Modoc NF Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Aquatic Organisms

Introduction Management of aquatic-dependent species and habitat, and maintenance of a diversity of animal communities, is an important part of the mission of the Forest Service (Resource Planning Act of 1974, National Forest Management Act of 1976). Management activities on National Forest System (NFS) lands must be planned and implemented so that they do not jeopardize the continued existence of threatened or endangered species, or lead to a trend toward listing or loss of viability of Forest Service Sensitive species. In addition, management activities should be designed to maintain or improve habitat for Management Indicator Species to the degree consistent with multiple-use objectives established in each Forest Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP). Management decisions related to motorized travel can affect aquatic species by increasing human-caused mortality, causing changes in behavior due to disturbance and habitat modification (Gaines et al. 2003, Trombulek and Frissell 2000, USDA Forest Service 2000). It is Forest Service policy to minimize damage to vegetation, avoid harassment to wildlife, and avoid significant disruption of wildlife habitat, while providing for motorized public use on NFS lands (FSM 2353.03(2)). Therefore, management decisions related to motorized travel on NFS lands must consider effects to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife and their habitat.

Analysis Framework: Statute, Regulation, Forest Plan, and Other Direction Direction relevant to the Proposed Action as it affects aquatic biota includes the following: Endangered Species Act (ESA): The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 USC 1531 et seq.) requires that any action authorized by a Federal agency not be likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a Threatened or Endangered (T&E) species, or result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species that is determined to be critical. Section 7 of the ESA, as amended, requires the responsible Federal agency to consult the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service concerning T&E species under their jurisdiction. It is Forest Service policy to analyze impacts to T&E species to ensure management activities are not be likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a T&E species, or result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species that is determined to be critical. This assessment is documented in a Biological Assessment (BA) and is summarized or referenced in this chapter. Clean Water Act of 1948 (as amended in 1972 and 1987): establishes as Federal policy for the control of point and non-point pollution, and assigns the states the primary responsibility for control of water pollution. Compliance with the Clean Water Act by national forests in California is achieved under State law (see below). Non-point source pollution on national forests is managed through the Regional Water Quality Management Plan (USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, 2000), which relies on implementation of prescribed best management practices (BMPs). The Water Quality Management Plan includes one BMP for off-highway vehicle (OHV) use (4-7), and 28 BMPs related to road construction and maintenance (2-1 to 2-28) (See appendix D). All NFTS roads and trails open to OHV use are required to comply with these BMPs. Of particular relevance for motorized travel management, BMP 4-7 requires each forest to (1) identify areas or routes where OHV use could cause degradation of water quality, (2) identify appropriate mitigation and controls, and (3) restrict OHV use to designated routes. This BMP further requires forests to take immediate corrective actions if considerable adverse effects are occurring or are likely to occur.

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The California Water Code consists of a comprehensive body of law that incorporates all State laws related to water, including water rights, water developments, and water quality. The laws related to water quality (sections 13000 to 13485) apply to waters on the national forests, and are directed at protecting the beneficial uses of water. Of particular relevance for the Proposed Action is section 13369, which deals with non-point-source pollution and best management practices. The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act, as amended in 2006, is included in the California Water Code. This act provides for the protection of water quality by the State Water Resources Control Board and the regional water quality control boards, which are authorized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to enforce the Clean Water Act in California. The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) Aquatic Conservation Strategy (ACS) includes standards and guidelines that apply to the six forests included entirely or partially within the Northwest Forest Plan. The ACS standards and guidelines require that a watershed analysis be completed that determines the influence of each road on ACS objectives, and that roads be designed to minimize impacts on riparian and aquatic resources. Construction of new roads in wetlands is prohibited. Adding unauthorized routes to the NFTS in meadows or wetlands constitutes road construction, and should be avoided. Stream crossings are required to be designed to pass a 100-year flood and allow for passage of aquatic fauna. The Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment (SNFPA): The Record of Decision (ROD) for the 2004 SNFPA includes standards and guidelines that apply to the 10 Sierra Nevada forests for construction and relocation of roads, and for management of riparian conservation areas (RCAs). These standards and guidelines (S & G) require the Forest Service to avoid road construction, reconstruction, and relocation in meadows and wetlands (SNFPA S & G 70). Reconstructing unauthorized routes to bring them to NFTS standards in meadows or wetlands should therefore be avoided. Only routes that already meet NFTS standards in meadows and wetlands should be proposed for addition to the NFTS. SNFPA S &G 92 requires that the Forest Service evaluate new management activities within RCAs and critical aquatic refuges (CARS) during environmental analysis to determine consistency with riparian conservation objectives (RCOs) at the project level and the Aquatic Management Strategy (AMS) goals for the landscape. Adding an unauthorized route to the NFTS is a new management activity and must comply with S&G 92. SNFPA S&G 100 requires the Forest Service to maintain and restore the hydrologic connectivity of streams, meadows, and wetlands by identifying roads and trails that intercept, divert, or disrupt flows paths and implementing corrective actions. SNFPA S&G 102 requires that the Forest Service determine if stream characteristics are within the range of natural variability prior to taking actions that could adversely affect streams. There is a small portion of the Modoc National Forest covered by the NWFP Record of Decision (ROD), as well as areas of the Forest that are exempt form the SNFPA ROD. Where that situation exists, the appropriate standard and guideline would be based on the Modoc National Forest (MDF) Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP) prior to 2004. Forest Service Handbook 2670: Forest Service Sensitive (FSS) species are species identified by the Regional Forester for which population viability is a concern. The Forest Service develops and implements management practices to ensure that rare plants and animals do not become threatened or endangered and ensure their continued viability on national forests. It is Forest Service policy to analyze impacts to sensitive species to ensure management activities do not create a significant trend toward Federal listing or loss of viability.

Effects Analysis Methodology

Area of Effect for Aquatic Resources Two geographic areas were chosen to analyze the effects of the proposed routes on aquatic resources:

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• The entire Modoc National Forest analysis area. This analysis area was used to analyze cumulative effects to aquatic species for all alternatives. • The zone-of-influence area. Direct and indirect effects to aquatic species were assessed using the area within 300 feet of perennial streams adjacent to existing or proposed routes. This distance corresponds to riparian conservation areas (RCA) distances, and is considered within the zone of influence for aquatic species. In general, indirect effects are most likely to occur within this zone of influence due to interception of runoff, compaction of soils, and detachment of sediment.

Analysis of Methodology The analysis of effects on aquatic species was a three-step process. In the first step, all listed or proposed aquatic species that were known or were believed to have potential to occur in the analysis area were identified. This list was developed by reviewing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife List for the Modoc National Forest (USFWS 2008) and the Region 5 sensitive species list (USFS 2006). All of this information was used in step two of the analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) technology was used to analyze existing habitat. Proposed routes from the alternatives were overlaid with GIS coverage layers to complete a risk assessment of adverse effects to soil and water quality. When the maximum erosion hazard rating (MEHR) for a soil was low to moderate, water runoff potential was rated as very low to moderate, watershed sensitivity was rated as low to moderate, and slope stability hazard was rated as low to moderate. Therefore, no field checking was completed as these were considered areas of low sensitivity. The third step was to field-check proposed routes that were not eliminated due to MEHR from the GIS analysis to determine if the route in its current condition was consistent with best management practice (BMP) 1.17 (Erosion Control on Skid Trails), 1.19 (Stream course and Aquatic Protection), and 2.26 (Obliteration or Decommissioning of Roads). The Forest Hydrologist conducted the field surveys. Where the maximum erosion hazard rating (MEHR) rating required field checking, it was noted if the trail was eroding and determined if the erosion exceeded Modoc LRMP standards and guidelines. The routes and the associated zone of influence were also field checked to determine if there was a hydrologic connectivity to a perennial or seasonally flowing stream course.

Assumptions Specific to the Aquatic Biota Analysis 1. All vehicle types result in the same amount of disturbance effect on aquatic dependent species (unless there is local information enabling a separate analysis by vehicle type). 2. Aquatic species spend all or significant portions of their life cycles either in or moving through riparian habitats. 3. Habitat is already impacted in the short term. In the long term, habitat would remain the same on added routes, but would increase to at least some degree on non-added routes with the ban of cross-country travel and subsequent passive restoration.

Data Sources • GIS layers of the following information: routes, streams, habitats, and “designated”, or important aquatic areas (e.g., RCAs, CARs) • Site-specific surveys and assessment of any localized aquatic habitats within the zone of influence of routes proposed to be added to the National Forest Transportation System (NFTS)

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• Soils and hydrology report and surveys from the Travel Management FEIS.

