1955 . , CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 7413

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Commencement Address Hon. Edward The swift pace of modern scientific de­ We must emphasize that freedom of the by velopment has touched upon every aspect of Individual, as ordained by God, is. the firm Martin, of ~ennsylvania, .at the Eastern human activity. The old concepts of time foundation of our national strength. and space have been swept away. Research Americans are guided by the sacred prin­ ·Baptist College, St. Davids, Pa. into the secrets of nature has made possible ciples of their religious faith. In the Com-· the destruction of civilization should the munist philosophy there is no God; there­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS world become involved in total war. fore there is no morality, no truth, no honor. OF I bring these grim facts to your attention no justice. only to emphasize my firm belief that the In the United States we the people are the HON. EDWARD MARTIN future of mankind depends upon a clear Government. In Soviet Russia the people understanding of the eternal and un­ are ruled by the iron hand of tyranny. They OF PENNSYLVANIA changing truths that govern the destinies of have no choice, no voice, and no vote. They IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES men and nations. have no rights, no privileges, no freedom. Wednesday, June 1, 1955 Let us, therefore, consider some things Under our Republic, government is the about the American Government and the servant of the people. Under the distorted Mr. MARTIN of Pennsylvania. Mr. American way of life. concepts of godless communism, government President, I ask unanimous consent to The Founding Fathers erected a great land­ is the absolute master of the people-the have printed in the CONGRESSIONAL mark in human progress when they pro­ will of the dictator is all powerful. RECORD an address I delivered at last claimed that the right to "life, liberty, and Many reasons have been advanced to ex­ the pursuit of happiness" are divine endow­ plain why the United States has become such Saturday's commencement exercises at men ts, bestowed upan all mankind by the a great and powerful country. If we make the Eastern Baptist College at St. Davids, Creator of the universe. They built the an analysis, we find that we have no more Pa. foundation of our Republic on faith in God. intelligence. We have no greater natural There being no objection, the address· They placed their reliance upon the ideals resources. We have less territory than many was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, that have guided men of good will on the of the competing nations. as follows: path of honor and righteousness since the Then why is it that in 200 years we have dawn of Christianity. carved out of a wilderness a nation that is COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS OF HON. EDWARD Their plan embraced the fundamental the world leader in material, cultural, and MARTIN, OF PENNSYLVANIA, AT THE EASTERN proposition that governments derive their spiritual attainment? BAPTIST COLLEGE, ST. DAVIDS, PA., May 28, just powers from the consent of the governed. Why is it that with only about one-sixth 1955 They knew, however, from their profound of the world's population and territory, we I deeply appreciate the high honor of be­ study of history, that great democracies o:( produce one-third of the world's goods? ing invited to address you this morning. the past had failed because the moral fiber To my mind, it can all be summed up in Never in the history of our country has the of the people had become undermined by the fact that we have freedom of the in­ place of our colleges been as important as greed and corruption-because the people dividual-that here the dignity of man is it is today. demanded their rights but failed to ap­ recognized because he was created in the We cannot praise too highly the tremen­ preciate their obligations. image of God. dous contribution of the small colleges of They knew that tyranny and dictatorship Recognizing those ideals, we have lived America toward the maintenance of the had always overwhelmed free people who under a system of government which has Ame.rican W'iJ.Y of life. If we are to continue ignored the sound principle that government left personal ability and productive capacity as a land of liberty and opportunity the has nothing to give except that which it first unshackled. It gives to each man the re­ small colleges must be preserved and pro­ takes from the people. wards of his ingenuity and hard work. tected. There is another side. A great thinker They feared that the people through their once was asked why North America has ad­ They must be supported on a financial own votes would rob the Public Treasuries­ basis adequate to sustain their historic part tha t they would fail to recognize that no gov­ vanced so much more in material progress in developing leadership for our country. than South America. South America, as ernment can give security-that anything you know, has some of the richest natural They must be kept free from dependence given by government is counterbalanced by upon government. They must be kept free some loss of freedom. resources ever uncovered in the world. They from bureaucratic regimentation and con­ have hard-working people. The answer was trol. They must have freedom in their cul­ Therefore, in framing the Constitution, the that those who came to South America were tural, spiritual, and academic policies. Founding Fathers sought to protect the in search of gold, while those who settled The small colleges of · America are the rights and personal liberty of every individ­ North America were searching for God. guardians of the religious tradition in educa­ ual from oppression by government and by We are so fortunate that our country was tion. They have produced leaders in busi­ their own acts. They established a consti­ built on the everlasting premise that God ness and industry, science, education, mili­ tutional Republic under which the people is sovereign and that the law comes from tary affairs, government, and the church. govern through their duly elected represent­ God. No dictator will rise among us so long as atives. They adopted a Bill of Rights, In all the history of our country, great our small colleges teach young men and placing definite limitations on the power of men-dedicated men of the cloth-have young women to le:id clean, decent, God­ the chosen representatives of the people. preached the word of God and the way of fearing lives and to appreciate the real These fundamentals of the American sys­ Christ. meaning of patriotic Americanism. tem of government are well known to you. There have always been great preachers We live in a time of desperate challenge. I mention them only because I believe that to stand in the pulpits and guide the spir­ Great problems confront us. the principles and precepts of the Founding itual lives of our people. Your generation will be called upon to Fathers should be told over and over again There have always been church leaders assume responsibilities of vast magnitude. until every citizen, young and old, under­ and educators of great moral courage to fight You will be called upon to assume the bur­ stands and appreciates what America means against evil conditions that bring corrup­ den of a world torn by two conflicting and the reasons for its greatness. tion into private lives and public affairs. ideologies. As graduates of a fine, Christian college Those men knew that the moral standards One preaches the Word of God, sustained you are qualified by background, education, of government cannot rise above the spir­ and strengthened by faith in the divine and experience to take leadership in the big itual strength of the individual citizen. teachings of the Holy Bible. job of teaching Americans the reasons we They did not hesitate to take an active The other plots in darkness to enslave have become such a powerful Nation. part in public affairs and to fight for clean, mankind under a cruel tyranny that denies We must teach the glories of the American decent, honest government in order to pro­ God ·and would tear down all that we hold way of life and what it has accomplished. tect the liberties of the people. sacred. We must arouse among our people a deeper They taught that obedience to the laws of One believes in freedom under God as the recognition of personal responsibllity for God and man is the foundation of good source of all human progress. 'fhat philoso­ good government. We must teach our people citizenship. phy, to which we adhere, upholds the dignity No matter what career you may choose as and sanctity of the individual. The other to be self-reliant, tolerant, and unselfish. your life work, I suggest that you study the would destroy all freedom and all religion Our people should be taught 1n the school­ lives and achievements of the great teachers except worship of the state. In the Com­ room, from the lecture platform, the pulpit, and preachers who dared to fight for the munist philosophy the individual exists only the legislative halls, and the courts the dif• principles of government in which they be­ to serve the. purposes of the government. ference between our republican form of gov­ lieved. Their example of mllitant Chris­ Within the lifetime of all of us here today ernment and the -Communist system of so.: tianity can guide us today in meeting our revolutionary changes have taken place. viet Russia. duties and responsibilities as Americans. 1414 · CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 I ask you to remember that religious duty My subject was the program of the essary for the most modern American de­ and civic duty ·are interwoven. 84th Congress for its 1st session. fense and offense should and will be paid; Without the sustaining power o! religion I ask unanimous consent that the text Why? Because, it is a matter of our own the United States could never have become survival. the greatest and most powerful Nation of of this talk be printed in the CoNGREs­ STANDBY CONTROL POWERS all time. SIONAL RECORD. That is why we've got to get civil-defense Without religion the blessings of freedom There being no objection,· the address "on the road." which we now take for granted could never was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, It· is why we've got to pass standby con­ have been ours. as follows: trol powers for any emergency which may Through religion unity of purpose was CONGRESS' PROGJ;tAM FOR 1955 arise. I don't believe in leaving plans un­ achieved; the will to help one another was (Address by Hon. ALEXANDER WILEY, of Wis­ made until the last minute-when it may strengthened. prove too late. Without religion there can be no lasting consin, over station WON, Chicago, May peace. 28, 1955) JUVENILE DELINQUENCY We must· develop a stronger and more wlll­ I would like ,to talk to you tonight about Now, secondly, on problems right here at lng spirit of public service, civic-minded­ the. work of your United States Congress in home, I want to turn to the problem of ness and moral leadership. We all should Washington. young people and old people. take part in government. ,. I anr going to set forth the things which · This session of Congress, in my judgment, You all know about the three R's in early I · think your Senators and· Representatives should not close without -passing juvenile education-reading 'riting, and 'rithmetic. should b'e doing in the· months remaining delinquency control legislation. I person­ There have now been added three more in this first session of the 84th Congress. ally have sponsored such bills. I think that R's-reality, responsib111ty, and reverence. I am.going to-spell out a detailed legisla­ it is essential that a compr_ehensive program Things in the world are real. Let each of tive program. be set up so as to end the situation which us prepare to do something to make a better I will tell .you the .bills that I am per­ has arisen with an appalling number of world. Let us acce·pt our full share of re­ sonally for; how I intend to vote on them. youngsters getting into trouble. ~ponsib111ty in our communities, the State, I will mention · such important subjects As a matter of fact, a million of our chil­ the Nation, in civic affairs, and in the church. as- . dren are getting into trouble with the law We must appreciate decency, courtesy, and The problem of the city person and the every year. A third of a million end up in reverence. farmer; · the Nation's courts. lf we are to retain our individual free­ Proble:!lls of national defense; the mat­ That doesn't mean, of course, that the dom, air Americans must be alert. We must ter of small business; youngsters of America aren't fundamentally realize that it is our Government. · The problems of our young people and of so-µnd and wholesome. On the contrary, 95 What endangers our Government? our old people; the health of America, and p·ercent of our· youngsters never get ·into It is bigness. Twenty-five years ago we had many other issues. trouble at all. B'ut the 5 percent that do get into trouble, merit our careful attention. 600,000 employees in the Federal Govern­ I'M FOR IKE'S PROGRAM ment. Today, even after a reduction of So, we need strong coordinated action; ·by 200,000, we have 2,300,000 on the Federal Basically, I am for the legislative program home, church and school, by Federal, State, payroll. The cost of the Federal Govern­ of Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is a, forward­ and local governments to help protect our ment 25 years ago was $3 billion a year. It looking, dynamic program. young people. As a member of the Senate ls now $67 billion. The national debt 25 It conforms to the best principles of the Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, I years ago was $25 billions. It is now $280 Republican Party-but it is big enough, pledge my continued· efforts toward those billion. · broad enough-to win the enthusiastic sup­ ends. In 15 years private and public debt in the port of millions of independent voters as well. OLD-AGE SECURITY United States has multiplied by three. What America wants is an All-American Now, I want· to turn to the other end· of These are things which should have your program, not just a Republican program. the age scale. I want to turn to the prob­ attention because the solvency and stability And that is what Dwight D. Eisenhower of­ lems of our old folks. of our Government has a. direct relationship fers. Ten percent of our population is aged 65 to freedom of religion and the progress of America doesn't believe in extremism of years or older. Too many of our old people education. the right of extremism of the left. find themselves on the scrap heap, so to But regardless of American shortcomings, It doesn't believe in stand-pat reaction or speak. They can't find jobs because of we are the hope of the world. In our prayers in wild-eyed radicalism. prejudice against old age. They have prob­ let us thank God that we are Americans. America wants stability; it wants con­ lems of inadequate recre·ation, of health; In closing let me recall the words of Wood­ tinuity; but it wants a modern program for they have problems of housing. row Wilson who said, ~nd I quote: the future, it doesn't ·want narrow-minded That is why I am a cosponsor of legislation "Freedom .and free institutions cannot partisanship. to set up a new commission on the problems long be maintain~d by any people who do In domestic affairs,. America wants Eisen­ of the aged. · · not understand the nature of their govern­ hower moderation. In international affairs, I think old people are a great human re­ ment." it wants Eisenhower leadership in the world­ source which we can ill afford to squander. For a better understanding of the nature wide alliance against communism. I think that. men's and women's older of the American Government, let us teach Now let's get down to cases on what Con­ years can be their best . years. I recall the that the three great supports in the tripod gress' program should include. words of the poet: "Grow old with me; the upholding the American way of life are: INVINCIBLE DEFENSE best is yet to be." 1. Faith in God, in ourselves and in our Now, first and foremost, is the matter of I think that there is no real limitation fellow men. adequate defense. The No. 1. challenge to on man. Chronological age does not matter 2. Faith in our constitutional form of the Congress is the survival-I repeat-the one bit compared to men's thinking and their Government. survival-of America in the face of the spirit. As we are young at heart, we are 3. Faith in our plan of economy. worldwide Communist peril. young in mind and body, and I am for a You can serve our country by teaching That is why Congress should closely eval­ square break for old folks. Americans what our Government really is uate and strengthen the present and future That is why I've introduced bills to liberal­ and what American freedom means to us adequacy of our Army, Navy, and Air Force. ize social security. It is why I've offered and to the world. In this dangerous atomic age, we cannot be the Wiley bill to extend old-age pensions to "second best." attorneys at law. The Soviet Union is making alarming It is why I'm in favor of giving higher progress in her atomic development, in her incentive to older folks to continue to work Program of Congress long-range bombers. in their later years, without losing their And, so, I am personally in favor of accel­ modest pensions. erating our most crucial military programs. EXTENSION OF REMARKS RAISE MINIMUM WAGE I think that we must still further strengthen OF our United States strategic aviation, heavy, Now, let me turn to the problems of the and medium jet bombers. laboring man. HON. ALEXANDER WILEY I think that we should speed up our effort I think that the minimum wage ought to OF WISCONSIN for the development of intercontinental mis­ be increased. Right now it is only 75 cents IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES _siles, both guided missiles and so-called bal­ an hour. listic missiles. There is an unfortunate tendency for Wednesday, June 1, 1955 I think that we should speed up our pro­ -industries to shift from the North to the Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, last Sat• gram for atomic development-for nuclear­ South merely to get the benefit of cheaper urday night, May 28, it was my privilege powered ships, above the sea and below the wage rates in Dixie. sea.. Now, I am for fair competition between to deliver an address broadcast from I think we should speed up our research sections and States. But I have seen indus­ station WON, Chicago, as a part of a. into atomic powered airplanes. · tries pack up and leave my own State of regular series of reports to people of the I don't believe in wasting a dime, but I do Wisconsin and leave other Midwestern States, Midwest. · believe that every single cent which is nee- and I certainly don't want to see more of 19:55·· €ONGRESS10NAL RECORD - HOUSE .7415 them leave ·our Northern- States because of c):lannels . . ·This is the legislation for $100 It would be a pleasure .to get.your reaction unfair southern wage differentials. million to, in effect, complete the Great to it; just write me what you think Congress , ·I· think workers in the South are entitled Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway. should do prior to its scheduled adjourn- to decent wages. "The laborer is worthy of By enacting this bill, by deepening the ment. · his hire." connecting channels, above Lake Erle, we This is ALEX WILEY signing off from Wash­ And I think workers in Wisconsin, as well will have a 2,400 mile long artery into the ington, D. C. as in Illinois or in other States, .are entitled heartland of the North American Continent. to a decent minlmum wage. You can't r.alse We will h'ave a fourth great coast on the a family these days on $30 or so a week for oceans. The Great Lakes-the heartland of a 40-hour week, · and so I definitely believe America-will have 27-foot deep water access Independence Day that the minimum wage should be increased. to the ports of the world. · That is why the deepening of the con­ PROTECTING CONSUMERS necting channels-as proposed in the Wiley EXTENSION OF REMARKS I've referred thus far to · the problems of blll-must be authorized, · OF defense, of old people and young people and Moreover, once the proposed Cal-Sag Canal workers. is completed, as I believe it should be, we are HON. RALPH W. GWINN Now, what about the consumer? I am in going to see an artery right down through ,the OF NEW YORK favor of definite protection of the cons.umer. mldpart of North America, so that shipping . IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES That ls why I will continue to fight against t:an move from the Great .Lakes to the, Mis­ the effort which would destroy controls over sissippi down on j;he gulf coast. This, too, Wednesday, June 1, 1955 natural gas. If these controls were de­ will strengthen America internally. I · am Mr. GWINN. Mr. Speaker, Spiritual stroyed, natural-gas rates__.:.which are already definitely in favor, therefore, of completing Mobilization, 1521 Wilshire Boulevard, high-would skyrocket. That must not-hap­ the Calu~et-Sag Waterway. pen. It will not happen, if consumers get Los Angeles 17, Calif., is, for the fifth busy and write to the Congress, urging fair MISCELLANEOUS BILLS consecutive year, urging an observance protection and fair controis on gas rates. Now, friends, in the few mi~utes remain·­ of Independence Day which calls atten­ ing to me, I'll like to mention a few of the tion to the spiritual foundations of the JUSTICE FOR THE FARMER other subjects which I believe your Congress Now, what about the farmer? "fhere are should advance. · Government of the United States of several key points I want to mention as re- . Let me just refer to them briefly: .. America and to the inherent relation­ gards the farm program. . . , 1. Roads-The Congress should, .I believe, ships between religious faith and free­ . First of all, I believe that farm parity enact the President's broad-visioned program dom. should be increased. I think that the for highway improvement. · We can't con­ The Government of the United States farmer's .income has been nosediving, and tinue with horse and buggy roads which. are of America was the first in history es­ that the time ha.If come-in the national in­ already choked with traffic. · tablished on the recognition of the fact terest-to halt that nosed,ive. , 2. Second, anticommunism:· We should that man is free only as he seeks freedom . I think that the dairyman has been having strengthen our internal-security laws. by, a particularly serious problem making ends closing certain loopholes whi~h now exist and according to divine laws. The signers of meet. And I see no reason why the dairy­ by putting more teeth into anti-Red statutes. the Declaration of Independence ac­ man should not get the same amount of That means, for example, passing the Wiley knowledged that the freedom .they pro­ parity return as do the producers of the so- blll to increase the penalties against sedi­ claimed was a gift from their Creator. called six basic crops. , tious conspiracy. The Declaration of . Independence is a After all, there is nothing_ more basic nor 3. Third, crime: There are several key anti­ proclamation of conviction in the su­ more essential than milk: nature's first food, crime bills which we of the Kefauver crime preme worth of each man as a child of nature's best food: · committee had· recommended but which God. It heralded the birth of a Nation And I think that it ls a sham·e that some Congress . has not enacted. These bills­ of our dairy farmers have had to sell out, against gambling, tax evasion by gangsters, in which each man might claim his birth­ have· had to auction off their livestock and interstate bookmaking, and the like should right of· freedom under God. It pro­ close their farms. . ·definitely be enacted without further delay, claimed that there is no freedom but The dairyman is entitled to a just price, 4. Taxes: There should be further liberal­ freedom under God. Thereafter people as are other United States farmers. · izing of the tax laws. That's one reason why would have the right to be what they · Toward that end, I have introduced a blll I've offered a blll to permit parents to deduct ought to be and to possess what they to establlsn in Madison, Wis., the capital of the heavy cost of educating their youngsters ought to possess. my State, a dairy research laboratory. I _in college. And, too, there should be more "The freedom under God observance think that such a laboratory could prove a tax deductions, for working mothers. of Independence Day" was originated, tremendous boon for the dair'ymen of our 5. Now~ fifth, reservists: Congress should country, and for every American as well. definitely provide' a fairer break for our re­ under Spiritual Mobilization's sponsor­ It could help improve America's health; it i;;ervlsts who have been treated very arbi­ ship in 1951, through a 175th anniversary could help improve the stability of our dairy trarily in the past by the Pentagon. committee. The Honorable Herbert industry. And that is why I have intro­ Many World War II veterans were called Hoover and Gen. Douglas MacArthur duced the b111 for a dairy research laboratory, back into the colors for the Korean conflict were among the committee's 89 distin­ in hope my listeners will give it their even though other men, without any prior guished members. Focusing attention support. service were not called at all. Reservists are the backbone of our defense and must on the religious significance of America's SMALL BUSINESS ADMIN!STRATION be treated fairly. heritage, this annual nationwide effort Now, what about the problem of the small­ 6. Education: Congress should make avail­ enlists the support of clergymen, public business man? able oil revenues from the rich outer Conti­ officials, businessmen, clubs and organ­ On June 30, the Small Business Adminis­ nental Shelf for purposes of bolstering United izations, publishers, and broadcasters. tra tlon will die unless it is renewed. States national defense and for purposes of Governors and mayors throughout the I am very definitely in favor of renewal of school aid. country each year, issue official procla­ this agency's authority to exist. If any­ 7. Health: Pending bills to provide a Fed­ mations for a "Freedom under God ob­ thing, we need more small businesses in eral program for expansion of United States servance of Independence Day." America, rather than fewer. medical schools, training and research cen­ Individuals are urged to take part in As you and I know, there is a tende~cy ters, should definitely be enacted in the in­ toward mergers in our country today. There terest of better health for all. the "Freedom under God observance of is a tendency for more and more relatively Meanwhile, Congress should continue its Independence Day"- large corporations to swallow up smaller ones. various investigations: By commemorating the birth of our. In addition, right now, tax rates tend to Its probing of subversive forces. country with personal dedication to the .discriminate against the small businessman. Its investigations of monopoly. spiritual concepts set forth by our He can't raise sufficient capital. And if he Its investigations of the causes of juvenile Foundi'ng Fathers; earns a profit, he can't keep it, because Uncle delinquency. By reading and pondering the Decla .. Sam grabs it up. Its investigations of Canadian stock swin­ ration of Independence in an effort I think that the Federal Small Business dlers, a probe of frauds and racketeers, con­ ducted in the interest of the investing public, to understand and value its profound Administration can do and has done a vital meanings; job, to protect smaller enterprises, and that Which I personally have been spearheading. ls .why I am very definitely in favor of con­ And other probes against graft and cor­ By recognizing that God is the source tinuing it. ruption should likewise continue, of freedom and that "men are endowed SEAWAY CHANNELS CONCLUSION by their Creator with certain unalienable Now, what about the problem of internal Well, friends, I want you to know that I've rights"; ,improvements in our country? enjoyed submitting this legislative program By fortifying freedom with faith in . One of. the most impor.tant such problems to you. God, faith in one's self, faith in other is the matter of the Great Lakes connecting I hope. that you've found it helpful. men; 7416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 By writing editors, columnists, com­ they doolared their national independ­ si0ns in San Francisco would certainly mentators and public officials their opin­ ence on May 28, 1918. lend emphasis to the fact that we as a ions on happenings which infringe on It is that day which is being celebrated nation and the other member countries individual liberty; today in all Armenian communities of the U. N. who honestly subscribe to By personally taking the responsibil­ where there is freedom to celebrate na­ its principles have not allowed the frus­ ity for meeting a community need or for tional holidays. Armenian independ-. trations we have experienced to make helping another stand on his own feet; ence was supported by the United States us for get the goal we had in mind when By applying religious principles to and we gave our moral and financial President Roosevelt conceived and Presi­ every problem they face. assistance to the struggling government dent Truman put into execution the Spiritual mobilization assists indi­ of that counry. We tried to help it in plans for the establishment of the viduals and groups in contributing to the every way possible. At one time we were United Nations. "Freedom under God observance of In­ even asked to be a mandatory over Mr. Speaker, I intend to urge Secre­ dependence Day" by making available on Armenia but, not being as fully conscious tary of State Dulles and Ambassador request a variety of material-and litera­ of our world leadership as we are today, Lodge to place the United States squarely ture designed to inject the "Freedom un­ we declined it. Besides, the course of behind this proposal. I can think of no der God" theme into the observance of international events proved fatal to. better way to impress upon the world Independence Day. It would be diffi­ Armenian independence. Late in 1920 our wholehearted sincerity in clinging to cult to conceive of a more fitting and, in the new Republic of Armenia became an the hop~ for a permanent peace among these critical times, a more significant easy victim of aggressive Turkish na­ nations ·without recourse to the sword or day than July 4 on which each of us may tionalism and expanding Russian com­ nuclear weapons. I submit Dr. Franco's once again rededicate ourselves to the munism. letter to the New· York Times for print­ purposes for which