Can the Covid-19 Work and Care Crisis Be Transformed Into an Opportunity for Equality Policies? a Feminist Reflection

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CAN THE COVID-19 WORK AND CARE CRISIS BE TRANSFORMED INTO AN OPPORTUNITY FOR EQUALITY POLICIES? A FEMINIST REFLECTION

Francisco Cos-Montiel 5 March 2021

On the celebration of International the same way. However, may this Women’s Day 2021, I can’t forget date serve to reflect on the way in that a year ago I had the opportunity which women and men, in all our to participate in the historic march on diversity, have been affected by this the 8th March in Mexico City, where pandemic that has sparked the worst thousands of women joined together health, economic and social crisis of to demand justice in the face of the modern times1. It is true that, as the femicides that have ravaged not just human race, we have overcome pan- Mexico but the whole of the Latin demics, ended world wars, made America region. On the other side of progress with disease control and we the Atlantic, in Madrid, with the slo- have even been able to visit the sur- gan “With rights, without barriers, face of other planets. But at no time feminists without borders”, thou- has any phenomenon affected, direct- sands of women marched through the ly or indirectly, such large numbers capital to continue their calls for of people so interconnected by tech- freedom. A few days later, on the nology, transport systems, commerce 14th March, I flew from Mexico to and communication systems. Barcelona and landed in a country that had recently adopted strict Countless analyses have been written measures of confinement in order to about the pandemic in many disci- try and stop the spread of a new vi- plines, including in the natural and rus. The rest is history. It seemed like social sciences. We therefore have it would be a couple of weeks of con- sufficient information about how the tainment, but it became months, and pandemic has affected the most im- today, almost a year after these portant indicators of the economy, measures began, humanity is far such as Gross Domestic Product from returning to life as we knew it. (GDP) growth rates or the number of th If the 8 March 2020 saw feminist marches throughout the world, this 1 My reference to women and men includes, of course, trans, transvestite, non-binary and time we will not be having them in other categories of women and men.

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jobs that have been lost. We also However, why should we talk about know that the pandemic has placed an affective perspective? First, be- enormous pressure on health ser- cause humanity is going through a vices, pushing their professionals crisis on this level. People have had into a state of physical and mental to face the death of their loved ones exhaustion. We even know that without being able to say goodbye or women have suffered more from the process their grief. How can we un- pandemic, since they carry the derstand the suffering of someone weight of care work and have faced who has left a parent at the hospital increasing rates of domestic vio- gates and a few days later has re- lence. However, having this infor- ceived in return only their ashes? mation has not yet led us to propose Meanwhile millions of people have public policies that can counteract lost their jobs and are unsure whether the as yet unknown effects that the they will find a new one when pandemic will have on society. COVID-19 is epidemiologically con- trolled. Similarly, millions of people The pandemic has also shone a spot- cannot entertain the idea of a roman- light on the emotional problems tic relationship simply because there caused by COVID-19, and it enables is no chance of physical encounters. us to speak about mental health Moreover, people are separated from without it having to be synonymous their loved ones because they cannot with disease. Instead, it is about con- travel. In the current circumstances, ditions of isolation, anxiety and un- borders are closed, it is almost im- certainty about the future that a vast possible to travel by air and, in some proportion of the world’s population instances, costs can be very high share at present. when, for example, people have to fulfil compulsory quarantine regula- In this piece I hope to contribute to tions in hotels that not everybody can our thinking about the pandemic by afford. addressing two fundamental aspects of human life: work and care. In do- The second reason is that if we as ing this I will address two seminal humanity, or at least as countries, questions that will guide part of my really want to take advantage of this analysis: “who does what?” and “in opportunity to rethink the model of exchange for what?”. I will attempt inequality we suffer from that is so to answer these questions from an brutal (given that the pandemic, as affective dimension that is also need- we have seen, has clearly exacerbat- ed in responses to COVID-19, and to ed the inequalities between those therefore provide suggestions for who have and do not have the re- public policies from a new angle. sources to cope), we also need to take into account recovery from the

