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The British Empire and the Early Cold War: a Comparison of Hong Kong and Cyprus

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The British Empire and the Early Cold War: a Comparison of Hong Kong and Cyprus View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of East Anglia digital repository THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND THE EARLY COLD WAR: A COMPARISON OF HONG KONG AND CYPRUS Christopher James Sutton Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of East Anglia School of History August 2014 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract This thesis seeks to re‐define the Cold War as first and foremost a conflict of imperialisms and to identify how it was fought on the ground. It does so by identifying and comparing British policies in two geostrategic colonies, Hong Kong (1938‐1952) and Cyprus (1941‐1955), where there operated two of what policy‐ makers considered to be the British Empire’s most critical communist threats: the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL). The thesis examines the motivations and actions of British colonial policy‐ makers, as they attempted to recover Britain’s great power status and imperial prestige, against the challenges of international anti‐colonialism, colonial nationalisms, and, above all, the seemingly coordinated efforts of colonial, national, and transnational communist movements to undermine the British Empire. This British revisionist study argues that British imperialism (as well as that of the Soviet Union) started, defined the nature of, and was transformed in response to the Cold War. ii Contents Abstract .........................................................................................................................ii List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... iv Biographical Notes ........................................................................................................ v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... xiii Introduction Introduction: Historiographies, Framework, and Sources ........................................... 2 Section One: From Enemy to Ally to Enemy Chapter One: A History of Anglo‐Soviet Imperial Tensions .............................................................. 36 Chapter Two: ‘A World of Grey Men’: The Rise of the CCP, 1938‐1946 .......................................... 55 Chapter Three: Moderate, Irreproachable, and Organized: The Rise of AKEL, 1941‐1946 ................ 74 Chapter Four: British Anti‐Communism: From Enemy to Ally to Enemy ........................................ 103 Section Two: Containment through Reform Chapter Five: The Breakdown of Allied Cooperation and the Resumption of the Cold War......... 108 Chapter Six: A Failed New Deal in Hong Kong: From Constitution to Repression, 1946‐1949 .... 126 Chapter Seven: A Failed New Deal in Cyprus: From Constitution to Repression, 1946‐1949 .......... 170 Chapter Eight: British Anti‐Communism: Containment through Reform ........................................ 206 Section Three: Containment through Repression Chapter Nine: The Decline of the British World System ................................................................. 210 Chapter Ten: The Fall of China and ‘Pax’ Americana, 1949‐1952 ................................................. 224 Chapter Eleven: ‘Too Much or Too Little Repression’: The Fall of AKEL, 1949‐1955 ......................... 259 Chapter Twelve: British Anti‐Communism: Containment through Repression .................................. 289 Conclusion Conclusion: Britain, the Empire, and the Cold War ................................................. 293 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 312 iii List of Abbreviations ACJ Arthur Creech Jones [papers] AKEL Progressive Party of Working People AON Progressive Organization of Youth CCP Chinese Communist Party Cominform Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers’ Parties Comintern Communist International COS chiefs of staff DSE Democratic Army of Greece DSO defence security officer EAK Union of Cypriot Farmers EAM National Liberation Front EAS National Liberation Alliance ELAS Greek People’s Liberation Army ELES Limassol Committee for National Cooperation EOKA National Organization of Cypriot Fighters FTU Federation of Trade Unions [of Hong Kong] IRD Information Research Department IUS International Union of Students JIC(FE) Joint Intelligence Committee (Far East) KEK Cypriot Nationalist Party KKE Communist Party of Greece KKK Communist Party of Cyprus KMT Kuomintang [Nationalist Party of China] MBE Member of the British Empire MCP Malayan Communist