Aquatic Biota Indicators • Miles of unauthorized routes within or adjacent to TES aquatic biota habitat. This is the area within 300 feet (perennial) of streams. • Miles of motorized routes and acres of areas at Forest-wide scale and within the habitat for each species • The number of areas within 300 feet (RCA width) of an added route or area • Hydrologic connectivity to perennial streams

Aquatic Biota Methodology by Action 1. Direct and indirect effects of the prohibition of cross-country motor vehicle travel 2. Direct and indirect effects of adding facilities (presently unauthorized roads) to the NFTS 3. Changes to the NFTS, including identifying seasons of use and vehicle class Direct and indirect effects are assessed together and should be assessed in both the short term (within one year) and the long term (approximately 20 years). The indicators for the three parts of the action are the same. Indicators: (1) miles of routes or areas open for motor vehicle use within or adjacent to aquatic resources, (2) miles of routes or areas open for motor vehicle use with documented disturbances from motor vehicles that resulted in damage to aquatic resources, (3) miles of routes open for motor vehicle use potentially affecting aquatic TES, (4) miles of routes open for motor vehicle use within riparian habitat, including meadows and stream banks, and (5) the number of routes open for motor vehicle use within habitats of known or historically occupied by TES herpafauna (reptiles or amphibians). The tables below show the number of roads and stream crossings, by alternative, in affected habitat.

Table 3-158. Unauthorized Road Stream Crossings within RCAs, and TES Habitat

Alt 1 Alt 2 Alt 3 Alt 4 Alt 5 Number of unauthorized road stream crossings

within perennial stream and lake RCA 10 5 0 5 5 Number of unauthorized road stream crossings

within seasonally flowing stream and lake RCAs 221 114 0 100 100 Number of unauthorized road stream crossings

within perennial stream and lake habitat of TES 7 2 0 2 2 species habitat Miles of unauthorized road stream crossings

within seasonally flowing stream and lake habitat 3 2 0 1 1 of TES species habitat

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Table 3-159. Miles of Unauthorized Roads within RCAs, CARs, and TES Habitat

Alt 1 Alt 2 Alt 3 Alt 4 Alt 5 Miles of unauthorized roads within perennial stream and lake RCAs 6.74 1.8 0 1.8 1.8 Miles of unauthorized roads within seasonally flowing stream and lake RCAs 37.84 17.6 0 17.6 17.6 Miles of unauthorized roads within perennial stream and lake CARs 88.71 38.93 0 17.28 35.69 Miles of unauthorized roads within perennial stream and lake habitat of TES species habitat 4.01 1.16 0 0.51 1.16 Miles of unauthorized roads within seasonally flowing stream and lake habitat of TES species 2.12 0.62 0 0.23 0.62 habitat

4. Cumulative Effects: The same indicators as above were used to measure cumulative effects. Cumulative effects are only measured in the long term and are done using a GIS analysis of past, current, added, and future routes in relation to habitat and important or sensitive aquatic areas and in context of other past, current, and future management actions affecting aquatic habitat (See appendix E, Travel Management FEIS, Volume 2).

Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences

Affected Environment The Modoc National Forest provides habitat for over 350 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles (Modoc National Forest LRMP). There are currently five aquatic species listed as Endangered or Threatened under the ESA, and 11 aquatic species listed as Forest Service Sensitive. These species and their habitats on the Modoc National Forest are described in detail in the Modoc National Forest Motorized Travel Management EIS Biological Assessment and Biological Evaluation (BA and BE), which are hereby incorporated by reference. They can be found in the project record.

Table 3-160. Federally Listed Aquatic Species Found on the Forest

Common Name Scientific Name Status Shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris Endangered

Shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris Proposed

Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus Endangered

Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus Proposed

Modoc sucker Catostomus microps Endangered

Modoc sucker Catostomus microps Designated

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Common Name Scientific Name Status Warner sucker Catostomus warnerensis Threatened

Shasta crayfish Pacifastacus fortis Endangered

Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Species Account The Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker are endemic to the upper Klamath Basin, which includes the Upper Klamath River, Oregon and California, and the Lost River system in north-central California and south/central Oregon. These species are found within the Lost River drainage on Devil's Garden and Doublehead Districts; these fish are known to be widespread in Willow, Boles, and Fletcher Creeks, as well as in pools and wetlands. Primarily lake residents, these fish migrate into stream and have been documented to successfully spawn, and live year-round on the Forest. The Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker were listed as a Federal endangered species in July 18, 1988. On December 1, 1994, critical habitat was proposed for the Lost River sucker and the shortnose sucker of the Upper Klamath River Basin of Oregon and California. A recovery plan has been written for both species (USFWS 1993c). Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker occur within creeks and Clear Lake on the Modoc National Forest. A study completed in 1991 found Lost River suckers in Clear Lake and its tributaries and shortnose suckers in Clear Lake and its tributaries and in Malone and Copco reservoirs (Buettner and Scoppettone 1991). Lost River suckers are native to the rivers of the Lost River system in Oregon and California (Moyle 1976). Recently, they have been collected from Copco Reservoir (Klamath River) and Clear Lake Reservoir (Lost River) (ibid.). Although native mainly to the Upper Klamath Lake and Lake of the Woods in Oregon, shortnose suckers have recently been collected from Copco Reservoir, below Upper Klamath Lake (Siskiyou County) and Boles Creek (Modoc County); the latter fish were apparently on a spawning run from Clear Lake Reservoir on the Lost River (ibid.). The recent distribution of these fish has been described by Buettner and Scoppetone (1991). Basically, the fish are in residual pools and in some small reservoirs on private land within the Modoc NF. The Lost River and shortnose suckers occur on only one forest affected by the proposed project, the Modoc. Based upon surveys conducted by the National Biological Survey, there are 23,000 Lost River suckers and 73,000 shortnose suckers on the Modoc NF. According to past survey records there appears to be an increasing trend in the population numbers in the past ten year period (ibid.). Habitat availability trends for this same time period seem to be experiencing an increasing trend (ibid.). The Annual Monitoring Report for 2002 suggest that populations of these two species are relatively stable, but the demographics of the populations appears to be changing. Data suggest that fish captured are beginning to appear in the older age class (U.S. Geological Survey 2003). Habitat Status The Lost River and shortnose suckers are long-lived species that generally live in lakes, except during the breeding season, when they migrate to tributary rivers, streams, or springs to spawn (USFWS 1993c). Radio-telemetry studies by National Biological Survey (NBS) and Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) personnel found that these suckers are extremely long-lived: shortnose suckers have been aged to 33 years and Lost River suckers to 43 years. Habitat for these species consists of open water in lakes and streams, except when they move upstream to spawn (Moyle 1976). Gravel substrates appear to be preferred (USFWS 1993c). Larval suckers usually migrate back to lake sites shortly after they leave the spawning gravels, primarily moving at night and resting in shallow shoreline areas of the river during the day (USFWS 1993c). They appear to select areas where water is less than 19.7 inches deep, the bottom is sand, mud, or

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concrete, and there is emergent vegetation (USFWS 1993c). Adults usually spend relatively little time in tributary springs after spawning (USFWS 1993c). Cool water, high amounts of dissolved oxygen, and cool freshwater refuges appear to be important habitat components for both species (Buettner and Scoppettone 1991). When conditions become stressful in lakes, such as in the summer when there can be heavy algal blooms and fluctuations in dissolved oxygen, pH, and suspended and dissolved materials, areas where streams or springs flow into lakes may be important refugia (USFWS 1993c). Fish begin making short migrations up into streams when discharge increases at any time from early February through early April, although March is probably the most frequent month of movement (Scoppetone et al. 1995). On the Modoc NF, spawning runs normally occur in March to April, when these fish move from Clear Lake into Willow Creek. In Willow Creek radio-tagged suckers were found to migrate only 3 to 6 km and remain on spawning grounds for 2 to 3 weeks (Perkins and Scoppetone 1996). Larvae emerge and spend at best only a short time in shallow water along stream edges before moving into lakes. Larval downstream movement occurs mostly at night over about a six-week period from late march to early June; the timing of out-migration depends on spawning time. Although the feeding habits of these two species have not been studied, their mouth morphology and gill rakers suggest that the Lost River sucker feeds on hard-shelled bottom invertebrates or on large plankton. The shortnose sucker strains plankton, primarily zooplankton, from the water (Moyle 1976). Population decreases of these suckers seem to be primarily related to decreasing spawning habitat from damming, draining, and dredging of historical spawning areas (USFWS 1993c). Other predominant threats to these suckers are continued loss of habitat, water diversions, competition and predation by introduced species, hybridization with other sucker species, insularization of remaining habitats, and drought (USFWS 1988b, CDFG 1991). Decreases in water quality resulting from timber harvest, dredging activities, removal of riparian vegetation, and livestock grazing may also cause problems for these species (USFWS 1988b). Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Critical Habitat The primary constituent elements (PCEs) determined necessary to the survival and recovery of the Lost River and shortnose sucker include the following: Water: This PCE includes a quantity of water of sufficient quality (i.e., temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, lack of nutrients, contaminants, turbidity, etc.) that is delivered to a specific location in accordance with a hydrologic regime that is required for the particular life stage for each species. This also includes those physical and structural features of a functioning watershed (i.e., springs, riparian areas, wetlands, floodplains, etc.) that provide or maintain water quality sufficient to meet the current or future needs of the suckers. Physical Habitat: This PCE includes areas of the Upper Klamath Basin watershed that are inhabited or potentially habitable by suckers for use as refugia from stressful water quality conditions or predation, or in spawning, nursery, feeding, rearing, normal behavior, or as corridors between these areas. These areas include seasonal wetlands and areas used or potentially used seasonally by the listed suckers. Biological Environment: Food supply, predation, parasitism, and competition are important elements of the biological environment and are considered components of this constituent element. Food supply is a function of nutrient supply, productivity, and availability for each life stage of the species. Predation, although considered a normal component of this environment, may be out of balance due to introduced fish species or the elimination of refugial structures. Competition from nonnative fish species and parasitism may also be elevated due to stresses induced by degraded habitats.

