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Revising the Lessons of the Masters Ken Bolick Grand Valley State University

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Revising the Lessons of the Masters Ken Bolick Grand Valley State University McNair Scholars Journal Volume 7 | Issue 1 Article 4 2003 Revising the Lessons of the Masters Ken Bolick Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair Recommended Citation Bolick, Ken (2003) "Revising the Lessons of the Masters," McNair Scholars Journal: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/mcnair/vol7/iss1/4 Copyright © 2003 by the authors. McNair Scholars Journal is reproduced electronically by ScholarWorks@GVSU. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/ mcnair?utm_source=scholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fmcnair%2Fvol7%2Fiss1%2F4&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages Revising the Lessons of the Masters ABSTRACT V. S. Naipaul has remarked: Themes of authentication and displacement explored by Henry James in The Portrait of [the] idea of the pursuit of a Lady, a novel later refigured by W. happiness [is]… an elastic idea; it Somerset Maugham in his The Razor’s fits all men. It implies a certain kind Edge, have been adapted by V.S. Naipaul in of society, a certain kind of Half a Life. The novels combine to produce awakened spirit…. So much is an intertextual discourse concerning the contained within it: the idea of the post-colonial product of England’s individual, responsibility, choice, imperialistic appetite that dominated much the life of the intellect, the idea of of the world over the past three centuries. vocation and perfectibility and The tangled links between the three books, achievement. It’s an immense and particularly Naipaul’s examination of human idea.”1 the imbricated layers of self-authentication and imperialism that inform James and This quote could serve to preface his Maugham, are the focus of my study. novel, Half a Life, wherein his protagonist, Willie Chandran, looks for happiness while trying to come to terms with his family lineage and the post- Ken Bolick colonial realities of his native country. McNair Scholar The quotation could serve as well to introduce Henry James’s The Portrait of a Lady or W. Somerset Maugham’s The Razor’s Edge since the characters’ concerns are principally the same in all three novels.2 The authors’ repetitions of this theme are not merely a coincidence; however; they are canonical counter- discourses3 that result in an intertextual discourse among the three novels concerning the pursuit of happiness and authenticity that spans four continents over 120 years. The international prejudices and assumptions contained in Victoria Brehm, Ph.D. each tale not only comment upon each Faculty Mentor other, but in doing so they provide dialogues that are fundamentally Avis Hewitt, Ph.D. concerned with post-colonialism and Faculty Mentor imperialism. Readers will recognize the connection between these three novels when they trace the allusions in Half a Life. In this text, Naipaul names his protagonist after the British author William Somerset Maugham and opens the novel with “Willie”4 inquiring about the origin of his middle name. He is called, his father tells him, after “a great English writer” befriended when [t]he author came to India to get material for a novel about GVSU McNair Scholars Journal VOLUME 7, 2003 21 spirituality” (Naipaul 1). The novel he is Henry James begins this discussion inclinations establish him as an early speaking of is Maugham’s The Razor’s Edge by placing American and European postcolonial writer. and the story Naipaul tells in Half a Life is societies in contrast, setting his Having identified this tension, a canonical counter-discourse of protagonist, Isabel Archer, in Europe, Maugham responds to James’s position Maugham’s theme: a quest for self- and figuring her surroundings as the from an interesting angle. In his authentication within the realm of the antithetical representation of her canonical counter-discourse to Portrait, Other. The characters sent on this character. In doing so, he is at once Maugham takes on the challenge of thematic journey are Willie Chandran in criticizing Europe and idealizing writing back from the center to the Half a Life and Laurence (Larry) Darrell America. James’s critical take on periphery in order to answer some of in The Razor’s Edge, but they owe the European society is evidenced in a letter James’s assertions. But rather than trying inspiration for their travels to the he wrote to W. D. Howells concerning to defend Europe, he sought to character of Isabel Archer in Henry the production of Portrait: “My novel is deconstruct the “myth of America” that James’s The Portrait of a Lady. The to be an Americana – the adventures in James had helped to create.8 By the connection between Maugham and Europe of a female Newman, who of 1940s when Maugam began to write The James is made in the first chapter of The course equally triumphs over the Razor’s Edge, he was considering an