our forefathers Since then Armenian independence ing with these remarks so that the Con­ pledged their lives, their fortunes, and has vanished~ but the Armenian people· gress and the people of the United States their sacred honor. and their sympathetic friends continue may lend their voices in support of his We hope that everyone will act within to celebrate that independence day in the well-conceived plan: their own sphere · of influence to help hope that someday, and perhaps soon, WASHINGTON~ May .24, 1955. carry out this "Freedom under God ob .. they may regain their independence. I To the EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES: servanc,e of I~depe~dence Day, 1955/' heartily join in this memorable celebra­ The paramount objective of the United tion. Nations-the most important concern of all mankind-is the creation of peace among the peoples of the world. The men who Independence Day of Armenia, have been awarded the Nobel peace prize Peace Talks for United Nations Meeting have made exceptional contributions towar~. May 28~ 1918 the attainment of that objective. Of them EXTENSION OF REMARKS the following are still living: EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF Sir Norman Angell, British, born 1874, .re­ ceived the prize in 1933; Dr. Carlos Saavedra OF HON. JOHN F. SHELLEY Lamas, Argentinian, born 1880, prize 1936;' Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, British, born HON. JOHN LESINSKI, JR. OF CALIFORNIA 1864, prize 1937; Cordell Hull, American, born OF :MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1871, prize 1945; Prof. Emily Green Balch, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Wednesday, June 1, 1955 American, born 1867, prize 1946; Lord Boyd Orr of Brechiri, British, born 1880, pi:ize 1949; Wednesday, June 1, 1955 Mr. SHEILEY. Mr. Speaker, inas­ Ralph J. Bunche, American, born 1.904, prize~ Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Speaker, much of much as the 10th anniversary of the 1950; Albert Schweitzer, French, born 1875, the tension in the world today arises founding of the United Nations will be prize 1952; Gen. George C. Marshall, Ameri­ from the fact that so many nations have commemorated in June of this year by a can, born 1880, prize 1953. · I suggest that they be invited to attend been deprived of their freedom and in-· special session of the general assembly and address the assembly to be held next dependence. Under such conditions in the district which I have the honor to June 20....;26, at San Francisco in commemora­ there can be no real or lasting peace. represent in San Francisco, the birth­ tion of the tenth anniversary of the found­ The United States by espousing the cause. place of the U. N., I want to call the at­ ing of the United Nations; also Pearl Buck, of self-determination for all nations both tention of the House to a meritorious American, and Gabriela Mistral, Chilean, great and smal1 has become a beacon of suggestion recently advanced to further who won the Nobel literature ptlzes for 1938 the purposes of that historic occasion. and 1945, respectively; and Emilio Bello hope for those enslaved or ·subject to Codesldo, Chilean, who is the dean of Pan alien domination. · Dr. Persio C. Franco, a former diplomatic Americanists. He is the sole survivor among As the leader of the free, the United representative of the Dominican Repub­ the delegates to the first and second interna­ States, is striving to ease those inter­ lic now living in the United States, has tional Conferences of American States, held national tensions that have their roots suggested in a letter to the New York in Washington and Mexico City in 1889 and in the denial of liberty to so many mil­ Times that all living recipients of the 1901, respectively. lions in Europe and Asia and thus bring Nobel peace prize be invited to attend These eminent men and women could back genuine peace to our world. the commemorative sessions as a mark speak to the assembly in behalf of all peo­ ples of the world, including those that are Among those nations which today are of our continuing devotion to the cause not officially represented in the United Na­ deprived of their independence is of world peace. . tions. Armenia. Armenia's political inde­ It seems to me personally that this PERSIO C. FRANCO. penden~e was lost late in the 14th cen­ idea has merit beyond the simple recog­ tury, and from then until 1918 the nition of the personal attainments o! Armenians had not known what it meant these distinguished people. Should the to be free. For more than 500 years United States officially accept and spon­ A United Nations Police Force their historic homeland was overrun and sor the proposal by Dr. Franco, the act parcelled out among its conquerors-­ would pr.esent furth.er tangible evidence EXTENSION OF REMARKS Persians, Russians, and Ottoman Turks. to the world of our unswerving purpose to During all that time they suffered many bring peace to the world through peace­ OP hardships and lost heavily in worldly ful means-the basic ideal to which the HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. goods; often they were subjected to majority of United Nations are dedi,­ OF NEW JERSEY wholesale massacres. Early in World cated and for which it was founded. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES War I their very existence as a people The Nobel peace prize has gained uru­ was threatened in a massacre un~ versal recognition as a symbol of man's Wednesday, June 1, 1955 precedented in modern history. One efforts to attain that end despite seem­ . Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, in the million Armenians lost their lives in that ingly endless setbacks. The outstand­ fall of this year the United Nations atrocious butchery. But the survivors of ing citizens of many countries who have General Assembly will consider whether those horrors did not lose heart. Ear1y received the award have already con­ to hold a conference for a review of the in 1918 in a portion of their homeland tributed much to the cause of _peace. United Nations Charter. It is almost then part of the old Russian Empire, Their presence at the coming U. N. ses- certain that such a conference will be 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE J417 heldr · The Senate Foreign Relations whole system of collective security dis­ Unfortunately, this day will come- and go, Committee has been ·conducting exten­ integrates. and have little or no signiftcanc~ for many sive hearings to find out if the United J>erhaps there should be an amend­ Americans. The meaning of Mezp.orial Day will be lost in the roar of racing automobiles, ' States should propose any revisions of ment to the charter which would provide the cheering at t.p.e doubleheaders, in the the charter at that time. that members would contribute a cer-. excitement of the season's first ·picnic. Too It seems to me that the question Qf a tain quota of their forces based on popu­ many Americans will be so wrapped Up in United Nations police force should loom lation for use by the United Nations. their pursuit of happiness that · they will large in any review of the charter. It If this were not acceptable, maybe some not remember even for a moment that good, is qne of the major problems in organiz­ system could be devised whereby mem­ brave men met death that we might con­ ing the nations of the world to provide bers making decisions on war. and peace tinue to live in America with the reasonable hope of meeting up with happiness some­ for the security under which all could in the United Nations could be limited where along the way. . live in peace. to those which are willing to contribute. Fortunately, however, there are·many good' Under the charter, all members of the forces for carrying out the ,decisions. Americans who will remember. Throughout United Nations assumed the obligation. This could have the effect of inducing the length and breadth of this land-in small to make armed forces available to the some members to contribute which might towns and big cities-men and women will Security Council, in accordance with a not do so otherwise. Since the Com­ gather today, as we are gathered here. In special agreement or agreements. The­ munist countries would almost ce:rt~iQ.lY simple but dramatic ceremonies, our hon­ agreements. were to be negotiated be­ refuse to join in a U. N. police force~.this ored dead will be remembered. And the honor thus bestowed upon our war dead tween the Security Council and indi­ would bar them from sharing in the should serve to remind all of us of why they vidual members or groups of members decision-making. In Korea,. the Soviet . died, and to help us to be more firmly re­ and to be subject to ratification. Nego­ Union aided the aggressors, and at the solved that they did not die in vain. For tiations were initiated in the United Na­ same time participated in the decision­ Memorial Day will indeed become a shallow tions soon after its establishment to making in the United Nations, involving thing when it fails to remind all of us of ,, determine what forces the Big Five the organization in paradoxes of prin­ our duties as citizens. Duties which are al­ Powers should make available, but a ciple and procedure which placed a se­ ways with us. Duties which may be more colorful and romantic in time of war but are deadlock soon developed between the vere strain on cooperative efforts to resist nonetheless vital and unavoidable in time of Soviet Union and the western countries the aggression. peace. This is indeed the true value of as to the balance of forces to be pro­ There are many knotty problems of Memorial Day that, remembering those who vided by each major country. It soon policy and method which would be en­ sacrificed even life itself, for the American be.came apparent that the Soviet Union countered in a serious attempt to estab­ ideal, the living may take courage and had no intention of approving any agree­ lish a United Nations police force. strength in their defense and development ments and would use its veto to block · Would a two.-thirds vote in the Assembly of that ideal. _ · approval, and that further negotiations be an effective procedure for deciding to America can be proud that it was the first Nation of the world to set aside a day on in the Security Council would be. fruit­ use the police force? Should there be a which to pay tribute to those who died in less. definition of aggression in the Charter defense of their country. It is not fitting, In 1950 at the height of the Korean so that it would be unmistakably clear however, that we should remember only war the United Nations General As­ when it was lawful to use such:a force? those who died and at the same time to for­ sembly passed what has become com­ These are examples of the questions get those who are still suffering from wounds monly known as the·"unitlng for peace" which would have to be answered. How­ received in service, particularly the para­ resolution. In it the Assembly recom­ ever, one thing is clear: until overwhelm­ plegics, the amputees, and the mentally ill. ing power is put behind just law there These men and their families have paid and mended that each member maintain are paying even a higher price than those within its armed forces elements so will be no lasting peace. And in the who met death on the battlefield. trained, organized, and equipped that atomic age peace has become sheer ne­ It is true that in indirect ways-such as they could be made available, in accord­ cessity for the survival of mankind. the sale of poppies these, our living dead, are ance with its constitutional processes, · Although regional arrangements, such remembered on this day. It is also true that for service as United Nations units, upon as the North Atlantic Pact, are effective throughut the year our veterans' organiza­ recommendation of either · the Council within their limited range, it is impor:.: tions and their auxiliaries do a grand job of or the Assembly. This marked a step tant to go further and devise an inter­ easing the burden of our hospitalized veter­ national framework within which all ans. But, sad to note, by and large this forward in providing that the Assembly Nation as a whole does a pretty thorough job should exercise concurrent jurisdiction nations of good will could be allowed, and of forgetting those veterans who were unable with the Council in recommendations on would be expected, to do their share in to march home from the wars. This for­ the creation and use of armed forces; sustaining the forces of international getfulness is not to our credit as a people. but progress along the path opened up law and order. I trust that we will live to see this defect by the resolution has been slow-indeed, in our Nation's character corrected. It has almost negligible. It was to be expected been my hope for sometime that the day will come when this Nation will have a day set that there would be no response from apart to memorialize and pay tribute to our the Communist bloc to such a recom­ Memorial Day Address disabled war veterans. I visualize that on mendation. Even among the free world this day, dedicated to the disabled, good men nations, however, a demonstrated will­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS and good women, led by their former com­ ingness to contribute f-0rces to the OF rades in arms and fellow veterans, will flock United Nations for the maintenance of to the various veterans hospitals to visit and peace has been almost totally lacking. HON. DANIEL J. FLOOD to cheer and to pay tribute to those to whom OF PENNSYLVANIA we owe so much and remember so seldom. The United Sta.tes was called upon to I express this hope fully conscious that furnish a grossly disproportionate share IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in many respects this country can't stand of the manpower and equipment to­ Wednesday, June 1, 1955 another holiday. Our holiday accident rate ward the winning of the Korean war. for example is indeed a crime and a dis­ Even taking into consideration the eco­ Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, under grace. I make the suggestion for this special nomic difficulties and military commit­ leave to extend my remarks in the REC­ day for the disabled even though I share ments elsewhere which kept many of the ORD, I include the following Memorial the feeling that we in America already have free nations from joining in the common Day address given by our colleague, the too many special days and special weeks for Honorable JAMES M. QUIGLEY, of Penn­ a vast variety of purposes, good, bad, and effort, much more could and should have indiffere~t. Nevertheless I urge the estab­ been done by the other members of the sylvania, on Monday, May 30, 1955, at lishment of just this 1 more day, for just U. N. It is inequitable and unjust for cainp Hill and New Oxford, Pa.: this 1 more purpose because I believe that many U. N. members to bask in these­ We are gathered here today on this sacred by and through such a day we can, in a curity provided by belonging to the ground to remember our dead and to pay small way, fulfill our duty to those less special tribute to those men and boys who fortunate and at the same time focus pub­ United Nations and not to.fulfill the re­ were born and grew up in this area and who lic attention on the great work of rehabili• sponsibilities.which membership imposes then went forth to offer their lives so that tation that remains to be done in this field. upon them. Moreover, if one member­ we and our country might live. It is proper I do not presume to suggest when such state shirks its responsibility and is able that we should do this-for this is the pur­ a day should be observed. Initially my to do so .with impunity, then another pose of Memorial Day. This is the reason thinking was that it should be the anni­ may do the same thing and soon the for the holiday. versary of V-J Day, because while the Civil 7418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 War gave us Memorial Day and World War I were killed on the road in automobiles Condition of vehicles involved in fatal and Armistice Day, now almost 10 years since during the weekend just past when the nonfatal accidents-1954 its end, no special day of remembrance has Nation observed Memorial Day. been effectively set aside to commemorate we call this holocaust which plagues Vehicles Vehicles World War II. However, I am no longer in fatal Per- i~a~~f" Per- certain that V-J is the ideal day. This our Nation with each national holiday acci- cent acci- cent change in my thinking is caused in part season, a series of accidents. It would dents dents by the fact that just a year ago tomorrow seem to me, Mr. Speaker, that there is the President signed into law an act of Con­ very little "accident" connected with the gress which caused Armistice Day as this In apparently good con- driver who sends his car down the high­ dition ______40, 640 95. 3 2, 025, 300 96. 7 country has known it since the end of World way at terrific speeds or a driver who ig­ Brake defective ______510 1. 2 33, 500 1. 6 War I to go out of existence and to be com­ Steering defective ______130 • 3 6, 300 • 3 memorated henceforth as Veterans' Day. nores traffic regulations drawn up for 1 or 2 lights out______260 .6 4,200 ,2 This presidential and congressional action his safety or who drives while intoxi­ Taillight out or obscured__ 40 • 1 2, 100 • 1 Other defects in equip- was in a sense a recognition that· Memorial cated. These drivers are not involved ment ______600 1. 4 16, 800 , 8 Day and Armistice Day tended to duplicate in accidents; they are involved in almost Puncture or blowout ____ _ 470 1. 1 6, 300 • 3 one another. I suppose it was this recog­ certain destruction. The accident vic­ Total.______42,650 100. o 2,094,500 100. O nition of duplication and a desire to avoid tims are those whom these murderous triplification more than anything else which drivers encounter or who are so unfor­ prevented the successful establishment of tunate as to be passengers in these mis­ Weatlier conditions prevailing in accidents- a special day to commemorate World War II. 1954 In any event, on the basis of the action of siles-these misguided missiles of death. Congress this Nation will now officially re­ A recent compilation of highway Fatal ac- Per- Non-fatal Per· member its war dead, of all wars and of every casualty statistics has been supplied by cidents cent accidents cent battlefield on 1 day out of the year. That an esteemed friend and is a reliable and . day is today, Memorial Day. Likewise from ------1----1------accurate report which, Mr. Speaker, un­ Clear ______25, 930 84. 2 1, 021, 360 80. 0 now on this Nation will officially remember Fog______~_ its veterans, of all wars and ever.y battlefield, der unanimous consent, I include in the Rain ______370 1. 2 12, 770 1. 0 Snow ______3,640 11. 8 183, 840 14. l 1 day out of the year and that day , will be CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, These statis­ 860 2. 8 58, 730 4. 6 November 11. In the light of this develop­ tics may startle, but they should be read. ment I seriously suggest that from now on The tables are as follows: Total______30,800 100.0 1,276,700 100.0 November 11-Veterans' Day-would be the Actions of drivers resulting in deaths and ideal day to give special honor and special Days of occurrence of accidents-1954 remembrance to those veterans who have sac­ injuries-1954 rificed in an especially hard way for the de­ Persons Per- Persons Per- fense of our country. Pc,rsons Per- Persons Per- killed cent injured cent If such a day is to become a reality, it will killed cent injured cent ------1------need more than my dreaming. But all it ------Sunday______6,530 18. 4 313,600 16. O really needs, is a few people who believe that Exceeding speed limit_ __ _ 12,380 45. 7 659,000 43.1 Monday______4,370 12. 3 260,680 • 13. 3 it is a dream worth dreaming and with a On wrong side of road _____ 4,970 18.3 131,480 8.6 Did not have right-of-way_ Tuesday______3,660 10. 3 231,280 11. 8 willingness to do something about it. After Cutting in ______3,060 11.3 351,670 23.0 Wednesday_:______3,940 11.1 237,160 12.1 100 .4 45,880 3.0 Thursday______4,080 11.5 245,000 12.5 all, Memorial Day was the result of the efforts Passing on curve or hill ___ 140 .5 3,060 .2 Passing on wrong side ____ Friday------5,470 15. 4 307, 720 15. 7 of a few women and we as a nation are grate­ 320 1.2 32,100 2.1 Saturday ______~ 21.0 364,560 ~ ¥ ailed to signal and im- ful to a Philadelphia Sunday-school teacher proper signaling ______410 1. 5 58,100 3.8 Total.______35,500 100.0 1,960,000 100.0 for giving us Mother's Day. There is no rea­ Car ran away-no driver __ 30 .1 3,060 .2 son why we could not this morning light the Drove off roadway ______1,980 7.3 79,510 5.2 spark that could spread throughout the en­ Reckless driving ______3,440 12. 7 142,200 9.3 Miscellaneous ______270 1.0 22,940 1. 5 Hours of occurrence of ~ccidents-1954 tire country, the burning desire to do more ----- for our disabled. From the town of Camp Total. •••••• ______--- -- 27,100 100.0 1,529,000 100.0 Persons Per- Persons Per- Hill starting at this moment, there could go killed cent injured cent forth an ideal, a spirit which could eventually Age of drivers in accidents-1954 ------add much of character and beauty to our 12 to 1 a. m ______-- .2,060 5.8 58,800 3.0 national life. 1 to 6 a. m ______6 to 7 a. m ______6,390 18. 0 176,400 9.0 Such a. project would indeed be worth our 780 2.2 31,360 1.6 efforts. Few of us, in our lifetimes will have ft}::r Per- ~~~?:faf Per- 7 to 8 a. m ______acciden ts cent accidents cent 8 to 9 a. m ______600 1. 7 64,680 3.3 an opportunity to participate in an effort 710 2.0 72,"520 3. 7 9 to 10 a. m ______780 2.2 62,720 3. 2 more worthwhile. I humbly but honestly 10 to 11 a. m ______submit this my dream, for your considera­ Under 18 years ______1, 440 3. 4 53, 310 2. 6 11 to 12 a. m ______960 2. 7 73,620 3.8 18-24 years ______8,800 20. 7 348,570 17. 0 1,100 3.1 90,160 4. 6 tion and action. A Memorial Day for our 25-64 years ______12 to 1 p. m ______920 2.6 90,160 4.6 29, 920 70. 4 1, 584, 960 77. 3 1 to 2 p. m ______living dead would bring forth a public ac­ 65 and over ______2, 340 5. 5 63, 560 3. 1 2 to 3 p. m ______1,170 3.3 95,280 4. 9 knowledgment of ow, unpayable debt to 3 to 4 p . m ______1,710 4.8 110,620 5.6 Total.______42, 500 100. 0 2, 050, 400 100. O 4 to 5 p. m ______1,850 5.2 141,120 7.2 those in the beyond who fought and died 1,880 5.3 174,440 8.9 that this ceremony here today is not just so 5 to 6 p. m ______6 to 7 p. m ______2,130 6. 0 165,400 8.4 many hollow words, but a hallowed tribute Operating experience of drivers in acci­ 7 to 8 p. m ______2,020 5. 7 121,520 6. 2 to them and to all who fought and sacrificed 8 to 9 p. 2,420 6.8 111,720 5. 7 dents-1954 m ______2,200 6. 2 . 94,080 4.8 in the defense of our great Nation. 9 to 10 p. m ______1,950 5.5 82,320 4. 2 It is within our power to make this a 10 to 11 p. m ______1,810 5.1 72,520 3. 7 Drivers Drivers in 11 to 12 p. m ______2,060 5.8 70,560 3. 6 Memorial Day that will never be forgotten. in fatal P er- nonfatal Per- cent cent Total. ______------a-ccidents accidents -- 35,500 100.0 1,960,000 100.0 Less than 3 months __ 550 1. 3 28,710 1. 4 Direction of travel of cars involved in acci­ Holiday Highway Accident ToII Mounts­ 3 to 6 months ______260 .6 16,400 .8 6 to 12 months ______550 1.3 34,860 1. 7 dents-1954 Speeding Automobiles Called Mis­ 1 year or more ______41,140 96. 8 1,970,430 96. 1 Total ______----- Persons Per- Persons Per­ guidE:d Missiles 42, 500 _1 100. 0 2,050,400 100. 0 killed cent injured cent ------1---'------Types of motor vehicles involved in fatal and EXTENSION OF REMARKS Going straight ______27,760 78.2 1,305, 360 66.6 nonfatal accidents-1954 Turning right ______570 33,320 OF Turning left ______1. 6 1. 7 Backing ______1,770 5. 0 99, 960 5.1 390 1.1 33,320 l . 7 HON. JOEL. EVINS Vehicles Skidding______2,240 6. 3 70,560 - Vehicles Per- in non- Per- 3.6 OF TENNESSEE in fatal Carstill._. parked ______or stanp.ing accidents eent fatal cent 1,170 3.3 117,600 6.0 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES accidents Slowing or stopping ____ (30 1. 2 239,120 Miscellaneous ______12.2 Wednesday, June 1, 1955 1,170 3.3 60,760 3.1 Passenger car ______33, 400 78. 3 1, 767, 700 84. 4 Tota)______35, 500 100. 0 1, 960, 000 100. 0 Mr. EVINS. Mr. Speaker, as usual, the Commercial vehicle __ 7, 290 17. 1 215, 750 10. 3 TaxL------210 , 5 58, 650 2. 8 aftermath of the Memorial Day holiday Bus ______------Motorcycle ______470 1.1 33, 500 1. 6 tells a sickening story of death and de­ All others ______770 1. 8 12, 600 • 6 Almost 40 percent of the deaths occur struction on the highways of the Nation. 510 1. 2 6, 300 , 3 on weekends. Latest reports, which may be revised up­ Total. ______42, 650 100. 0 2, 094, 500 100. 0 · Saturday was the most dangerous day ward, indicate that some 360 persons of the week. · 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7419 · Crossing between intersections was the depress the communities they profess to treatment of the holiday-on-Monday greatest cause of pedestrian casualties. help. problem, I have today introduced H. R. They use the slave-labor minimum-wage Drivers under 25 were involved in law to cannibalize business. 6588, which reads as f oUows: more · than their proportionate share of They are an insult and a menace to every­ Be it enacted, etc., That, to all intents accidents. thing that we value in our system of free and purposes and in the same manner that Three out of five deaths occur during and progressive enterprise. they are now made public holidays by law, the hours of darkness. The minimum budget necessary for a. each of the holidays hereinafter named shall Ninety-five percent of the vehicles in­ single American to support himself is $2,500 be celebrated on the day shown in the fol­ volved were in good mechanical condi­ a year. lowing list: New Year's Day, on the · first This is at the rate of $1.25 minimum Monday in January; Washington's Birthday, tion. hourly rate. on the third Monday in February; Memorial An average worker, with a family to sup­ Day, on the last Monday in May; Fourth of port, would require more. July, on the first Monday in July; Labor Day, Minimum Wage Anything less than this has a deteriorating on the first Monday in September; Armistice effect upon the health, morale, and produc­ Day, on the second Monday in November; tivity of individuals and communities, Thanksgiving Day, on the last Monday in EXTENSION OF REMARKS Compared with the steady increai;;e in our November. OF gross national product, it is a contradiction · SEc. 2. This act shall take effect on Janu­ leading to extremes and tensions that we ary 1, 1956. HON. THOMASJ.LANE must avoid if we are to keep our economy OF MASSACHUSETTS healthy and our people strong and con­ I hope all Members will give prompt fident. and serious study to all of these bills IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES An employer or a corporation claiming in­ ·and express their views to the appro­ Wednesday, June 1, 1955 ability to pay workers more than $1.25 an priate committees. hour has no right to hire human beings. The editorial follows: Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, I wish to in­ They can and should be made to pay a clude herein my statement before the decent wage or suffer the consequences. REAL NICE HOLIDAY, YES? 