 287 6.6.2 Clergy Giving Up 291 6.7 Conclusions 292 CHAPTER 7: REFLECTING THEOLOGICALLY ON THE RELATIONSHIP 293 7.1 Interview Responses 293 7.1.1 Spirit of God at Work 294 7.1.1.1 North Katangan Responses 294 7.1.1.2 American Responses 300 7.1.2 Scriptures 307 7.1.2.1 North Katanga Responses 308 7.1.2.1.1 Love, Unity, and Blessing Others 308 7.1.2.1.2 Work and Make Disciples 310 7.1.2.2 American Responses 313 7.1.3 Sermon Talking Points 316 7.1.4 Other Theological Responses 324 7.1.4.1 Theological Response to Homosexuality Debates 324 7.1.4.2 Decolonizing Prayer 326 7.1.4.3 Bumuntu, Patronage, and True Mutuality in Partnership 328 7.2 Wesleyan Theology
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