Razor’s Edge, which can be read as a insolent foreigner” (Edel 72). He American consciousness that was preface, wherein he justifies the chastises European society for its drastically different from that which production of his novel and mentions reliance on traditions and manners James had known. Over the preceding James by name as one who, like himself, because such impositions disregard sixty years, America had made an has tried to delineate the cultural individuality in favor of capitulation to immense fortune, placed itself at the characteristics of a foreign people. In the contrived while valorizing the forefront of the scientific frontier, addition to this reference, Maugham freshness and ingenuousness of the amassed the third largest navy in the names one of his characters Isabel and American spirit. Further, James laments world, played a definitive role in the creates her in the physical and the American inclination to consider outcome of World War I, and had been socioeconomic likenesses of James’s Europe as a cultural model for called upon to do the same in World Isabel.5 Thus, all three novels are sophistication without regard for the War II, all of which contributed to what associated thematically, and the latter peculiarities that characterize its Maugham perceived as an American two exist as refigurements of their aristocracy. By modeling Isabel as a arrogance. This attitude is expressed in a predecessors. mimic of American culture and passage where Isabel tells Larry her take The thread that binds these novels romanticizing her characteristics, James on international affairs. “Europe’s together, besides their comments on allows for a more dramatic juxtaposition finished,” she says. “We’re the greatest, their antecedents, is the protagonist’s of her against her Other.7 This difference the most powerful people in the world. search for happiness embodied as the is most directly perceived by observing We’re going forward by leaps and authentic self. Having identified a the changes that occur in Isabel’s bounds. We’ve got everything” discontinuity between their desires and character in relation to the duration of (Maugham 73). With this passage, their indigenous resources, Isabel, Larry, her time spent on European soil. Early Maugham fills an American mouth with and Willie look to foreign lands to sketches of Isabel reveal a radiance that, an imperialistic notion, thus aligning the remedy their deficiencies. By setting when it is confronted with European two cultures and dispelling any ideas themselves against their Otherness, company, fades by wear and constriction that one may be more honorable than which is nineteenth-century Europe for into a lackluster impression hardly the other. Isabel, twentieth-century India for Larry, reminiscent of its original design. The Throughout the novel, Maugham and twenty-first-century England and point that James illustrates with Isabel’s employs Isabel Bradley as Isabel Archer’s Mozambique for Willie, the characters decline is that Americans, by idealizing moral opposite in order to express the are able to see themselves in relief, the projected superiority of European differences he saw between James’s which gives them ownership over the society, ultimately subjugate themselves. America and his own. While Archer is colloquial traits they have acquired by James’s dogged pursuit of his drawn as faultless and pristine, Bradley is what James calls “mutual social international theme is an attempt to presented as materialistic and arrogant. attrition.”6 The characters use these foster an American identity that eschews Bradley is concerned with artifice but not traits to define themselves and therefore any dependence upon European at all with experience or wisdom or authenticate individuality. protocols. Such politically motivated tenderness. Instead, she gravitates 22 Revising the Lessons of the Masters towards the pleasures afforded by money with Caspar Goodwood after she has Larry is first sent to Europe to seek and social position and indulgence, learned that her husband had only authenticity, but what he finds there is things that James would consider married her for her money. She is disappointing to him. Unlike Isabel European preoccupations. To Isabel broken-hearted and realizes that “she Archer who is able to capitalize on her Bradley even love is secondary to money, had never been loved” (James 562). American traits, Larry finds that he is an opinion she shares with her uncle, Despite her anguish, Isabel once more much less of a novelty in Europe than Elliot Templeton,9 who believes that “a makes a decision that her selfish he is an overabundant commodity; he is marriage arranged with proper regard to successor would be incapable of; she not able to see himself in relief and position, fortune, and community of honors her commitment by leaving eventually gives up and plans his return circumstance has every advantage over a Goodwood and returning to her to America. But when his ship makes a love match” (Maugham 34).
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