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These primary constituent elements form complex interrelationships in the life history of the Lost River and shortnose suckers. These relationships are a prime consideration in the selection of proposed critical habitat areas.

Modoc Sucker Species Account The Modoc sucker historically occurred in small tributaries of the Upper Pit River in Lassen and Modoc Counties, California, but is now found only in portions of the Turner Creek and the Rush Creek drainage systems in Modoc County. A 1978 California Department of Fish and Game survey reported the species from eight creeks: Washington, Hulbert, Turner, Willow, Ash, Dutch Flat, Johnson, and Rush. Habitat degradation has removed natural barriers and allowed hybridization with the related Sacramento sucker (Catostomus occidentalis), which is threatening the genetic integrity of the Modoc sucker. On June 11, 1985, the Modoc sucker was listed as an endangered species and critical habitat was designated. Habitat Status Preferred habitat of the species consists of small streams characterized by large, shallow pools with cover, soft sediments, and clear water. Food of the Modoc sucker consists of benthic invertebrates, algae, and detritus. During spring spawning runs, the species ascends creeks or tributaries that may be dry during summer months. Spawning takes place over fine gravels in the lower end of pools or in riffles between mid-April and early June. Spawning has been observed from mid-morning to late afternoon, at temperatures of 13 to 16 degrees C, in water around 15 cm deep. Spawning behavior is similar to that of other suckers: Males enter the spawning grounds first and wait for females. When a ripe female enters, 2 to 3 males quickly assume positions on each side, and milt and eggs are released simultaneously. Fertilized eggs drop into interstices in the gravel. Females have a fairly high fecundity for their size, compared with other suckers: two females, measuring 162 and 165 SL, contained 6,395 and 12,590 eggs, respectively (Moyle 2002). Modoc Sucker Critical Habitat Primary constituent elements include intermittent and permanent-water creeks, and surrounding land areas that provide vegetation for cover and protection from erosion (Federal Register, vol. 50, no. 112, June 11, 1985).

Warner Sucker Species Account The Warner sucker is endemic to the streams and lakes of the Warner Basin in south-central Oregon. This species is particularly interesting in that it is part of a relict fauna isolated in remaining waters of a larger Pleistocene lake that previously covered much of the basin floor. Early residents of the area recalled when the suckers and other fishes were very abundant and would ascend the creeks in the spring for spawning. The Warner sucker is presently known to occur in portions of Crump and Hart Lake, the spillway canal north of Hart Lake, and portions of Snyder, Honey, Twentymile, and Twelvemile Creeks. The Warner sucker was listed as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on September 27, 1985. The Warner sucker is found outside of the watersheds of any of the proposed actions. There would be no direct, indirect, or cumulative effects on this species.

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Shasta Crayfish Species Account The range of the Shasta crayfish is very limited, occurring only within the mid-section of the Pit River drainage system of Shasta County. It is grouped into eight geographically isolated populations. One of these populations, the Fall River/Fall River Mill population, is considered to be extirpated (extinct). The total population in 1978 was estimated to be fewer than 6,000 individuals (Daniels 1980). Subsequent loss of habitat points to a 1988 population that probably numbered fewer than 3,000 individuals (USFWS 1988). They have a low abundance and their distribution is highly fragmented. Migration and genetic exchange between populations is limited by hydroelectric development, natural barriers, and loss of habitat (USFWS 1998). There is no habitat for Shasta Crayfish on the Modoc National Forest. This species only occurs about 25 miles west of the Modoc National Forest, primarily in the Fall River and Hat Creek sub-drainages of the Pit River in Shasta County. Shasta crayfish are found in cool, clear springs, lakes, and streams, frequently at or near a spring source, in areas with abundant volcanic rubble or boulders for escape cover from predators (Light and Clarke 1991). They prefer boulder/cobble substrate, but also use silty substrate as long as rocks are not embedded. They have been observed using aquatic vegetation for cover, but use of vegetation is uncommon. The species prefers areas of water movement as in locations with distinct flow from a spring source. They are found in all habitat types, such as pools, riffles, and runs, but prefer runs. Hydroelectric developments have resulted in habitat loss and fragmentation. The introduction of nonnative crayfish species, particularly the signal crayfish, introduction of nonnative game fish species, pathogens from introduced species, hatchery management, trout habitat restoration, and crayfishing have also contributed to a population decline. Sedimentation of lava substrate preferred by Shasta crayfish has been brought about through channelization, dredging, logging, forest fires, culverts and bridges, agriculture, grazing, and muskrat activity. This species was listed as a Federal endangered species in 1988. Critical habitat has not been designated. This species is distributed in the watershed, but far downstream (greater than 25 miles) and up tributaries of the Pit River. There would be no direct, indirect, or cumulative effects on this species.

Table 3-161. USDA Forest Service Region 5 Sensitive Aquatic Species that Occur on or Have Habitat Downstream from the Modoc National Forest

Common Name Scientific Name Taxon Category for Project Analysis * California floater Anodonta californiensis invertebrate 1 Topaz juga Juga acutifilosa invertebrate 1 Cascade frog Rana cascadae amphibian 1 Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens amphibian 1 Spotted frog Rana pretiosa amphibian 1 Northwestern pond turtle Clemmys marmorata marmorata reptile 3 Goose Lake sucker Catostomus occidentalis lacusanserinus fish 3 Goose Lake tui chub Gila bicolor thallassina fish 3 Goose Lake lamprey Lampetra tridentata ssp. fish 3 Goose Lake redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss pop 6 fish 3 Warner Valley redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss pop 4 fish 1

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* Category 1: Species whose habitat is not in or adjacent to the project area and would not be affected by the project Category 2: Species whose habitat is in or adjacent to project area, but would not be either directly or indirectly affected by the project Category 3: Species whose habitat would be either directly or indirectly affected by the project

Northwestern Pond Turtle Species Account Northwestern pond turtles have been sighted in several locations on the Forest, including Willow Creek on Big Valley RD, Lost River on Doublehead RD, and along the Pit River near Alturas. Pond turtles use a variety of habitats in areas with permanent or relatively permanent water that have a slower current. They require basking sites (e.g. partially submerged logs, rocks, open mud banks) and are omnivorous.

Goose Lake Sucker Species Account The Goose Lake sucker is a described subspecies of Sacramento sucker. The Goose Lake sucker was originally described in 1913 as a subspecies (Fowler 1913) and further studies indicated that the subspecies was distinct, but the differences minor. During their second year, Goose Lake suckers migrate in April or May, depending on water temperature, to spawn in streams that are tributary to the lake (Martin 1967). Adults have been found in the lake, some of the streams, and some of the reservoirs throughout the year. During summer, young suckers are very abundant in shallow water among aquatic macrophytes. Goose Lake suckers feed primarily on algae and diatoms (Martin 1967). The uppermost distribution of Goose Lake suckers are on the western boundary of the Forest in Willow Creek on the Warner Mountain RD.

Goose Lake Tui Chub Species Account In California tui chubs are native mostly to interior drainages, except the Central Valley, and absent from all coastal drainages, except where introduced. In the Sacramento-San Joaquin drainage tui chubs are native only to Pit River downstream at least as far as Hat Creek and Lake Britton and to Goose Lake, although they have been introduced into some reservoirs and ponds in various locations. The Goose Lake tui chub is considered by Snyder (1908) to be the native tui chub of the upper Pit River from Big Valley upstream to and including Goose Lake. Hubbs et. al. (1979) determined that the Pit River form and the Goose Lake form of tui chub were distinct and that the Goose Lake tui chub was a distinct subspecies with the thallassina name. Tui chubs in general are opportunistic omnivores and consume a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates (Moyle 1976). Tui chubs are abundant and widely distributed, and so are not in trouble as a species (Moyle 2002). Goose Lake tui chubs are not present on the Forest, but are found approximately two miles downstream of the Forest boundary in Lassen and Willow Creeks.