'House Committee on Education and I am opposed to the decision that the We're assuming, of course, that things Labor favoring increase of the minimum · hearings on this important legislation will went smoothly for you throughout these past not cover extension of the law to additional 3 days. No road accidents-no untimely 'wage to $1.25: employers. This is a loophole that enables squalls at your vacation spot-nobody for­ :Mr. Chairman and members of the com­ some irresponsible employers to escape from got the can opener-and no seventh son of mittee, the present minimum wage of 75 their obligations. a seventh son of a sea cook talked you into cents an hour is a law without a friend, be­ In conclusion, I heartily endorse the pro­ just one more nibble at his special 8-to-1 cause every sincere American is ashamed of posal to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act martinis. Oh, brother. it. in a manner to raise the legal minimum wage So now how about us increasingly vaca­ Those who do take advantage of it to avoid from 75 cents to $1.25 per hour. tion-minded citizens sitting down and try­ paying labor its just compensation don't I believe that this increase should take ing to figure out how we can achieve more qualify as citizens, or as human being~. effect just as soon as possible, and during of these refreshing 3-day breaks in the year's They are very close to being Communists, this session of Congress because the laws o:t: routine? because they treat their workers as slaves. this Nation should promote the public wel- · In this year of 1955, actually, we're not It is a pity that we cannot bring them into fare, and must never be misused as a shield faring badly holidaywise. ~court and sentence them to make restitution to protect scavengers. Labor Day, of course, always falls on a for this virtual nonpayment of wages, or, Monday and thereby is the automatic windup better yet, give them a 1-year term at the of a triple-decker weekend. hard labor of trying to exist on $30 a week. The Fourth of July also will land on a Mon­ As long as the law freezes the wages of Real Nice Holiday, Yes? day. And Armistice Day, by arriving on a certain workers at starvation levels, the rep­ Friday this year, will provide a 3-day-off utation of the United States will suffer from · spell for some of us. scorn and abuse, against which there is no EXTENSION OF REMARKS But, as our present calendar operates, those defense. OF 1955 breaks are just that-accidental. Next Economic justice, equality of opportunity, year, for instance, Fourth of July will come at $30 a week? HON. JOHN H. RAY on a Wednesday. Try and squeeze a big holi­ I am positive that, if every Member of day out of those 24 hours. Congress could acquire the rugged field OF NEW YORK experience of trying to keep body and soul IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES So what do we do? Well, more and more thoughtful citizens are pointing out that together on $30 a week, legislation to in­ Wednesday, June 1, 1955 crease the minimu·m wage to $1.25 per hour Congress can remedy this situation if it would. be passed immediately, and without Mr. RAY. Mr. Speaker, under the per­ would, and quite simply. The setting of a dissenting voice. national holidays is one of our lawmakers' rr~ission granted to extend my remarks, stated though seldom exercised chores. And a heavy bureen of guilt would be I include in this statement a copy of a lifted from our conscience. timely and vigorous editorial. It inter­ CONGRESS CAN DO IT Seventeen years have passed since the Fair Congress could do us all a handsome favor Labor Standards Act (and we wince at that ested me and I hope all Members of the House will find it worthy of serious con­ by decreeing that all United States holidays misnomer) was passed, 17 years of tremen­ ( excepting those with deep religious signifi­ dous economic progress, 17 years during sideration. The editorial makes two cance) shall hereafter and henceforth fall on which the minimum wage, against opposi­ points: First, that our so-called na­ Mondays. If you, too, would like to enjoy tion that it is almost impossible to imagine tional holidays, other than those with more of these Saturday-Sunday-Monday va­ in this age of economic enlightenment, religious significance, be celebrated on cations per annum, why not write your barely managed to get up to 75 cents per Mondays; and, second, that we simplify RepreEentative to that effect? Chances are hour. In 1950, 5 yer.rs ago. and improve the calendar along the lines he may feel the same way about it, and will The great majority of employers pay their welcome your support. employees well. They are a credit to them­ of the world calendar printed with the That's the fastest way to achieve some selves and the Nation. editorial. The few who pay substandard wages are The second point is dealt with in the extra. holidaying. But it still doesn't solve being subsidized in fact, by the reputable the whole problem of irregular and messed-up bill, H. R. 3588, introduced by the Dele­ dates. That headache is basic, and its base enterprises who must make up the deficit. gate from Hawaii [Mrs. FARRINGTON] Honorable ·business concerns must not only is the obsolete, modified Gregorian calendar pay their own share in providing social and and referred to the Committee on For­ with which our Western world has been community services, but are forced to pick eign Affairs. It proposes a slightly dif­ struggling since 1582. up the tab for the exploiters of labor. This ferent form of world calendar from that Actually, today's date troubles go all the is a rank injustice, which can only be cor­ printed in the editorial but the differ­ way back to Julius Caesar (100-44 B. C.). rected by raising the minimum wage, and ence is not substantial. His astronomers tried their best, and so did thus providing some ·protection for both One approach to the first problem pre­ Pope Gregory XIII's 16th century scientists, workers and responsible firms. and some 1,760 adjusters. Theirs is the cal­ sented in the editorial appears in House endar we're using right now. Any canvass of labor-surplus areas will Concurrent Resolution 55, introduced reveal how vagrant industries search for these This time-measurer is not only a producer localities, and then &tart up operations with by the Member from New Jersey [Mr. e>f erratic holidays, but doesn't jibe at all the sole intent of paying the lowest wages HAND] and referred to the Committee with modern business periods and bookkeep­ possible. Under the guise of providing em­ on the Judiciary. Since I desire to pre­ ing methods. Its months are irregular and ployment, they force standards down, and sent to the committee a quite different its yearly quarters are even more so. 7420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 On the other hand, a scientifically stream­ is there a more complicated system of of these pilots are suffering or have suf­ lined t ime chart on the order of the proposed locks. And nowhere has the safety rec­ fered from disagreeable and sometimes World Calendar, printed below, would elimi­ ord for passage of all types of vessels, in­ dr,ngerous skin conditions. nate many of our year-measuring woes per­ cluding our mammoth air carriers, been Fifth. The incidence of skin cancer, manently. BUSINESS BENEFITS excelled. tuberculosis and other diseases repre­ The group of men who have complete sents a great hazard for these American This modern calculator would begin every and full responsibility for the move­ pilots. Moreover, the strain and tension year and every quarter-year on a Sunday. Each quarter would have the same number ment and navigation of vessels in Pan­ of their duties which must be performed of days-91. Each month would contain 26 ama Canal waters are all employed as for long hours both night and day in ex­ weekdays, plus Sundays. Once set, a holiday pilots by the Panama Canal Company. cessive heat and humidity adds to the would stay in its proper place-non e of this These employees are subject to the perils of their jobs. The fact that they casual flap-landing on any one of the week's retirement provisions of the Civil Service are engaged in hazardous and perilous 7 d ays. Retirement Act of May 29, 1930. The bill duties is evidenced by actual statistics. Congress, if it will be so kindly, can provide I have introduced would permit present From this small group of approximately us with more fine holidays like the one just and future employees who serve as 80 men, and not including men who left past, and in quick order. In due time, we hope, the U. N. or some more effectual int er­ pilots in the Panama Canal to derive for personal reasons before age 50, there nat ional body will start the wheels moving the same benefits under that act as are have been 26, or 32 percent, who have toward a much needed, bran dnew calendar presently granted to certain investiga­ left their jobs since 1949. Thirteen of for our modern business world. tive personnel. In other words, an em­ these 26 retired for physical disability; The proposed wor ld calendar ployee of the Panama Canal Company, 4 died; 4 retired with reduced annui­ FIBST QUARTER would be eligible to retire after rendering ties before reaching age 62; and only 5 of January F ebruar y M arch 20 years of service if he has reached the the 26 were able to reach the retirement SM TW TF S S 1M TFS age of 50 and if at the time of making age of 62 without physical disability. 1 2 34 56 7---1234 STW - 1 2 application for retirement he is em­ Thus it can be seen that of those pilots 8 9 1011 1213 14 5 6 T7 W 8l r 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ployed as a Panama Canal pilot. who have given up their jobs at 50 or 15 16 1718 19 20 21 12 13 1415 161718 10 1112 13 14 1516 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22123 124 25 i1718119 20 212223 There are many reasons why I attach above, 80 percent were unable to reach 29 30 31 126 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 importance to this proposal and I shall the full retirement age provided by pres­ SECOND QUARTER enumerate a few of them: ent law. April May J une First. The average starting age for a I believe these statistics and the rea­ SM T W T F s s M T WT FS TW TFS qualified Panama Canal pilot is 36. This sons I have set forth here justify legis­ 12 34 56 7- 12 34 - 12 8 9 1011 1213 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 is because of the long years of experience lation to protect this group of fine pub­ 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 1f 12 13 141516 in navigation, including a period as lic servants who are giving of their 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 19 20 2122 23 r1T8 master of an oceangoing vessel, that health and their very lives to serve their 29 30 31 26 27128 29 30 24 25 26 27 28129 30 **W is required for these jobs. Because of Government in this strategic tropical THIRD QU ARTER this high entrance age and the hazards area . July Au gust September of his duties it is now almost impos­ Mr. Speaker, I might also add that the TW SM T W TF S SMTWTFS 'l' F IS sible for these people to reach the present Marine Director of the Panama Canal 1 2 34 56 7---1234 -12 retirement age without first becoming Company some time ago expressed the 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1011 12 13 1415116 disabled. view that legislation to effectuate the 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17T118 19 20 2122 23 Second. A Panama Canal pilot must purposes of my bill would not meet any 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 navigate vessels of heavy tonnage objection from the company. FOURTH QUARTER October November December through particularly precarious and I hope that this bill will be favor­ TFS narrow waters for passages that ex­ ably considered so that this small but SM T W T FS SM TW TFS --SM TW 1 2 34 56 7---12 34 ---12 tend up to 20 continuous hours and vital segment of our maritime staff can 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 910 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which are often at night, all of which attain fair retirement to which they are 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 1314 15 lG 1718 1011 12 13 14 15 16 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 subjects him to long periods of exces­ so justly entitled. 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 sive strain and tension. •w Third. The duties of these pilots re­ *T he year-end world holiday, W or Dec. 31 (365th day), quire that they work under the exten­ follows D ec. 30 every year. ••The leap-year world holiday, W or J une 31 (an extra sive glare and heat of a strong tropical Freedom for Lithuania day), follows J une 30 in leap years. sun. The reflection from the water and direct glare and heat of this tropical sun causes severe sunburn sores to develop EXTENSION OF REMARKS around the mouth and lips. The inci­ OF Retirement Benefits for Panama Canal dence of skin cancer among these pilots HON.THOMASJ.DODD Pilots is very high. OF CONNECTICUT Fourth. Eminent medical authorities have commented on other hazards of life IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES EXTENSION OF REMARKS in the tropics. The whole oxidation Wednesday, June 1, 1955 OF process of persons from temperate zones Mr. DODD. Mr. Speaker, it is fitting HON. JOHN F. SHELLEY slows up, resulting in a condition of that on the occasion of the 37th anni­ OF CALIFORNIA chronic fatigue, headaches, and faulty versary of the declaration of independ­ elimination of toxins from the body. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ence by the people of Lithuania, numer­ Life there is a constant race between ous Members of the Congress of the Wednesday, June 1, 1955 heat production and heat dissipation United States expressed their sincere ex­ Mr. SHELLEY. Mr. Speaker, I have which produces the effects first men~ pressions of encouragement and support recently introduced H. R. 3946, a bill tioned because of an increase in un­ to the American citizens of Lithuanian which has been referred to the Post burned wastes of the body-toxins. descent, and joined them in the fervent Office and Civil Service Committee. In Because of lack of muscle tone in the hope that the day may not be too far my opinion the passage of this bill by tropics there is organic deterioration and distant when this brave little country will the Congress is essential if we are to do consequently shorter life. This is sup­ once again enjoy true liberty and free­ justice to a group of maritime employ­ ported by insurance company statistics dom. ees of our Government. I refer to the on life expectancy in the tropics and by A number of Members spoke on the Panama Canal pilots who safely navigate the increased rates which they charge floor of the Senate and in the House of all vessels through the Panama Canal. Americans on the Canal Zone. Representatives. These men have an outstanding record This station in the tropics is also un­ Other Members addressed mass meet­ of experience, safety, and skill. Nowhere favorable for tuberculosis and there is a ings in various cities where observances in the world today is there a body of high incidence of rheumatic conditions of this significant anniversary were held. water which requires all of the skills of and chronic nephritis. In addition due Other Members of Congress voiced the navigator for such an extended pas­ to the tropical climate there are innu­ their sentiments in statements to the sage as the Panama Canal. Nowhere merable parasitic fungi and almost all Lithuanian American Council, a nation- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7421 wide organization of Americans of Lith­ After the establishment of the Soviet the Chairman of the Council of People's uanian descent, or to its press agency, army garrisons in Lithuanian. Latvia, and Commissars and Foreign Commissar of the the Lithuanian American Information Estonia, the Soviets moved a part of their Soviet Union, V. Molotov, had presented ·a armed forces from the Baltic States and detailed plan as to how the Soviet army Center in New York City. placed them along the Finnish frontier in units, with the purpose of occupying Lithu..­ We were pa:r:ticularly proud in having preparation of the assault on Finland, which ania, would proceed. had in the Senate and in the House on began in November 1939 and lasted 3 months. Among other things, the Soviets_demanded the days of the observance of Lithuanian It is interesting to recall that, according that the Lithuanian authorities should in­ independence, two eminent Lithuanian to Soviet propaganda, the excuse for the struct the Lithuanian armed forces. and peo­ American religious leaders, both mem­ aggression against Finland was the alleged · ple not to interfere in any . way with the bers of the Lithuanian American Council, intention of F'inland under the influence of movements of the Soviet army in order to western capitalists-the United States and avoid possible mi;mnderstandings and con­ to offer the invocations-the Very Rev­ England-to invade the Soviet Union. erend Monsignor John Balkunas, qf Mas­ flicts. The Soviet Government also stated THE SOVIET QUEST FOR . A PRETEXT TO INVADE that General Pavlov of the Soviet army will pzth, Long Island, N. Y.; and the Very meet with Lithuania's General Vitkauskas, Reverend Francis M. Juras, of Lawrence, LITHUANIA Concluding the peace treaty with Finland. June 15 at 8 p. m. in the railway station of Mass. Russia again began to concentrate her armies Gudagoj, to arrange for the orderly opera­ In addition to this observance in the along the Lithuanian frontier and, in March tions of the Soviet army. Congress of the United States, the gov­ 1940, she had from 12 to 15 divisions there. As the Lithuanian delegation prepared to ernors of 12 States and many mayors Two months later the Soviet timetable of meet with General Pavlov, Red army troops of cities urged other millions of Ameri­ conquests called for preparation to swallow were already on Lithuanian territory speed­ cans to join in observing this significant the three Baltic Republics. ing in the direction of larger cities and com­ The Soviet Government first spread false munication centers. 'I'he previously estab­ anniversary. lished Soviet garrisons in Lithuania, also With confidence that the people of accusations against the Lithuanian Govern­ ment and, in May 1940, sent General moved out to occupy certain localities. In Lithuania will soon regain their natural Loktionov, Deputy Commissar of War of the full combat formations, the invaders arro­ rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of Soviet Union, to Lithuania to direct the gantly disregarded completely the Lithuanian happ-iness, Mr. Speaker, I have prepared Soviet campaign of provocations. Government authorities and the native in­ the following statement on the observ­ Immediately upon his arrival in Kaunas habitants. About 12 complete divisions, from ance of Lithuania's Independence Day he presented a note to the Minister of De­ two hundred to two hundred and fifty thou-· and her right to freedom. Under unani­ fense and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, sand soldiers, swamped Lithuania whose mous consent, I ask that the statement accusing the Lithuanian authorities of kid­ peacetime armed forces comprised only about napping Soviet soldiers from established 28,000 soldiers. be printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, military bases. The President and the Minister of Defense The statement follows: The Lithuanian Government immediately of Lithuania left the country. Mr. A. Merkys, LITHUANIA; VICTI!-4 OF U. S. S. R. AGGRESSION appointed a special commission to investigate as Acting Prime Minister, remained to head On June 15, 1940, Just 15 years ago, Lith­ the charges, and invited- the Soviet Govern• the government. · uania, a peaceful and freedom-loving nation ment to appoint representatives to partici-: In its negotiations with Moi:cow, the gov­ was overrun by barbaric Soviet Russian pate in the investigation and to produce the ernment of Lithuania acted at all times in hordes and through terror and fraud, red1,1ced allegedly kidnapped soldiers for questioning. conformance with the obligations under the to a slave state of the vast Communist The Soviet Government refused to cooperate treaties with Soviet Russia. Thus, this sud­ empire. but, instead, kept repeating the trumped-up den and surprising Soviet ultimatum came 'I'his sad anniversary is a warning to all charges. · as a shock to the Lithuanian people. It was free peoples of the evils of the pernicious 'I'he Lithuanian commission, after thor.;; utterly impossible to organize in so short world Communist conspiracy. It should in­ oughly investigating all evidence, found a time any substantial resistance against the spire us with a determination to guard zeal­ these charges to be absolutely groundless. masses of Russian armed forces already on ously our own liberties and should serve as a It was established that one soldier, attempt­ Lithuanian soil. reminder of our obligations toward unfortu­ ing to desert the Soviet Army, had hidden A number of eye-witnesses before the con• nate and defenseless peoples, victims of in the home of his fiancee, but later returned gressional committee of the 83d Congress Soviet aggression. to his base. told of the behavior of the Soviets in Lithu­ In 1954, a number of witnesses now in this ania. The following facts were established THE SOVIET MILITARY PREPAREDNESS FOR country, presented detailed accounts of thete without a doubt from documents and inter­ AGGRESSION alleged disappearances of Russian soldiers to rogated witnesses: The notorious secret agreement, between the congretsional committee investigating 1. In complete disregard of the sovereign the German Third Reich and the U.S. S. R., the Soviet aggression against the Baltic rights of Lithuania and even in violation of following the defeat and partition of Poland, States. The real intention of the Soviet agreements which they themselves had actually sealed the fate of Lithuania. Government was apparent: to seize Lithu­ forced on Lithuania, the Soviets employed When on September 1, 1939, Hitlerite Ger­ ania by first inventing fictitious motives for unlimited numbers of armed forces for the many attacked Poland, Soviet Russia began doing so; to sway world opinion to her side. occupation of Lithuania. massing her armed forces along the Polish · When the Lithuanian Government tried to 2. The Soviet military attach~. Major frontiers and in front of the Baltic States. clear away the misunderstandings between Korotkich, was placed on the General Staff Lithuania had no common borderline with the two goyernments, Moscow paid no atten­ of the Lithuani2.n Army to carry out purges Russia at the time. tion whatever. in the higher ranks of Lithuanian officers on With the deterioration of relations be­ The Government of Lithuania sent its the first day of the occupation. He ordered tween Germany and Poland,. the Government Prime Minister, A. Merkys, and the Minister the disarmament of the Lithuanian National of Lithuania, in January 1939, proclaimed of Foreign Affairs, J. Urbsys, to Moscow to Guard (Sauliu Sajunga) and the dismissal its decision to preserve absolute neutrality try to settle the matter directly. The Krem­ of a number of officers. 'I'he Chief of the and strictly adhered to such a decision. lin disregarded completely all explanations Second Department of the General Staff, When the German·armies, after 2 weeks of and efforts. Colonel Dulksnys, was arrested and on July continual advance, occupied a substantial Finally on June 14, 1940, the Soviet Com­ 18 deported to Soviet Russia. part of Polish territory, the Soviet Union 3. The entire Lithuanian Army was imme­ on September 17 suddenly invaded Poland missar for Foreign Affairs, V. Molotov, pre­ sented to the Lithuanian Government the diately put under the control of the occu­ from the opposite s~de. pation authorities. As soon as the Soviets Poland fell before the two aggressors ,-,ho Soviet ultimatum in which the following de­ arrived on June 15, an order grounded all divided the spoils between them. mands were set forth: Lithuanian airplanes. The hangars were As a result of this deal, Lithuania found (A) To bring to trial the Minister of the closed the following day and placed under herself on the southeastern border of the Interior, K. Skucas, and the Director of the guard of Soviet armored detachments. Russian-occupied territory. Department of Security, A. Povilaitis. 4. Military quarters had to be vacated to The Soviets were carrying out a premedi­ (B) To form a new government in Lithu­ billet Soviet Army personnel. Soviet de­ tated plan of aggression which was later con­ ania, satisfactory to the Soviets. mands were harsh and instant. Lithuanian firmed in secret agreements with Hitler's (C) To assure free entry into Lithuania military units were often ordered to leave government. of unlimited numbers of Soviet Russian their quarters almost immediately and in It was in compliance with that plan that armed forces. many instances personal belongings were the Soviets soon demanded the admission of The deadline for the reply of the Lithu­ hastily left behind, and nights were spent Russian army garrisons into Lithuania. anian Government was set at 10 a. m. of in the open. Under Soviet Government pressure, a June 15; thus, scarcely 10 or 11 hours was 5. Military installations of the Lithuanian Lithuanian delegation summoned to Moscow, allowed to consider the ultimatum. army (radio and telegraph transmitters, tel­ on October 10, 1939, signed the l:iO-called pact ephone switchboards, railway depots, etc.) of mutual assistance, 1n accordance with MILITARY OCCUPATION OF THE COUNTRY were seized for the Soviet Army .without any which a month later, 20,000 · Soviet troops On June 15, 1940, at 2 in the afternoon, notification to Lithuanian authorities. entered Lithuanian territory and occupied the Minister of Foreign Affairs, J. Urbsys, 6. ;tmi:p.ediately _upon the occupation of 4 separate bases there. sent a telegram from Moscow explaining that the country, the Lithuanian frontiers with 7422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1__ Germany were placed. under rigid control, in Paleckis's government proclaim on July 6, abstention could not pass-unnoticed. Those an attempt to seal Lithuania off from the 1940, an electoral law to govern the elec­ who had no stamps on their passports risked rest of the world. . , tions to the so-called People's Diet to be held severe consequences later on. 7. atrqng-armed guards were placed at the on July 14. Absenteeism on the day of elections was so state ban~ .and government office buildings. An order of the Director of the State Secu­ evident. that the Communist Party decided The Ministry of the ·interior agencies were rity Department, dated July 7, dissolved all­ to.take additional measures. President Pa­ placed under strict control. non-Communist parties and most of their leckis, by a decree, ext~nded the. voting an­ 8. Lithuanian Army newspapers and other leaders and active members were arrested. other day, a.t the same time warning the literature, published during Lithuania's in­ The Communist Party remained the only people of their duty to vot~. '.J'he results dependence were suppressed and banned recognized party, whic:Q to mislead the peo-· were poor. Moscow announced that, ac­ from mmtary libraries. . In their stead ap­ ple, assumed the name of "the Union of cording to figures published by the Supreme peared Communist propaganda literature be­ Working People of Lithuania." The "Union" Electoral Commissiqn, 95.51 percent of the smirching the government and the institu­ alone was given the right to nominate can­ voters presented themselves at the polls. tions bf independent Lithuania in an effort didates for the elections. But, it appears from confidential statements to antagonize the Lithuanian soldiers Seventy-nine members were to be elected made by the .Minister of the Interior, M. against their officers. to the "People?s Diet.'i The same number of Gedvila, that_ only 16 or 18 percent of the 9. The Soviet military authorities soon candidate·; were nominated and, as the nom­ bailots deposited were valid. forced the Lithuanian Government to extra­ ination was reserve.d for the Communist The new "Diet" elected under such circum­ dite all Polish officers and men who h~d Party and its affiliate<;! organizations only, stances, convened on July 21. The only been interned in Lithuania after the defeat predominantly · Communists and their sym­ business on the agenda was the passing of of Poland. pathizers, peri;;ons without any reputation a resolution requesting that Lithuania This same pattern of occupation was fol­ or any standing at all, were put on the list. should be admitted into the Soviet Union. lowed by the Soviets in their aggression Some well-known Lithuanians became can­ That the entire show was directed by Mos­ against Latvia and Estonia. d.idates iigainst their will as thej.r names were cow, is also proven by the fact that similar included without their knowledge or con­ decisions. on the .same day and exactly PREPARATIONS TO ABOLISH LITHUANIA'S in the form described, were made by the INDEPENDENCE sent. This was done to mislead the voters. The fictitious "Union of Working People" "People'·s Diet" in the other two Baltic States, Many Soviet civilian officials, predominant­ proclaimed to the Lithuanian nation its po­ Latvia and Estonia. ly specially trained members of the Commu­ litical pla~form. which, among other prom­ The manner in which the 'Diet' was elected nist Party Soviet Secret Police (NKVD) ises, contained the following: and the measures undertaken by the Krem­ charged with the final incorporation of "On this historical day, July 14, we must lin to accomplish the annexation of Lithu­ Lithuania into the U. S. S. R. accompanied go to· t:q.e poll~ in united and closed ranks ania were . bared before the Congressional the Soviet occupation forces. One of their and elect the worthy 9andidates able to ex­ Committee on Communist Aggression. by main objectives was to conceal the real in­ press· the r~al will and aspirations of the many witnesses: of different professions and tentions of Soviet Russia. In numerous people and to strengthen the true friendship places of residence . in Lithuania. Their statements in the press and in public speech­ with the great Union of tµe Soviet Socialist testimony revealed the tricks of deception es they reiterated that the Soviet Union had Republics, 'Which is the one and only guar­ the Communists employed. no intention of destroying the independent antee for the prosperity and free develop­ When the Soviet-German war broke out status of Lithuania, and that the presence ment of our country." . and the Communists were driven out of of Russian ·forces in Lithuania had in no The "Union" further declared that it Lithuania, a number of members of the "Peo­ way constituted a peril to Lithuania's free­ stands- ple's Diet" and the government made public dom. However, they worked feverishly to "For the friendship and the strong and in­ a joint statement disclosing the true facts bring about the annexation of Lithuania destructible alliance of the Lithuanian Re­ concerning the distortion of the will of the into the Soviet Union. pubJic and the Soviet Union. . Lithuanian nation. · ,.. : · . Meanwhile, the special emissary, Vice com­ "For the cancellation of bank debts of Their statement is quoted herti: missar for Foreign Affairs V. G. Dekanozov poor people and small ·holders. "Meeting at Kaunas, on August 30, 1942, (liquidated following Berta's execution in "For all possible assistance by the govern­ we, members of the forJner Lithuanian Gox­ 1954), came by plane to Kaunas and set up ment to the landless peasants and small­ ernment and the "People's Diet," state pub­ headquarters in the office of the Soviet Lega­ holders and for the allotment of sufficient licly: tion, and ' assisted by the Soviet envoy, land for them. · "1. In violation, by use of force, of the Pozdniakov, began to rule the country. Or­ "For freedom of speech, press, and asso­ solemn obligations given to the Republic ders now came from Dekanozov. ciations for the defense of interests of the of Lithuania to respect, in all circumstances, His first task was the formation of a new working people.'' her 'sovereignty and also integrity and ter­ government, obedient to Moscow. He dictat­ The platform denounced as false the ru­ ritorial inviolability' (paragraph 2 of the ed the names of new ministers to the Acting mors anticipating the ·enforcement of the Treaty of Nonaggression of September 28, Prime Minister, A. Merkys. Justas Paleckis, Soviet system in Lithuania: 1926, between the Republic of Lithuania and who had previous contacts with the Soviet "Enemies of the Lithuanian people _and the U. s. S. R.), the Government of the Union, was to become the President of the their stooges, supporters of the old regime, Soviet Union, on June 15, 1940, occupied Republic. To allay the fears of the native are circulating provocative rumors about ter­ Lithuania by its armed forces. inhabitants, several prominent Lithuanian ror against those who are faithful to their "2. The Lithuanian Government which patriots were purposely included in the list religion, about the closing of churches, was created according to the provisions of the of new ministers. about the alleged forced organization of col­ Moscow ultimatum and which had obtained June 18, 1940, Paleckis delivered a message lective farms, etc. These rumors are thor­ assurances that the independence of Lithu­ to the Lithuanian nation: oughly unfounded and willfully fabricated." ania will be respected, later, under pressure "The new government will continue to Among the numerous slogans concluding from Moscow, was reorganized, without any maintain normal relations with all coun­ the text of the platform the following are knowledge or consent of the Acting Prime tries. The first task of the government will most significant: Minister, Prof. V. Kreve-Mickevicius, by se­ be the establishment of sincere and friendly "Long live free Lithuania." curing its majority for the Communists, relations with the Soviet Union with which "Long live the brotherly friendship and headed by M. Gedvila, for the purpose of Lithuania has a close alliance based on the strong alliance with the great and invincible making it a tool in Moscow's hands. mutual assistance pact." Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics." "3. The Moscow · Government ordered the The new government was controlled by the These promises were meant to fool the peo­ Lithuanian Government, thus reorganized Kremlin bosses, whose orders were carried ple and entice them to the polls. During the to carry out elections to the 'People's Diet' in out by their chief emissary, Dekanozov, and short "election campaign" no mention was order that it should later on, request the in­ the Red army. Step by step, everything that made regarding the intention to destroy the corporation of Lithuania into the Soviet had been achieved during her days of inde­ sovereignty of Lithuania and its incorpora­ Union. pendence was turned to ruins in Lithuania. tion into the Soviet Union. Numerous "4. The 'People's Diet' could not and did Practically all organizations, political, social, speakers, including members of the new gov­ not proclaim the will of the Lithuanian cultural, and economic, were suspended. ernment repeatedly referred to a "free Lith­ people because: Great numbers of employees of the various uania," "friendly relations," or "alliance with "(a) The composition of the 'People's Diet' government agencies and economic enter­ the Soviet Union." was made up in .advance by tb.e Communist prises were jobless overnight. The elections took place on July 14, 1940, Party, directed by Moscow's representative, It was to be expected that the Communist under the clos~ supervision of the Kremlin V. G. Dekanozov, and _by the Soviet Minister emissaries would lift the ban on the Com­ emissaries and the Red army. The Lith­ to Lithuania, N. G. Pozdniakov. Only the munist Party which during Lithuania's in­ uanian people resisted passively by abstain­ Union of Working People of Lithuania was dependence days was illegal. An order of ing from voting or, if they went to the polls, allowed to select candidates who were nom­ the Minister of the Interior on June 25, they replaced the ballot with a blank piece inated by the Communist Party. The num­ 1949, placed the Communist Party of Lith­ of paper. ber of candidates was exactly the same as uania on the official register of societies and The duty to vote was especially empha­ the number of members elected to the associations. sized. The voters were watched in polling 'People's Diet.' Pursuing the plan of Lithuania's subjuga­ places, and since each voter had to present "(b) As the composition of the 'Diet' was tion still further, the Kremlin ag':lnts made his identification papers to be stamped, an made up in advance, it declared, in order 1955 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - HOUSE 7423

