DOCSLIB.ORG

Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5, Facemask Mandates, Stay Home Orders and COVID-19 Incidence in the United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5, Facemask Mandates, Stay Home Orders and COVID-19 Incidence in the United States International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5, Facemask Mandates, Stay Home Orders and COVID-19 Incidence in the United States Fang Fang 1, Lina Mu 2, Yifang Zhu 3,4, Jianyu Rao 1,5, Jody Heymann 6 and Zuo-Feng Zhang 1,7,8,* 1 Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [email protected] (F.F.); [email protected] (J.R.) 2 Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Environmental Health Science, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [email protected] 4 Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 5 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 6 WORLD Policy Analysis Center, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; [email protected] 7 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 8 Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Long-term PM2.5 exposure might predispose populations to SARS-CoV-2 infection and Citation: Fang, F.; Mu, L.; Zhu, Y.; intervention policies might interrupt SARS-CoV-2 transmission and reduce the risk of COVID-19. We Rao, J.; Heymann, J.; Zhang, Z.-F. conducted an ecologic study across the United States, using county-level COVID-19 incidence up to Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5, 12 September 2020, to represent the first two surges in the U.S., annual average of PM2.5 between Facemask Mandates, Stay Home 2000 and 2016 and state-level facemask mandates and stay home orders. We fit negative binomial Orders and COVID-19 Incidence in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. models to assess COVID-19 incidence in association with PM2.5 and policies. Stratified analyses 3 Public Health 2021, 18, 6274. https:// by facemask policy and stay home policy were also performed. Each 1-µg/m increase in annual doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126274 average concentration of PM2.5 exposure was associated with 7.56% (95% CI: 3.76%, 11.49%) increase in COVID-19 risk. Facemask mandates and stay home policies were inversely associated with Academic Editors: David Carpenter COVID-19 with adjusted RRs of 0.8466 (95% CI: 0.7598, 0.9432) and 0.9193 (95% CI: 0.8021, 1.0537), and Paul B. Tchounwou respectively. The associations between PM2.5 and COVID-19 were consistent among counties with or without preventive policies. Our study added evidence that long-term PM2.5 exposure increased Received: 10 April 2021 the risk of COVID-19 during each surge and cumulatively as of 12 September 2020, in the United Accepted: 5 June 2021 States. Although both state-level implementation of facemask mandates and stay home orders were Published: 10 June 2021 effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, no clear effect modification was observed regarding long-term exposure to PM2.5 on the risk of COVID-19. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: particulate matter; COVID-19; facemasks; stay-home orders; nation-wide study published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first discovered in Wuhan, China in Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. December 2019 [1], and on 11 March 2020, a global pandemic was declared by the World This article is an open access article Health Organization (WHO) [2]. As of 12 September 2020, COVID-19 has infected 6,353,677 distributed under the terms and people in the United States [3]. To avoid the human-to-human transmission of the pathogen, conditions of the Creative Commons the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends social distanc- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// ing, face masking, and good hygiene practices [4]. Each state also implements different creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ policies in order to slow down the spread of the disease [5]. A meta-analysis including 4.0/). 21 studies showed the efficacy of face masks in preventing respiratory virus transmission. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126274 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6274 2 of 12 The protective effect of facemask use against respiratory virus infection was 64% and a 47% risk reduction was observed among non-healthcare workers. Among the studies included, one study observed a 96% reduction of COVID-19 risk among Chinese healthcare workers using facemasks [6]. A recent study also demonstrated face coverings as effective preventive measures in slowing down the viral transmission via droplets by mimicking cough-generated airborne particles in an indoor environment. The study showed that surgi- cal and K95/KN95 masks reduced cough droplets dramatically [7]. By utilizing COVID-19 cases from 190 countries between 23 January 2020, and 13 April 2020, non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as mandatory masks, quarantine, distancing and traffic restriction, were inversely associated with the reproduction number of COVID-19. The reductions in repro- duction numbers were −15.14% (from −21.79% to −7.93%) for mandatory facemask and −42.94% (from −44.24% to −41.60%) for distancing. When two or more interventions were implemented simultaneously, a greater decrease in the reproduction number of COVID-19 was observed [8]. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the definitive infectious agent; however, social and environmental factors, such as air pollution, may also play a contributory role in the transmission of the virus in human population [9]. Fine particulate matter (particles with aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 µm in diameter, PM2.5) may affect disease via a variety of mechanisms such as altering immune response, increasing oxidative stress, causing inflammatory injury, inducing mutagenicity and introducing respiratory tract damage [10–12]. Moreover, ambient air pollution was associated with various infectious outcomes, such as deaths due to lower respiratory infection [13], elevated fatality of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China [14], increased risk of influenza [15], and upper respiratory infections incidence and hospital admission for respiratory infections [16]. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable in aerosols for hours [17] and air particles are suspected to be capable of carrying the virus and facilitating its spread [18]. Table1 summarizes current literature on the association between air pollution and COVID-19 outcomes. Studies in Northern Italy and among cities in China reported positive correlations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and COVID-19 outcomes [19–23]. A Korean study concluded temporal association between COVID-19 incidence and other air pollutants, but not with PM2.5 [24]. Exposure to long-term PM2.5 was associated with COVID-19 mortality after controlling for different confounders [25–30]. In the United States, 3 Wu et al. showed that each 1-µg/m increase in long-term PM2.5 exposure (2000–2016 annual average) was associated with 11% increase in COVID-19 mortality [25], which was also affected by the presence of other hazardous air pollutants [26]. Hendryx et al. showed a positive association between long-term PM2.5 and COVID-19 prevalence and fatality as of 31 May 2020, by applying a linear regression model [30]. Timely evidence on the association between long-term exposure to air pollution, especially PM2.5, and COVID-19 incidence is accumulating in the United States and in Europe based on arbitrary cutoff points of the pandemic. With the progression of COVID-19, more extensive data would allow us to examine whether COVID-19 incidence was associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5 during each surge of the pandemic and whether it might be modified by the implementation of preventive interventions, such as facemask mandates or stay home policies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6274 3 of 12 Table 1. Literature Review on Air Pollution and COVID-19. Study Area Study Period Statistical Model Findings 3 Daily PM10 exceeding 50 µg/m with a Northern Italy [19] 24 February 2020– Recursive binary partitioning 15-day lag was a significant predictor for 13 March 2020 tree approach COVID-19 incidence Daily PM2.5 was positively associated with COVID-19 incidence with RR from Poison regression adjusting 1.036 to 1.144. The association with Chinese cities (Wuhan, 25 January 2020– for other air pollutants and PM10 was negative with RR between Xiaogan and Huanggang) [20] 29 February 2020 meteorological variables in 0.915 and 0.964. Results for other each city pollutants (SO2, CO, NO2, and 8-hour O3) were not consistent among the study sites. PM2.5 and NO2 were positively Chinese cities (Wuhan and associated with COVID-19 incidence 26 January 2020– Univariate linear regression Xiaogan) [21] 29 February 2020 4 days later in both cities, while PM10 and CO were inconsistent between cities. PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 with a 2-week lag were positively associated with Generalized additive model COVID-19 incidence, while SO2 was 120 Chinese cities [22] 23 January 2020– adjusting for meteorological negatively associated. A 10µg/m3 29 February 2020 variables with city fixed effects increase in PM2.5 with a 2-week lag was associated with a 2.24% increase in COVID-19 incidence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COVID-19 and Political Polarization: Notes on International Studies Australia’S Chinese Communities Vol