Goose Lake Lamprey Species Account The Goose Lake lamprey is an undescribed subspecies of the sea-run Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata). It is likely that they migrate up suitable tributary streams in winter or spring to spawn. They have to move up far enough, possibly 12 to 19 miles upstream of the lake to find gravel for spawning and to have enough suitable soft-bottomed habitat downstream of the spawning area for survival of the ammocoetes. The ammocoetes probably spend four to six years in streams before

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metamorphosing into adults and moving out into the lake. There is a need to develop an understanding of the taxonomy and life history of this form of landlocked population. Goose Lake lampreys are found approximately two miles downstream of the Forest boundary in Lassen and Willow Creeks. Lampreys are found in Lassen Creek, but are an undescribed lamprey (Entosphenus spp.)

Goose Lake Redband Trout Species Account The name redband trout is used to cover a confusing complex of distinctive trouts that occur in isolated headwater streams of the McCloud, Pit, Klamath, and Columbia River systems of California, Nevada, and Oregon. The Goose Lake redband trout is endemic to Goose Lake and its major tributaries (Lassen and Willow creeks in California and the extensive Thomas Creek system and Crane Creek in Oregon), as well as to smaller streams such as Cottonwood Creek in California and several small streams in Oregon. Berg (1987) reported that Joseph, Parker, and East creeks (tributaries of the upper Pit River in California) contained trout genetically similar to Goose Lake redband. This species has both lake and stream dwelling populations, which both rely on headwater streams for spawning. Riffles with clean gravels and suitable water temperatures are required. The long-term persistence of this fish depends largely on the health of populations in the headwater streams flowing into Goose Lake in Oregon and California, even though much of the conservation attention has focused on large fish in the lake itself. The extirpation of the lake population during a drought and its subsequent partial recovery indicate the probable importance of downstream colonization of the lake from headwater populations. Because of the high level of concern over extirpation of Goose Lake redbands (and other native fishes) from Goose Lake when it dried up, conservation efforts have been under way in the watershed, by both agencies and private landowners, to restore streams (i.e., by changing grazing practices) and to remove or alter migration barriers (Moyle 2002). Populations are currently stable. In addition, there are 13 Management Indicator Species (MIS) on the Modoc National Forest, including one MIS for riverine and lacustrine habitats, aquatic macroinvertebrates. The effects of this project on habitat for aquatic macroinvertebrates are described in detail in the Modoc National Forest Motorized Travel Management Project MIS Report (see the project record).

Environmental Consequences Alternative 1—No Action Alternative 2—Proposed Action Alternative 3 Alternative 4 Alternative 5 See the effects methodology section above regarding how this analysis was conducted.

Alternative 1—No Action Under this alternative, no new routes would be added to the road system. There would be no seasonal closure of system roads, and mixed use would be allowed only on existing level 2 roads. There would be no addition of unauthorized routes to the transportation system. The Boles road would not be closed, and the pumice mine roads would not be closed to OHV use. There would be no seasonal closures. Cross-country travel that includes the use of the existing unauthorized routes (491 miles) would not be prohibited.

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Direct and Indirect Effects Direct effects to TES species from roads and motor vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected, and are essentially not an issue. These segments were analyzed in the Soils and Water section of the FEIS: “The routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing stream network....” and “...do not have diversion potential to streams or lakes.” It was also reported that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. Indirect effects to aquatic and aquatic dependent species resulting from roads and motor vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and, to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). There are a total of 6.74 miles of unauthorized routes within riparian conservation areas (RCAs) for perennial streams and lakes, and 37.84 miles of unauthorized routes within RCAs for seasonally flowing streams and lakes. There are 88.71 miles of unauthorized routes within designated critical aquatic refuges (CARs), of which 0 miles are within perennial streams and lakes, and 0.66 miles of unauthorized routes within seasonally flowing streams and lakes. There are 4.01 miles of unauthorized routes within perennial streams and lakes of TES species habitat, and 2.12 miles of unauthorized routes within seasonally flowing streams and lakes of TES species habitat. There is unlimited potential for extensions of existing routes and creation of new routes, as well as the continuation of cross-country travel. Two-thirds of the routes are less than ¼ mile in length. Only five percent of the routes are over one mile in length. There are 10 crossings of perennial streams and lakes, and 221 crossing of seasonally flowing streams and lakes. Seven crossings are within perennial streams and lakes with TES species. Three crossings are within seasonally flowing streams and lakes with TES species. Use was measured in the vicinity of three of the seven perennial water crossings with habitat for TES species on July 11 and 25, 2008. In 24 hours of total observation (between 8:00 am and 3:00 pm), a total of 23 vehicles were observed. Of these, 19 were administrative use (permittee, road maintenance, Forest Service patrol) and 4 were for recreational use. This amounted to 0.17 vehicles per hour recreational use on the system roads that would be used to access the more remote unauthorized routes. This type of use is typical for much of the Forest in regards to the use of unauthorized routes. Actual use of unauthorized routes is probably lower when averaged throughout the Forest. The impact use on aquatic species from this is negligible. Indirect effects to aquatic and aquatic-dependent species resulting from roads and motor vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and, to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration. Although cross-country travel currently occurs throughout the Forest, the scope and impact from this travel would likely not result in a change of conditions for aquatic species. This use is very limited in scope and generally occurs outside of riparian habitats. Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Alternative 1 has seven stream crossings of a stream or lake with Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker habitat. Route ML223 is a crossing of an existing dam that was created as part of the Fourmile wetland. This is an elevated dike that is lined with rocks along both faces, and is vegetated by willows and sedges. This crossing was most recently used (fall 2008) for wetland improvement and stream passage improvement for shortnose suckers. This crossing does not come in contact with active stream flow during any potential use. Route BA209 is used by a grazing permittee to access a fence line used as part of a grazing allotment. Use of this route is very low and limited to the summer. Route ML 280 is used to access a dispersed camping site along Willow Creek. Routes ML268 and ML277 are used for shoreline access to Clear Lake for recreation and fishing. Use of these routes is very low and limited to the summer when the shoreline is dry. Any effects on water quality and

348 Chapter 3—Aquatic Organisms Modoc NF Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

quantity, physical habitat, or biological environment would be very low. Route PUB001 is a road used by hunters and range permittees. It was reported in the Soil and Water section of the FEIS that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met for Routes ML223, BA209, ML280, and PUB001. Routes ML268 and ML277 may generate runoff into Clear Lake which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Lost River and shortnose sucker. Runoff could include erosional silt or spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Mud from vehicles may be transported into the lake and result in micro-plumes of heavily silt-laden waters that could disturb juvenile fish that occur along shallow edge areas of the lake. Fish could be adversely affected from exposure to toxic chemicals resulting from spillage and runoff of engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. Direct effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. The likelihood that a fish would be within the area at the same time as a vehicle is very low or discountable, especially since the road use occurs when road are dry, outside of the season when suckers are present (March to early June). Indirect effects to the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due to decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion. Runoff could include erosional silt and spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Chemicals spilled onto travel routes could mobilize into nearby creeks during subsequent storm events could adversely affect fish. Examples of toxic materials include engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level of the roads. Indirect effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker resulting from roads and motorized vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). There are seven routes which are located within critical habitat. Direct effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. There is only one proposed route within occupied Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker habitat. The likelihood that a fish would be within the area at the same time as a vehicle is very low or discountable especially since the road use occurs when road are dry, outside of the season when suckers are present (March to early June). It was reported in the Soil and Water section of the FEIS that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met for routes ML223, ML280, and PUB001. Routes ML268 and ML277 may generate runoff into Clear Lake which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Lost River and shortnose sucker. Use of these routes is very low and limited to the summer when the shoreline is dry. Any effects on water quality and quantity, physical habitat, or biological environment would be very low. Indirect effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level. Modoc Sucker The Modoc sucker is found in the Upper Pit River and associated creeks including Washington, Hulbert, Turner, Willow, Ash, Dutch Flat, Johnson, and Rush creeks. Alternative 1 serves as an environmental baseline for all alternatives. There are 58 route segments within the Turner Creek CAR, ranging from 0.02 to 4.25 miles in length. Most of these unauthorized routes have been in existence for over 40 years. There are six routes that are within riparian conservation areas of Modoc sucker habitat.

