Felipe Nóbrega Pereira Além Da Antártica: Os Limites Da

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Felipe Nóbrega Pereira Além Da Antártica: Os Limites Da FELIPE NÓBREGA PEREIRA ALÉM DA ANTÁRTICA: OS LIMITES DA VIDA AO FRIO E À DESSECAÇÃO NO ÂMBITO DA ASTROBIOLOGIA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós‐Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia USP/Instituto Butantan e IPT, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Biotecnologia. São Paulo 2015 FELIPE NÓBREGA PEREIRA ALÉM DA ANTÁRTICA: OS LIMITES DA VIDA AO FRIO E À DESSECAÇÃO NO ÂMBITO DA ASTROBIOLOGIA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós‐Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia USP/Instituto Butantan e IPT, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Biotecnologia. Área de concentração: Biotecnologia Orientadora: Dra. Vivian Helena Pellizari Versão original São Paulo 2015 A todas as pessoas que vão de fato ler esta tese. Sim, você. Obrigado por escutar o que tenho a dizer. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao povo brasileiro e ao povo paulista, sem cada um de vocês não existiriam essas palavras. À Universidade de São Paulo, minha alma matter, pelo conhecimento adquirido ao longo de 11 anos, por todas oportunidades recebidas aqui. À Profa. Dra. Vivian Helena Pellizari, orientadora deste trabalho de doutorado, por todas as portas que você me abriu ao longo desses anos, por todo conhecimento que me foi passado, pela amizade. Ao Prof. Dr. Rubens Duarte, pois entrei no laboratório em meus vinte e poucos anos e durante meu amadurecimento encontrei em você um exemplo a se seguir de cientista, professor, aluno e pai. Ao Dr. Douglas Galante e ao Prof. Dr. Fábio Rodrigues, que na alvorada do meu interesse pela astrobiologia, me ajudaram a compreender melhor esse ramo da ciência e a plantar a semente que hoje tem como fruto esse trabalho de pesquisa. Ao Prof. Dr. Artur Silva, da Universidade Federal do Pará, por me receber durante alguns meses em seu laboratório, pela contribuição na realização dos experimentos e sugestões pertinentes. Ao Prof. Lyle Whyte, do departamento de Ciências de Recursos Naturais, da McGill University, Canadá, pela oportunidade de realizar experimentos com amostras coletadas no Ártico durante o doutorado sanduíche, pela orientação e por partilhar comigo sua visão de ciência e ecologia microbiana. Aos mentores dos meus projetos de pesquisa anteriores a este, que me ensinaram o que o significa ser um cientista, Profa. Dra. Sirlei Daffre, do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo e Prof. Dr. Nicholas Kotov, do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Universidade de Michigan. Aos amigos do LECOM: Adriana (G6), Amanda (G6), Ana, André, Célio, Cristina, Daniella, Diego (G6), Fabiana, Francieli, Juliana, Luana, Luciano (G6), Marina, Natascha (G6), Priscila, Renato, Rosa, Rubens, Simone, Vitor e Vivian. Aos parceiros das expedições antárticas: Edson Vandeira, Lukas Büdenbender e Thiago Gumiere. Aos amigos canadenses: Guillaume, Haley, Isabelle, Jackie, Jesse, Luke, Raven e Rebecca. Obrigado pela ajuda em meu amadurecimento como profissional e ser humano e pelo privilégio de poder acompanhar a jornada peculiar de cada um. Aos meus amigos de toda uma vida, ao meu lado nos momentos de alegria e nas vicissitudes: Ana, Breno, Dani, Jovem Gui, Ju, Kim, Lennon, Lindo, Mafê, Noel, Paulo, Stela e Véros. À CAPES pela bolsa concedida durante o doutorado, ao Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras pela bolsa de doutorado sanduíche, ao MCTi, SECIRM, PROANTAR e à Marinha do Brasil pelo financiamento e apoio à pesquisa Antártica Brasileira. Aos meus pais, Carmen e Manoel, por terem investido e sacrificado tanto pela minha educação, e junto com meu irmão Rafael e o Luke (sim, nosso cãozinho) por me oferecem conforto e segurança que me permitiram pensar um pouquinho além. À fé que me moveu ao longo destes quase cinco anos. Fé de que as escolhas que tomamos agora é que erguem nosso futuro. Fé de que o destino é construído dia após dia. À fé de que toda pergunta tem sua resposta e toda resposta tem sua lógica. Meus sinceros agradecimentos “Sou atormentado por um desejo constante pelo que é remoto. Eu amo navegar mares proibidos, desembarcar em terras bárbaras” Herman Melville RESUMO NÓBREGA PEREIRA, F. Além da Antártica: os limites da vida ao frio e à dessecação no âmbito da astrobiologia. 2015 165 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biotecnologia) – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. Os limites conhecidos a vida na Terra têm se expandido ao longo dos anos, porém a vida como nós a conhecemos é estritamente dependente de água líquida. A descoberta de evidências de água em diversos corpos do sistema solar, em especial em Marte e nas luas geladas de Saturno e Júpiter, abre a possibilidade da existência de habitats fora de nosso planeta. Na Antártica e no Ártico, a vida microbiana é presente e diversificada, tendo se adaptado a condições similares às encontradas em mundos que despertam maior interesse à astrobiologia. Neste contexto, o presente estudo investigou as alterações fisiológicas do extremófilo psicrotrófico Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7 sob diferentes temperaturas, notando-se alterações significativas em diferentes áreas de seu metabolismo e fenótipo. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas de eletroforese de proteínas em duas dimensões associada a espectrometria de massa, juntamente com técnicas de microscopia. E. antarcticum foi também submetida a condições físicas encontradas em Marte e no ambiente interplanetário. Em um foco mais amplo e seguindo evidências de que micro- organismos psicrotróficos podem também ser resistentes a períodos prolongados de dessecação, foi investigada a presença de linhagens microbianas resistentes a baixas temperaturas e anidrobiose em solos da Antártica e permafrost do Ártico canadense. O estudo filogenético mostrou que a maioria dos isolados são bactérias gram-positivas do filo Firmicutes e bactérias gram-negativas do filo Proteobacteria, algumas cepas mostraram tolerância à dessecação comparável ao controle positivo utilizado, a bactéria Deinococcus radiodurans. Por fim, voltando-se à ecologia microbiana de solos polares permanentemente congelados, foi estudada a diversidade microbiana de permafrost, a partir da técnica de sequenciamento de alto rendimento. Os filos Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria e Acidobacteria respondem pela maioria das sequências identificadas. A estrutura da comunidade bacteriana também variou com a profundidade do solo, mas de forma distinta para cada grupo observado. Palavras-chave: Extremófilos. Microbiologia polar. Antártica. Ártico. Astrobiologia. ABSTRACT NÓBREGA PEREIRA, F. Beyond Antarctica: the limits of life to cold and desiccation in the context of astrobiology. 2015 165 f. Ph.D. thesis (Biotechnology) – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. The known limits of life on Earth has expanded over the years, being water in its liquid form the one need for its occurrence. The discovery of evidence of liquid water in various solar system bodies, especially Mars and the icy moons of Saturn and Jupiter, opens the possibility of habitats outside our planet. In Antarctica and the Arctic, microbial life is present and diverse, having adapted to low temperature and humidity conditions, similar to the worlds that arouse more interest to astrobiology. In this context, the physiological changes of the psychrotrophic extremophile Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7 were investigated at different temperatures (0 °C and 37 °C), significant changes were observed in different areas of its metabolism and phenotype. Two dimensional protein electrophoresis techniques was used for proteome analysis in conjunction with mass spectrometry for the study of bacterial proteome as well as various microscopy techniques for morphological characterization. E. antarcticum was also subjected to physical parameters found on Mars and in the interplanetary environment. In a broader focus and following evidence that psychrotrophic microorganisms may also be resistant to prolonged periods of desiccation, the presence of microbial strains resistant to cold temperatures and anhydrobiosis was investigated on samples of Antarctic soils and the Canadian Arctic permafrost. The taxonomic study of these bacteria showed that the majority of isolates are gram-positive bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes and gram-negative bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria, some strains showed a desiccation tolerance comparable to the positive control, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. At last, turning the attention to the microbial ecology of permanently frozen polar soils, it was studied the bacterial diversity of the Arctic permafrost, at different depths, with next-generation high throughput sequencing. Phyla Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria account for most of the identified sequences. The bacterial community structure also varies with depth, but differently for each group observed. Key words: Extremophiles. Polar microbiology. Antarctica. Arctic. Astrobiology. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Relações filogenéticas do gênero Exiguobacterium. ................................ 33 Figura 2 - Processos de fratura e subsequente formação de cunhas de gelo estratificadas por ciclos de congelamento e descongelamento repetidos ................................................................................................................ 43 Figura 3 - Comparação entre solos poligonais do ártico canadense e Marte. ........... 44 Figura 4 - Características de solos periglaciais em que há ocorrência de permafrost. ................................................................................................................ 46 Figura 5 - Mapa de referência
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