    PORTAL Journal of ESSAY Multidisciplinary COVID-19 and Political Polarization: Notes on International Studies Australia’s Chinese Communities Vol. 17, No. 1/2 Jan 2021 Mobo Gao Corresponding author: Professor Mobo Gao, School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia. [email protected] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pjmis.v17i1-2.7365 Article History: Received 12/08/2020; Accepted 07/12/2020; Published 28/01/2021 © 2021 by the author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Abstract Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License (https:// In this article I draw from my personal observations as a participant in two WeChat creativecommons.org/ groups; a group with my university classmates most of whom are now residents of licenses/by/4.0/), allowing Australia, and the other a skilled migrant group based in South Australia. I explore the third parties to copy and main narrative threads of these two groups in relation to their responses to the COVID-19 redistribute the material in any medium or format and to pandemic during the first half of 2020. I argue that the COVID-19 pandemic sharpened the remix, transform, and build political polarization that exists between denouncers of the People’s Republic of China upon the material for any [PRC] and their detractors, and also underlined particular moral dilemmas. purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its Keywords license. COVID-19; China; Chinese Australians; Emotions; Political Polarization Citation: Gao, M. 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • To the Pandemic Cases of China, Iran, Russia, Belarus and Hungary
    AUTHORITARIAN RESPONSE TO THE PANDEMIC CASES OF CHINA, IRAN, RUSSIA, BELARUS AND HUNGARY Edited by Vladislav Inozemtsev AUTHORITARIAN RESPONSE TO THE PANDEMIC CASES OF CHINA, IRAN, RUSSIA, BELARUS AND HUNGARY FREE RUSSIA FOUNDATION JUNE, 2020 Free Russia Foundation Editor Vladislav Inozemtsev Authors Elizabeth Chen Clément Therme Vladislav Inozemtsev Arseny Sivitsky Bálint Madlovics Proofreading Courtney Dobson, Blue Bear Editing Layout Free Russia Designs CONTENTS Introduction 5 Elizabeth Chen. China 7 Clément Therme. Iran 27 Vladislav Inozemtsev. Russia 38 Arseny Sivitsky. Belarus 58 Bálint Madlovics. Hungary 77 Conclusion 94 economic disruptions; China’s GDP contracted by 6.8% INTRODUCTION in the first quarter;6 all major airlines cut up to 90% of their regular flights by April 1;7 the American economy virtually stalled with 38.6 million jobless by the end of 8 The global pandemic caused by a coronavirus, May. In June 2020, the IMF predicted that the American widely known as COVID-19, officially broke out in the economy would contract by 5.9% in 2020 and the EU 9 city of Wuhan in China in late 2019, but most probably it projection stood at 6.7%. While it is difficult to calculate originated from the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Wu- the overall economic effect of the crisis, even the most conservative estimates begin at $6 trillion with an addi- han-based Institute of Virology1 aauthorized to conduct the most sophisticated experiments with different viruses. tional $15 trillion in assets expected to evaporate due to It is also widely believed that the outbreak started three the declining prices of stocks, real estate, and produc- to four months before it was confirmed by the Chinese of- tion facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Media and China's Virus Outbreak
    Volume 18 | Issue 14 | Number 6 | Article ID 5418 | Jul 15, 2020 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Social Media and China's Virus Outbreak Anonymous China rules the world” (2009). In an interview Abstract: In the early stage of the coronavirus with the state media CCTV, Jacques praised the outbreak in China, social media were bursting Chinese government’s crisis management with anger and desperation. Many pleaded for capacity in the wake of the pandemic, saying medical help, called for public attention to the that this, “can be a historic moment where unattended and asked for accountability for people come to see what the strengths of the local officials who failed to respond to the Chinese system are.” (Tuwen Ouni 2020) public health crisis in time. But with the epicenter shifting to Europe and NorthThis marked a dramatic turnaround from the America, a series of social media tactics, early stages of the pandemic when there