Party MM Malcolm MacDonald [papers] MP member of Parliament NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCNA New China News Agency OAG officer administering the government PDK Provisional Democratic Government [of Greece] PEK Pancyprian Farmers’ Union PEO Pancyprian Federation of Labour PEON Pancyprian National Youth Organization PESP Pancyprian Greek Socialist Vanguard PODY Pancypriot Organization of Democratic Women PRC People’s Republic of China PSE Pancyprian Trades Union Committee PSR political situation report ROC Republic of China SEK Confederation of Cyprus’s Workers SIFE Security Intelligence Far East SIME Security Intelligence Middle East TNA The National Archives [of the United Kingdom] TUC Trades Union Congress VOKS All‐Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries WFDY World Federation of Democratic Youth WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WIDF Women’s International Democratic Federation iv Biographical Notes ALEXANDER, 1st Viscount of Hillsborough (Albert Victor ALEXANDER) (1885‐1965). MP (Labour and Co‐operative), 1922‐1931, 1935‐1950. First lord of the Admiralty, 1940‐1945, 1945‐1946. Member, Cabinet mission to India, 1946. Minister of defence, 1946‐1950. ARMITAGE, Sir Robert Perceval (1906‐1990). New College, Oxford. Entered colonial administrative service, Kenya, 1930. Governor, Cyprus, 1954‐1955. Governor, Nyasaland, 1955‐1961. ATTLEE, Clement Richard (1883‐1967). University College, Oxford. MP (Labour), 1922‐1955. Parliamentary under‐secretary of state for war, 1924. Secretary of state for Dominion affairs, 1942‐1943. Deputy prime minister, 1942‐1945. Prime minister, 1945‐1951. Leader, Labour Party, 1935‐1955. BARTON, Cecil James Juxon Talbot (1891‐1980). Downing College, Cambridge. Entered colonial service, Kenya, c. 1914. Assistant district commissioner, Machakos, Kenya, 1914. Acting district commissioner, Turkana, Kenya, 1919. Colonial secretary, Fiji, 1936‐1941. Colonial secretary, Nyasaland, 1941‐1945. Principal, Colonial Office, 1945‐1958. BENNETT, John Sloman (1914‐1990). Magdalene College, Cambridge. Entered Colonial Office, 1936. Seconded, minister of state in the Middle East, 1941‐1945. Assistant secretary, Colonial Office, head of International Relations Department, 1946‐1947; Mediterranean Department, 1947‐1952. Seconded, Imperial Defence College, 1953. Assistant secretary, Colonial Office, head of General and Defence Department, 1953‐1956; West African B Department, 1957; Social Services B Department, 1958‐1962; Social Services Department, 1962‐1963; Economic, General, and Social Services Department, 1963‐1964; Gibraltar and South Atlantic Department (Commonwealth Relations Office/Foreign and Commonwealth Office), 1968‐1970. (Married Mary Letitia Somerville FISHER, 1955.) BEVIN, Ernest (1881‐1951). General secretary, Transport and General Workers Union, 1921‐1940. Member, General Council, TUC, 1925‐1940. President, TUC, 1937. MP (Labour), 1940‐1951. Minister of labour and national service, 1940‐ 1945. Secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1945‐1951. CHIANG Kai‐shek (1887‐1975). Commander‐in‐chief, KMT National Revolutionary Army, 1926‐1931. Director‐general, KMT, 1938‐1975. Chair, Supreme National Defence Council, ROC, 1939‐1975. President, ROC, 1948‐1949, 1950‐1975. President (prime minister), Executive Yuan, ROC, 1930‐1931, 1935‐1938, 1939‐ 1945, 1947. CHRISTODOULOU, Miltiades (1919‐2001). Member, AKEL, 1941‐1952. Municipal councillor, Nicosia, c. 1946‐1949. Founder and director, Cyprus News Agency, 1957‐1965. Director, Press and Information Office, Cyprus, 1965‐1981. v CHURCHILL, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874‐1965). MP (Conservative), 1900‐ 1922, 1924‐1964. Parliamentary under‐secretary of state for the colonies, 1905‐ 1908. Home secretary, 1910‐1911. Secretary of state for war and air, 1919‐1921. Secretary of state for the colonies, 1921‐1922. Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1924‐1929. Minister of defence, 1940‐1945, 1951‐1952. Prime minister, 1940‐ 1945, 1951‐1955. Leader of the Conservative Party, 1940‐1955. CREECH JONES, Arthur (1891‐1964). National secretary, Transport and General Workers Union, 1919‐1929. MP (Labour), 1935‐1950, 1954‐1964. Parliamentary private secretary to the minister of Labour and National Service (Ernest BEVIN), 1940‐1945. Co‐founder and chair, Fabian Colonial Bureau, 1940‐1945. Member, Colonial Office Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies, 1936‐1945. Chairman, Labour Party Advisory Committee on Labour Questions, 1944‐1945. Parliamentary under‐secretary of state for the colonies, 1945‐1946. Secretary of state for
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