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affective crisis. This is no small un- analysed the importance of subjec- dertaking, but if we want the public tive individuation processes for the policies for recovery to have an im- advancement of democracy and de- pact on quality of life it is essential veloped a reflection on the link be- that this dimension is taken into ac- tween daily sociability, affective count. arrangements and politics (Lechner, 1986; 1988; 2006). Analysing sub- I would also venture to say that the jectivity in relation to the public affective dimension is important sphere, Lechner proposed that sub- above all for equality policies. The jectivity and politics are, as the title substantial changes in issues relating of one of his books indicates, The to equality have led to the need for interior patios of democracy (1988). profound transformations in the ways we act, think and feel, for example, The work crisis in order to eliminate violence against To date much has been written about women, to redistribute care work the devastating effects of the pan- between men and women, or to ef- demic on the economy. In Spain the fectively combat racism, xenophobia GDP fell by 11% in 2020, while in or homophobia. Latin America as a region it fell by 7.7%. However, we are faced with many difficulties: many people in the polit- According to a recent study by the ical, and even intellectual, spheres Economic Commission for Latin are afraid to include a psychological America and the Caribbean dimension in their reflections or pro- (ECLAC), the rate of female partici- posals, since they consider that this pation in the labour market was 46% refers to intimate issues linked to in 2020, while the male rate was 69% affect (Lamas, 2018). This resistance (in 2019 it was 52% and 73% respec- is a mistake. Second wave feminism tively). In 2020, according to this quickly understood this subjective study, there was a notable exit of dimension of politics, establishing it women from the workforce, who, in in their famous slogan “the personal addition to taking on the demands of is political”. care work in their homes, did not return to searching for paid employ- Lamas notes that in the 1980s the ment. Consequently, the impact of sociologist and political scientist the crisis is negatively affecting Norbert Lechner (2006: 475) under- household income and it is estimated stood that feelings are not a subject that about 118 million women in enclosed within the personal sphere, Latin America are now living in pov- so he directed his analysis at the po- erty, 23 million more than in 2019 litical potential of affect. Lechner (ECLAC, 2021).

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Analysis by The Economist (2020) I call Atlas2, a space occupied by and Eurofund (European Parliament, tensions that cannot be resolved. One 2021) confirm that this crisis differs example of this tension is illustrated from the “Great Recession of 2008”, by the way in which we connect with when industry and construction were loved ones in the virtual world by seriously affected, and job losses video, but without the physical pos- were greater among men. This time, sibility of touching each other, result- the job losses are greater among ing in a recurring source of anxiety. women (CNBC, 2020). Since it is Also, in the sphere of work, despite more likely that women work in the numerous virtual meetings, there is service sector, with frequent physical the wish to return to the office and interaction with clients, consumers or interact physically with colleagues. children, during a time of social dis- tancing and lockdown they run a One of the worlds that has most greater risk of losing their jobs (ex- morphed from physical into virtual is cept in the health sector where the that of the on-line buying and selling phenomenon of “over-work” has of goods and services, a type of predominated, with working hours commerce that has increased expo- and psychological strain multiplied). nentially. For example, participation in the on-line food market in the UK Consequently, when analysing the has increased in recent years by 14%, effects of the pandemic it is not and the panorama of supermarkets is enough to just note the number of changing “for ever” around the jobs lost, we also need to study what world, after a year in which the pan- types of jobs have been lost, or demic forced many people to buy gained, in recent months. COVID-19 food on-line for the first time (BBC, has led to an increase in employment 2021). trends already addressed in reports such as “The future of work” (ILO, This brings us to the obligatory ques- 2013) or “The fourth industrial revo- tion of how a global health crisis lution” (Schwab, 2016). These doc- coincides with multimillionaires be- uments foresaw the blurring of the coming 27.5% richer (Neate, 2020), line between virtual and physical at a time when more than 120 million worlds, with the consequent creation people have slipped into extreme or disappearance of jobs in both poverty (Kharas, 2020). spaces. In addition to this, it is worth arguing that there is an intermediate space between these two worlds that 2 The Atlas is the first cervical vertebra which connects to the cranium. I therefore use the term to symbolise the union of the physical and virtual worlds.