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These segments were analyzed in the Soils and Water section of the FEIS: “The routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing stream network....” and “...do not have diversion potential to streams or lakes.” It was also reported that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. There are no unauthorized routes crossing stream channels within habitat of the Modoc sucker. Motor vehicle use was measured in the vicinity of the Turner Creek CAR on June 27, 2008, July 11, 2008, and July 13, 2008. In 12 hours of total observation (between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm), a total of six vehicles were observed. This amounted to 0.5 vehicles per hour recreational use on the system road that would be used to access the more remote unauthorized routes in the CAR. Vehicle use on roads can generate runoff which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Modoc sucker. Runoff could include erosional silt or spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Mud from vehicles working on off-road sections may be transported into the creek at road crossings and result in micro-plumes of heavily silt-laden waters that could smother egg masses or disturb juvenile fish that occur along shallow edge areas of the creek. Fish could be adversely affected from exposure to toxic chemicals resulting from spillage and runoff of engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. However, mortality is not expected because there are no roads crossing in occupied Modoc sucker habitat, and routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing streams. Indirect effects, which could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion, are anticipated to be negligible or low, based on a minimum distance of one mile to the nearest occupied Modoc sucker habitat. No critical habitat is within proposed additional route areas; thus, no direct or indirect effects would occur. Northwestern Pond Turtle The lack of a permanent prohibition on cross-country use would increase access to habitat from system and unauthorized routes. It would also continue the potential for unlimited use of motorized vehicles off-road. Northwestern pond turtles are rarely found outside of the water or adjacent riparian zone. Direct effects from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected and are essentially not an issue because recreational use of off-highway vehicles has been found to be extremely low in the riparian areas on the Forest. Furthermore, there are a limited number of cross-country motorized use stream crossings within suitable habitat. Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, leakage of petroleum products into the habitat, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the roads. None of the routes were identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report, Modoc Travel Management FEIS, Chapter 3). Goose Lake Sucker The lack of a permanent prohibition on cross-country use would increase access to habitat from system and unauthorized routes. There are no stream crossings of occupied habitat and no routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat. Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the roads and none of the routes was identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report).

350 Chapter 3—Aquatic Organisms Modoc NF Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Goose Lake Tui Chub, Goose Lake Lamprey The lack of a permanent prohibition on cross-country use would increase access to habitat from system and unauthorized routes. There are currently no stream crossings of occupied habitat and no routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat. Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the roads and none of the routes was identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report). Goose Lake Redband Trout The lack of a permanent prohibition on cross-country use would increase access to habitat from system and unauthorized routes. There are three stream crossings of occupied habitat. These crossings are at dispersed recreation sites and are used by recreationists on a limited scale. Direct effects from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected and are essentially not an issue. There are currently 31 unauthorized routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat (see Table 3-159) with a total length of 2.06 miles. While the routes are located within the RCAs for perennial streams and lakes, they are not hydrologically connected to the stream courses, nor are they contributing sediment to the water column (Soil and Water Report). There are currently 275 unauthorized routes within CARs with a total length of 67.49 miles. These routes are predominately old skid trails or existing temporary roads that have functional water bars, and are generally not actively eroding. These routes did not display either diversion potential or hydrologic connectivity to the stream courses. In addition, the routes near the higher elevations are generally located on very rocky ground with a high concentration of surface rock that is cobble sized (Soil and Water Report). Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the road crossings. None of the routes within 300 feet of the stream, or within CARs were identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report). An increase in illegal collection could occur with an increase in access by travel off designated areas, as Goose Lake redband trout are a game species. Current regulations prohibit the possession of redband trout. Cumulative Effects Present and Reasonably Foreseeable Actions The following actions were considered in cumulative effects analysis for each resource: fuel treatments and fire, range management, dam construction and maintenance, recreation, timber management and vegetation treatment, reforestation, road management, special uses, and noxious weed treatment. Below is a description of these actions. Reasonably foreseeable and present actions on National Forest System lands considered in cumulative effects analysis are shown in appendix E, which was developed by reviewing the July – September 2008 Schedule of Proposed Actions. Many actions have some potential for increasing road density either temporarily or permanently, including timber management (site preparation, planting, thinning, harvesting), prescribed fire, juniper removal and aspen enhancement, wetlands creation and maintenance, and recreational site development and maintenance. Based on species-specific natural history characteristics, the primary direct and indirect effects to aquatic species from motor vehicle use are related to increased sediment delivery to stream channels, and alteration of riparian vegetation.

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English (2004) estimates that the Modoc National Forest receives 22,755 recreational visits from people participating in OHV use, and 897 visits annually from people participating in OHV use as a primary reason for their visit. Ongoing and reasonably foreseeable activities within TES habitat include the use of system roads, recreation activities, timber harvest, and livestock grazing. These activities occur throughout the habitat of the TES, and have occurred in the past. These actions could cumulatively affect habitat by the contribution of sediment, petroleum products and removal or alteration of vegetation. Alternative 1 would have the highest risk of mortality of individuals due to direct and indirect effects, mostly related to the continuation of cross country travel, followed by Alternatives 2, 4, and 5 Forest-wide, the impacts from the proposed project, combined with the cumulative impacts from roads, recreation, timber harvest, and grazing are not expected to impact the population of the species.

Alternative 2 – the Proposed Action Under Alternative 2, there are 1,168 unauthorized routes that are proposed to be added to the transportation system. The average road length to be added would be less than a third of a mile. These routes add approximately 339 miles and constitute approximately 616 acres of roadway. This alternative has the most unauthorized routes being added to the transportation system. A total of 6.3 percent of the number of routes (approximately 5.9 percent of the total miles) proposed to be added to the transportation system would have some form of seasonal closure. The Boles road would be closed to all use, and the pumice mine road would be closed to OHV use. There would be 1.8 miles of unauthorized routes added to the transportation system within the RCAs for perennial streams and lakes. There would be 17.6 miles of unauthorized routes added within the RCAs for seasonally flowing streams and seasonally wet lakes. There would be 38.93 miles of unauthorized routes within CARs for perennial streams and lakes, and 0.5 miles of unauthorized routes added within CARs for seasonally flowing streams and lakes. There would be 1.16 miles of unauthorized routes within perennial streams and lakes of TES species habitat, and 0.62 miles of unauthorized routes within seasonally flowing streams and lakes of TES species habitat. There would be five crossings of perennial streams and lakes, and 114 crossing of seasonal flowing streams and lakes. Two crossings are within perennial streams and lakes with TES species. Two crossings are within seasonally flowing streams and lakes with TES species. Direct and Indirect Effects Direct effects to TES species from roads and motor vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected, and are essentially not an issue. These segments were analyzed in the Soils and Water section of the FEIS: “The routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing stream network....” and “...do not have diversion potential to streams or lakes.” It was also reported that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement, “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. Indirect effects to aquatic and aquatic dependent species resulting from roads and motor vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and, to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). Currently, cross country travel occurs that includes approximately 491 miles of unauthorized routes that may be used for OHV travel. This alternative proposes to add 339 miles of those routes; 20 miles, or 5.9 percent, would receive seasonal closure for resource protection. The most typical condition is the trail tread having a strip of grass on both sides with a strip in the middle. This is characteristic of use by ATVs or pickup trucks, rather than motorcycles. OHV use on the Forest is highest during hunting season. Seasonal closure would result in a slight reduction of in-channel sediment delivery during periods of closure, but the use of these roads is very limited. Use of unauthorized routes would most likely be around the 0.17 vehicles per hour recreational use estimated above. This type of use is typical for much of the Forest for the use of unauthorized routes.

