Prosiding Seminar Nasional & Expo II Hasil Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 2019
AN ANALYSIS ON AMERICAN’S INTERVENTION OF AFGHANISTAN WAR IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER
Tri Warda Ningsih1), Yulia Arfanti2), Diana Sopha3) Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al-Washliyah Medan [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
ABSTRAK Penelitian novel karya Khaled Hosseini berjudul The Kite Runner membahas intervensi Amerika dalam perang di Afghanistan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi sebab terjadinya serangan Amerika pada perang di Afganistan dan dampak intervensi Amerika terhadap perang di Afganistan berdasarkan novel “The Kite Runner” karya Khaled Hosseini. Dengan berbasis metode kualitatif dan didukung teori Marxism maka dua hasil temuan penelitian terhadap novel tersebut dapat diidentifikasi pertama adanya tiga sebab serangan Amerika terhadap Afganistan yaitu ekonomi, kebebasan dan wilayah. Dampak intervensi Amerika terhadap perang Afganistan berdasarkan novel yaitu timbulnya banyak korban dan terjadinya kemiskinan di Afganistan.
Keywords: The Kite Runner, Intervensi Amerika, Perang Afghanistan
ABSTRACT This research analyzes Khaled Hosseini’s “The Kite Runner”. The objectives of this research is to identify the causes of American’s attack in Afganistan war and the impacts of American’s intervention in Afganistan war based on Khaled Hosseini’s “The Kite Runner”. By using qualitative method and Marxism theory, two research results are found. First is there are three causes of American’s attack in Afganistan war. They are economy, freedom and state and individual region. Secondly, the research result finds the impacts of American’s intervention in Afganistan war based on the novel, there are so many victims and a great poverty in Afghanistan.
Keywords: The Kite Runner, American Intervention, Afghanistan War
1. PENDAHULUAN may be most effective because of the According to Roger (2004:114) potential to reach more people in the intervention itself is a various ways. There are several combination of elements or program points that indicate that the strategies designed to produce intervention made changes by: behavioral changes or improve health 1. Influencing knowledge of status among individuals or the entire attitudes, beliefs, and individual population. Interventions can include skills educational programs, new or 2. Increasing social support and stronger policies, environmental creating supportive environment, improvements. Interventions that policies and resources. include many strategies are usually In America, the Middle East the most effective in producing is described by excessive amounts of desired and lasting changes. negativity. The media convey it as Interventions can also be applied in violent and destructive, which different settings including always leads to war (Alamour). One communities, workplaces, schools, example of American intervention faith-based organizations or homes. occurred in Afghanistan. All Interventions implemented in various Afghans for Westerners are settings and using several strategies terrorists. America is a country that
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is so strong, dominant, and political hosseini, can be described as "a interdependence will disappear by political allegory of global ethics" itself (Jefferess). Americans feel that (Jefferess). they do not need to depend on other The novel itself, as well as its countries. But this proved wrong. protagonist, Amir, symbolizes the Many people consider the United need for integrated ties between States to be reckless in the eyes of particular countries relating to the other countries. Americans live with United States and Afghanistan. This things they don't need, while people modern classic aims to educate in other countries starve and die. Westerners about the history and Starting in 2001, the country has culture of Afghanistan. Hosseini been targeted by a group of Islamic himself stated that the novel was terrorists in the Middle East, such as really about "finally putting the Al-Qaeda and ISIS. Because of human face to the Afghan people" events like 9/11, Americans have Hosseini ". How did he do this? developed what has been before that Hosseini introduced aspects of the Middle East itself, including universality in a text that describes Afghanistan, is bad, or that Islam, the idea of guilt and penetration felt religion as a whole should not be by all people of all nations. provide welcomed. Something that many readers with familiarity, while westerners tend to forget is continuing on topics that may be extremism in every religion. Many completely foreign to reading. In this Muslims are very peaceful. Islamic case, the topic is Afghanistan and its religion, and Afghan culture have culture. Americans chose not to shortcomings, but it means to be a recognize Afghanistan, especially peaceful practice of one's beliefs. after the horrific incidents on Because of this idea, Americans September 11, 2001 for them, the choose more often than not putting country was mostly related to themselves outside the circle. They terrorism. This was a preconceived would rather not be told they could notion which is why Hosseini wrote harm them or America as a country. this book.(Robinson, 2016:71) They see it as' our vs them 'fighting' The novel revolves around a without consideration of both parties. boy who continued in Afghanistan, (Robinson, 2016:41) and was later forced to move in America has heard nothing America after the Soviet Union about the Taliban massacre in launched their coup in the country, Hazara, until the US begins to this story tries to unite two cultures intervene in the Middle East (Pashtun and Hazara), which are (Alamour). Westerners do not want parallel to the needs that come with to be educated or eliminated by their America and Afghanistan . The main ignorance about this topic. this really objective of Khaled Hosseini's brings the reason behind khaled classic modem is to destroy the Hosseini writing this book. there are western assumptions of Afghanistan many problems and perceptions that and introduce readers to a culture Americans clearly have about that is not always associated with Afghanistan and Islam, and Hosseini negativity. With that a lot of changes wants to express this in his novel, are made by interventions relating to The Kite Runner, written by khaled changes in attitudes, policies,
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environment or culture and also war are revealing so many victims socially related in this novel. and a great poverty in Afganistan.
2. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher conducts the Discussion research by using qualitative This research analyzes the causes descriptive method. According to of American Attack in Afghanistan Cresswell, “qualitative research is a war based on Khaled Hosseini’s The means for exploring and Kite Runner. The causes are: understanding the meaning a. Economy individuals or groups ascribe to a The causes of american’s attack social or human problem” first, Economic, in Afghanistan is a (Creswell,2009:20). Qualitative country rich in natural resources such research is concerned with as gas, gold, gems, silver and copper. qualitative phenomenon. i.e., Not only that, there are many other phenomenon relating to or involving natural resources owned by quality or kind (Kohtari, 1985:3). Afghanistan. With increasing natural This research collects varienty of resources, Afghanistan produces data related to social and cultural many benefits that make them issues from the novel in derailed divided into groups of greedy people description. (Taliban). As a result of their greed The method of collecting data about natural resources which in this research is library research. resulted in murder and smuggling. The researcher collects the data that Afghanistan is the land of many have a similar and relevant to the ethnic groups, which is why this topic of research. The data collected country has so many different are some referential books, journals cultures but they all call themselves articles that releted to the research Afghans. and the theory of research. The b. Freedom researcher uses reading technique in In this novel freedom is one order to understand the novel and of the causes of the American attack, takes the relevant dialogue and event where the government in to evolve the information of the Afghanistan does not control a part social situation in the novel. of the area that is currently a nest or where people inside it are out of control such as making the area a 3. RESULT AND place for drugs that like to riot DISCUSSION people around them. Result c. State and Individual Region This research finds two The third cause is State and results based on the analysis in individual region. The state is an Khaled Hosseini’s “The Kite absolute spirit whose power exceeds Runner”. The first is the causes of the rights of the individual. Which American attack in Afghanistan war. makes this country a tool of power The causes are economy, freedom this explained that, the Taliban were and state and individual region. The students of the Islamic knowledge second is the impacts of American movement who ruled Afghanistan intervention towards Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. They ruled
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during a long civil war in experienced an economic downturn Afghanistan. Even though they have until the bush period was replaced by captured 90% of the country's the Obama barracks in 2008. territory, their policies including their treatment of women and 4. CONCLUSIONS AND terrorist support have alienated them SUGGESTIONS from the world community.32 The Two conclusions are taken as Taliban have missions such as the conclusions of this research. The stoning adulterers, raping children, first point is about the cause of the whipping women for wearing high American attack on Afghanistan are heels, and slaughter Hazara. “Economic”, Namely the economic Besides the causes, this power possessed by Afghanistan research also analyzes the impacts of itself. Afghanistan's natural resources American intervention in make a group of Afghans’ Afghanistan war based on in Khaled greediness. The Taliban are a group Hosseini’s Novel “the Kite Runner.” of people known for their crimes and The impacts are : one of the organizations under US support. “Freedom” and “State and a. Victims individual region” related in The first is the number of latten American hatred of terrorists for a victims and losses from civil war long time has increased since the which are directly supported by the entry of terrorist organizations (al- United States.Starting from amir and Qaeda) which came to attack hassan it still lasted around seven to America to liberate Afghanistan from ten years, during which the Taliban Soviet forces. Which include power group had participated in the riots in and freedom to be the reason for Afghanistan at that time. One night cooperation between Amerika and they stood up and ran out of the Thaliban. The second point is about living room. At that time, Hassan's what the impact of American father. Visible white light and intervention in Afghanistan war are gunshots made them even more “poverty”, for the Afghan people to injured. increase. They could not enjoy the b. Poverty results of the natural resources second, the impact of owned by their own country because American intervention caused it was almost full of parts of poverty to decline in Afghanistan. Afghanistan that had been controlled There are many beggar debris that at that time. This is what makes the are everywhere due to American difference between the lower class interference. In the past Amir's father tribes decreases (Pashtun). In novels, always brought a handful of money hassan is part of the lower class, of to give to Afghan people. Many which Assef as the Taliban leader is conflicts that occur to cause adverse very concerned about his closeness effects on the people of Afghanistan, to amir. And not only that, Hassan especially the decline in the economy was also alienated from other friends of the community, with many people because of his poverty.“Victims”, in who are willing to become beggars in this war for example the victims of their own country for the sake of the cruelty of the Taliban who their survival. Even America itself damaged children in Afghanistan,
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especially for the Pashtuns. Not only that, corpses were scattered everywhere during the attacks carried out by America. With the many effects of American interference in the Afghan war.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA Cresswell,John W. Esearch Design.USA:Sage.2009. Hosseini, Khaled.The Kite Runner.NewYork.Penguin. 2005 Kohtari,C.R. Research Methodology.New Delhi. 2004.New Delhi:New Age International. Robinson Lucy. Rodriguez. Literature AP Periode 1. 2016. Rogers, P.A War on Terror: Afghanistan and After. Virginia: Pluto Press. 2004.
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