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On the other side of the coin there increase of 92% in 2020, and 61% of are the jobs characterised by the im- the new recruits have been women. possibility of being carried out on- line and that have been the most 2. Specialist medical professionals. damaged by the crisis. One of these COVID-19 has generated huge de- is paid domestic work. In 2019, be- mand for specialist medical profes- fore the pandemic, about 13 million sionals. Specifically, there has been a people in Latin America were em- 55% increase in recruitment during ployed in paid domestic work sector, 2020, of which 70% have been of whom 91.5% were women. In women with an average age of 27. total, this sector employed 11.1% of The majority were jobs in nursing. women workers in the region. How- ever, in the second quarter of 2020 3. Personal medical support. While the level of employment in paid do- the demand for medical professionals mestic work fell by the following has increased, there has also been a percentages: -24.7% in Brazil; rise in the demand for health care -46.3% in Chile; -44.4% in Colom- and support services (62% more, bia; -45.5% in Costa Rica; -33.2% in specifically). For example, the posts Mexico; and -15.5% in Paraguay of lab technician assistants and direc- (ECLAC, 2021). tors of clinical trials have been most in demand in order to assist with Although there were substantial job vaccine research. Among these jobs, losses, the effect was not felt equally 71% of recruitment has been female, across the board, as we have seen with an average age of 27; a similar sectors where employment rates have demographic therefore to that of the increased. A recent study by vacancies for specialist medical pro- LinkedIn in various countries around fessionals. the world, including Mexico and Spain, reveals that in the latter the In the case of Mexico, the three em- three areas of employment that have ployment fields that have grown grown most over the past 12 months most of the past 12 months are: are: 1. Specialist medical professionals. 1. Education. In Spain, after the en- The health crisis has generated a forced closure of schools and other greater demand for specialist medical education providers, in-person edu- professionals, and this category grew cation had to be transformed into by 91% in 2020. This was above all distance education so that students in the nursing sector, predominantly and pupils’ learning was not aban- female, which saw a growth rate of doned. As a result, education jobs 171% due to the surge in COVD-19 with digital aptitudes have seen an cases throughout the country.

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2. Jobs in business development and ed with new technologies and virtual sales. Due to the pandemic, busi- worlds, which offer higher salaries. nesses were forced to find new ways Conversely, women occupy a greater of responding the customers’ needs, number of positions in jobs linked to so it is not surprising that jobs for care and with lower pay. This divide, business development managers and far from shrinking, is likely to deep- sales advisors were the most in de- en the gender pay gap. mand in 2020. An interesting detail is that Dematic, a company that of- On a macro level, according to im- fers services in the automation of pact assessments carried out by supply chains, was one of the highest ECLAC and the International Labour recruiters, due to the need for in- Organization, some sectors of the creased efficiency during the economy are at greater risk in terms COVID-19 outbreak. of volume of production and employment as a result of the measures 3. Creative services. When remote adopted to control infection rates. working became the new normal, These assessments predict a major businesses took advantage of the impact on the economic activity and opportunity and began to look for employment levels of sectors with creative resources outside their offic- high levels of female participation, es. This in turn generated a boom such as trade, manufacturing, tourism among independents who aimed to and domestic work. benefit from this remote way of working. Specifically, the writing The care crisis sector grew by 95% in 2020, since One of the demands of the women’s many businesses concentrated on movement is for the recognition of generating more on-line content. care work as a central part of life. Sustainable Development Goal However, these changes demonstrate (SDG) 5, Gender Equality, includes a clear gender bias. The study as a specific target “Recognize and showed that during 2020 the catego- value unpaid care and domestic work ry of mental health professionals through the provision of public ser- represented the highest level of re- vices, infrastructure and social pro- cruitment of women, who took up tection policies and the promotion of 73% of the vacancies. Meanwhile, shared responsibility within the the technology sector was the one household and the family…”. How- that recruited men, who took up 78% ever, in the current context, in which of vacancies. Although the study did COVID-19 has increased the need not examine incomes, it is not diffi- for care work, it seems that meeting cult to deduce that men continue to this target is at risk. dominate professions most associat-