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Actual use of unauthorized routes is probably lower when averaged throughout the Forest. The impact from this use on aquatic species is negligible. Big Valley Ranger District There are a total 39.1 miles of unauthorized routes that are proposed to be added to the transportation system across 494,307 acres, or 0.14 percent of the Big Valley Ranger District. None of these routes is hydrologically connected to perennial streams or lakes; therefore, there would be no increase in sedimentation or alteration of riparian vegetation. Doublehead and Devil’s Garden Ranger Districts Approximately 268.5 miles of the 339 miles are located on the Doublehead and Devil’s Garden Ranger Districts, or approximately 79 percent of the proposed routes on the Modoc National Forest. Of the 268.5 miles, only 0.08 miles, or 0.15 acres, are located within the RCAs for perennial streams or lakes. There are approximately 32 acres within seasonally flowing RCAs created by the proposed routes. None of these routes was identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or as being sediment sources; therefore, there would be no increase in sedimentation or alteration of riparian vegetation. Warner Mountain Ranger District There are a total 31.4 miles of unauthorized routes that are proposed to be added to the transportation system across 361,564 acres, or 0.02 percent of the WMRD. The routes that are proposed to be added are old skid trails and temporary roads that have been made hydrologically stable by the installation of water bars. There are 1.72 miles of unauthorized routes, or 3.1 acres within RCAs for perennial stream or lakes. The largest concentration is associated with Lassen Creek (0.5 miles, or less than one acre) and Northwest Shore Middle Alkali Lake (0.7 miles, or 1.3 acres). While the routes are located within the RCAs for perennial streams and lakes, they are not hydrologically connected to the stream courses, nor are they contributing sediment to the water column (see soil and water resources section). There is no habitat present for T&E aquatic species present within any unauthorized routes on the Warner Mountain Ranger District. Therefore, there would be no effect on any T&E species. We do not anticipate a high level of long-term, sustained OHV use as a result of adding unauthorized routes to the NFTS. This is because near the population centers (i.e., towns and cities near the Lassen, Klamath, and Fremont-Winema National Forests and adjacent BLM lands), there are already OHV use areas. Occasionally there is OHV use on the Forest, but it is generally in association with other activities, (e.g., camping, woodcutting, hunting or other Forest recreational use). The typical OHV use on the Forest is generally restricted to ATVs and other four-wheel-drive vehicles, with limited motorcycle use. These users tend to use system roads and skid trails or temporary roads. English (2004) estimates that the Modoc National Forest receives 22,755 recreational visits from people participating in OHV use, and 897 visits from people participating in OHV use as a primary reason for their visit annually. Therefore, there would be no significant increase in sedimentation or alteration of riparian vegetation due to the addition of the addition of the unauthorized routes to the NFTS. Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Alternative 2 has two stream crossings, ML233 and BA209, of a stream or lake with Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker habitat. The direct effects of these crossings are described in Alternative 1. Indirect effects to the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due to decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion. Runoff could include erosional silt and spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Chemicals spilled onto travel routes could mobilize into nearby creeks during subsequent storm events could adversely affect fish. Examples of toxic materials include

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engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level of the roads. Indirect effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker resulting from roads and motorized vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). There are two routes which are located within critical habitat. The direct effects of these crossings are described in Alternative 1. Indirect effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level and design of the road. Modoc Sucker There are 37 route segments within the Turner Creek CAR, ranging from 0.02-0.90 miles in length. Most of these unauthorized routes have been in existence for over 40 years. There is one route that is within the Riparian Conservation Area of Modoc sucker habitat. These segments were analyzed in the Soils and Water section of the FEIS: “The routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing stream network....” and “...do not have diversion potential to streams or lakes.” It was also reported that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. There are no unauthorized routes crossing stream channels within habitat of the Modoc sucker. Motor vehicle use was measured in the vicinity of the Turner Creek CAR on June 27, 2008, July 11, 2008, and July 13, 2008. In 12 hours of total observation (between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm), a total of six vehicles were observed. This amounted to 0.5 vehicles per hour recreational use on the system road that would be used to access the more remote unauthorized routes in the CAR. Vehicle use on roads can generate runoff which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Modoc sucker. Runoff could include erosional silt or spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Mud from vehicles working on off-road sections may be transported into the creek at road crossings and result in micro-plumes of heavily silt-laden waters that could smother egg masses or disturb juvenile fish that occur along shallow edge areas of the creek. Fish could be adversely affected from exposure to toxic chemicals resulting from spillage and runoff of engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. However, mortality is not expected because there are no roads crossing in occupied Modoc sucker habitat and routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing streams. Indirect effects, which could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion, are anticipated to be negligible or low, based on a minimum distance of one mile to the nearest occupied Modoc sucker habitat. No critical habitat for this species is affected by this alternative. Northwestern Pond Turtle This alternative would permanently prohibit cross-country travel. There are 24 routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat for a length of 1.8 miles. None of these routes is identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report, Modoc Travel Management FEIS, Chapter 3). There is one stream crossing over suitable habitat. This is a crossing of an existing dam that was created as part of the Fourmile wetland. It is an elevated dike that is lined with rocks along both faces and is vegetated by willows and sedges. This crossing does not come in contact with active stream flow during any potential use. Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, leakage of petroleum products into the habitat, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the roads. All effects would be less because motorized

354 Chapter 3—Aquatic Organisms Modoc NF Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

travel would only be allowed on authorized routes and these routes would be maintained to USFS standards. Goose Lake Sucker This alternative would permanently prohibit cross-country travel. There would be no routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat. There would be no stream crossings within suitable habitat. Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the proposed routes within the watershed. None of these routes was identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report). Goose Lake suckers are not considered a game species and are generally not collected for sport or any other purpose. Goose Lake Tui Chub, Goose Lake Lamprey This alternative would permanently prohibit cross-country travel. There would be no routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat. There would be no stream crossings within suitable habitat. Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the proposed routes within the watershed. None of these routes was identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report). Goose tui chubs and Goose Lake lampreys are not considered a game species, and are generally not collected for sport or any other purpose. Goose Lake Redband Trout This alternative would permanently prohibit cross-country travel. There would be 10 routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat with a total of 1.01 miles. While the routes are located within the RCAs for perennial streams and lakes, they are not hydrologically connected to the stream courses, nor are they contributing sediment to the water column (Soil and Water Report). There would be two stream crossings within suitable habitat. These crossings are at dispersed recreation sites, and are used by recreationists on a limited scale. Direct effects from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected and are essentially not an issue. There are 140 routes within CARs, with a total length of 29.42 miles. These routes are predominately old skid trails or existing temporary roads that have functional water bars, and are generally not actively eroding. These routes did not display either diversion potential or hydrologic connectivity to the stream courses. In addition, the routes near the higher elevations are generally located on very rocky ground with a high concentration of surface rock that is cobble sized (Soil and Water Report). Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the road crossings. None of the routes within 300 feet of the stream, or within CARs was identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report). Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the proposed routes within the watershed. An increase in illegal collection could occur as Goose Lake redband trout are a game species. Current regulations prohibit the possession of redband trout. Cumulative effects Present and Reasonably Foreseeable Actions The following actions were considered in cumulative effects analysis for each resource: fuel treatments and fire, range management, dam construction and maintenance, recreation, timber management and vegetation treatment, reforestation, road management, special uses, and noxious

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weed treatment. Below is a description of these actions. Reasonably foreseeable and present actions on National Forest system lands considered in cumulative effects analysis are shown in appendix E, which was developed by reviewing the July – September 2008 Schedule of Proposed Actions. Many actions have some potential for increasing road density either temporarily or permanently, including timber management (site preparation, planting, thinning, harvesting), prescribed fire, juniper removal and aspen enhancement, wetlands creation and maintenance, and recreational site development and maintenance. Based on species-specific natural history characteristics, the primary direct and indirect effects to aquatic species from motor vehicle use are related to increased sediment delivery to stream channels and alteration of riparian vegetation. Based on the information presented above and the Soil and Water Resources section of this document, at the Forest scale it does not appear that there would be discernable differences between this alternative and the other action alternatives in terms of their direct and indirect effects on aquatic and aquatic dependent species and their habitat. However, there would be a slight reduction in the number and length of streams at a high risk of adverse effects to aquatic habitat, when compared to Alternative 1. English (2004) estimates that the Modoc National Forest receives 22,755 recreational visits from people participating in OHV use, and 897 visits annually from people participating in OHV use as a primary reason for their visit. Ongoing and reasonably foreseeable activities within TES habitat include the use of system roads, recreation activities, timber harvest, and livestock grazing. These activities occur throughout the habitat of the TES and have occurred in the past. These actions could cumulatively affect habitat by the contribution of sediment, petroleum products and removal or alteration of vegetation. Forest-wide, the impacts from the proposed project combined with the cumulative impacts from roads, recreation, timber harvest, and grazing are not expected to impact the population the species Forest-wide, this use is not expected to be a significant impact due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use in the areas of concern.

Alternative 3 Under Alternative 3, no new unauthorized routes would be added to the road system. There would be no seasonal closure of system roads, and mixed use of approximately 3,764 miles of maintenance level 2 roads would continue. The Boles road would not be closed and the pumice mine roads would not be closed to OHV use. There would be no additional seasonal closures. Cross-country travel would be prohibited. There would be 0 miles of unauthorized routes added to the transportation system within the RCAs for perennial streams and lakes. There would be 0 miles of unauthorized routes added within the RCAs for seasonally flowing streams and seasonally wet lakes. There would be 0 miles of unauthorized routes within CARs for perennial streams and lakes, and 0 miles of unauthorized routes added within CARs for seasonally flowing streams and lakes. There are 0 miles of unauthorized routes within perennial streams and lakes of T&E species habitat, and 0 miles of unauthorized routes within seasonally flowing streams and lakes of T&E species habitat. Direct and Indirect Effects The impact from this alternative is expected to have the greatest reduction of risk of adverse aquatic habitat alteration, as unauthorized route use would be prohibited. Direct effects to aquatic macroinvertebrates include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected. It is not an issue because it would be eliminated within areas where use is prohibited.