was highlighting China’s successful containment speculation about whether the Chinese efforts, while disparaging foreign countries’ government’s legitimacy might be undermined responses, and spinning the origin of the by the pandemic. Public opinion in China on the coronavirus outbreak, facilitated a nationalist government’s handling of the crisis has also takeover of social media sites in China. experienced a rollercoaster ride, dipping to the bottom in early February and gradually recovering as the pandemic was contained. The state emerged from the crisis stronger than How China rewrites the narrative of the ever, trumpeting that it had led the Chinese coronavirus pandemic on social media people to victory in the war against COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • Asymptomatic Carriers and Uncertainty the Debate About Asymptomatic Carriers of COVID-19 Began at the Very Beginning of the Pandemic
    ARTICLES Hidden Perils Diagnosing asymptomatic disease carriers Ilana Löwy Received: 9 July 2020; Accepted: 19 February 2021; Published: 16 July 2021 Abstract COVID-19, a disease induced by SARS-CoV-2, became a worldwide pandemic while SARS, a disease induced by a closely related virus, SARS-CoV, was successfully contained. This is because COVID-19, unlike SARS, can be spread by people who do not display any symptoms of disease, either because they are in the early stages of the infection or because their infection remains clinically silent. This research article traces the complex history of the diagnosis of symptom-free (or asymptomatic) carriers of pathogens, a term inseparably linked to the rise of the laboratory diagnosis of pathogens. Only such a diagnosis can reveal that an apparently healthy individual harbours dangerous bacteria, parasites, or viruses. The article begins with the iconic story of ‘Typhoid Mary’, a New York cook found to be an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever microbes. It then discusses divergent approaches to the treatment of symptom-free carriers of hookworm and controversies around the screening of HIV carriers, especially before the development of anti-retroviral treatments. It concludes with a presentation of the debates on the role of asymptomatic carriers in the spread of COVID-19 and of the differences between the approaches of countries seeking to eliminate this disease, a goal that itself entails tracing and isolation of all asymptomatic carriers of coronavirus, and those trying to contain it, an approach that tolerates the presence of a limited number of ‘invisible’ virus carriers. Keywords Asymptomatic carrier, Typhoid fever, Typhoid Mary, Hookworm, AIDS, COVID-19.
    [Show full text]
  • AAI LOOKS BACK 4 Fink Named Next Editor-In-Chief of the JI 6 Focus on Public Affairs: ■ AAI Honors Reps
    In This Issue… 2 Call for 2013 AAI Award Applications 3 AAI Embarking on 100th Anniversary Celebration AAI LOOKS BACK 4 Fink Named Next Editor-in-Chief of The JI 6 Focus on Public Affairs: ■ AAI Honors Reps. Van Hollen, Bilbray ■ Sequestration: Potential Impact Estimated ■ NIH Proceeds Cautiously Pending 2013 Budget ■ NCATS, CAN Panels Hold First Meetings ■ Bill to Ban Great Ape Research Remains Pending ■ NIAID Director Fauci Visits AAI Council 10 Members in the News: ■ Dan Barouch ■ Mary Disis ■ Tina Garza ■ Mario Santiago 14 In Memoriam: ■ Stanley Nathenson ■ Bernardetta Nardelli 16 AAI Looks Back: Immunologists American Expeditionary Forces field hospital inside ruins of church During World War I France, ca. 1918 (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division) 24 AAI Outreach Program Update 26 AAI Welcomes Immunologists during the First World War: New Members One Soldier-Scientist’s Experience 34 Grant & Award Deadlines Stanhope Bayne-Jones (AAI 1917, 17th President 1930–31) 36 Meetings Calendar See page 16 >ÊvÀÊÓä£ÎÊÜ>À`Ê««V>Ìà Deadline: January 9, 2013 Applications are invited for the following AAI Travel Awards and Grants, which annually foster the promise and professional development of early- and mid-career investigators, including underrepresented minority scientists and trainees. NEW—AAI Trainee Poster Award Lustgarten-eBioscience Memorial Award This award provides up to $500 travel reimbursement to AAI trainee Established to honor the memory of AAI member Dr. Joseph Lustgarten, members (students and postdoctoral fellows) whose first-author this award is intended to advance the career of a mid-career scientist abstracts submitted to the AAI annual meeting are selected for who attends the AAI annual meeting and presents an outstanding poster sessions only and found to be exceptional by the AAI Abstract abstract specifically in the area of immune regulation.