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As we well know, unpaid domestic spend time at home like never be- and care work serves as a daily sup- fore, and there is evidence that this port to families and communities has produced a greater sharing of from one generation to the next, and care tasks, above all among young it makes an important contribution to couples. In many cases, it is the economic development given that it women who have been able to keep enables people to keep healthy and their jobs, relying on the men who productive while preserving their stayed at home to look after the chil- capacity for learning and creativity. dren and older people. In cases where men can stay at home and However, this work remains invisi- maintain an income (for example as ble, undervalued and omitted from happens in Spain with the furlough economic, social and public policy scheme / ERTE), we have seen an formation; additionally, it suffers increase in their help with domestic from a highly unequal distribution. and care work, and even satisfaction Throughout the world, women carry at spending more time with their out three times more unpaid domes- children (Séiz, 2020). tic and care work than men (UN Women, 2015; 2019). These changes are by no means trivi- al although we rarely mention them. The increase in demand for care in Not many men admit that they carry the context of the COVID-19 crisis, out more domestic work, due to so- and the response to it, will probably cial pressure that calls into question deepen the gender inequalities that their masculinity. But if we really dominate the division of labour, lead- want profound changes in the distri- ing to a disproportionate load to bear bution of care work, it is crucial that for women and girls. Until now, at- these small shifts are brought to light tention has been focused on health and valued in the social imaginary. services and the overrepresentation of women employed in this sector. The mental and emotional health However, according to UN Women crisis (2020), other less visible aspects of Since 1948 the World Health Organ- the care economy are under increas- ization has defined health as “a state ing pressure and are to a large extent of complete physical, mental and being neglected. social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. The Moreover, it is possible to find other pandemic has brought to light mental narratives beyond those presented by health problems caused by anxiety, UN Women. In different countries stress, depression, problems with around the world, including Spain, concentration, loss of memory and millions of men have been forced to fatigue. Anxiety and depression rep-

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resent a cost of 23 million euros to tion” (Camhaji 2021); all this a year the Spanish health system, so this after the first case was detected in needs to be taken very seriously Mexico on the 28 February 2020. when defining the recovery strategy for health beyond the purely physical Another approach to measuring the level. problem of mental health is the increase in the number of pharmaceuti- One of the areas where it is possible cal drugs consumed to treat depres- to assess the level of deterioration of sion and anxiety. During lockdown, mental health is the field of work. the consumption of psychotropic Although there is no official data on drugs in Spain increased by 20%. In the psychological deterioration of Mexico demand doubled, according people in work (since this type of to the National Association of Phar- pathology is not included in the cata- macies in Mexico. logue of work-related illnesses and the drops it causes are accounted for Emotions and public policies within the compendium of common The current work, care and mental contingencies), there is no doubt that health crises compel us to propose at COVID-19 is affecting mental health least two important reflections. The in the workforce. According to Ana first is to recognise that emotions are García de la Torre of Spain’s General important, they have effects that in- Union of Workers, there is “a clear fluence people’s physical and mental correlation between this deteriora- health, and they affect our capacity tion, brought on by the fear of infec- to contribute to productive and creation, isolation, endless free time and tive activities as well as those based the economic crisis, among others, on compassion and solidarity. The and work-related health problems” second is related to the importance of (Sánchez -Silva, 2021). In Spain no longer considering the element of deaths related to heart attacks and emotions as relevant only to the pri- strokes increased by 11% in 2020. In vate sphere, and of understanding its Mexico, Paulina Arenas (Professor importance in politics and public of Psychology at UNAM) argues, policies. And while everyone finds it “the increase in levels of anxiety and difficult to put feelings into words, depression since the beginning of the for men it is even more difficult, health emergency were associated since this undermines their idea of with the uncertainty of what it would masculinity. Undoubtedly the diffi- be like and how long it would last. In culty men have in expressing their the following months additional trig- experiences of deprivation, pain or gers have emerged, such as the loss exploitation —frequently denied or of loved ones, bereavement process- experienced with shame— comes es, economic problems and exhaus- from the mandate of masculinity