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Although cross-country travel currently occurs throughout the Forest, the scope and impact from prohibition of this travel would not result in a change of conditions for aquatic species. This use is very limited in scope and generally occurs outside of riparian habitats. Indirect effects to aquatic and aquatic-dependent species resulting from roads and motor vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and, to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration. Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker This alternative prohibits cross-country travel and does not add any unauthorized routes to the NFTS. This alternative would provide the greatest amount of protection to the species Modoc Sucker This alternative prohibits cross-country travel and does not add any unauthorized routes to the NFTS. This alternative would provide the greatest amount of protection to the species Northwestern Pond Turtle This alternative prohibits cross-country travel and does not add any unauthorized routes to the NFTS. This alternative would provide the greatest amount of protection to the species Goose Lake Sucker This alternative prohibits cross-country travel and does not add any unauthorized routes to the NFTS. This alternative would provide the greatest amount of protection to the species Goose Lake Tui Chub, Goose Lake lamprey This alternative prohibits cross-country travel and does not add any unauthorized routes to the NFTS. This alternative would provide the greatest amount of protection to the species Goose Lake Redband Trout This alternative prohibits cross-country travel and does not add any unauthorized routes to the NFTS. This alternative would provide the greatest amount of protection to the species Cumulative Effects Present and Reasonably Foreseeable Actions The following actions were considered in cumulative effects analysis for each resource: fuel treatments and fire, range management, dam construction and maintenance, recreation, timber management and vegetation treatment, reforestation, road management, special uses, and noxious weed treatment. Below is a description of these actions. Reasonably foreseeable and present actions on National Forest System lands considered in cumulative effects analysis are shown in appendix E, which was developed by reviewing the July – September 2008 Schedule of Proposed Actions. Many actions have some potential for increasing road density either temporarily or permanently, including timber management (site preparation, planting, thinning, harvesting), prescribed fire, juniper removal and aspen enhancement, wetlands creation and maintenance, and recreational site development and maintenance. Based on species-specific natural history characteristics, the primary direct and indirect effects to aquatic species from motor vehicle use are related to increased sediment delivery to stream channels and alteration of riparian vegetation. English (2004) estimates that the Modoc National Forest receives 22,755 recreational visits from people participating in OHV use, and 897 visits annually from people participating in OHV use as a primary reason for their visit.

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Ongoing and reasonably foreseeable activities within TES habitat include the use of system roads, recreation activities, timber harvest, and livestock grazing. These activities occur throughout the habitat of the TES and have occurred in the past. These actions could cumulatively affect habitat by the contribution of sediment, petroleum products and removal or alteration of vegetation. Forest-wide, the impacts from the proposed project, combined with the cumulative impacts from roads, recreation, timber harvest, and grazing are not expected to impact the population the species. Alternative 3 would benefit TES the most by eliminating disturbance from vehicles within habitat, thereby reducing the cumulative impacts from roads, recreation, timber harvest, and grazing.

Alternative 4 Under Alternative 4, 1,025 unauthorized routes are proposed to be added to the transportation system. The average road length to be added would be less than a third of a mile. These routes would add approximately 286 miles and constitute approximately 521 acres of roadways across the Modoc National Forest. The Boles road would be closed to all vehicles, and the pumice mine road would be closed to OHV use. There are more seasonal closures on the transportation system under this action alternative than all of the other alternatives. This alternative has fewer miles and number of routes to be added to the National Forest Transportation System on the Modoc National Forest than does Alternative 2. Direct and Indirect Effects There are no routes proposed to be added to the transportation system that were not analyzed under Alternative 2. There would be 0.51 miles of unauthorized routes within perennial streams and lakes of TES species habitat and 0.23 miles of unauthorized routes within seasonally flowing streams and lakes of TES species habitat. There would be 17.28 miles of unauthorized routes within designated CARs. There are five crossings of perennial streams and lakes, and 100 crossings of seasonally flowing streams and lakes. Two crossings are within perennial streams and lakes with TES species. One crossing is within seasonally flowing streams and lakes with TES species. Reference Alternative 2 for direct and indirect effects. Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Alternative 4 has one stream crossing of a stream or lake with Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker habitat. This is a crossing of an existing dam that was created as part of the Fourmile wetland. This is an elevated dike that is lined with rocks along both faces and is vegetated by willows and sedges. This crossing was most recently used (Fall 2008) for wetland improvement and stream passage improvement for shortnose suckers. This crossing does not come in contact with active stream flow during any potential use. It was reported in the Soil and Water section of the FEIS that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. The route that crosses the dam is ML233 and is .28 miles in length. This is a connector route, which joins two existing system roads. Direct effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. Vehicle use on roads can generate runoff, which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Modoc sucker. Runoff could include erosional silt or spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Mud from vehicles working on off-road sections may be transported into the creek at road crossings and result in micro-plumes of heavily silt-laden waters that could smother egg masses or disturb juvenile fish that occur along shallow edge areas of the creek. Fish could be adversely affected from exposure to toxic chemicals resulting from spillage and runoff of engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. There is only one proposed route within occupied Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker habitat. The construction of the dam and the nature of its use make it unlikely that runoff would occur. In addition, the likelihood

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that a fish would be within the area at the same time as a vehicle is very low or discountable especially since the road consists of a raised dike. Indirect effects to the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due to decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion. Runoff could include erosional silt and spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Chemicals spilled onto travel routes could mobilize into nearby creeks during subsequent storm events could adversely affect fish. Examples of toxic materials include engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level of the roads. Indirect effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker resulting from roads and motorized vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). One route is located within critical habitat. Because of the nature of the route (which is built over a dam), it is unlikely that runoff would occur. In addition, the likelihood that a fish would be within the area at the same time as a vehicle is very low or discountable, especially since the road consists of a raised dike. Therefore, any effects on water quality and quantity, physical habitat, or biological environment would be very low or discountable. Indirect effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level and design of the road. Modoc Sucker There are 37 route segments within the Turner Creek CAR, ranging from 0.02 to 0.90 miles in length. Most of these unauthorized routes have been in existence for over 40 years. There is one route that is within the riparian conservation area of Modoc sucker habitat. These segments were analyzed in the Soils and Water section of the FEIS: “The routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing stream network....” and “...do not have diversion potential to streams or lakes.” It was also reported that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. There are no unauthorized routes crossing stream channels within habitat of the Modoc sucker. Vehicle use on roads can generate runoff which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Modoc sucker. Runoff could include erosional silt or spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Mud from vehicles working on off-road sections may be transported into the creek at road crossings and result in micro-plumes of heavily silt-laden waters that could smother egg masses or disturb juvenile fish that occur along shallow edge areas of the creek. Fish could be adversely affected from exposure to toxic chemicals resulting from spillage and runoff of engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. However, mortality is not expected because there are no roads crossing in occupied Modoc sucker habitat and routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing streams. Indirect effects to the Modoc sucker could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due to decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion. Runoff could include erosional silt and spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Chemicals spilled onto travel routes could mobilize into nearby creeks during subsequent storm events could adversely affect fish. Examples of toxic materials include engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. However, based on a minimum distance of one mile to the nearest occupied Modoc sucker habitat, the effects due to the above effects are anticipated to be negligible or low.

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Modoc NF Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Indirect effects to Modoc sucker resulting from roads and motorized vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). No critical habitat is within proposed additional route areas; thus, no direct or indirect effect would occur. Northwestern Pond Turtle See Alternative 2. Goose Lake Sucker See Alternative 2. Goose Lake Tui Chub, Goose Lake Lamprey See Alternative 2. Goose Lake Redband Trout There would be nine routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat with a total of 0.95 miles. While the routes are located within the RCAs for perennial streams and lakes, they are not hydrologically connected to the stream courses, nor are they contributing sediment to the water column (Soil and Water Report). There would be two stream crossings within suitable habitat. These crossings are at dispersed recreation sites and are used by recreationists on a limited scale. Direct effects from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected and are essentially not an issue. There are 92 routes within CAR’s with a total length of 16.79 miles. These routes are predominately old skid trails or existing temporary roads that have functional water bars, and are generally not actively eroding. These routes did not display either diversion potential or hydrologic connectivity to the stream courses. In addition, the routes near the higher elevations are generally located on very rocky ground with a high concentration of surface rock that is cobble sized (Soil and Water Report). Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the road crossings. None of the routes within 300 feet of the stream, or within CARs were identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report). Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the proposed routes within the watershed. An increase in illegal collection could occur as Goose Lake redband trout are a game species. Current regulations prohibit the possession of redband trout. Cumulative Effects Reference Alternative 2 for cumulative effects.