    [Show full text]
  • China Media Bulletin
    Issue No. 144: May 2020 CHINA MEDIA BULLETIN Headlines ANALYSIS Welcome to the New Era of Chinese Disinformation P2 IN THE NEWS • State propaganda, content manipulation, and a global pandemic reinforce nationalism, xenophobia, and information isolation P5 • Bad news and good for China’s activists: harsh sentences, new arrests, long-awaited releases P6 • Censorship updates: medical research, early cover-ups, ongoing controls P7 • Hong Kong: Amid arrests and Beijing assertions, new fears for autonomy and press freedom P8 • Beyond China: Global hacking attempts, video app privacy, US radio, Eastern Europe influence P9 FEATURED PUSHBACK Bookseller who fled Hong Kong reopens in Taiwan P11 WHAT TO WATCH FOR P12 TAKE ACTION P13 IMAGE OF THE MONTH A Heroic Husband’s Return This was one of many photos and videos circulating online after Chinese human rights lawyer Wang Quanzhang was finally reunited with his wife and seven-year-old son on April 27, almost five years after being taken away by police. Wang was jailed over his work defending religious prisoners and political activists in China, and held incommunicado for much of his time in detention. After his release from prison in Shandong Province in early April, police prevented him from returning to his family in Beijing, but relented after his wife Li Wenzu—an outspoken advocate on his behalf—fell suddenly ill. Although censored in China, the family’s long-awaited reunion was widely reported by international and diaspora Chinese media. A short video of the couple embracing was itself viewed nearly half a million times on YouTube. Visit http://freedomhou.se/cmb_signup or email [email protected] to subscribe or submit items.
    [Show full text]
  • The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Estrangement of US-China Relations
    The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Estrangement of US-China Relations Dali L. Yang This article assesses US-China relations during the Covid-19 pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, the US-China trade war created an atmosphere of bitterness and mistrust in bilateral relations and also prompted the Chinese leadership to seek to enhance its “discourse power” through “wolf warrior” diplomacy. This atmosphere hampered US-China communi- cation and cooperation during the initial phase of the pan- demic. The unleashing of “wolf warrior” diplomacy as the pandemic spread round the world, especially in the United States, has exacerbated US-China relations and served to ac- celerate the transition of US policy toward China from con- structive engagement to strategic competition. Keywords: COVID-19, wolf warrior diplomacy, US-China trade war, US-China relations, pandemic psychology. PANDEMICS SUCH AS COVID-19 NOT ONLY CAUSE SICKNESS AND DEATH BUT also induce mega socioeconomic and psychological shocks. As the American Psychological Association states, the Covid-19 “coronavirus pandemic is an epidemiological and psychological crisis. The enormity of living in isolation, changes in our daily lives, job loss, financial hard- ship and grief over the death of loved ones has the potential to affect the mental health and well-being of many” (American Psychological Asso- ciation 2020). The pandemic has contributed to stress, anxiety, and even panic in individuals, conflict and abuse in some families, and intergroup tensions through avoidance, blame, stigmatization, and conflict over re- sources (Dubey et al. 2020). In examining the relationship between pandemics and public policy, of which foreign policy is a key dimension, much of the attention is on the harm to and protection of individuals, families, and social groups.
    [Show full text]
  • What Can COVID-19 Tell Us About Evidence-Based Management?