to enhance the effect; -that 95.51 percent of All chairmen , of electoral· districts were or­ had the right to take part in 'thtf elections au the electorate had voted,· while actually, dered to record higher percentages of votea and voted together with Lithuanian citi-· as confirmed by the Supreme Election Com­ than actually were cast. As a result of this zens. However, we were instructed to· keep mission and by the statement made by the order, in an hour, all reports showed a 40 the percentages in such ·cases· ·somewhat former People's Commissar, M. Gedvila, and to 60 percent vote, and when the polls were below 100 percent when computing the elec- by the President of the U. S. s. R. Supreme about to close the percentage suddenly leaped tion returns. ·' ' · Soviet, J. Paleckis, at · secret meetings, only to 99. 2. The NKVD personnel had instruc­ "I often received from Andrius-· Bulota, an 16 to 18 percent of valid voting cards were tions to tour villages and bring in voters attorney in the office of' the 'Diet,' all sorts submitted at the polls. by force. But because only a few trucks were of orders and resolutions sent from Mos­ "(c) A number cif members of the 'Diet,' available, this measure did not prove suc­ cow, and my job was to translate them into who were not members of the Communist cessful. Also, there was very little time left Lithuanian. Then A. Bulota would read the Party, were compelled by threats to become for voting. translations, make ·corrections to adjust members of the 'Diet' and to vote for incor­ "I consider the elections to the 'People's them to the specific conditions in Lithuania. poration int0 the Soviet Union. Diet' were a deception for the following As a rule, such orders and resolutions passed " ( d) · When the voting on· the incorpora.:. reasons: - ; the 'People's Diet' without any discussion. tion into the Soviet Union took place the "l. Actually only 5 to 15 percent of electors Though there were some n\,n-Communist votes of the members were not counted; all voted, and therefore did not represent the members in the 'Diet' not one <1f them dared strangers present at 1;he ineeting voted to- will of the Lithuanian pebple. to question the propositions; they remained . gether with them. "2. Candidates for the 'People's Diet' were silent." · · "5. Not a single member of the 'People's nominated by the central committee of~the The falsification . of election returns was Diet' could express a protest against the use Communist Party without their knowledge witnessed by tl;le Chief of Information and of force as, under the circumstances, such or consent. The list of calidida·tes was pre­ Statisti~s Department of the Supreme Soviet protest would have _involved danger to his sented by the Working People's Union which of Lithuania, Pranas Valiulis, now in West­ life. Moscow's representatives and the mem­ was the Communist Party itself. There were ern Germany, who stated: bers of the Soviet Legation openly threatened exactly as many candidates as members of "The election commissions did all they all those members of the 'Diet' and their fam­ the 'Diet' to be elected. There was no choice could to increase the percentages of the ilfes who would have dared to announce their but to vote.for those nominated by the Com- ballots cast trying to please the omnipotent intention not to vote for incorporation into munist Party. · Communist Party and the People's Govern­ the Soviet Union. . "3. · No lists of electors ·had been prepared ment, as well as the Moscow masters. Al• "6. We, former memb.ers of the 'People's so that it was impossible to determine the terations in the election results could be Diet,' raise a public protest against the meth­ percentage of the votes cast. This circum­ made easily by simply marking the ballots ods of violence and of falsifications which stance offered a gobd opportunity to falsify for those who failed to appear at the polls. were directed ·by the Bolshevik Government the results of the elections. . To make up for the shortage in the ballot against the Republic of Lithuania and the "4. It was publicly made known that per­ box, as many ballots as were necessary could Lithuanian m~tion during the' elections· to sons failing to appear at the poIJs will be be stuffed in. Members of the election com­ the 'Diet' as well as during its session. regarded as 'enemies of'the pebple.' Every­ misslons were all persons devoted to the Neither we nor the other members of the body knew that such a branding meant de­ Communist Party. When the votes were 'Diet' could express and did not express the portation to the · forced labor camps in Si­ counted nobody, except members of the offi­ will of the Lithuanian nation for incor- beria or other remote places in Russia. cial commissions were present, which means poration in the Soviet Union. . : . "Conclusion: All decisions of the 'People's that there was no control at all of the com­ "7. The 'People's Diet' itself stated in its Diet' are null and void as the 'Diet' itself mission's work. The fact that falsifications declaration of July 21, 1940, 'Now the people, could not and did not represent the will of in computation of the returns were made helped by the mighty Red army, qid away the Lithuanian people. was confirmed to me by the assistant attor­ with the yoke. of Smetana's oppressors and J. GLUSAUSKAS. ney gener,al, :Vytautas Balciunas." . estab~ished .in their own. COl,lntry the Soviet "ADELAIDE, November 15, 1953." · Thus, it is evident that this so-.called "elec­ Government. If the people have been able to The Communist information agencies re­ .tion" had in no way expressed the will of establish in their own country the only just ported that the table of tl}e election returns the people of Lithuania. Moreover, .. even if order, the Soviet order, it is all due to the was prepared "in conformity with the. data. the election ·had been conducted in a way Soviet Union.' . In this way the 'People's Diet' on population of Lithuania compiled by the prescribed· by the laws of the country or in itself admitted the Red army's influence in Central Bureau of Statistics of Lithuania." a~cordance with the principles of de:r,.nocratic its decisions and the decisions of other gov- The former director of this bureau, Domas procedure, this so-called "People's Diet" ernment authorities. · Micuta, now in the United States, submitted would not have any power whatsoever to "Signed by former Mem.J)er·s of the Peo­ a statement wl;lich says: "The elections were make decisions affecting the soyereignty and ple's Diet: Dr. A.' Garmus, L. Dovy­ directed by Pozdniakov through the Supreme independence of the. Republic of Lithuania denas, ·H. Kacinskas, R. Jukne.vicius, Electoral Commission. The Central Bureau because no proposition of this kind was sub.­ V. Birzietis, P. Mickus, Mrs. S. Vaine­ of Statistics of Lithuania never had anything mitted to the voters. For the same reason, kiene, Miss P. Milanciute, the former to do with this commission and did not par­ this so-called "election" cannot.be considered Acting Prime Minister and Minister of ticipate in the preparation of the table of a plebiscite on the question of Lithuania's Foreign Affairs of the People's Govern­ election returns or its publication." incorporation into the Soviet Union. ment, Prof. V. Kreve-Mickevicius, the Adolfas Klimas, now residing in the United Moscow's resolution forced upon the so­ former Commissar for Social Care and States, member of the staff for computing called "People's Diet" to request Lithuania's Forest Industry of the L. S. S. R., the election returns, stated the following admittance to the "family of nations of the Jurgis Glusauskas. Soviet Union" was an act of violence and in his deposition: "I was employed, as many coercion against the Lithuanian nation. "KAUNAS, August 30, 1942." other former employees of the old Lith­ The procedure of elections to the "People's uanian Diet were, to work on the technical SOVIETIZATION OF LITHUANIA Diet" was described, among many other wit­ staff of the so-called 'People's Diet.' I was And yet, the delegatio:1 of 19 persons ap­ nesses, in a deposition by the former People's to prepare for publication stenographic pointed by the "People's Diet" was taken to Commissar, J. Glusauskas, who escaped from transcripts of the· sessions of the 'People's Moscow to petition the Soviet Government bolshevism and is now residing in Australia, Diet,'. to supervise their publication and dis­ to incorporate Lithuania into the Soviet he stated: tribution, to translate into the Russian lan­ Union. "On July 14, 1940, I was appointed to watch guage and to prepare Lithuanian transla­ On August 3, 1940, the Supreme Soviet of 'the voting to the 'People's Diet' in the dis­ t.tons of various Russian orders, instructions, U. S. S. R. decided to "receive favorably the trict of Mar:lampole. At that time I was ·the etc., which were sent from Moscow. petition of the Lithuanian Diet and to admit chief of police of the city of Kaunas and "On July 14 and 15, the election days to the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania its district. The task assigned to me was the 'People's Diet,' I was assigned, together into the Union." to render help wherever necessary. with a number of other employees, to receive Then, step by step, the Soviet system was "When I arrived in Mariampole, I found telephone reports of election returns coming introduced in Lithuania. Land, industry, everything ready for the election. I learned from various electoral districts. Seventy­ business enterprises, and private property that the supervisor of the election there was nine members of the 'Diet' were to be elected were nationalized, people's rights subverted, a high official of the Soviet secret police in 8 electoral regions. There was only one the standard of living reduced. Lithuania (NKVD), a Russian, who had' at his dis­ list of candidates, all nominated by the Com­ was entirely shut off from western civiliza­ posal a number of Russian soldiers and some munist Party. The election commissions did tion and culture. Arrests and deportations army trucks. · Therefore, all that was left not pay' any attention whether the votes gradually took on such dimensions that there for me to do was to observe what was go­ cast were valid or not. They took for granted was no doubt but that Lithuania was doomed ing on. that everyone appearing at the polls was in by the Kremlin masters to total physical · "Several hours before the closing of the favor of the candidates listed on the ballot.' destruction. polls, it was announced that only 5 or 10 "While taking the election reports over The attitude of the United States Govern­ percent of those eligible to vote had cast the telephone, I, as well as my colleagues, ment in regard to the present status of their ballots. The NKVD officer was greatly recorded several instances when the vote in Lithuania is universally known. The United concerned over such a situation. Finally, a particular locality exceeded 100 percent. States has never sanctioned the forced in­ the following instructions were given: 1. I learned that soldiers of the Soviet army corporation of Lithuania and the other two 7424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 Baltic nations, Latvia and Estonia, Into the. cities-Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, and Today, we have the spectacle· of politics Seviet Union, and continues to recognize Los Angeles-to London and European points in the highway program not only in Con­ them as sovereign states. Many other free via the top of the world. gress, and in the executive branch, but democracies also regard the Baltic nations · Pan American says it Is all set to go in as temporarily deprived of their independ­ experience, equipment, and stations manned also in the transportation industry it­ ence by an act of aggression . which has and operating in Iceland, England, and other self where, it is evident from the report neither legal nor moral justification. north countries 1n Europe. of the President's Cabinet Policy Com­ On this occasion, and as we approach a It now wants to put Seattle on the route. mittee, forms of transportation that Four Power Conference, let us all remember It sounds good to us because, as we'Ve said compete with interstate motor carriers these historical !acts. The conscience of here before and often, we want Seattle to are seeking to legalize selective rate cut­ the free world will not be clear until Lithu­ have everything it can reasonably claim in ania, Estonia., and Latvia are free. ting and otherwise tamper with our the way of air transportation. highway transportation. If, while we try to solve the problems of meeting our increasing national demands for high­ way transport, we allow the trucking in­ Why Not? . .The Administration Highway Bill dustry to go down under the weight of the attacks on it, we will surely be in­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS EXTENSION OF REMARKS dulging in foolishness . . We also have the OF OF spectacle of opposition for opposition's HON. THOMAS M. PELLY sake here in Congress. It seems that HON. WILLIAM H. AYRES every time the administration comes for­ OF WASHINGTON ward with a piece of constructive think­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing, the postal raise, minimum wages, Wednesday, June 1, 1955 farm policies, to name just a few in ad­ Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, the Pacific Wednesday, June 1, 1955 dition to the highway program, opposi­ Northwest is the natural airline termi­ · Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, the high­ tion is raised and a new measure is pro­ nus for world trade and travel routes. way problem now occupies the thoughts posed, often without any motive behind Of great interest to me, as a Representa­ of many people in and out of Govern­ it other than sheer opposition. tive from the city of Seattle and K\tsap ment. As I have given considerable Our Nation has far outgrown its high­ County, is the application of Pan Amer­ thought to this and related problems I way system. We now have over 58 mil­ ican Airways for a certificate to fly from want to begin by saying that neither the lion vehicles on our highways. What Seattle to Europe over the polar route. Gore bill nor the Cabinet Policy Com­ we desperately need is less talk about Already such service is available to mittee report, in my opinion, will become this "plan" or some other "report" and Los Angeles through a service inau­ law. The peace and prosperity the more action to get the four-lane high­ gurated a year ago by Scandinavian Air­ country is enjoying under President ways we must have within the next 10 lines System. That this polar route Eisenhower's leadership is not going to years or so. We certainly could do with . offers unlimited possibilities for swift be disrupted by petty politics no maUer less politics in and out of competing and safe operation is indicated in a state­ who practices such. . He will be just as forms of transportation. The trucking ment by the president of Scandinavian quick to criticise his own Cabinet's ac­ industry itself has not met the chal­ Airlines System, welcoming Pan Ameri­ tion if he thinks it wrong as he will be lenges to it with any·great degree of acu­ can into the field and assuring them to speak out against those who are play­ men. Competition between various forms that the traffic potential is so encourag­ ing petty politics. of trucking such as contract and for-hire ing as to justify two carriers over this The most recent example of his stead­ carriers, as well as the apparent lack of route. fast integrity occurred in conn~ction interest in the other fellow's problem, Pan American's application asks for with the postal-pay veto when many has created an atmosphere in which the CAB authority to operate from Seattle, were urging him to give ground for the truck industry itself is responsible, in a Portland, San Francisco, and Los An­ great measure, for its present plight. sake of political expediency. Ike's reply When we consider those . who are con­ geles to London and other European was that he had gone as far as he could capitals via the top of the world. cerned with truck ownership, produc­ go in good conscience and he would not tion or maintenance, the total truck em­ It is important that the United States yield 30 cents for political purposes. continue to build a strong civil air trans­ ployment figure is gigantic indeed. Un­ Whether he was right or wrong he did fortunately, when we attempt to abscribe port system in the interest of both na­ not budge an inch, or rather he did not tional defense and an expanding com­ to this mass group any real concern for budge six-tenths of 1 percent. In the the general welfare of the motor-carrier mercial economy. I hope the Civil Aero­ history of this administration one thing nautics Board acts promptly to put Pan industry-, we are faced with divergent stands out clearly: President Eisen­ viewpoints and wasted effort. In other American in competition with our enter­ hower's 'leadership is of concern to both prising and resourceful Scandinavian words, the industry concerned· with its parties. His policies have been so uni­ own salvation has found it impossible, friends. versally accepted by the electorate that The Seattle Post-Intelligencer of May by reason of internal stress and politics,. the Republicans are fearful he might not to tell a coherent story to the public. If. 24 carried a thoughtful and illuminating seek reelection and the Democrats are editorial on the Pan American applica­ this industry were not of a major con­ shaking in their boots lest he does. Now cern to our general domestic welfare, tion. Under unanimous consent, I in­ I say, Mr. Speaker, let every Republican clude this editorial with my remarks: then I suppose we could say, "who cares and thinking Democrat get behind our about the future of the trucking indus­ WHY NOT? President particularly when we are talk­ try?" Unfortunately, this industry is Seattle has a chance to have a direct con­ ing about something as vital and essen­ so closely tied to the public welfare nection to Europe over the Polar Route-­ tially nonpolitical as our highways. My that no one can say "put your own house and we are for it. constituents are becoming increasingly in order before you come to Congress." We see no good reason why a route from concerned about the confusion that has the west coast to Europe, and now ex­ I recently had the ple~surable experi­ clusively in the hands ot foreign flag carriers, resulted from the efforts of the adminis­ ence of visiting in California, and a re­ should not have a little United States com­ tration to create the new and .better spected member of the trucking industry petition. highways the Nation needs. I share their with many years of experience put this Furthermore, the present Arctic :flights concern, primarily because what has al­ problem to me in .substantially this fash­ from the coast do not include Seattle. The ways been essentially a nonpolitical sub­ ion: There is a relatively limited number Scandinavian Airlines System presently op­ ject has, in recent months, become in­ of responsible people ·in the trucking in­ erates between Los Angeles via. the Polar creasingly political. Politics, while Route, and a British airline operate between dustry to whom Congress can look for San Francisco and London and beyond. Also, necessary and desirable in our national leadership in the solution of their prob­ there will soon be Canadian service between life, has no place in the· solution of grave lems in the State and Federal jurisdic­ Vancouver, British Columbia, and Amster­ economic problems relating to our na­ tions in which they operate. Unfor­ dam. tional transportation system. Needless tunately, special groups tend to obtain Now Pan American Airways has asked the to add, no amount of politics as usual special favors for themselves from legis­ CAB for permission to fly from !our coast will build a single inch of new highway. lators. These groups are not interested 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7425 in the problems of their neighbors who my judgment, Congress should pass the ter what -the changes-in· time, or- place, or , are in the same business of hauling the administration highway bill promptly, weapons-the fundamental· cause. f.or which .. Nation's commerce. They . are inclined reject the recommendations of the Cabi­ America has fought remains the same: Free~ ., to take the attitude: "Well, we got ours, net Committee, and tell the States dom. So all may know that if need be we will so who cares about the others?" As a they cannot third-structure interstate fight again in freedom's cause, we b\')ar, today friend of the trucking industry, I want trucking out of existence. When this is a great and heavy load of arms. Our part­ to tell it publicly_to get its house · in done, we will have accomplished our ners overseas do the same. We have ·watched, order. I want to say the same thing to national highway objectives. too often in the recent past, a tyrant's armies the Nation's rail carriers. The Nation's move, first attacking weaker :i;iations close rail carriers ought to awaken . to the at hand and then, emboldened by aggres­ needs of motor transport. Instead of sion's seeming triumph eventually attack­ trying to stifle motor transport compe­ ing us. Americans Fight for Freedom We have learned this lesson: A world not tition, they ought to be asking Congress safe for little nations is not secure for big to do something about legislation to EXTENSION OF REMARKS ones. Until the immoral law of force gives build new four-lane highways. Safety. OF way to the force of moral law, those who requires we do something. Last year, love and cherish liberty must have power to 36,000 people were killed on the open HON. JA~ES M. QUIGLEY deter its deadly foes. roads. National defense needs are such OF PENNSYLVANIA Li?erty is not guarded by arms alone; it survives and flourishes through the spirit­ that if a major emergency were to befalJ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES any one of our cities tomorrow, the the dedicated lives of those who know that Wedn·esday, June 1, {955· · liberty is worth its price. Should that price chances of its civilian population sur­ be patriot's blood and women's tears, let viving in any great measure would be Mr. QUIGLEY. MI;". Speaker, for the knowledge of this fact be more than sor­ far less than 5 or 10 years from now past 88 years Memorial Day services have· row. Man was born to be free; and will for­ with super highways available for evacu­ been conducted at the National Cemetery ever strive forward to fill this destiny. ation. at Gettysburg. It has become one of the Therefore, with courage and with sober Over and beyond the confusion and most solemn and traditional observances hope, under the insp~ing leadership of the now President, let us take up our great_ politics which seem to have taken over·· of the day. unfinished work. Upon the principles of lib­ our highway program, we have a situa-· There were two things about this year's erty and Justice for all, we can, with pa­ tion in some of the States which· has ceremonies which were highlights to me. tience and with perseverance, build up a placed an intolerable burden upon inter­ One was the voluntary presence in this decent trust among all nations. Thereby state commerce. I refer to so-called essentially northern observation of the this Nation under God, working in faith third-structure tax laws which have band of-the Mount Vernon High School and valor with our partners across the seas, destroyed reciprocity as to highway com­ from Alexandria, Va. The other were may erect the noblest .monument that could be raised to those we honor here this day: A merce between some of the most impor-· the pertinent remarks of the principal living monument of peace and freedom. tant producing and distributing centers speaker, the Honorable Harold. E. Stas­ in the Nation. Here again, through con­ sen. Under leave to revise and extend. fusion and tlie dissipation of funds for my remarks, I include the speech given road construction, we have the serious by Mr. ·Stassen: Los Angeles County 1953 Agri_culture Pro­ threat that highway commerce will not MEMORIAL DAY ADDRESS DELIVERED BY HAROLD · be able to survive all the various op.era­ E. STASSEN AT THE GETI'YSBURG NATIONAL duction Exceeds Any State in the tions that are being performed on it.· CEMETERY, ·MAY 30, 1955, AT 3:15 P. M. Union-Valued at More Than $1,- I say let us stop the bickering and get Mr. President, Mrs. Eisenhower, Congress­ the highways built. · We can do it by1ssu­ man QUIGLEY, my fellow citizens assembled 400,000,000 ing special bonds which will insure com­ for this 88th memoria,l service at Gettysburg, pletion of a progrl:l,m. in 10 years. I am certain that every citizen Joining in this vast assembly would wish me to express EXTENSION OF REMARKS Increased revenue from increasing traf­ on their behalf a deep appreciation to the OF fic would go far toward retiring such President and Mrs. Eisenhower for their bonds in record time. While we are wait­ presence and for the fact that their home HON. GORDON L. McDONOUGH ing for the bonds to mature, the Federal address at Gettysburg has led to their at­ OF CALIFORNIA gasoline tax· would carry the burden. tendance today at this memorial service IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES initiated by President Lincoln. Today is an This would be eminently sensible, for it Wednesday, June 1, 1955 is clear that the pro·ceeds from the Fed­ occasison that will long be remembered in eraf gasoline tax have been dissipated in Gettysburg. Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Speaker, many ways not related to highway im­ Nearly 100 years ago President Abraham southern California has become one of Lincoln, in words now an immortal part of the most important agricultural centers provement. Under such a proposal, the our American heritage, helped to dedicate States could devote their funds to the this final resting place for those who gave in the United States, according to the building of roads which are outside· the their lives during the first cruel days of July latest figures released by the Agricul­ scope of the Federal program. Thus we 1863. Even as Lincoln spoke, our Nation was tural Committee of the Los Angeles would have a State and a Federal road racked by a civil war; and the outcome of Chamber of Commerce, and is in the system growing to proper proportions that tragic conflict was still uncertain. unique position of shipping, as a section side by side. Today we know the ultimate victory. We of a State, more produce during the year know the brave men who paid the final price 1953 than any other entire State in the The trucking industry. of this Nation, of freedom at this spot did not die in vain; I am assured, is fully cognizant of the Their cause survives. The principles they United States with the exception of the needs and the benefits of all our citizens fought for have endured and prospered whole State of California. to be derived from highways which would mightily. This Nation, under God, has not Los Angeles County alone, according meet the demands of our growing traffic. perished from the earth. This Nation, under to Mr. F. R. Wilcox, chairman of the All it needs is to be treated fairly, It God, has prospered and held freedom. Agricultural Committee, reached a total asks no special privileges, nor would I or It is fitting that each year a special time, value for agricultural production for Memorial Day, be set apart for us, the living, 1954 of $1,427,000,000, an amount almost anyone else I know grant any. In treat­ to pluck the mystic chords of memory lest ing such a vital industry fairly, we must we forget the meaning of the distant drums. $2 million greater than 1953. understand that attempts to give rail­ Only a few survive who hearkened to the The phenomenal growth of popula­ roads a competitive advantage over battle bugles call in Lincoln's time, less than tion, business, and industry in Los An­ trucking by 9hanging our national trans­ a platoon left who know the deeds of yester­ geles County and in all of southern Cali­ portation policy and virtually nullifying day at first hand. For most of us the agon­ fornia is well known, but to most peo­ rate regulation in favor of rail carriers izing struggles of the Civil War are but pages ple, it is not regarded as an agricultural may result in a situation where the cure in a history book. area. Yet it has now become one of the Since those grim days other Americans, leading agricultural communities in the is worse than the disease. When we get in other wars, ·in other lands, have fought­ the roads we need, will there be a strong, and maµy died-that liberty might live. whole world, and its tremendous produce dynamic trucking industry around to The names of far-off battlefields twist our added to that of the rest of the State has haul the goods we use? Let us use good tongues-alien places undreamed of by those brought a record of 1 carlot of fresh sense and have done with confusion. In who lie in thi~ hallowed earth, Yet, no mat-, fruits or vegetables rolling from the 58 .7426. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 counties of the State every 1 ½ minutes milk, cattle, and calves. This lilcome--close · crises a:heaii, :fro : doubt, out there is e-very ·. during 1953, the last year for which these to $800 million-represents between 15 and . hope that he will recover in the near future­ :figures were available. 20 percent of our State's income from all _ if the patient- and his friends continue to sources. But that is only half the story. face the facts about his.own condition. The following is the press report on the Thousands of other people, besides the dairy . What a.re those facts? agricultural record of Los Angeles Coun­ farmer himself, are engaged in work directly . The first and mos~ basic one, I believe, is ty and southern California: dependent upon the vast flow of milk from that the·industry will be sick just·as long as · COUNTY'S FARM PRODUCTION IN 1954 NEAR Wisconsin's diary cows-in manufacturing production of miik and •its products outpaces · RECORD dairy products from milk, in distributing consumption, regardless of the level of .Gov­ them, in transporting them and in merchan­ ernment support. It ·is axiomatic that milk Agricultural production in Los Angeles dising them. Thousands of others are en­ county in 1954 reached the second highest surpluses, no matter who stores them, act as gaged in providing supplies, equipment, and a depressing influence UProgram is growing Sometimes, however, there are many of us ter. is up. Surpluses previously acquired by leaps and bounds. _ · ~ who forget how closely the prosperity of our have moved into the channels of consum;p.: ' -Government. sh'ould, ~ it is now doing,. State and its people is allied with the for­ :(;ion-into people's stomachs rather than provide technical- assistanc·e to farmers, help-· tunes of the dairy industry. We tend to spoiling in warehousesp J _ • ; J,ng them. to, produce more. economically, to take for granted the marvelously complex . I certainly do not want to mislead anyone. ti~ themselve3: of dairy ~iseases. such as in economic system we have built up around The patient is still ailing, but all signs indi­ the accelerated brucellosis eradication pro-. the dairy cow. Sixty-five percent of our cate that the invalid, instead of going down gram, and to assist them to become better farm cash income comes from the sale of hill, ls convalescing rapidly. There will be alf-round producers. - · 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE .7427 Government should-and real- aggressive No, I say the answer to the dairy problem ment, increa_sed production efficiency and in­ action is needed in thjs field whicn has been, does not lie in production controls. Rather; creased per capita consumption-these are' neglected~help to eliminate the barriers to one part of the answer lies in the opposite. the needs. These are the facts we face. increased milk consumption; artificial . bar-: direction. - It lies not in limiting efficiency, We have made great progress from the riers which have sprung tip. through market-. but in promoting it. .The dairy farmer can­ serious situation which confronted us only ing orders, sanitary regulations, and milk not be helped by persuading him to accom-. a year ago. We have a long way to go . .But price regulation.in various States and local­ plish less with his labor. A test at Michigan I believe strongly that we are moving to­ ities. State showed that milk production costs ward the time, as the Secretary of Agricul­ These are all proper and helpful fields could be cut by 45 percent through the use ture put it recently, when the support price for Government action. But, please note of all available techniques, such as better.. will no longer be the ceiling price, as has that none of them contemplate turning over producing cows and improved practices, been the case too long. Our goal, he said, the dairy industry to complete control from without increasing farm help or farm acre­ is to have the farm price of milk move up in some d~sk in Washington-as the ·advocates· age. Any dairy farmer who achieves only the market rather than on the statute book. of high supports and milk production con-· part of this efficiency increase automatically I am convinced we can reach that goal­ trols propose. They are geared instead to­ improves his economic position considerably. if w-e continue to face the facts. ward attacking the dairy problem at its That is why I said earlier that the partial source--by encouraging more efficient pro­ answer to the problem of too much produc­ duction -by · efficient producers and by in­ tion is, paradoxically, increased production creasing p~r capita copsumption of dairy by individual producers. For, part of the products. reason for too much production is too many Memorial Day, Lawrence, Mass. The possibilities of harm through Gov­ farmers engaged in milk production, in other ernment action are just. as great as. the po­ parts of the country, who have no economic EXTENSION OF REMARKS tential for good. I need mention only one at justification for being in the business of pro­ OF this point. It is -a sad commentary that ducing milk. They have been able to operate some who purport to speak for the dairy inefficiently and get by because of artificially HON. THOMAS J. LANE farmer are supporting legislation which high prices for milk, either through Gov­ would put .feed crops at mandatory, high ernment supports, marketing orders, or local OF MASSACHUSE'lTS support levels while keepin_g dair_y product~ regulations. As we produce more efficiently IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES on a flexible· basis. I see no good in such in Wisconsin and as we break down these Wednesday, June 1, 1955 legislation for the dairy farmer. It is a artificial barriers to the flow of milk into move to increase his cost of production at other States, we in Wisconsin can expect to Mr. LANE. Mr. Speaker, under leave a time when one of his .great needs is to capture the markets now held by inefficient to extend my remarks, I wish to include reduce that cost. A dollar paid out· for producers. These other areas can then re­ the following address I delivered on the higher feed has the same number of cents turn to crops for which their farms are Memorial Day observance on Campag­ as a dollar received for milk. more suited. This 1s happening to a slight none Memorial Common, Lawrence, Let us talk a ·bit about production. I extent already. Wisconsin milk production have already mentioned that the advocates is down only slightly for the first 3 months Mass., with exercises in memory of those of milk production controls have come out of of this year, but production nationwide is who served as soldiers, sailors, and ma-. hiding and are now openly proposing that down almost 2 percent. rines in defense of the Union, ·during the Government tell each and every dairy · May I point to a final fact which faces the the War of the Rebellion, followed bi farmer how much milk he shall produce .in dairy industry-the fact that our brightest the traditional military parade to Belle­ return for high - Government-supported future lies in increasing the consumption of vue and Immaculate Conception Ceme-­ prices. dairy products. This is a fact which we have been late to recognize. I have no doubt, teries, where the dead of all other wars· I 'think that the Wisconsin dairy farmer, were honored. The exercises were jointly if he faces the facts, will overwhelmingly however, that the industry is now well aware reject such a proposal. 1t is a proposal for of the need to go out and sell its products. sponsored by American Legion Posts, nothing more nor less than a· Government­ This festival is a significant contribution Nos. ·15 and 275, this year. · run monopoly. It is a proposal which would to that sales campaign. . With each passing year, we approach Me­ strike hard · at the efficient milk producers Great progress has been made already. morial Day with greater reverence. of our Nation because it would freeze them We are increasing the consumption of dairy · The boy who stood near one of those trees in old production patterns,· limiting their products through giant advertising and mer­ in 1938, 1925, or . 1907, holding on to his. sales not by what they c.an efficiently pro­ chandising plans sponsored by the dairy father's hand as he watched the uniformed duce but by what the Government tells farmers themselves. My kids are singing veterans on Memorial Day, may be in the them they can selL I need· not tell you that "Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier," gallant company of the heroic dead whose the most efficient milk. producers in the because Davy Crockett is selling milk, butter, sacrifices we honor in 1955. country are the Wisconsin dairy farmers. and cheese on the television. Our own . As each generation, in turn, grows up to The Wisconsin dairy farmer knows the im­ Alice in Dairyland is promoting the sale defend the freedoms of our Nation. portance of volume. He constantly strives of dairy products. You good people here ' To die, if need be, winning time for us to to increase production at reduced cost. A are doing more than your share. The in­ help create a civilization that shall be worthy production drop, he knows, costs as much as dustry itself has come alive. We can expect of all God's children. a drop in price. Let me put it another way. more and better results as this gigantic pro­ On Memorial Day we put aside for a mo­ He knows that a reduction in his volume of motion program takes hold of the American ment the routine tasks that make our lives milk reduces his income · just as much as a people, as it has begun to do already. seem so small in meaning and in purpose. drop in the· price of milk. , Every advance We begin with· a tremendous advantage. We think of the boy next door, who had no he makes in dairyirig efficiency-the up­ We have an ideal product to sell. It is .wealth, or fame, or position to protect, but grading of his herd, improvements in feed­ nature's finest food. It is inexpensive. It who went forth in the splendor of his man­ ing and milking, better handling and trans­ tastes · good. That is a combination that hood to give up his whole being that we porting of his milk-is designed for volume can't be beaten. The American people need might be spared for another chance. production. Production controls would end to be made aware that milk and its products What inspired him with such faith and the march toward efficient production. What are the source of over 100 different nutri­ courage? farmer would strive for more volume when ents-vitamins, minerals, fats, sugars, and Through home, and church, and school, he the Government would prevent him from high-quality proteins. They need to be re­ learned that the finest people are those who selling his extra milk, or penalize him· ·ror minded that the 15 percent of their food free themselves from the imprisonment of doing so? dollar which they spend on dairy products self. · May I point out another fact to the Wis­ brings them 25 percent of their food. They . Who are not afraid to spend their energies, consin farmer?- -Any system of production ·need to have brought to their attention the their minds, and their hearts, to make life controls would necessarily have to exempt thousand and one different ways in which just a little better than it was before. the backyard producer-the one- and two­ dairy products can be used to better the To our soldier dead, the bright, clean flag cow farmer--or the administrative job o! taste of their diets. That is the road to that they followed into battle, represented handling the contr(!lS would be impossible. increased per capita consumption. all the brave men who had gone before them; To us in Wisconsin, it probably seems in­ These jobs-and the job of better distri­ it spoke of their mothers and fathers who credible, but the fact is that almost hair :bution of dairy products-are the respon­ had provided opportunities for them in this the farms in the Nation producing milk sibility of the industry and the dairy farmer, ·new world; and it promised all the greatness fall in this category. That means that the assisted by Government. It is a job which yet to be, if Americans become fully awake full burden of production controls would · must be done. to the responsibilities of freedom. fall upon the l~rge and efficient producers. It I am supremely confident of the future Living each day, not only for material gain, would fall parti.cular1y·hard -upon the farm­ r of the dairy industry-so important to au but to extend our horizons in all directions, ers in, our State wher~ _dal,ry herds of 20 or ·of us in Wisconsin-if the industry con:. searching for the peace based on understand­ more account for 53 percent. of the cows in ·tinues to face up to the facts. ing and fellowship. our State· and where we pride ourselves·· on An understanding of the basic problem, Every man has his shortcomings, whether efficient productic;:m _of milk. . a recognition_ of_the . P!oper ~ole of Govern:- he knows them or nc;>t. CI--467 7428 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE. June 1 And the same applies to groups, to cities, of France, that tenderly embrace the mpr~al their bar examinations. They were or­ States, and the Nation itself. remains of young Americans who fought .and. dered to report June 15 and the exam­ We are aware of much that is cheap and died in freedom's name. inations are to· be given July 18, 19, and shoddy in our way of life; of action for Today we commune with them. 20. Their request was ·rejected and they action's sake with no constructive end in Praying that we may live up to the higl;i.· view. . standards they have set before us. were told either to report as ordered or In our dealings with other nations, we Heartened by the alert and every-ready to resign and be drafted. sometimes rush in with economic aid and pilots of our Strategic Air Command; by the I certainly think the future careers of military equipment, thinking that these two soldiers and sailors who make tyrants hesi­ our young men should be considered. items will solve the whole problem, instead tate to embroil the world in war. To me the Washington State Bar Asso­ of trying to understand the character and Hopeful, as we look at our schools where ciation is right, and I have urged the the culture of the nations that we are trying youngsters are learning those imperishable District National Air Guard to recon­ to befriend. truths that will nourish the future. OUr impulsiveness leads us to expect· quick From university to scientific laboratory, sider its decision. My colleague from results. . - from factory to market place, and in every the State of Washington [Mr. MACK], This is a factor that we must also bear in activity, the eager American is pioneering, in whose district one of the young men mind during forthcoming negotiations with pressing forward to conquer poverty, disease, lives, has joined me in protesting and the Russian Communists, that could result ignorance, and intolerance. urging that a 60-day delay be given these in some lessening of international tensions. Not for himself alone, but that all men three students in reporting for military Whatever may be their long-range objec­ shall benefit from progress. Wtth the dedi­ service. We have pointed out that the tives, we can be sure that their present be­ cation of a Dr. Salk, who freely offered his Government already has an investment havior is prompted by necessity rather than discovery to liberate parents and children a genuine desire for peace. in all lands from the fear and suffering of a in their training which should be pro­ Things are not going too well within the dread affliction. tected, but more important they should Communist Empire. Soldiers for peace as well as for war, be permitted to take their bar exams This, plus the fact that the free world is Winning victories for mankind. now rather than after they complete steadily building its economic and military In sadness, mellowed by pride, we mourn their military service. Otherwise their strength, as it applies the lessons of team­ for our soldier dead because they gave up future careers may well be jeopardized, work, is responsible for the sudden change in the great gift of life, to defend us. tactics on the part of the Kremlin. Wondering if we can ever justify their Some Americans may jump to the false faith in us. conclusion that the Communists have sud­ Missing their unwavering courage that we denly reformed, forgetting the mousetrap need to overcome the dangers that challenge Increase Minimum Wage to $1.25 plays that the Soviets employ to tempt na­ us the living. But wait, we do not have to reach back tions into moves that will weaken and defeat EXTENSION _OF REMARKS them. and recapture the past. Armed Forces Day, which was observed on Our heroic dead are not separated from OF . May 21, stressed the theme of power for us, in the ever-lengthening distance be­ peace. tween 1950, 1918, 1898, 1864, 1775. HON. ISIDORE DOLLINGER It is that power which has made some im­ They are the invisible host of brave men OF NEW YORK pression on the Communists. who, having done their duty, encourage us IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES It is a realistic force that they plan to to do ours, being closer to us than we realize. undermine by the olive-branch technique, Freedom is not a passing experiment. Wednesday, June 1, 1955 until such time as they can lull the free Courage is never dated. On this Memorial Day we are aware of a Mr. DOLLINGER. Mr. Speaker, leg­ world into the careless mood where stealthy islation to increase the minimum hourly subversion may enslave us from within. precious heritage that lives and breathes While we are duty bound to examine every in us. wage now holds . the spotlight. This Soviet proposal that might, just might lead Thankful to God for having blessed our vitally important question is being con­ to a settlement of outstanding problems, we country with men who were unafraid to sidered by the Committee on Education should look beyond the bait and guard our­ open the way on which we must follow and Labor. Millions of underpaid selves against boobytraps. through. workers are looking hopefully to Con­ At no time can we ever relax our vigilance. Indebted to the valiant Americans who gress for relief and for a decent living The menace in our time is communism. have not really gone and will never be for­ wage. In the future it may come in another gotten. form; through our own worship of material­ Because they walk with us in spirit and As early as 1949 :t introduced a bill ism or indifference to problems right here forever. to establish a $1 minimum hourly wage; at home. in 1953 I introduced a bill providing for Having freedom is one thing; what we do $1.25, and reintroduced it in 1955. The with it is another. Protecting the Educational Opportunities fact that a minimum wage of at least A spoiled child, wanting to have its way $1 per hour was needed to meet living in all matters, believes that it is enjoying o.f Our Young Men costs in 1949 points up the futility and a special freedom. But that child grows up worthlessness of the President's pro.:. alone because it fails to show consideration EXTENSION OF REMARKS posal that the minimum wage be for the rights of others. OF · Just as no free people can live in isolation. increased to only 90 cents, for living We remember George Washington, who HON. THOMAS M. PELLY costs have steadily increased. shared the suffering of his men during that The workingmen of our prosperous bitter winter at Valley Forge. OF WASHINGTON country should be given a minimum wage Abraham Lincoln, worried by a divided IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of at least $1.25 per hour in order that nation, the inhuman lot of the slaves, and Wednesday, June 1, 1955 they can maintain a decent standard of the tragedy of brother fighting against living. brother that burdened his heart with Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, I have re­ anguish. ceived a protest from the Washington I appeared before the committee Woodrow Wilson, leading the crusade to State Bar Association which I think today and made my plea in behalf of our save democracy and to win the right of self­ merits the attention of the Members of low-income workers, and am inserting determination for all peoples. the House. in the RECORD a copy of my statement: Franklin D. Roosevelt, lifting the Nation Recently in the Committee of the Mr. Chairman and members of the Com­ and the world from despair by his confident mittee on Education and Labor, on January leadership and his faith in the future. Whole House when we were discussing 5, 1955, I reintroduced my bill to establish Behind these Presidents, supporting and the Reserve manpower bill-it was obvious a $1.25 minimum hourly wage, and for other inspiring them, were the millions of un­ Congress desires in peacetime if possible purposes. known Americans whose sacrifices we honor to protect the educational opportunities I am pleased to have this opportunity to today. of our young men. Now I have a case speak in behalf of the underpaid workers of In every city and hamlet throughout the in point which shows how rigid and ar• our country, for they need our help. Nation we shall decorate their graves on this bitrary our military can be. The President of the United States has Memorial Day and in every year to come as recommended a 90-cent minimum wage. long as man shall live. Not only in the Three graduating law students of the This is grossly inadequate. Decent . living cemeteries that carpet the western hills of University of Washington who are at• standards cannot be maintained on less than our city, but in the bivouacs of the dead tached to the District of Columbia Na­ $1.25 per hour. from Concord to Korea; in the islands of tional Guard as Reserve officers applied Living costs have increased 14 percent the far Pacific; and along the hedgerows for induction delay so they could take since January 1950-but for the lowest in- · 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 7429 come group, which suffers the greatest price During his service he inaugurated many mation calling for the observance of Citizen-· rise, living costs have increased by at least innovations, notably the Federal Reg­ ship Day with appropriate ·ceremonies: 18 percent. During this time that the 75. Now, therefore, I, Dwight D. Eisenhower, cent level has remained, productivity has in. ister. This service alone is of sufficient importance to distinguish him. Many President of the United States of America, creased at least 20 percent. The gap between call upon the appropriate officials of the what a man is paid and a man produces Executive orders have practically the Government to display the flag of the United widens and the glaring injustice of the 75. force and effect of legislative enactments, States on all Government buildings on Sat­ cent minimum wage is apparent. but without the Federal Register it might urday, September 17, 1955, and urge the The low-wage earner has been staggering be difficult to locate and analyze some people of the Nation to display the flag on under an overwhelming burden of high taxes administrative orders. that day at their homes and other suitable and ever rising living costs and no relief by Judge Stephens was devoted to the law places. way of increased earnings has been given at all times, but had a fine sympathetic. I also urge Federal, State, and local offi­ him. Low-income families have been suffer­ cials, as well as religious, civic, patriotic, ing privations; they cannot afford adequate feeling toward all parties involved. He educational, and other organizations, to ar. medical care or many of the necessities that gave unstintingly of his time to every range for appropriate ceremonies on Citizen­ we have come to take for granted as part of case that came before him. ship Day, in schools and churches and other the American way of life. During the past In his private life he was a most lov­ appropriate places, to the end that all of us 2 years, under the Republican administra­ able man, devoted to his friends and his may gain a deeper appreciation of our rights tion, the rich have become richer while the faithful wife and companion of a life­ and responsibilities as citizens of the United poor man's lot has become more and more in­ time. We will not soon see his like again. States. tolerable--low-income families have had to And I also call upon all our citizens to battle for a meager existence. renew and reaffirm their allegiance on that Although corporation and stockholder day to the principles and ideals embodied profits are up, labor is called upon to pay in the Constitution-the foundation of our most of the tax bill. Corporations and those Citizenship Day 1955 strength and the symbol of freedom and in high-income brackets were provided loop­ justice for all. holes in the tax law under this administra­ In witness whereof, I have hereunto set tion, but the wage earner has not been EXTENSION OF REMARKS my hand and caused the seal of the United granted an increase in personal income-tax OF States of America to be affixed. exemption. On the other hand, hidden taxes Done at the city of Washington this 1st have increased and in most States people are HON. FRANK T. BOW day of June in the year of our Lord 1955, and now called upon to pay sales taxes. Thus the OF OHIO of the independence of the United States of tax burden is being shifted more and more to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES America the 179th. the shoulders of the low- and middle-income DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. families. Wednesday, June 1, 1955 By the President: We must come to the rescue of the laboring [SEAL} JOHN FOSTER DULLES, people of the country. The wage earner Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, President Secretary of State. should be adequately paid for his labors and Eisenhower has issued a proclamation efforts; this is only his just share of the [F. R. Doc. 55-4560; Filed, June 3, 1955; calling upon all citizens to recognize Sep­ 1:38 p. m.J profits reaped as a result of his labors. tember 17, the anniversary of the signing An adequate minimum wage would mean of the Constitution, as Citizenship Day. a boost to the health, morale, and general House Joint Resolution 95 economic welfare of millions of workers and Under joint resolution adopted in 1952, the Congress has set aside this ~ay as Joint resolution to make Constitution Day their families; it would bolster the pur­ a legal holiday chasing power of the low-income groups one of recognition of all citizens who where the need for higher living standards is have come of age and all who have been Resolved, etc., That the 17th day of Sep­ the greatest. This, in turn, will increase the naturalized within the year preceding. tember in each year, being the day cele• demand for goods and services throughout brated and known as Constitution Day, is I join the President in urging suitable hereby made a legal holiday to all intents the Nation and benefit all. recognition of our new citizens and of I urge your committee to take a realistic and purposes and in the same manner as the view and to recognize the plight of the work· the anniversary of the Constitution. 