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Chapter 1: pg 5-19 Highlights Plasticity is a Normal Part of Development Examples of phenotypic plasticity: Nemoria arizonaria larvae will resemble white oak flowers in the spring, but the caterpillars will look more like the twigs of the summer. Some species of turtles and alligators have the sex of the eggs determined by temperature, humans have very large an extensive network of immune cells that “learn” from the environment 1894- Oscar Hertwig summarized studies about phenotypic plasticity 1909- Wilhelm Johannsen distinguished the difference between phenotype and genotype, and how the phenotype is not solely and expression of the genotype, but also how it was affected by its environment (rejecting August Weismann’s 1839 proposal that all embryos’ development was compressed into the nucleus of the egg) 1909- Richard Woltereck- published paper on his research on how the genetically identical lines of Dalphnia (water flea) could produce different phenotypes during different times of the year o Created the idea of Reaktions-norm It is currently a hotly debated subject area over whether or not this plays a huge role in the genetics of passing it on to young “ Eco-Devo” and Developmental Plasticity Standard embryology focused on internal dynamics where the genes produced the phenotypes, but now have discovered cell to cell communication that determines phenotype Paracrine factors affect the adjacent cells, and then those cells make their paracrine factors to affect other cells, and the cooperative signaling between cells forms organs Paul Weiss (1970), Oscar Hertwig (1894) and Curt Herbst (1901) catalogued environmental agents and discussed them as normal components in determining the phenotype of the embryo Developmental plasticity is usually adaptive, but can also be maladaptive in certain circumstances The turtle eggs displays the polyphenism viewpoint more It is important to distinguish between polyphenism and polymorphism, where the actual genotype itself is different and it isn’t based on environmental cues Epigenetics focuses more on the genetic makeup than the other two ideas, although the phenotypes itself are not caused by the genome, but the changes or markings on the genome Temperature-Dependent Phenotypes Nearly all enzymatic activity is temperature-dependent o Example: tyrosinase enzyme in Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits produces melanin, and the mutation of the phenotype is temperature dependent, so it works in colder areas but not warmer ones, thus allowing for darker color on the extremities and lighter color on the rest of the body Key Terms Phenotypic plasticity- the ability of a single individual phenotype to develop into more than one phenotype; (or more recently) the ability of an organism to react to an environment input with a change in form, state, movement, or rate of activity Ecological developmental biology- an approach to embryonic development that studies the interactions between a developing organism and its environment Paracrine factors- molecular signals released by one set of cells to induce gene expressions changes in adjacent cells.

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Carl Gegenbaur – Wikipedia
Carl Gegenbaur – Wikipedia http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Carl Gegenbaur (* 21. August 1826 in Würzburg; † 14. Juni 1903 in Heidelberg) war ein deutscher Arzt, einer der bedeutendsten Wirbeltiermorphologen des 19. Jahrhunderts und einer der Väter der Evolutionsmorphologie, eines modernen Begriffs von Walter J. Bock und Dwight D. Davis. 1 Leben 2 Wissenschaftliche Leistung 2.1 Das „Kopf-Problem“ 3 Verhältnis Carl Gegenbaur und Ernst Haeckel 4 Nach Gegenbaur benannte Taxa Carl Gegenbaur 5 Ausgewählte Arbeiten 6 Weiterführende Literatur 7 Weblinks 8 Einzelnachweise Er war der Sohn des Justizbeamten Franz Joseph Gegenbaur (1792–1872) und dessen Ehefrau Elisabeth Karoline (1800–1866), geb. Roth. Von seinen sieben Geschwistern verstarben vier sehr jung; sein um drei Jahre jüngerer Bruder wurde nur 25 Jahre und seine um 13 Jahre jüngere Schwester 38 Jahre alt.[1] 1838 besuchte er die Lateinschule und von 1838 bis 1845 in Würzburg das Gymnasium. Schon zu seiner Schulzeit führt er Naturstudien in der Umgebung von Würzburg und bei Verwandten im Odenwald (Amorbach) durch. Er beschäftigt sich weiterführend mit Pflanzen, Tieren, Gesteinen, legte Sammlungen an, fertigte Zeichnungen und führte erste Tiersektionen durch.[2] Politische Hintergründe: Bayern wurde 1806 unter dem Minister Maximilian Carl Joseph Franz de Paula Hieronymus Graf von Montgelas (1759–1838) zu einem der führenden Mitglieder im Rheinbund und Bündnispartner von Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821). Für seine Bündnistreue wurde im Frieden von Pressburg Bayern zum Königreich durch den französischen Kaiser aufgewertet und Herzog Maximilian IV. (1756–1825) am 1. Januar 1806 in München als Maximilian I. Joseph zum ersten König Bayerns erhoben.
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