    ARPXXX10.1177/0275074020942406The American Review of Public AdministrationYang 942406research-article2020 Evidence-Based Decision Making for Public Health Management American Review of Public Administration 2020, Vol. 50(6-7) 706 –712 What Can COVID-19 Tell Us About © The Author(s) 2020 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions Evidence-Based Management? https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020942406DOI: 10.1177/0275074020942406 journals.sagepub.com/home/arp Kaifeng Yang1,2 Abstract People worry that many COVID-19 decisions are not evidence based, but applying typical evidence-based management (EBM) in a pandemic seems difficult. A pandemic is characterized by uncertainty, high potential loss, time pressure, and competing values, all posing challenges to EBM. Drawing on events in government responses to COVID-19, this essay focuses on three issues: What should be considered as evidence in pandemic-like situations? How can we make evidence more accessible to decision makers in such situations? And, does evidence have a role in ethical judgments in a pandemic? The essay argues that EBM must be extended to address pandemic-like situations. The evidentiary standard should take into consideration “appropriateness,” “reasonableness,” and “intuition,” paying attention to the stages of a pandemic and the type of errors we want to avoid. In addition, the essay calls for building policy capacity in terms of coproducing and applying evidence in and outside government, as well as strengthening public managers’ capacity in evidence-based ethical analysis. Keywords COVID-19, evidence-based management, pandemic, evidence “In a time of uncertainty, facts provide clarity. In a time of However, the worry is not surprising, given many have anxiety, facts comfort.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19, China and Anatomy of Fang Fang Phenomenon
    No.48 May 2020 ICS Dossier On Fang Fang’s Wuhan Diary COVID-19, China and Anatomy of Fang Fang Phenomenon Hemant Adlakha ICS OCCASSIONAL PAPER NO. 48 COVID-19, China and Anatomy of Fang Fang Phenomenon Author: Hemant Adlakha First published in 2020 © Institute of Chinese Studies, Delhi Institute of Chinese Studies 8/17 Sri Ram Road, Civil Lines Delhi 110 054, INDIA Ph.: +91-11-23938202; Fax: +91-11-23830728 Email: [email protected] Website: www.icsin.org ABOUT THE AUTHOR Hemant Adlakha is Professor of Chinese, Centre for Chinese and Southeast Asian Studies (CCSEAS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is also an Honorary Fellow, the Institute of Chinese Studies (ICS) Delhi. His areas of research include foreign policy debates and discourse in the P R China, modern Chinese literature, culture and cinema. His PhD dissertation was on ‘Modernization and the State in Contemporary China: Search for a Distant Civil Society.’ He has published articles in Chinese and in English. He is a member of International Editorial Committee, International Society for Lu Xun Studies, Seoul (ROK). His most recent publications include, ‘Confucius’ in Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2nd Edition, Gale Cengage Learning, Macmillan Reference, USA; ‘Simla, McMahon Line and South Tibet: Emergent Chinese Discourse on Fears of Losing Territory to India’ in 100 Years after the Simla Conference, 2013-14, ICS, Delhi (Forthcoming 2018); ‘BRICS: A Key Mechanism in Beijing's Global Governance Strategy’ in BRICS and the Multipolar World, to be published in 2018 from the Academy of International Studies, the Jamia Milia Islamia University, New Delhi.