1st day of January, the 22d day of February, lngman. Justice demands that you set a I feel, however, that the anniversary of the 30th day of May, the 4th day of July, minimum wage of $1.25 per hour. I trust our American Constitution, one of the the first Monday of September, the 11th day that you will favorably report legislation pro· greatest written documents of all times, of November, the fourth Thursday of No­ viding for that sum. Anything less would deserves greater recognition than is pro­ vember, and Christmas Day. be wholly inadequate, futile, and a betrayal vided under the resolution and the proc­ of the workingmen who must rely upon us lamation of the President. I feel that it for protection. should be a legal holiday devoted to the Constitution. For this purpose, l have Letter From Georgia Women's Democratic introduced House Joint Resolution 95, Club Favoring 4-Year Terms for Repre­ which is now waiting consideration of The Late Chief Judge Harold M. Stephens the Committee on the Judiciary, and sentatives which I hope may soon have the approval EXTENSION OF REMARKR of that committee. EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF Under leave to extend, I include the OF President's proclamation and the text of HON. KARL M. LeCOMPTE House Joint Resolution 95: HON. JAMES C. DAVIS OF IOWA OF GEORGIA PROCLAMATION 3098 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CITIZENSHIP DAY, 1955 Wednesday, June 1, 1955 By the President of the United States of Wednesday, June 1, 1955 Mr. LECOMPTE. Mr. Speaker, yes­ America, a proclamation Mr. DAVIS of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, terday as I attended the last rites pro­ Whereas by joint resolution approved Feb­ I am in receipt of a letter from Mrs. nounced over my friend, Chief Judge ruary 29, 1952 (66 Stat. 9), the Congress of David S. Hogg, legislative chairman of Harold M. Stephens, I constantly thought the United States has designated the 17th the Georgia Women's Democratic Club, day of September of each year as Citizen. of the great contribution this unselfish ship Day in commemoration of the signing Atlanta, Ga., advising me that on May man had made to the welfare of his of the Constitution of the United States on 26 that organization adopted a resolu­ country through his devotion to fair and September 17, 1787, and in recognition of all tion advocating that the term of office of constructive interpretation of law. He our citizens who have come of age and all Members of the United States House. of was an eminent and successful practicing who have been naturalized during the year; Representatives be changed from 2 years, lawyer, but he was willing to devote the and the present length of a term, to a term of greater part of his life to the judiciary, Whereas in this time of world uncertainty 4 years. and he became one of the very great and unrest it is most appropriate that every The Georgia Women's Democratic one of our citizens, whether native-born or jurists of this age. foreign-born, give special thought to the Club is affiliated with the National Dem­ For 20 years he served on the bench of priceless blessings secured to us by our Con­ ocratic Party, and concerns itself with the United States Court of Appeals for stitution; and questions of national as well as local im­ the District of Columbia Judicial Circuit, Whereas the aforesaid resolution author­ portance. I have been advised that this and since 1948 he has been Chief Judge. izes the President to issue annually a procla. organization has for some time given .7430 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 study and consideration to the question tire $100 plus $10 plus $50, or $160, and work in harmony with the people of of the length of the term for Members with an additional tax of $20 every time other nations to accomplish a united of the United States House of Repre­ the tire is recapped. In addition, all of purpose. sentatives, and the resolution adopted the money derived from the new tire tax Foremost among those who have paved on May 26 is the result of that study. is to be earmarked for use on the Inter­ the way for the path of good interna­ I take pleasure in giving to my col­ state Highway System, which in the case tional relations is the motion-picture di­ leagues in the Hous0 this information re­ of my State of Washington would in­ rector, Mark Robson. Mr. Robson 3 garding the action of the Georgia Wo­ volve Highway 99, running north and years ago took a company of. American men's Democratic Club. south from Vancouver to Blaine, Wash., film workers into the remote areas of and Highway 10, running east and west Samoa to make the motion picture Re­ from Seattle to Spokane, Wash. Log­ turn to Paradise. He instructed his co­ ging is one of the chief industries in the workers to enter into the civic life of Federal-Aid Highway Program State of Washington, yet owing to the the capital city. Spending 4 months with location of the camps in relation to the the Samoans, Robson and his company EXTENSION OF REMARKS mills, logging trucks seldom use the in­ were model emissaries for this coun­ try-so much so that they were given a OF terstate highways. Nevertheless, log­ ging-truck owners would be compelled to ceremonial farewell feast by the natives HON. THOMAS M. PELLY pay this exorbitant $50 or more tax on of six villages. OF WASHINGTON every tire purchased under this bill. Last year, Robson extended his opera­ The average logging truck has a comple­ tions to Japan, where he filmed much of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ment of 16 tires, so that for every set of the motion picture The Bridges at Toko­ Wednesday, June 1, 1955 tires purchased an additional tax of $800 Ri. To the Japanese, he brought a true or more would be assessed, this in addi­ view of the Americans at work. He in­ Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, I have just tegrated his production crews with those read H. R. 7072, the new Federal Aid tion to the already substantial excise tax. Referring once again to the staggering of Tokyo studios, and Americans worked Highway bill, written and introduced by alongside Japanese in perfect harmony, the Democratic members of the House increase proposed in the gasoline and diesel-fuel tax, in the case of the former He exchanged professional views in pub­ Public Works Committee. I have no dif­ lic meetings with the Japanese film crea­ ferences with many, in fact most, of the 50 percent and of the latter 200 percent, consider the plight of the airlines, the tors, and made a number of personal basic provisions of this new bill, H. R. appearances in Tokyo theaters to praise 7072. However, I am most emphatically owner of private airplanes and small craft, the farmer operating tractors and the efficiency of the Nipponese studio opposed to the financing provision of this workers. Robson's visit resulted in an bill. The President's program calls for stationery power-driven farm equip­ ment. All these individuals would pay added respect for American methods financing the expanded program by and conduct. means of a bond issue to be paid off their tax without ever using the high­ ways for which the tax was levied. Later in the year, the director com­ from the increased revenue occurring pleted a motion picture that was made in from the gasoline tax which is expand­ In my opinion this constitutes a per­ fect example of a discriminatory tax England and Germany. In the latter ing year after year. On the other hand country, where our public relations often the proponents of this new bill have set bordering on confiscation, and should most definitely be deleted from any leg­ are in the critical stage, he performed up a tax structure for the financing of in the best diplomatic tradition by uti­ their proposed bill that is in my judg­ islation brought before the distinguished Members of this House. I strongly urge lizing West Germany's motion-picture ment completely unrealistic and grossly facilities to the fullest extent and always unfair. The discriminatory tax placed the financing of this program be based on the sound business practices sug­ considering that nation's film experts burdens out of all proportion on certain on a par with our own. segments of industry. Briefly they pro­ gested in the administration's recom­ mendation. In another case, Producer-Director pose to raise the present 2 cents a gallon John Huston endeared himself recently Federal gas tax to 3 cents, a 50-percent to the natives of the Canary Islands .by increase, and the present 2 cents a . gal­ staging special public sports events for lon tax on diesel fuel to 6 cents, a 200- American Motion-Picture Industry Pro­ the people while he was making the film percent increase. This tax is obviously motes International Goodwill Moby Dick in that part of the world. grossly unfair to the users of our air­ He created enormous goodwill also in ways and the operators of gasoline- and the Azores, where he filmed another por­ diesel-powered small craft, as well as EXTENSION OF REMARKS tion of his motion picture. In India last the users of diesel fuel for heating pur­ OF month, Mr. Huston provided the same poses, not to mention the general public effective international relations through already struggling with a tax burden out HON. GORDON L. McDONOUGH his appearances at official functions and of all proportion to earned income. OF CALIFORNIA his superb press relations. Aside from these fuel taxes, H. R. 7072 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES By the time the year ends, it is esti­ comes up with a startling new proposal, Wednesday, June 1, 1955 mated that 40 feature motion pictures the levying of a special tax on truck tires will have been made by American com­ in sizes 8.50 by 18 and larger. I am in­ Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Speaker, the panies on foreign soil. . If past 'expe­ formed that this size tire weighs approx­ motion-picture industry of the United rience is a criterion, the people who par­ imately 100 pounds or more. The tax States has been and is doing much to ticipate in these productions may be is to be 50 cents a pound on tires and further international goodwill and un­ numbered among America's best mis­ tubes. Then, too, for the purposes of derstanding between the United States sionaries of goodwill. this act, every time the owner of a tire and the other nations of the world. has occasion to have it retreaded or re­ Not only nave motion pictures carried capped, he pays an additional 20 cents the message of our American way of life per pound tax on the overall weight of to every corner of the globe, but the Bananas on Pike's Peak? this same tire. motion-picture companies have sent This is an exorbitant tax. Heavy units to all parts of the world in their EXTENSION OF REMARKS truck tires presently sell for approxi­ film-making efforts. OF mately $1 a pound, to which there is The men and women who have trav­ added a 10-percent Federal excise tax. eled to far lands have acted as individual HON. CRAIG HOSMER Under the new proposal the sponsors of goodwill representatives of the United OF CALIFORNIA this bill would add 50 cents per· pound. States, and have, in their relationships IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thus on a 100-pound tire now selling at with peoples of other nationalities and $100 there would be the present $10 ex­ backgrounds, impressed upon them the Wednesday, June 1, 1955 cise tax, plus the proposed new 50-cents­ effectiveness of American methods and Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, the per-pound tax, making the cost of the the ability of the American people to Congress mig}J.t as well appropriate 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 7431 public money to grow bananas on Pike's half of every dollar earned and owned come themselves temporarily irrespon­ Peak as to approve the central Utah by every American. In the · early days sible? No sensible organization of men irrigation project. of the New Deal the Federal Govern­ turns loose its officers to do anything · The central Utah project is a part of ment ,confiscated every ounce of gold they like and spend whatever they the proposed multi-billion-dollar upper that was being used or to be used as please. Their powers are always speci­ Colorado River project. the medium of exchange. Future own­ fied and limited in scope and spending The cost to the Nation's taxpayers of ership of gold was declared a crime, and to carry out the stated purposes of the the central Utah project would be $4,700 payment of obligations in gold was for­ organization. Congress is in that ridicu­ an acre. bidden. Taxes, hidden and direct, re­ lous position of being unlimited in func­ The project would produce agricul­ quire a third of our individual income. tions and spending power. tural products now supported by the More than half of the net income of Do we need another decade--even taxpayers and in great surplus in this corporations is taken. The Federal Gov­ another day-to demonstrate that Con­ country. Among these are grains, dairy ernment owns about 25 percent of the gress is incapable of correcting its own products, and wool. land area of the United States. In addi­ helplessness without the people's. help? tion are all the Government housing Much of our trouble stems from the projects and some 2,500 business prop­ Marxian system of taxation established erties estimated at about $50 billion. by Congress. With its heavy progressive Limiting the Powers of Congress Add to this the electrical-power projects income tax and its confiscatory death that will soon produce a fourth of our tax, this system is fast driving us into EXTENSION OF REMARKS power. Add to this irrigation projects complete socialism. of $2 % billion. Then there is the Gov­ OF As a means of eliminating this evil, ernment insurance business, impossible Senator EVERETT M. DIRKSEN and Con­ HON. RALPH W. GWINN to estimate, insuring farmers against gressman CHAUNCEY W. REED have intro­ OF NEW YORK crop failures, workers against unem­ duced in the Senate and House an ployment, orphans, widows, and old amendment to the Constitution limiting IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES people against want. Along with in­ Wednesday, June 1, 1955 the power of Congress to tax incomes, numerable other controls and regula­ inheritances, and gifts-Senate Joint Mr. GWINN. Mr. Speaker, the other tions, the Federal Government exercises Resolution 23 and House Joint Resolu­ day a proposal in Congress to reduce such compulsions as to fix wages ac­ tion 182. personal taxes by a meager $20 a head cording to the judgment of that Govern­ Congressman REED, when he intro­ was called fiscal irresponsibility. That ment. Farmers are instructed from duced the amendment in the House on was true because of worse fiscal irrespon­ Washington what crops are to be planted January 31, 1955, summarized its provi­ sibility by Congress for more than 20 and what the extent of the harvest shall sions as follows: be. In recent times the Government has years right up to this minute. It has First. As to income taxes: The amendment been making appropriations for grants­ determined the rent a landlord should limits income taxes on both individuals and in-aid, loans, subsidies, and gifts. It charge and the profits a business could corporations to a maximum rate of 25 per­ has authorized spending, borrowing, and make. This was accomplished by spe­ cent, but permits Congress by a vote of three­ running deficits that make the proposed cific controls in addition to the taxing fourths of the Members of each House to reduction in taxes impossible-irrespon­ power which deprives the owner of his exceed that rate provided the top rate does sible. During the fiscal year 1956 the rights to property and his disposition of not exceed the bottom rate by more than Federal Government expects to spend the same. . Through the borrowing 15 percentage points. For example, if the power the United States Government bottom rate were 20 percent, the top rate about 20 percent of its budget on domes­ could not exceed 35 percent. If the top rate tic programs with so-called economic has mortgaged every man, woman, and does not exceed 25 percent, however, there and social objectives. Included in these child in the Nation to the extent of over is no restriction at all on the bottom rate. programs are aids to agriculture, aids $1,700, or a total of $285 billion, and It could, for instance, be 1 percent or one­ to business, aids to tenants and home­ entered into other contingent obligations half of 1 percent. Subject to the foregoing owners, aids to labor and other programs estimated at $244 billion, many of which limitations, the rates on corporate incomes providing general economic or social are not on the bool{s and not yet de­ may vary from those on individual incomes. terminable. Second. Death and gift taxes: The amend­ benefits. The total for these programs ment gives to the States the exclusive power according to the Tax Foundation is $12¼ Thus, what the Federal Government to impose death and gift taxes. billion. It takes at least 1,400,000 Fed­ does not own outright, which is com­ eral employees to operate our extraneous, munism, it regulates and controls, which The Reed-Dirksen proposal recognizes unconstitutional functions of govern­ is socialism, American variety. So far some basic first principles that the ment. They cost in salaries and other as the individual is concerned, there is Marxian tax system we now have does overhead more than $6 billion. Nine little difference between taking owner­ not. First, there is a point of diminish­ hundred thousand employees could per­ ship of property and taking control of ing returns in the collection of taxes. form all the legitimate constitutional it. What value does property have to Low rates may produce more revenue nonmilitary functions of government-­ a man if he cannot manage it or enjoy than high rates. Second, the great bulk and do a better job. the fruits of it or dispose of it as he sees of income taxes in a progressive rate Americans are quick to express their fit? system is collected from the lowest tax displeasure of and opposition to the The conclusion is inescapable, that the brackets; and, third, that as between Communist concept of state ownership Government, through its outright tak­ separate governmental taxing units, the of land and resources. They would con­ ing, taxing, regulatory and controlling one closest to the people can perform sider any comparison between our coun­ powers, has confiscated and transferred most efficiently and economically. try and Russia as odious and tantamount to itself at least one-half of the value of The first principle is best illustrated to treason. But a look at the facts will all private property in the United States. by the use of Henry Ford as an example. show that such a comparison is possible This is obviously a conservative estimate. In 40 years Mr. Ford's fortune increased and that the only difference is one of When income is taken by Government from $1,000 to $1 billion. If the Ford method and degree. It is common up to 91 percent as at present, that Motor Co. had been subjected to a 50- knowledge that in the last 15 years this means individual responsibility to man­ percent income tax during that 40-year inflation, which is directly attributable age ourselves and our property is sus­ period it could never have come into to reckless and irresponsible fiscal prac­ pended. existence. We have proved to the world tices of the Federal Government, has Something has to be done about it. Or that mass-produced, low-per-unit-cost decreased by 50 percent the value of our we shall have unlimited governmental products yield more profits and pay more dollar assets, bank deposits, Government irresponsibility in the management of taxes than high-per-unit costs and high bonds, insurance policies, and social­ our affairs permanently fastened upon rates of taxes. security claims. Since the Federal Gov­ us. To illustrate: During the 1920's the ernment has the power to so devalue the Indeed, is it not a fact that any peo­ high World War I tax· rates were dras- ~ worth of our money, it can be said that ple who tolerate mere men exercising tically lowered. The following table the Government has confiscated one- unlimited powers over them have be- shows that although maximum rates 7432 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1. were lowered and personal exemptions the exclusive power to levy death and result in the substitution of some form of increased the revenue yield was greater: gift taxes. These taxes constitute a socialism. small item in the Federal tax picture­ Karl Marx, in his Communist manifesto of 100 years ago, fully recognized the impor­ Total internal- Maximum Personal about 1 percent--but represent a con­ tance of these taxes as a means of destroy­ Year revenue col- rate exemp- siderable revenue to the States. The ing the private-enterprise system by includ­ lections (percent) tions right to control the transfer and devolu­ ing in the 10 planks in his platform the fol­ tion of property is one of the historical lowing: 1925 ______$2, 584-, 140,000 40 $2,500 attributes of sovereignty, and clearly be­ First. A heavy progressive or graduated 1926______2,836,000,000 24 3,000 income tax. 1927 __ ------2, 865, 863, 000 24 3,500 longs to the States. Secondly, the 1929______2,939,054,000 20 3,500 amendment's limitation on confiscatory Second. Abolition of all right of inherit­ 1930_ ------3,040,146,000 20 3,500 rates in the higher income-tax brackets ance. guarantees to the States that the wealth For the past two decades the Federal Gov­ created within· their boundaries will re­ ernment has been following the course pre­ The reason for this is obvious. The scribed by Marx by imposing a heavy progres­ great bulk of revenue comes from the main there to create more wealth and sive or graduated income tax, and while not first and lowest bracket of the income consequently produce more and greater abolishing the right of inheritance the Fed­ taxpayers. About 85 percent of all taxes tax revenue3 for the States. eral Government has been increasing the collected comes from the lowest bracket, · The amendment is a compromise, rec­ rates of the death tax until the top rate is viz. the 20-percent bracket. Only 3 per­ ognizing that in emergency situations now 77 percent. cent, or about $2 billion, is provided by the Federal Government must have The progression in income-tax rates from rates in excess of 34 percent. great fiscal powers. But it also assures the beginning rate of 20 percent on incomes the American people of fiscal and, con­ of $2,000 and under to 91 percent on incomes It is obvious from the foregoing that · of more than $200,000 is progression of a if the Government continues to require sequently, political sanity in normal most extreme character. It not only con­ large revenues, the lowest income pro­ times. That is the least we can do for fiscates the larger incomes, but it bears most ducers will be required to provide by far the Nation's 66 million taxpayers. heavily on the middle incomes, .the group at the greatest share of taxes. The following is an address delivered which Marx particularly aimed in his ad­ Real relief can be effected only by on the floor of the Senate, January 21, vocacy of heavy graduated income taxes. drastically reducing expenditures or by 1955, by Senator EVERETT M. DIRKSEN, of Reason and the experience of other na­ reducing the higher bracket tax rates so Illinois, introducing Senate Joint Reso­ tions, and most recently that of England, lution 23, the Reed-Dirksen amendment: demonstrate beyond all question that unless as to increase incentive and investment our policy of taxation is changed the system in productive enterprise. As Congress­ THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT of society under which this country has pros­ man REED points out, this would increase LIMITING CONGRESSIONAL POWER TO TAX pered arid grown great will come to an end the national income which constitutes INCOMES, INHERITANCES, AND GIFTS and some form of socialism or communism the tax base and thereby increase the Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, in January will supplant it. revenue. 1953 the Honorable CHAUNCEY w. REED, of How, one may ask, will the proposed· A very important effect of the amend­ Illinois, introduced in the House, and I in­ amendment keep the rates down? The an­ troduced in the Senate a joint resolution swer ls this: The amendment would make it ment is the restoration to the States of proposing an amendment to the Constitu­ in the interest of every taxpayer, first, to the fiscal ability to meet the needs of tion of the United States limiting the power keep the top rate down to 25 percent-as their people, The States have lost that of Congress to tax incomes, inheritances, and compared with the present rate of 91 per­ power to a great extent and consequently gifts-House Joint Resolution 103 and Sen­ cent; and, second) to keep the bottom rate have either been forced to rely on the ate Joint Resolution 23. no higher than 10 percent--as compared various grants-in-aid programs, or have This amendment would limit income taxes with the present rate of 20 percent. It ls surrendered to the Federal Government to a maximum rate of 25 percent, but would expected that the beginning rate will ulti­ the responsibility for the performance permit Congress by a vote of three-fourths mately be much less than 10 percent. of the Members of each House to exceed that The proposed amendment is Just as im­ of services that are primarily of State rate at any time without limit. Where the portant for the small-tax payer as for the and local concern. This shift of power top rate exceeded 25 percent, however, it large. This united self-interest of all tax­ and responsibility is in clear violation could be no more than 15 percentage points payers is relied on as a force that would keep of our constitutional concept that the above the bottom rate. For example, if the the tax rates within reasonable bounds. unit of government closest to the people bottom rate were 15 percent, the top rate There are 66 million individual income-tax can most capably serve them. The Con­ could not exceed 30 percent. If the bottom payers in the United States. Most of them stitution provides for a neat division of rate were 20 parcent, the top rate could not vote. exceed 35 percent. If the top rate did not It should be noted that the proposed powers, reserving to the States the bulk exceed 25 percent, however, there would be of sovereignty and granting only explicit amendment merely limits the degree of tax­ no restriction at all on the bottom rate. It rate progression. It does not prescribe the and very limited powers to the Central could, for example, be 1 percent, or one-half top rate that Congress may impose. Hence, Government. of 1 percent. it cannot be argued that the amendment This balance has been upset by the This amendment would also deprive Con­ impairs the Government's power to raise reckless and unsound use of the unlim­ gress of the power to impose death and gift needed revenue during either war or peace. ited taxing power granted to the Federal taxes and would leave these means of raising The proposed amendment Will reduce the Government by the 16th amendment and revenue exclusively to the States, where they burden of taxation on those With the smaller the Court interpretations of it. By pre­ belong, and where competition among the incomes. A fact not generally realized is States would tend to keep the rates within that the great bulk of the revenue from the empting the tax sources the Central reasonable bounds. individual income tax comes not from the Government has been successful in ar­ Representative REED and I are introducing taxpayers with large incomes, but from rogating to itself virtual control over this joint resolution again this year. those with small incomes. That is so simply the lives, property, and liberties of the The proposed amendment has met with because the small incomes, in the aggregate, American people. The States exist too wide approval. Important national organi­ constitute the bulk of the national income. much by sufferance and function too zations have endorsed it, including the For example, only 3 percent--about $2 bil­ often as agents for the distribution of American Bar Association, the American Le­ lion-of the total estimated Federal revenue the Federal largesse. The extent of the gion, the National Association of Manufac­ of about $60 billion for the fiscal year ending turers, the Western Tax Council, the Com­ June 30, 1955, is produced by the individual shift of sovereignty is indicated by the mittee for Constitutional Government,. the income-tax rates above 34 percent, which is fact that 20 years ago the States and Life Insurance Policyholders Protective Asso­ 14 percentage points above the present begin­ localitie;:; collected 75 percent of all tax ciation, the National Economic Council, and ning rate of 20 percent. revenues in the Nation, while today the the National Small Business Men's Associa­ · Contrast these figures with the effect of Federal Government collects 75 percent. tion. an increase of only $100 in the present $600 The pen is indeed mighter than the I cannot emphasize too strongly . the im­ personal exemption and credit for depend­ sword, but the power of the purse is in­ portance of this amendment. Its objective ents. Such an increase would result in a. vincible. is to save our American incentive system, reduction of 7. million In the number of com.µionly spoken of as the private-enterprise income-tax payers and a. revenue loss of $2.5 The Reed-Dirksen proposal reverses system, on which our very form of govern­ billion. This is one-half billion dollars more this trend toward centralizing govern­ ment depends. than the total revenue received from the in­ ment power by restoring to the States Our present system of taxation, with its dividual income-tax rates above 34 percent. some of the sources of tax revenues. heavy progressive income and inheritance Accordingly, if we are to have enormous The amendment returns to the States taxes, will eventually destroy this system and expenditures and correspondingly large reve- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE ,7433 nue, the great bulk of the revenue must comEt from Illlnols, and I introduced in the House in Brief Government expenditures for the from persons of small and moderate means. and Senate a Joint resolution proposing an comparatively recent fiscal years of 1948 to The only possible way to give relief to the amendment to the Constitution of the 1951, inclusive, were as follows: small-tax payers is either (1) by reducing United States limiting the power of Congress Expenditures the need for revenue through cutting ex­ to tax incomes, inheritances, and gifts-­ in billions penditures, or (2) by increasing revenue House Joint Resolution 103 and Senate Joint 1951 (which included a full year through a drastic reduction of the present Resolution 23. Senator DmKsEN and I are of the Korean war)------$44. 058 confiscatory higher bracket rates so as to in­ introducing the same resolution again this crease incentive and investment in produc­ year. 1950 ------39.606 tive enterprise. This would increase the na­ The principal provisions of the amendment 1949 ------39. 507 tional income, which constitutes the tax base, may be summarized as follows: 1948 ------33.06i and thereby increase the revenue. First. Income taxes: Prior to 1942, which was a war year, the Any immediate loss in revenue through The amendment limits income taxes on largest expenditure of the Federal Govern­ the elimination of the higher individual both individuals and corporations to a max­ ment in any year was $18.4 billion in 1918, rates would undoubtedly be only temporary. imum rate of 25 percent, but permits Con­ which was also a war year. Eventually, the lower rates would produce gress by a vote of three-fourths of the Mem­ Let us suppose now the following changes greater revenue than the higher rates now in bers of each House to exceed that rate, pro­ in the budget receipts as estimated for the force, vided the top rate does not exceed the bot­ fiscal year 1955: That the present confiscatory rates of the tom rate by more than 15 percentage points. 1. A reduction in the individual income individual-income tax are not approved by For example, if the bottom rate were 20 tax rates to 10 percent on incomes up to a large majority of the American people is percent, the top rate could not exceed 35 $10,000 and 25 percent on the amounts in shown by Gallup polls. The vote of those percent. If the top rate does not exceed 25 excess of $10,000, and having an opinion was 2 to 1 in favor of a percent, however, there is no restriction at 2. Elimination of estate and gift taxes. 