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(Lamas, 2018). But in public policies diminished by carrying out these we need to discuss how this emo- tasks. tional dimension has concrete effects, specifically in equality poli- But this is only half the problem. cies. The silence around these emo- Ahmed (2004) similarly asserts that tions renders them invisible as part of we should give thought to what hap- the problem and solution, just as it pens with women’s emotions, since has in the case of stigma around culture mandates that they should be mental health. the carers. In addition to producing work-related discrimination, care Lauren Berlant (2011), referring to work also produces immense psycho- how the private sphere circulates in logical satisfaction. This provokes a the production of politics, identifies a profound ambivalence, since care type of ideological operation in cer- work simultaneously confers gratifi- tain forms of affect that tends to en- cation and loss of autonomy. dorse inequality and notes that, just as in some cases they may be trans- Lamas reminds us that in order to formative elements, in others they develop public policies for more serve only to confirm the status quo. egalitarian distribution we need to do Berlant goes on to propose that feel- more than just highlight the difficult ings are key when the time comes to working conditions women and men evaluate politics, thus emotions experience; crucially we also need to should be studied carefully from a understand that the division of labour critical perspective, taking into con- produces suffering and inequalities sideration the possibility that some of that are not reflected in the priorities them may be conservative and others of political agendas. Suffering at progressive. work exposes the depoliticising effects of symbolic violence3, and this Marta Lamas (2018) explains that, explains the difficulties of conscious given that emotions that circulate in action (agency). an affective economy have public consequences, it is important to shed Any effort aimed at achieving greater light on the emotional economy that work-related equality will entail de- supports the distribution of work: signing effective mechanisms so that how do men’s emotions regarding workers can express their feelings of care work serve to sustain their patri- frustration, anger or pain resulting archal privileges? It could be that from their situation at work. these emotions include shame of being seen as a “sissy”, or anger if 3 Bourdieu (2000) calls symbolic violence they feel that their virility is being the phenomenon by which people accept, against their better interests, schemes and values that oppress them.

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Final considerations Henrietta Moore (2011) talks about Different governments have debated the ethical imagination, encompass- mechanisms for designing sustaina- ing hopes, dreams, satisfactions, af- ble and long-term interventions that fect, being and subjectivity. Under- involve men. Kershaw (2006) sum- standing this dimension is fundamen- marises three principal reforms that tal, above all so that feelings of frus- have been proposed: i) ensure that tration, anger and pain can be chan- care work is profitable for men; ii) nelled towards building personal and grant widespread and non- collective agency to put an end to transferable leave for paternity or injustice and inequality. But these filial care; and iii) a policy aimed at emotions are not possible if we do reforming the symbolic meaning of not understand how an unjust world masculinity, connecting masculinity order has been internalised to such an and care in a positive light. extent that we accept it as natural.

In the context of COVID-19 it is The pandemic may leave millions of worth mentioning the MenCare cam- human beings with feelings of des- paign, an initiative set up by the pair and paralysis, which may be United Nations Population Fund accepted as fate, but this will not (UNFPA) to promote the equal par- help us as a human species. Even if ticipation of men in care and domes- these groups receive a universal in- tic work. In this campaign, high- come, the cost in human suffering profile men, such as actors, writers, caused by not feeling useful to socie- athletes and celebrities, share videos ty will be terrible. We need to under- of themselves reading stories to chil- stand the injustice in this situation in dren in an effort to encourage men to order to transform it into political play a more active role in their fami- action and legitimate claims for re- lies (UNFPA, 2020). distribution directed at the State and big business. But this will not be Now is the time to go further, to get possible unless we understand that to work on public policies and sym- material interventions in public poli- bolic policies that erode inequality. cies are not enough and that symbol- In my opinion, the way in which the ic ones are also necessary - interven- patriarchal system is organised re- tions that help people convert their sembles the international capitalist feelings of frustration, anger and pain system. Just as there is no notion of into constructive political action. shared responsibility for care work, Today the crisis in emotional and there is no compassion in the face of mental health shows us that, as a poverty. We have even lost the lan- society, we must continue the search guage of the notion of the common for a solution. good.

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