    [Show full text]
  • Funding Needs for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Hearing Committee on Appropriations United States Senate
    S. HRG. 109–299 FUNDING NEEDS FOR PANDEMIC INFLUENZA PREPAREDNESS HEARING BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION SPECIAL HEARING NOVEMBER 2, 2005—WASHINGTON, DC Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/index.html U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 25–120 PDF WASHINGTON : 2006 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi, Chairman TED STEVENS, Alaska ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri TOM HARKIN, Iowa MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland CONRAD BURNS, Montana HARRY REID, Nevada RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama HERB KOHL, Wisconsin JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire PATTY MURRAY, Washington ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota LARRY CRAIG, Idaho DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois MIKE DEWINE, Ohio TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana WAYNE ALLARD, Colorado J. KEITH KENNEDY, Staff Director TERRENCE E. SAUVAIN, Minority Staff Director SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEPARTMENTS OF LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, AND EDUCATION, AND RELATED AGENCIES ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi TOM HARKIN, Iowa JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii LARRY CRAIG, Idaho HARRY REID, Nevada KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas HERB KOHL, Wisconsin TED STEVENS, Alaska PATTY MURRAY, Washington MIKE DEWINE, Ohio MARY L.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgment of Reviewers, 2008
    Proceedings of the National Academy ofPNAS Sciences of the United States of America www.pnas.org Acknowledgment of Reviewers, 2008 The PNAS editors would like to thank all the individuals who dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal by serving as reviewers in 2008. Their generous contribution is deeply appreciated. A Sarah Ades Qais Al-Awqati Marwan Al-shawi Anne Andrews Stuart Aaronson Elizabeth Adkins-Regan Tom Alber Gre´goire Altan-Bonnet David Andrews Alejandro Aballay Frederick Adler Cristina Alberini Karlheinz Altendorf Tim Andrews Cory Abate-Shen Kenneth Adler Heidi Albers Sonia Altizer Timothy Andrews Abul Abbas Lynn Adler Jonathan Alberts Russ Altman Alex Andrianopoulos Antonio Abbate Ralph Adolphs Susan Alberts Eric Altschuler Jean-Michel Ane´ L. Abbott Luciano Adorini Urs Albrecht Burton Altura Phillip Anfinrud Hanna Abboud Johannes Aerts John Alcock N. R. Aluru Klaus Anger Maha Abdellatif Jeffrey Agar Kenneth Aldape Lihini Aluwihare Jacob Anglister Goncalo Abecasis Munna Agarwal Courtney Aldrich Pedro Alzari Wim Annaert Steffen Abel Sunita Agarwal Jane Aldrich David Amaral Brian Annex John Aber Aneel Aggarwal Richard Aldrich Luis Amaral Lucio Annunciato Hinrich Abken Ariel Agmon Kristina Aldridge Richard Amasino Aseem Ansari Carmela Abraham Noam Agmon Maria-Luisa Alegre Christian Amatore Kristi Anseth Edward Abraham Bernard Agranoff Nicole Alessandri-Haber Victor Ambros Eric Anslyn Aneil Agrawal R. McNeill Alexander Stanley Ambrose Kenneth Anthony Soman Abraham Anurag Agrawal Richard Alexander Indu Ambudkar
    [Show full text]
  • The COVID-19 Mirror: Reflecting Science-Society J Relationships Across 11 Countries
    COM COVID-19 AND SCIENCE COMMUNICATION The COVID-19 mirror: reflecting science-society J relationships across 11 countries Jenni Metcalfe, Michelle Riedlinger, Martin W. Bauer, Anwesha Chakraborty, Toss Gascoigne, Lars Guenther, Marina Joubert, Margaret Kaseje, Susana Herrera-Lima, Gema Revuelta, Jan Riise and Bernard Schiele Abstract Twelve researchers from 11 countries used autoethnographic techniques, keeping diaries over 10 weeks of the COVID-19 crisis, to observe and reflect on changes in the role and cultural authority of science during important stages of viral activity and government action in their respective countries. We followed arguments, discussions and ideas generated by mass and social media about science and scientific expertise, observed patterns and shifts in narratives, and made international comparisons. During regular meetings via video conference, the participating researchers discussed theoretical approaches and our joint methodology for reflecting on our observations. This project is informed by social representations theory, agenda-setting, and frames of meaning associated with the rise and fall of expertise and trust. This paper presents our observations and reflections on the role and authority of science in our countries from March 10 to May 31, 2020. This is the first stage of a longer-term project that aims to identify, analyse and compare changes in science-society relationships over the course of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords Public engagement with science and technology; Representations of science and technology; Risk communication DOI https://doi.org/10.22323/2.19070205 Submitted: 29th June 2020 Accepted: 21st September 2020 Published: 14th December 2020 Introduction The global COVID-19 pandemic put a spotlight on science and brought about an intense focus on the relationship between science and society.
    [Show full text]