25-percent top limit in the September 1951 all on the bottom rate. It could, for instance These changes would reduce the budget poll, and 3 to 1 in the July 1952 poll. be 1 percent or one-half of one percent. receipts to $47 billion, which is $3 billion As I have already stated, the proposed Subject to the foregoing limitations, the greater than the budget expenditures for the amendment also deprives Congress of the rates on corporate income may vary from fiscal year 1951 which included a full year power to impose death and gift taxes and those on individual incomes. of the Korean war. It is $7.5 billion greater leaves these means of raising revenue exclu­ Second. Death and gift taxes: than the budget expenditures for the fiscal sively to the States, where they belong, and The amendment also gives to the States years 1950 and 1949. where competition among the States would A beginning rate of 5 percent, instead of the exclusive power to impose death and 10 percent, on individual incomes would re­ tend to keep the rates within reasonable gift taxes. bounds. Under existing laws the tax on the It should be observed that the amend­ duce the receipts to $41.5 billion. This is estates of decedents runs to a high of 77 per­ $2 billion above the 1950 and 1949 expendi­ ment merely limits the degree of tax rate tures, to say nothing of the $33 billion ex­ cent, and the tax on gifts to 57.75 percent. progression. It does not prescribe the top These rates are manifestly confiscatory, and penditures in 1948. rate that Congress may impose. Hence, it It would, of course, take some years to they have very harmful economic effects. cannot be argued that the amendment im­ They not only seriously impair the incentive secure the adoption of the amendment, since pairs the Government's power to raise needed it must be approved by two-thirds of both to work, save, and invest in productive enter­ revenue during either peace or war, except, prise, but they are extremely destructive of Houses of Congress and ratified by the legis­ of course, with respect to the revenue derived latures of three-fourths of the States. capital and, in the long run, will destroy the from the estate and gift taxes, which is only accumulations of capital that are so neces­ About 85 percent of the estimated revenue about 1 ½ percent of the total. In other from the individual income tax, which pro­ sary for industrial activity and expansion, words, the amendment does not limit the with the resulting beneficial effects on our duces over half of the total revenue of the economy. amount of revenue that may be raised, but Federal Government, is produced by the first Moreover, the heavy taxation of large limits merely the manner in which it may bracket rate of 20 percent when applied to estates compels the rich to seek compara­ be raised, · the entire amount of taxable income in all tively safe liquid investments in order to Its purpose and effect are merely to elim­ brackets. Only 3 percent-about $2 billion­ provide for the heavy taxes that will be im­ inate in large measure from our system of is provided by the rates in excess of 34 per­ posed upon their estates at death, thus fur­ taxation its socialistic features; namely, first, cent. ther reducing the capital available for risky the heavy progressive feature of the income Accordingly, if we are to have enormous ex­ business ventures. tax; and, second, the confiscatory death penditures and correspondingly large rev­ The harm done to the economy by the tax, which will eventually dry up the sources enue, the great bulk of the revenue must present high rates of death and gift taxes of private capital and lead to the establish­ come from persons of small and moderate is out of all proportion to the revenue pro­ ment of socialism with the accompanying means. The only possible way to give relief duced, and cannot be justified by any argu­ loss of the people's liberty. to such persons is either, first, by reducing ment based on fiscal needs. Even with the In a statement to the Temporary Eco­ the need for revenue through cutting ex­ very high rates now in force, the revenue nomic Committee prior to World War II, penditures; or, second, by increasing revenue from these taxes is comparatively trivial. Adolph Berle, Jr., Assistant Secretary of through a drastic reduction of the present In 1953 it was $891 million from the two State, made the following significant proph­ confiscatory higher bracket rates so as to in­ sources. This was a little over 1 percent of ecy: crease incentive and investment in produc­ the total budget of $74 billion-enough to "The Government will have to enter into tive enterprise. This would increase the na­ pay the Government's expenses for about 4 direct financing of activities now supposed tional income which constitutes the tax base days. The gift tax is merely auxiliary to the to be private, and a continuance of that di.; and thereby increase the revenue. estate tax, and both should be dealt with rect financing must be (mean) inevitably Any immediate loss in revenue through the alike. · that the Government will ultimately control elimination of the higher individual rates or particular concern ls the destructive and own those activities. • • • Over a period would undoubtedly be only temporary. effect of the heavy estate taxes on small of years the Government will gradually come Eventually the lower rates would produce business. The conclusions of the Select to own most of the productive plants of the greater revenue than the higher rates now in Committee on Small Business of the United United States." force. · States Senate in its report published in June I am convinced that Mr. Berle's prophecy Another important effect of the amend­ 1953, was that "estate taxes often lead to will come true unless action to prevent it 1s ment which has not been sufficiently stressed the disappearance of small- or medium-sized taken before it is too late. would be to restore to the States the power independent businesses or their merger with Legislation by Congress is obviously in­ to be financially independent and to free the dominant segment of an industry." sufficient; for the work of a good Congress themselves from Federal domination. The Let me add that this statement represents may bf: easily undone by that of a radical Federal Government should not be permitted not only my own views but those of Repre­ Congress. to hog the revenue and hand back part of it sentative REED, who Joins me in making the The need of reform would seem to be to the States on conditions. statement. obvious and I know of no way of giving It should be remembered that with minor permanence to such reform except through exceptions every dollar spent by the Federal The following is an address delivered a constitutional amendment. Government comes from the same sources on the floor of the House, January 31, The ultimate objective of the amendment of revenue that are available to the States. 1955, by Congressman CHAUNCEY W. is a top individual income tax rate of 25 per­ The States should raise the revenue and REED, of Illinois, introducing House Joint cent and a beginning rate of much less than spend it themselves. Responsibility for the Resolution 182, Reed-Dirksen amend­ 10 percent. raising of revenue is one of the best checks ment: In determining whether such an objective upon extravagant and unwise ex_penditures. 1s realistic it wlll be helpful to consider It's too easy to spend money raised by some­ LIMITING THE POWER OF CONGRESS To TAX the possible tax effect of a budget of more one else. INCOMES, INHERITANCES, AND GIFTS reasonable proportions than the present one. Moreover, the States and municipalities Mr. REED of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, 2 years The budget estimate of expenditures for the are better fitted than the Federal Govern­ ago in the 1st session of the 83d Congress, . fl.seal · year ending June 30, 1955, is $63.504 ment to perform the services which are the Honorable :EvERETI' w. DIRKSEN, Senator billion, According to the Federal Budget primarily of State or local concern and they 7434 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 1 would do so at much less cost. Perform­ and excises wliich the Congress may faJ or I am certain the cause ·or good government ance of these services by the Federal Gov­ collect on, with respect to, or measured by, would be better served if we found more ernment has meant the maintenance at income shall not exceed 25 percent: Provided, opportunities-like this one-to emphasize great cost of a vast horde of bureaucrats however, That the Congress by a vote of the good, the decent, the constructive on the Federal payroll, many of whom could three-fourths of all the Members of each aspects of Government~ readily be dispensed with. House may fix such a maximum top rate in It is all too seldom that one hears a good To summarize, the proposed amendment-­ excess of 25 percent, for periods either suc­ word for the Government or for those who First. Largely eliminates from our Federal cessive or otherwise, not exceeding one year work for it. I'm speaking now of Govern­ system of taxation its socialistic features each, if such rate so fixed does not exceed the ment as a whole, the executive and admin­ and thereby puts an end to the use of the lowest rate ( a term which shall mean the istrative agencies of which you are a part, taxing power as means of forcing us into aggregate of all lowest rates) by more than the judiciary and the Congress. All are socialism; 15 percentage points. Subject to the fore­ essential parts of the governmental structure Second. Does not impair the power of the going limitations, the rates of tax applicable set up by our forefathers. They are equal Federal Government to raise revenue; to the incomes of individuals may be dif­ and coordinate, and one cannot be attacked Third. Does not shift the burden of taxa­ ferent from the rates applicable to the in­ and seriously weakened without affecting the tion from the rich to the poor; comes of corporat ions, which term shall in­ entire structure. Fourth. Aims at reducing eventually the clude also associations, joint stock com­ It is not strange that we hear so few good taxes of everyone so that the top rate will panies, and insurance companies. The de­ words for Government when nearly every not exceed 25 percent and the bottom rate termination of income subject to tax shall be magazine, paper, or book one picks up or will not exceed 10 percent, with the prospect by uniform rules of general application which broadcast one hears trumpets the latest that it will be much less; shall not vary with the size of the income. wi·ongdoing of Government. Certainly if Fifth. With lower rates will increase the "SEC. 3. The Congress shall have no power anyone ever speaks or writes well of Gov­ national wealth and over the years the to lay or collect any tax, duty, or exercise ernment or politics he rarely makes the Federal revenue; with respect to the devolution or transfer of headlines or the front page. The Congress, Sixth. Will restore to the States the power property, or any interest therein, upon or the departments, and agencies can turn in to be financially independent and to free in contemplation of or intended to take ef­ a creditable performance day after day, week themselves from Federal domination. fect in possession or enjoyment at or after in and week out, with never a kind word In the final analysis, the problem resolves death, or by way of gift. or a pat on the back for a job well done. itself into the simple issue of whether we "SEC. 4. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect Yet let t~ere be one slip, and the roof are to have in this country a system of at midnight on the 31st day of December falls in. society based upon, first, private enterprise following the ratification of this article. To listen to some, you could well believe and our constitutional form of government, Nothing contained in this article shall af­ that Congress is completely under the con­ or, second, socialism. Both reason and the fect the power of the United States after said trol of sinister rightist pressure groups and experience of other countries lead to the date to collect any tax on, with respect to, their well-paid hirelings. From others you conclusion that our present system of con­ or measured by, income for any period end­ could assume that Congress is influenced fiscatory income and death taxes, if long con­ ing on or prior to said 31st day of December only by leftist forces who deliberately seek tinued, will ultimately result in the estab­ laid in accordance with the terms of any law to wreck the country by wild spending lishment of socialism in place of our present then in effect. schemes and unsound economic and social system. "SEc. 5. Section 3 shall take effect at mid­ reforms. That Congress might have a mind The changes in the impact of Federal taxes night of the day of ratification of this article. and will of its own escapes attention. on the great bulk of the taxpayers involved Nothing contained in this article shall affect From the comments and criticism which in the proposed amendment are, as I pointed the power of the United States after said we hear of Federal agencies, one could well out, comparatively minor. Their beneficial date to collect any tax with respect to any get the idea that Government personnel is effect, however, would be far-reaching and devolution or transfer occurring prior to the made up of men and women who work for decisive. taking effect of section 3, laid in accordance Government only because they are incapable The changes 1n the income-tax provisions with the terms of any law then in effect." of finding ·a job outside of Government. I proposed in connection with and partially believe the greatest injustice paid to any effected by the 1954 Revenue Code, such as group of workers in the country is the Na­ reductions in the tax on dividends and in­ tion's failure to appreciate and think well of creases in certain deductions and exemp­ Government: It's Better Than You Think the efforts of those who work-and work tions, are costly in revenue and will have hard-for Government. only minor effect on the economy. The I believe that our political and govern­ major evil to be corrected is the one at EXTENSION OF REM:ARKS OF mental institutions are good and I believe which the proposed amendment is aimed. this irrespective of the scandals that can be I cannot emphasize too strongly that this uncovered or the articles that can be writ­ amendment is vastly different from the HON. MELVIN R. LAIRD OF WISCONSIN ten and the speeches given to the contrary. amendment which has been going through I base my conclusion on 28 years of experi­ the State legislatures, an amendment which IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES limits the power of Congress to impose in­ ence in the Congress and in working with come, death, and gift taxes to a maximum Wednesday, June 1, 1955 Federal agencies. rate of 25 percent with no right to suspend But too many people accept the idea that Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, this morn­ 1 scandal, 1 piece of wrongdoing in Govern­ the limitation except in time of war. That ing I was privileged to attend the an­ amendment is altogether too rigid and would ment is constructive proof that all is bad. seriously impair the Government's power to nual award ceremony of the United The rotten apple is assumed to have raise needed revenue from the income tax in States Department of Agriculture, which spoiled the entire barrel. Too many believe time of peace. was held at the Sylvan Theater on the that inefficiency and corruption in politics Washington Monument Grounds at and Government is like an iceberg-that the The text of the resolution introduced 10:30 a. m. largest part of it is submerged and lurks by Congressman RF;:ED is as follows: A very worthwhile and inspiring ad­ beneath the water unseen. House Joint Resolution 182 I do not believe the analogy is relevant. dress was made by our colleague, Hon. Instead. it seems to me that disclosures of Resolved by the Senate ancl House of Rep­ CLIFFORD R. HOPE, of Kansas. Congress­ wrongdoing is proof that the processes of resentatives of the United States of America man HoPE has served on the House Agri­ Government are working well, that Govern­ in Congress assembled (two thirds of each culture Committee longer than any other p}.ent cleanses itself. Very little that is cor­ House concurring therein), That the follow­ Member and it was indeed fitting that rupt goes undetected. For this reason I ing article is hereby proposed as an amend­ he be chosen to address this annual believe that the disclosure of wrongdoing ment to the Constitution of the United should give us greater not lesser faith in States which shall be valid to all intents and award ceremony. I ask unanimous consent that the ad­ the goodness of our g~>Vernmental institu­ purposes as part of the Constitution when tions. ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths dress be made a part of the RECORD of the several States: For .proof that Government is better than today: generally believed one can look to the great .,ARTICLE- GOVERNMENT: IT'S BE'lTER THAN You TmNK bulk of work involving knotty, intricate, .,SECTION 1. The sixteenth article of amend­ The annual presentation of the Depart­ complex problems that gets done by Gov­ ment to the Constitution of the United ment of Agricultur-e awards to those who ernment in a routine way without fuss or States is hereby repealed. have made an outstanding contribution to fanfare. As we all know, most work of "SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to Government is an ideal occasion on which Government gets done well and only a small Jay and collect taxes on incomes, from what­ to talk a.bout Government, about how good fraction of the total causes headlines. ever source derived, without apportionment our Government really is. On the basis of While some seem to believe that the Fed­ among the several States, and without regard my experience, I long ago concluded that eral service is staffed with lazy and incom­ to any census or enumeration. The maxi-. Government is better-far better-than most petent personnel those oI us who know Gov­ mum top rate (a term which shall mean the realize, and I believe it is unfortunate that ernment see differently. We know the Gov­ aggregate of all top rates) of all taxes, ·duties_. people generally are not aware of-this fact. ernment worker as a person who believes in 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1435 what he ls doing, who works hard to do the cism, like free speech, of which It is a part, Agriculture is primarily an agency to help best Job of which he is capable, who is a 1s to help us as a self-governing free people farmers find a solution for their problems, good citizen, and who contributes fUlly to to find that which we can believe in-that and so ft is. But very few realize how much the community in which he lives. My con­ which we can regard as true. the increased efficiency in agriculture which clusion that Government is better than gen­ Criticism, whether it is of art, of science, has been brought about through the Depart­ erally realized is based to a great extent on or of politics, should serve in the search for ment's activities is reflected in benefits to the my personal acquaintance with hundreds of truth. Its end is not criticism for the sake public. Government workers who are dedicated to of criticism, but truth. To a disturbing ex­ The standard of living of any country de­ their jobs and who are a credit to our Gov­ tent, however, criticism in this country is pends upon what proportion of its popula­ ernment. losing touch with this purpose. Today tion is needed to produce the necessities of I believe that anyone who has an opportu­ criticism too frequently is based on blind life--food and clothing particularly. In the nity to see the Federal Government in action obstructionism, out-and-out appeal to emo­ most backward nations it still requires 80 will form a favorable opinion of it and its tional prejudice, irrational name calling, and or 85 percent of the people to produce these employees. Let me give you an example. a desire to destroy someone's character just bare necessities. Here in America the in­ Mr. James C. Worthy came to Washington because he happens to disagree, even though dustry of agriculture has become so efficient early in the Eisenhower administration to it can be out of intelligent disagreement the that only about 13 percent of our people take a position as administrative assistant to truth might emerge. now 'live on farms and some of these are en­ the Secretary of Commerce. He left an im­ For another thing we have become overly gaged in agriculture only part time. portant position with one of the largest opinionated-too sure what we believe now This means that all the rest of our people business ent erprises in America. Last Janu­ is the eternal, everlasting truth. The overly except those engaged in the transportation ary when, after rendering eminent service to opinionated only search for facts and argu­ and distribution of agricultural commodities the Government, he resigned to return to his ments to prove that they are right. So we are free to produce, transport, and distribute old company, he made this statement in the use the right to criticize to prove that we the goods and supplies which add to the course of an address entitled "The Federal are right and not as a conscientious means amenities of life and enable us to maintain Service, Its Problems and Its Future," and I to search out the truth. Said another way, what we call the American standard of liv­ quote, "I shall always be thankful for the I believe there is a growing tendency to place ing. It has given us all the luxuries and friends I have made here, in high positions too much emphasis on proving that we are conveniences of modern life like good roads, and low; friends who have made my task right rather than in finding what is right. automobiles, air transportation, radio, tele­ easier and my life richer. I have come to I think the growing tendency for criticism vision, air conditioning, our far-flung educa­ have a tremendous respect, not only for the to generate into irresponsible bombast and tional system, and our churches with their appointive officials of this administration, smear keeps us from fully realizing all the wide religious and welfare activities. but for the members of the career service. I good there is in our culture and in our Let me point out also that in spite of the hope that as I go back to private life I will Government and political life. Once in a small number now engaged in agriculture be able to help correct some of the mistaken while we should be able to help those who the people of America as a whole are better impressions which prevail in certain quar­ are · doing all they can to improve govern­ fed, and better clothed than those of any ters about the kind of people who work for ment and its processes with a word of en­ other nation past or present. More than that Government. I can say in all sincerity that couragement-a word to the effect that they such great advances have been made in the for hard work and patient devotion it would are making progress and that their work is preservation, precooking, and improved pack­ be hard to find their equal in any line of worthwhile. aging of food products that I am informed endeavor." For years now serious-minded people have that American housewives spend about one­ It is a tragedy that more people do not concerned themselves with the Federal Gov­ third as much time in the preparation of realize how good our Government is. I say ernment as an employer. I believe this ob­ foods in the home as was the case only a few it is a tragedy, because it keeps us from re­ jective would be helped by placing greater _years ago. alizing the extent to which the American emphasis on the good in government; on the All of these things to which I have made dream is coming true. Nearly two centuries fact that government is good-is better than reference are not due entirely to the work ago the Founding Fathers established here a we think. People-all people-have a basic of the Department of Agriculture. They are Government dedicated to freedom and to the inner need for believing their work is impor­ due in part to the fact that we have farm­ belief in God and the dignity of man. It tant and the.tr effort is appreciated. ers who are able and willing and intelligent was their thought that here under freedom On this point let me quote again from Mr. enough to take advantage of the great dis­ and self-government man would achieve his Worthy's able and significant address. He coveries which have been made in agricul­ highest being, his highest standard of living, said, and I quote, "The Government worker tural research. They are due in part to peace and contentment. An essential aspect will exert himself to the utmost, if necessary merchaniza.tion, they are partly due to the of the dream was that man would always under severe difficulties, if he feels that those progressive work of agricultual distributors search for the truth and his basic tools in authority recognize the importance of and food processors. But all of these activi­ would be freedom of speech and thought. As what he is doing and are giving him the sup­ ties tie in with the work of the Department mankind today looks ahead into the un­ port he needs. But if the value of his work of Agriculture and were it not for its activi­ known future, its greatest source of courage is questioned-or worse, if he is attacked ties and the leadership which it has fur­ and hope should be the realization that it directly or by implication as an unnecessary nished, much of what has been done would has made unparalleled progress toward burden on the public payroll-he is deprived not have been accomplished. So it is no ex­ making this dream come true. American of the chief incentive he has for diligent, aggeration to say that although the Depart­ self-government and freedom has been an conscientious effort." ment of Agriculture was set up primarily to outstanding success. Self-government has · What is a better way to raise the morale of deal with the problems of farmers that the been, in fact, one of our greatest achieve­ government, improve the government service, general public and the nonfarming popula­ ments, and we are making more rapid prog­ than to place ever greater emphasis upon the tion have received greater beneflt.s than ress than the pessimists want us to believe. great things government is doing? farmers from its work and activities. You who work for the Government have I believe it is important to recognize this Yours is a Department of great traditions progress, to recognize how well we have done every reason to be proud of your work and of which you may well be proud. In the and to turn deaf ears to the cynics. the country has every reason to be proud of earlier days of its history its scientific and And one of the important things we can­ you. The giving of these annual awards certainly is a symbol representing the good research activties constituted a greater pro­ not overlook is that this Government, set up portion of the Department's work than now. 175 years ago for 13 small colonies along the in government and for this hour at least Changes in the structure of agriculture it­ Atlantic seaboard with about 3 million in­ we can all be certain beyond any shadow of self, particularly in the fields of marketing h abitants, ls functioning well today for the doubt that government is good, is better than and finance have enlarged the activities of mightiest Nation the world has ever known, most think. the Department beyond the fields of re­ with 165 million people and with a myriad What I have been saying applies to Federal search and education so that they now in­ of problems which could never have been Government service generally. I want to de­ clude such subjects as credit, price stabili­ foreseen by the Founding Fathers. vote the rest of my time to saying something zation, crop insurance, regulatory matters, Although I believe government and poli­ about the men and women who work in the and others which are important in these Department of Agriculture. During my more times. All of which means that the Depart­ tics is much better than the critics ever than 28 years in Washington I have been suggest, I must make it clear that I am not ment has been kept up to date as a service thrown in closer touch with them both here institution. opposed to criticism-that is, constructive and in the field than with any other group criticism of things that are wrong and that of Government employees and I have come No one can study the early history of this need correcting. Criticism has been a most to have for them a feeling not only of respect Department without getting a thrill from essential factor in the progress we have made but admiration. the work of men like Harvey W. Wiley, Peter in government and politics. Instead of less I presume that there is no department of Collier, L. 0. Howard, Theobald Smith, Char­ criticism, we need more, providing it 1s of Government which is any broader in the les Warden Stiles, Marion Dorait, William the right kind. . scope of its activities or which touches the Orton, Seaman A. Knapp, and Gifford Pin­ In our scheme of things the purpose ot daily life of the people as closely as the De­ chot, to mention only a few of many. criticism is to correct and improve--to elimi­ partment of Agriculture. And in passing it should be said that the nate the improper so that the good can I am sure there is a general feeling on the research work done by some of these men endure and develop. The purpose of crltl- part of the public that the Department of while primarily for the benefit of agricult ure · · ,. ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE . · June 1 brought about some of our greatest advan­ hearty pioneers from Virginia · who ·settled For this; we· can gi\'.e much credit to the ces in general science as well as in the field in Kentucky. I often wonder if Kentucky able leadership of two great southern states­ of medicine. Thus again illustrating the would ever have been settled if Cumberland men-Senator LYNDON JOHNSON, now major­ benefits which the public in general has re­ Gap had not existed or been discov­ ity leader in the Senate, and our beloved ceived from the Department of Agriculture. ered. The ties of friendship and relationship SAM RAYBURN, Speaker in the House of Rep­ Yes, there were giants in the early days of between the peoples of your State and my resentatives. the Department and there are giants now in State are very close and may be said to be as But despite this strengthened unity, we all of its varied fields of activity. . Some of close, although not similar, as the ties be• will continue to hear from those who would them are here today to receive this recog­ tween the two colored boys who discovered like to see our party split--egging us on nition of the great service which they as each other on the field of battle in Korea. from the sidelines. public servants have rendered on behalf of I cannot miss this opportunity to pay a Our Republican friends might do well to a better America and a better world. There sincere compliment to your splendid Rep• recall the words of Abraham Lincoln, who are others here who have received well resentative, WATT ABBITT, and for that mat­ was visited by a delegation after he received merited recognition on previous occasions ter to the entire Democratic delegation from the Republican nomination for President. of this kind and there are others whose out­ Virginia. They are as fine a group of hard­ The delegation spokesman said: "Mr. Lin­ standing work will bring them here as re­ working, intelligent, honest, conscientious coln, we don't think you need to do any cipients of these awards in the future. Representatives as any State has ever had. campaigning. All you have to do is stand These awards recognize the achievements I do not know for sure wha,t first attrac,:ted back and let the Democrats fight among of men and women who have rendered out­ me to your Representative and my friend, themselves. They'll destroy one another, standing and extraordinary public serv~ WATT ABBITT. It might have been his en­ and then you'll get elected easily." ice. They will serve as an inspiration and gaging personality; his willingness to help a Mr. Lincoln replied: "The trouble with an incentive to everyone in the Department freshman Member of Congress; his keen ap­ your argument is that Democrats are like for continued efficient and faithful work in praisal of legislation; his devotion to you­ cats. They may sound like they're fighting, the field in which he is engaged. They will the people he represents; or it might have but when they get through all you have is bring to light in future years the work of been the fact that his first name is prac­ more Democrats." others whose devotion to duty should re­ tically the same as my last name. But ir­ But this time we Democrat's don't even ceive recognition and last but not least, they respective of why I was first attracted to sound like we are scrapping. Democrats furnish assurance and call attention to the him, I want you to know that the longer from every section of the country have re­ fact that there is no more honest, loyal, hard I know him the better I like and appreciate sponded to the able leadership in the Senate working and dedicated group in our Nation not only his friendship but his ability as a and in the House, and we have created a than the career employees of the Federal competent legislator. I am sure you all know new unity based on our common belief in Government. and appreciate his true worth, but I can't the Democratic philosophy and in our belief help telling you how fortunate you have in the program and policies we have enacted been in your selection of a Representative. and support. He works and fights effectively for the wel­ Since 1952, the Democratic Party has been .Address by Hon. John C. Watts, of Vir­ fare of his people. He is in the forefront on building for . the future on the solid rock legislation that affects tobacco and peanuts. of the Democratic South. Southern states­ ginia, at Democratic Dinner on May 27, Recently, when the House had before it H. R. men are leaders in the Congress, and leaders 1955 12, and the candy manufacturers undertook of the important committees in the House and almost succeeded in having peanuts de­ and Senate. clared a nonbasic commodity, it was the In the Senate the following committees are EXTENSION OF REMARKS effective efforts of WATT ABBITT that did as headed by southerners: Agriculture and OF much if not more to save the peanut pro­ Forestry, ALLEN J. ELLENDER, Louisiana; gram than any other one person. He lined Appropriations, CARL HAYDEN, Arizona; Armed HON. WATKINS M. ABBITT up city boys, country boys, or anyone else Services, RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia; Bank­ OF VIRGINIA that would listen to him and, mind you, ing and Currency, J. W. FULBRIGHT, Arkan­ it took an almost solid vote of the Demo­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sas; Finance, HARRY F. BYRD, Virginia; For­ cratic Party to save this program. You could eign Relations, WALTER F. GEORGE, Georgia; Wednesday, June 1, 1955 count on your :fingers the support that pea­ Government Operations, JOHN L. McCLELLAN, nuts received from the Republicans. If Con­ Arkansas; Labor and Public Welfare, LISTER Mr. ABBITT. Mr. Speaker, it was my gressman ABBITT ever casts a vote that you HILL, Alabama; Post Office and Civil Service, pleasure to attend a Democratic dinner do not quite understand, or you think you OLIN D. JOHNSTON, South Carolina. in my Congressional District--Fourth would not have cast if you were in his place, And in the House southern Democrats are District of Virginia-last Friday night, just remember that there are many things equally imposing: Agriculture, HAROLD D. May 27. The guest speaker was the Hon­ that must be taken into consideration before COOLEY, North Carolina; Armed Services, CARL a Member casts his vote. Oftentimes all of VINSON, Georgia; Banking and Currency, orable JOHN C. WATTS, Member of the the circumstances are not always known to House of Representatives from Ken­ BRENT SPENCE, Kentucky; District of Colum­ the public generally. bia, JOHN L. McMILLAN, South Carolina; WATTS tucky. Mr. is one of the out~ We are gathered here tonight to com­ Education and Labor, GRAHAM A. BARDEN, standing Members of the House, an able memorate two great Democrats-Thomas North Carolina; Foreign Affairs, JAMES P. legislator, a wise counselor, and a man Jefferson, of Virginia, who is the founder RICHARDS, South Carolina; Interstate and I am honored to call my friend. of our party, and Andrew Jackson, who in­ Foreign Commerce, PERCY PRI-EST, Tennessee; Mr. WATTS brought a real message to delibly stamped it with many of its prin­ Merchant Marine and Fisheries, HERBERT C. ciples. The South is and has always been BONNER, North Carolina; Post Office and Civil the group assembled and, under leave the backbone of the Democratic Party and, to extend my remarks, I am including Service, ToM MURRAY, Tennessee; Rules, in turn, the Democratic Party has always HOWARD SMITH, Virginia; Veterans' Affairs, herein the speech delivered by Congress­ been the home, the hope, and the sanctuary OLIN E. TEAGUE, Texas; Ways and Means, man WATTS: of the South. It was not until the Roose­ JERE COOPER, Tennessee. Mr. Toastmaster, Congressman ABBITT, and velt era that the peoples of the North fully Yet the Republicans would have us be­ fellow Democrats, a democratic meeting is an realized and appreciated the great principles lieve that our party is the party of irrespon­ occasion of joy in itself and a pleasure for and lofty ideals of the Democratic Party. sibility; that we are Socialists and even me to attend. I deem it a high privilege As we head into the important 1956 presi­ border on the pink. If these great southern that you have afforded me the opportunity to dential election, we again see the attempts Democrats who head our committees are visit and participate in your Jackson-Jeffer­ being made by certain individuals to drive irresponsible or are Socialists, then in all son Day dinner. I can think of no finer place a wedge between Democrats in the South seriousness I say that Webster better change to pay honor and homage to those two great and Democrats in the North. the definition of those words. The Repub­ Democrats than in the Fourth District of It is true that not all Democrats are licans had better stop worrying about creep­ Virginia, that has never failed to go Demo­ agreed on all of the issues within our party. ing socialism in the Democratic Party and cratic except possibly at a time when Demo­ In that respect, our political-party system start worrying about galloping Hooverism crats were not permitted to vote immediately differs from the British. In Britain, most in their own party. :following the Civil War. issues are fought out between the two major The Democratic Party has gained in This section of Virginia is very much like parties. But here in the United States we strength everywhere since 1952, but it has the section of Kentucky that I have the debate issues within parties as well as be­ gained most in the Southern States. If the honor of representing in that the people are tween parties. And I think that is healthy. Presidential election were held today, there alike; they generally think alike; and their Since the Democratic defeat in 1952, our is no doubt that the South would be solid economy is principally agricultural or busi­ party has clearly revealed that there is a once again, for the true home of the South nesses related or dependent on agriculture. far wider area of agreement between Demo­ is in the Democratic Party. I assure you that I feel very much at home crats in the North and South than there is We are fortunate indeed that our party and welcome in your midst. As a matter of in disagreement. And even in the areas o! is big enough to accept and welcome more fact, most Kentuckians do and should feel disagreement, we haive seen, since the elec­ than one point of view. at home in Virginia, for most of us in Ken­ tions last November, a closing of this gap Now, we have often heard the South de­ tucky can trace our ancestry back to those over former party differences. scribed as conservative. But I think that 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - - HOUSE. 7437 word has been grossly misinterpreted by a . An example of this took place shortly after Fifth. Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried good many people. I do not mind the South the Republicans took office in 1953 when peas, beans-at least one or two servings. being called "conservative"-for we south­ they instituted the hard-money policy of Sixth. Bread, flour, cereals, whole erners try to conserve for the people what higher interest rates. Democrats in Con­ we sincerely believe belongs to the people. gress warned that such a policy would surely grain, enriched or restored-some every For example, we are trying to conserve the slow ·down our economy and even perhaps day; and great benefits of the Tennessee Valley Au­ contribute to a recession. Some months Seventh. Butter, fortified margarine­ thority, which we paid for out of the people's later the administration reversed its policy, some every day. money. We fought to preserve for the bene­ and even had to admit tha.t the Democratic We must have at least the minimum fit of our people t::.ie results of atomic re­ criticism was Justified. requirements of these foods if we are to search paid for by the taxpayers, while the Similarly, when the administration aban­ Republicans fought to turn it over to a doned the Democratic policy of maintaining be in the best of health and vitality. If chosen few. We have fought to preserve from a broad defense productions base, substitut­ we eat the right foods, it does more than exploitation our natural resources to the ing a few large producers where many smaller keep us alive, it can even help us to stay.., detriment of our people. ones had existed before, another southerner, young longer. An individual well fed We also believe in conserving our freedom Senator EsTES KEFAUVER, called the public's from babyhood has a more likely chance through adequate manpower, an adequate attention to the dangers of the adminis­ to enjoy a long life. Air Force, and adequate defenses of all kinds tration's new policy, and some corrective Getting back to the basic seven foods, · in the face of the ever-growing Communist measures were taken. the question arises as to why should we threat. Faced with the hard test of events and an We question the wisdom of cuts in de­ alert Democratic Congress, we have brought eat those foods. fense, especially when we learn that tJ,e home the truth to the people, and the ad­ We know of more than 40 different administration has changed mmtary plans ministration has time and again shifted from chemical substances that the body is 9 times in the last 9 months; when we dangerous courses it was following in the­ known to require from food. It is not read that the President himself changed field of foreign affairs. necessary to know all of the body's needs his mind on defense manpower cuts twice We have, on the whole, made a remark­ for you can be reasonably sure of getting in 3 weeks; when Defense Secretary Wilson able record for Democratic responsibility, all of them if your daily meals contain and Secretary of State Dulles publicly con­ through unity within our own party. But tradict each other on the reasons for the there is, in all this, no room for Democratic certain key nutrients. cutbacks; and when Army Secretary Stev­ self-congratulation. These nutrients are protein, calcium, ens and Army Chief of Staff Ridgway dis­ There is room only for increased determi­ iron, iodine, vitamins in general, vitamin agree on the effects of the manpower cuts. nation to give our country the very bes~ A, vitamin B family, vitamin C, vitamin We also fought to conserve for the farmer we have. And certainly the South has D, and body fuels. his right to earn a living without fear of shown that it is more than able and will­ First, let us examine the recommended mortgage foreclosure-and we fought for a ing to do so. dietary allowances. The National Acad­ decent tax break for the majority of the emy of Sciences, also known as the Na­ peopl_e, while the Republican administra­ tion calmly gave the tax bonanza to big tional Research Council, has supplied business and corporations. Thanks To Irrigation, We're Eating Well me with their figures. They have been The Republicans keep on saying that they studying this-specific problem since 1940. want to cut out unnecessary Government EXTENSION OF REMARKS Now, let us examine each requirement spending. OJ' and determine which of our many foods Who doesn't want to cut out unnecessary are rich in their respective nutrient. spending? It's like defining that word HON. A. L. MILLER The National Research Council recom­ conservative. We would like to know just what is unnecessary spending. OF NEBRASKA mends 65 grams of protein for the aver­ It seems that there is rather general agree­ Wednesday, June 1, 1955 age man between the ages of 25 to 65; ment among all Americans that there is for women it is slightly less except during need for a new highway program. But one Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Speak­ pregnancy and lactation, when it is con­ of the odd aspects of the Eisenhower high­ er, today I-want to talk about a subject siderably more. Protein requirements of way proposal is the provision which would that is not discussed very often in the children between the ages of 10 and 20 obligate the United States Treasury for $20 Halls of Congress. In fact, it is quite vary from 70 to 100 grams. billion in bonds to be issued by a new Gov­ disturbing since it is a vital part of our Protein is a complex and varied sub­ ernment corporation, without counting this daily lives and receives so little at­ stance. It is the main substance in all outlay as part of the national debt. It is tention from all of us. my information that the Eise~hower method of the body's muscles and organs, skin, of financing his road program would cost That subject is nutrition-the science hair. and other tissues. Protein in dif­ $2.7 billion more in interest than it would that deals with food at work. As you ferent foods is made up of varying com­ to finance the program by the same method may know. I am a medical doctor and binations of at least 22 simpler materials that other governmental expenditures are will speak today, not as a Member of known as amino acids. financed. . The Republicans may call this Congress, but as your family physician. You get top-rating proteins in foods cutting out unnecessary Government spend­ My guess is you could not tell me what from animal sources-meat, poultry, ing, but I doubt if -anyone will agree with you have had to eat the past week. With fish, eggs, milk, and cheese. As was them. many of the weighty problems we have Virginia's own Senator HARRY BYRD, who pointed out in the basic seven some of can hardly be called a spendthrift, had this to discuss, I wouldn't be too surprised these foods are needed each day. Other to say about the Eisenhower highway pro­ if less than half of my colleagues re­ good sources of proteins are soybeans, gram: membered what they had for lunch. nuts, and dry beans and peas. "Such procedures violate financing prin­ How many of us maintain a balanced The best food to supply the recom­ ciples, defy budgetary control and evade Fed­ diet? Before we can answer this ques­ mended allowances for calcium is, of eral debt law. tion, we must first determine what a bal­ course, milk. However, the quantities "When the Government contracts ·a bona anced diet is. Naturally each of us, un­ of calcium are so minute that you can fide debt, but arbitrarily removes it from der varying conditions, might require a hardly get enough without using a good classification as public indebtedness, it cre­ different diet but nutritionists have ates fiscal confusion and disorder, and de­ deal of milk in some form. stroys confidence in Government credit. agreed that certain basic foods should Also rich in calcium are some of the "You cannot avoid financial responsibil­ be included each day. leafy green vegetables-preferably tur­ ity by legerdemain, and you cannot evade These are: nip tops, mustard greens, and kale. debt by definition." First. Leafy green and yellow vege­ It is also important that we receive a It is perhaps a good political maxim that tables-at least one serving, if not more; good supply of iron in our daily diet. a party cannot live by its past alone. It Second. Citrus fruits, tomatoes, raw Iron is one of the essential materials for must make good every day, and in every cabbage-at least one serving, if not red blood cells and without it the blood administration. And that's Just what the more; could not carry oxygen from the lungs to Democrats are doing. Third. Potatoes and other vegetables each- body cell. Democrats have given the President timely The food richest in iron is liver. How­ support in many contests he has had with and fruits-two or more servings; dissidents in his own party. On the other Fourth. Fluid milk or its protein and ever, here we have the element of taste. hand, Democratic criticism, which has been mineral equivalent in processed forms Unfortunately too many turn up their aimed at policies, and not at personalities, such as cheese and ice cream-3 or 4 cups noses when you mention liver and sur­ or motives, has served to alert the President for children and 2 or more cups for veys show that a large majority of people to the dangers to his own administration. adults; eat little or no liver at all. .7438 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE June 1 Therefore, we must look to other they would have been without the en­ enough more to feed an additional sev­ sources for our iron requirements. Here richment of bread and flour. eral hundred million .. again leafy green vegetables are rich in THE TISSUE BUILDER Perhaps this is the reason for so much iron content. Some o·f the other foods Ironically, the first vitamin separated unrest in the world today. All one needs that add iron are egg yolks, meat in gen­ from food was one of which very few ac­ to do is look at where all of our trouble era~, peas and beans of all kinds, dried tually get the recommended daily allow­ spots are-Korea, China, Indochina fruits, molasses, bread, and other cereal ance. It is ascorbic acid-more com­ areas in the Near East--and our intelli~ foods made from whole grain or en­ monly known as vitamin C. gence reports tell of unrest behind the riched flour. You cannot keep tissues throughout Iron Curtain. THE SIGHT VITAMIN the body in good condition without vita­ These are the same areas where the The sight vitamin, or vitamin A, is min C. When your diet is low in this people do not have enough to eat. A especially important for normal vision vitamin, gums are tender and bleed hungry person wants food in his belly­ and helps to keep the skin and linings easily, joints swell and hurt and muscles he d_oes not want your prayers or of the nose, mouth, and inner organs in weaken. In advanced stages it is called promises. good condition. scurvy. Periods of starvation have not been confined to the Biblical times. As recent Good sources of vitamin A are liver In this country scurvy is very rare, but many people do not get enough vita­ as just prior to World War II thousands egg yolks, butter, whole milk, and cream: died of starvation in China, India, and You can also get a substantial amount min C for their best state of health Since it cannot be stored in any apprecia~ Burma. of vitamin A from carotenes, which are Our national diet today can best be yellow-orange substances that the body ble quantity, you need some food rich in vitamin C daily. described as the kind people choose when converts. Green, yellow, and some red the supply of food is ample and they have vegetables are excellent sources of caro­ All of the citrus fruits are plentiful sources of vitamin C. Other good the money to buy it. tene. Each of us now eats more of the dairy The Bureau of Human Nutrition and sources of vitamin C includes tomatoes and tomato juice, fresh or canned· fresh products-except butter-eggs, poultry, Home Economics of the Department of vegetables, and fruit, but fewer potatoes Agriculture recommends that we eat strawberries and cantaloups; al;o raw green foods such as cabbage, green pep­ and grain products than people did at heartily of foods that provide vitamin A the beginning of the century. since it can be stored in the body and pers and green lettuce. Much of the vitamin content of these The sh~rpest increase in· per capita may be drawn upon if in any emergency consumption of food_comes in fruits and this vitamin is wanting in the diet. foods is lost when it is prepared for the table by cooking and, therefore, it is best vegetables. In the past few decades the The next three substances which are use of citrus fruits has tripled, that of 1·ecommended by the National Research to ~at them with the minimum of prepa­ rat10n. carrots has quadrupled, and that of let­ Council are thiamine, riboflavin, and tuce has nearly doubled. niacin-all members of the vitamin B THE SUNSHINE VITAMIN Vitamin D picked up the "sunshine" EAT MORE BEEF family. I represent the Fourth Congressional . When this vitamin was first discovered nickname because the sun's rays strik­ ing the skin, have power to 'change District of Nebraska, and I am quite it was thought to be just one, but later proud of the fact that this district has when it was found to be quite complex certain substances in the skin into vita­ min 0. more cattle than any one of the other it was broken down into about a dozen 435 congressional districts in the United different ones-each with a particular An individual should get some of this vitamin regularly and especially during States. duty and importance. Not only am I proud because of the A lack of these substances causes beri­ childhood since it works with minerals to form straight, strong bones, and number but also because of the tre­ beri and pellagra. The latter of these mendous contribution this meat makes dietary deficiency diseases once was quite sound teeth. Since most of us make good use of sun­ to the American diet. The American common in the South and in many in­ people have always been meat eaters. stances death resulted. Now, reported shine to fill our vitamin D requirements, the recommended daily dietary allow­ Meat has been the principal item of diet deaths from pellagra have declined for the human race from the beginning markedly in the United States. The dis­ ance for it appears to be a little low. However, the sun's reaction on the skin of time. ease is still quite common in many over­ As a physician, I can tell you that the populated areas. more than makes up the difference. It must be remembered that it does human body is especially adapted to the What we have in the United States are take direct sunlight and the sun loses consumption and digestion of meat and borderline cases. If you know a chronic animal products. There is no food grouch, a shiftless person, a housewife its effectiveness if it is cut off by clouds, smoke, fog, dust, or ordinary window w~ich nature has endowed so lavishly with vague complaints, or a nervous man, glass. wi_th the necessary proteins, vitamins, chances are they may be showing effects A few foods such as egg yolk, butter, mmerals, and fats. of insufficient B vitamins. salmon, tuna, and sardines help out with In fact, meat is the masterpiece of na­ Getting enough of these helps with vitamin D and it is added to some milk. ture's laboratory. It contains 22 amino steady nerves, normal appetite good di­ acids, 10 of which the body needs to gestion, good morale and heaithy skin. WE'RE EATING WELL keep healthy. People who are big meat Unfortunately too few foods contain Fortunately we are able to produce eaters are large in stature and have great a real wealth of the B vitamins, so it is enough of all of the crops needed to in­ energy. The Hindus, Chinese, Japanese necessary for your diet to contain many sure a balanced and varied diet. The and _the inhabitants of Okinawa, wh~ foods which contribute some in order to National Research Council's figures eat httle meat, are small in stature. build an adequate supply. would be sheer folly if we could not pro­ . Fo~ many years I operated a hospital As a doctor, I feel it is quite interest­ duce the food to meet its requirements. m Kimball, and at that time there was ing to note that recently we have iden­ Today half the world is hungry and a feeling among medical men that pa­ tified f olic acid and vitamin B-12. These the vast majority of the other half does tients should be given fl.sh and chicken two substances are now being used medi­ not enjoy a proper diet. instead of red meat. Recent experi­ cally with some success in treating two If everyone ate the same diet as the ments have shown that red meat is not hard-to-cure diseases-pernicious ane­ average person does in the Far East the ~ar~ful but can contribute to the pa­ mia and sprue. world is presently producing enough to tients recovery by supplying many of the Since very few foods are rich in the feed several billion more mouths. vitamins, minerals, and acids so neces­ B-vitamin group, at least 26 States have If everyone had the same standard of sary to tissue repaid and health. made it mandatory for flour to be en­ diet as the average European the world PerI;aI?s s?me of you are wondering riched with this group. It is estimated is producing enough to feed ~very one if what 1rrigat10n and reclamation has to that diets of city families are now 12 the food were properly distributed. do with producing more red meat. I can perc~nt 1:igher in iron, 16 percent higher But if everyone enjoyed the high­ only refer you to a statement made by in th1amme, 3 percent more in riboflavin, level diet that we in the United States Dr. B. T. Shaw, who is the Administrator and 13 percent higher in niacin than do the world would have to produce of the Agricultural Research Service of 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE ,7439 the Department of Agriculture. In duced in the irrigated West, I have asked We can be quite ·thankful to irriga.. testimony before the House Appropria­ the Department of Agriculture to give tion and reclamation for making it pos­ tions Committee he said: me the pertinent figures. sible for us to have the necessary crops In 1949 the Nation was consuming about Here are the figures they have sup­ to give us a nutritious and balanced diet. 16 billion pounds of red meat, and by 1954 plied me: We in the United States eat better consumption of red meat increase-cl to about Almonds ------100 than anyone else in the world. Because 25 billion pounds. Apricots ------100 of this we are a strong Nation. He goes on to point out that, if the per Our youth excel in practically every capita consumption of meat continues at !~~{~~~~!-======~: international sport. They have strong, the rate of 1954, it will require 7 million BroccoliStrawberries ______------5079 well-developed bodies which make pos­ more head of cattle, 3 million more sheep, Cantaloups ______80 sible the new records in athletics which and about 10 million more hogs to sup­ Carrots ______75 they achieve. ply the increased meat that would be Cauliflower______61 Celery ______54 Their bodies are strong and well de­ needed by 1962. veloped because they enjoy a balanced To provide pasture and feed for these Sweet cherries ______85 Lemons ______: ______100 diet-a diet containing plenty of fresh additional animals it would require . an­ fruits and vegetables, milk, and meat. other 35 million acres of land. This land Dates------Figs ______100 There are some who complain about is not available, but irrigated pastures Grapes ______95 the cost of Federal reclamation projects. could do much to alleviate this coming In the past 50 years, approximately $2.6 situation. You can pasture several times Lettuce------Honeydews ______10091 Filberts ______100 billion has been allocated to irrigation. more animals on an irrigated acre than It has been estimated that these irriga­ you can on a dryland pasture. Walnuts------100 tion projects have returned to the Treas­ According to the Department of Agri­ Olives ______100 Onions ______. ______56 ury more than $4 billion in new taxes. culture, the consumption of beef has Peaches ______58 These Federal projects have repaid about nearly doubled since 1930. Pears ______88 $600 million of the original cost and are PRODUCTION INCREASES Peas ______42 returning an average of $60 million a In addition to the importance of these Plums ______· -----·------87 year to the Treasury. crops to our diet, increased production Prunes------Rice ______~, ______------. __ 10052 Water is the lifeblood of the arid West. also has been a determining factor in Water, placed on good soil at the proper the increase in consumption. Spinach-~~------·------57 time, can bring a feeling of security, of We would not have been able to ex­ Tomatoes------~------51 confidence, and new wealth to the com­ perience this ~ncrease .in per capita con­ Many of the crops are produced in the munity. sumption had it not been for irrigation. late fall, winter, and early and middle If we are to eat well in the future, we For example, about three-fifths of our spring. As recently as 20 to 25 years ago will need to produce more crops. The fruits and tree nuts, one-half of our com­ these crops were not available in the population of our country increases mercial vegetables and one-third of the winter months. about 3% million each year. They will potato crop are grown on irrigated land. Certainly, new methods of processing, need food. Little of the food produced Irrigation has enabled growers to take better transportation and the introduc­ on irrigated lands adds to our present advantage of the favorable soil and cli­ tion of frozen foods has helped con­ supply of surplus foods. We should be mate in our Western States to make the siderably to provide us with these spe­ thankful that we. have a surplus. growing of fruits and vegetables one of cialty and seasonal crops the year Because of irrigation, we are eating the leading industries of the West. around. However, without irrigation to well. We will continue to eat well if To show what percent of the commer­ grow these crops in the first place they we wisely develop the feasible irrigation cial fruits and vegetables that are pro- would not be available. projects in our land.

Make us alive, dear God, to the truth: ident of the United States submitting ·SENATE That life today is war-war everywhere sundry nominations, and withdrawing between· good and evil, war in hope of the nomination of Mrs. Lulie M. Frick, THURSDAY, JUNE 2, 1955 . the good triumphant. It is war with­ to be postmaster at Atlas, Mich., which