Alternative 5 Under Alternative 5, 1,168 unauthorized routes are proposed to be added to the transportation system, the same as Alternative 2. The average road length to be added would be less then a third of a mile long. These routes would add approximately 339 miles, and constitute approximately 617 acres of roadways. The Boles road would be closed to all vehicles and the pumice mine roads would be closed to OHV use. The seasonal closures to the transportation system under this action alternative are the same as Alternative 2, except that there are two versus four different closure dates. There are nearly four times as many miles of mixed use (Alternative 5-531 miles compared to Alternative 2-138 miles). There are five crossings of perennial streams and lakes, and 100 crossings of seasonally flowing streams and lakes. Two crossings are within perennial streams and lakes with TES species. One crossing is within seasonally flowing streams and lakes with TES species.

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Direct and Indirect Effects There are no routes proposed to be added to the transportation system that were not analyzed under Alternative 2. Reference Alternative 2 for direct and indirect effects. Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Implementation of Alternative 5, as amended, would be a net benefit to the species as cross country travel would not be allowed, including motorized use of existing unauthorized routes. . Alternative 5 has one crossing of a stream or lake with Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker habitat. This is a crossing of an existing dam that was created as part of the Fourmile wetland. This is an elevated dike that is lined with rocks along both faces and is vegetated by willows and sedges. This crossing was most recently used (Fall 2008) for wetland improvement and stream passage improvement for shortnose suckers. This crossing does not come in contact with active stream flow during any potential use. It was reported in the Soil and Water section of the FEIS that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. The route that crosses the dam is ML 233 and is .28 miles in length. This is a connector route that joins two existing system roads. Direct effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. Vehicle use on roads can generate runoff, which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Modoc sucker. Runoff could include erosional silt or spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Mud from vehicles working on off-road sections may be transported into the creek at road crossings and result in micro-plumes of heavily silt-laden waters that could smother egg masses or disturb juvenile fish that occur along shallow edge areas of the creek. Fish could be adversely affected from exposure to toxic chemicals resulting from spillage and runoff of engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. There is only one proposed route within occupied Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker habitat. The construction of the dam and the nature of its use make it unlikely that runoff would occur. In addition, the likelihood that a fish would be within the area at the same time as a vehicle is very low or discountable especially since the road consists of a raised dike. Indirect effects to the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due to decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion. Runoff could include erosional silt and spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Chemicals spilled onto travel routes could mobilize into nearby creeks during subsequent storm events could adversely affect fish. Examples of toxic materials include engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level of the roads. Indirect effects to Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker resulting from roads and motorized vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). There is one route which is located within critical habitat. Because of the nature of the route (which is built over a dam), it is unlikely that runoff would occur. In addition, the likelihood that a fish would be within the area at the same time as a vehicle is very low or discountable especially since the road consists of a raised dike. Therefore, any effects on water quality and quantity, physical habitat, or biological environment would be very low or discountable. Indirect effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the use level and design of the road.

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Modoc NF Travel Management Final Environmental Impact Statement

Modoc Sucker Alternative 5 adds 34 route segments within the Turner Creek CAR, ranging from 0.02-0.90 miles in length. Most of these unauthorized routes have been in existence for over 40 years. All of the segments are located outside of riparian conservation areas. All of the proposed segments are greater than one mile from active hydrological systems. These segments were analyzed in the Soils and Water section of the FEIS: “The routes are not hydrologically connected to perennial or seasonally flowing stream network....” and “...do not have diversion potential to streams or lakes.” It was also reported that the standard (from BMPEP T02 form) measurement “Sediment to channel: no evidence of transport to the streamside management zone (SMZ)” was met. Vehicle use on roads can generate runoff, which could result in mortality or sublethal effects to all life stages of the Modoc sucker. Runoff could include erosional silt or spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Mud from vehicles working on off-road sections may be transported into the creek at road crossings and result in micro-plumes of heavily silt- laden waters that could smother egg masses or disturb juvenile fish that occur along shallow edge areas of the creek. Fish could be adversely affected from exposure to toxic chemicals resulting from spillage and runoff of engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. However, mortality is not expected because there are no roads crossing in occupied Modoc sucker habitat and the nearest habitat is one mile away. Indirect effects to the Modoc sucker could include degradation of suitable breeding and spawning habitat due decreased water quality from sedimentation and erosion. Runoff could include erosional silt and spills of toxic chemicals that may be washed into aquatic habitats during rain events. Chemicals spilled onto travel routes could mobilize into nearby creeks during subsequent storm events could adversely affect fish. Examples of toxic materials include engine fuels (e.g., gasoline and diesel fuel), motor oil, hydraulic fluid, and various other oils, greases, and solvents. However, based on a minimum distance of 1 mile to the nearest occupied Modoc sucker habitat, the effects due to the above effects are anticipated to be negligible or low. Indirect effects to the Modoc sucker resulting from roads and motorized vehicle use would include habitat alteration due to elevated levels of in-channel sediment delivery and to a lesser degree, riparian habitat alteration and collection (fishing and hunting). No critical habitat is within proposed additional route areas; thus, no direct or indirect effects would occur. Northwestern Pond Turtle See Alternative 2. Goose Lake Sucker See Alternative 2. Goose Lake Tui Chub, Goose Lake Lamprey See Alternative 2. Goose Lake Redband Trout There would be nine routes within 300 feet of suitable habitat with a total of 0.97 miles. While the routes are located within the RCAs for perennial streams and lakes, they are not hydrologically connected to the stream courses, nor are they contributing sediment to the water column (Soil and Water Report). There would be two stream crossings within suitable habitat. These crossings are at dispersed recreation sites and are used by recreationists on a limited scale. Direct effects from roads and motorized vehicle use include individual mortality due to crushing. High levels of mortality due to crushing are not expected, and are essentially not an issue. There are 131 routes within CARs with

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a total length of 27.03 miles. These routes are predominately old skid trails or existing temporary roads that have functional water bars, and are generally not actively eroding. These routes did not display either diversion potential or hydrologic connectivity to the stream courses. In addition, the routes near the higher elevations are generally located on very rocky ground with a high concentration of surface rock that is cobble sized (Soil and Water Report). Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the road crossings. None of the routes within 300 feet of the stream, or within CARs was identified as being hydrologically connected to the stream network, or having diversion potential to streams or lakes (Soils and Water report). Indirect effects could include habitat degradation due to sediment delivery, habitat alteration, and collection. These effects are anticipated to be negligible or low due to the limited amount of motor vehicle use of the proposed routes within the watershed. An increase in illegal collection could occur, as Goose Lake redband trout are a game species. Current regulations prohibit the possession of redband trout. Cumulative Effects Reference Alternative 2 for cumulative effects.

Summary of Effects by Alternative Alternative 1 would have the most effects to aquatic species and habitat, primarily from in-channel sediment delivery and riparian habitat alteration from unauthorized road use. Alternative 1 has the greatest number of miles of unauthorized roads within RCAs, CARs, and TES habitat. It also has the greatest number of unauthorized road stream crossings within RCAs and TES habitat. Alternative 3 would have the least effect to aquatic species and habitat due to the prohibition of unauthorized route use. Alternatives 2, 4, and 5 are intermediate in effects to Alternatives 1 and 3, with Alternative 4 having a slightly less impacts in regards to miles of unauthorized roads within habitat of TES species. Alternative 2 has a slightly higher number (14) of unauthorized crossings of seasonally flowing streams within RCAs, and one more unauthorized stream crossing of a seasonally flowing stream of TES species habitat than Alternatives 4 and 5.

Summary of Determinations The analysis in the Biological Assessment of effects of the project determined that there would be “no effect” on the Warner sucker and Shasta crayfish. There was a “no effect” determination for the Modoc sucker, Lost River sucker, and shortnose sucker with the implementation of Alternative 3. There was a “may affect, but not likely to adversely affect” determination for the Modoc sucker, Lost River sucker, and shortnose sucker with the implementation of Alternatives 1, 2, 4, and 5. There was a determination of “no effect” from all alternatives on Modoc sucker critical habitat. There was a determination of “no effect” from Alternative 3 on proposed critical habitat of the Lost River and shortnose sucker. There was a determination of “may affect, but not likely to adversely affect” from Alternatives 1, 2, 4, and 5 for the Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker on proposed critical habitat. The Biological Evaluation found that there would be a “no impact” determination for the California floater, Topaz juga, Cascade frog, northern leopard frog, spotted frog , and Warner Valley redband trout. There would be a “may affect individuals, but is not likely to result in a trend toward Federal listing or loss of viability” determination for the northwestern pond turtle, Goose Lake sucker, Goose Lake tui chub, Goose Lake lamprey, and Goose Lake redband trout.

Compliance with the Modoc LRMP and Other Direction By prohibiting cross-country motor vehicle traffic, all four of the action alternatives would comply with the Modoc LRMP as amended. They also comply with the Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment and the Endangered Species Act.

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