THE 2009/2010 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SEASONS AT
BLACKFOOT CROSSING HISTORICAL PARK
Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park Archaeological Research Project Annual Report # 2 and 3
By
Dale Walde, Lance Evans, Harrison Boss, James Eddy, Lynne Fulton, and Kirrie Ginter
Department of Archaeology University of Calgary March, 2011 Executive Summary
Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park (BCHP)and the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary (DAUC) have entered into a cooperative archaeological research project intended to further scientific investigation of the famous Cluny Fortified Village site (EePf–1), investigate other archaeological resources at the Siksika Nation, and to incorporate the scientific work into an educational interpretive program. Work at the site is ongoing and the annual report series is intended to provide interested persons and institutions with a record of the work as it proceeds. Formal analytical results and interpretation will be presented as a series of theses and final reports upon completion of the project.
The first season of fieldwork in the project was conducted during the 2007 field season (14 May–28 June) under the direction of Dr. Brian Kooyman. Two trenches, both 1 m wide, were opened during the 2007 field season to assess the One Gun Phase component at the site and to collect flotation samples along the two transects created by the trenches. The first trench, 15 m in length, crosses the fortification trench and one of the pit features before entering the interior of the enclosed site area then ending at the edge of one of the 1960 excavation units. The second trench, 1 m to the east of the first and 7 m long, continues into the interior of the site ending near the edge of a large natural depression. Flotation is an extremely time consuming operation and the field crew was unable to complete excavation of the One Gun Phase component during the 2007 field season.
The second season of fieldwork was conducted during the 2008 field season (14 May–28 June) under the direction of Dale Walde. Rain was a constant source of delay during that season and only 10 full days of excavation were possible (approximately half the usual field time allowed by the field school schedule). The second season program initially had four objectives: 1) to complete the excavation and flotation of matrix from the One Gun Phase component in the 2007 trenches; 2) to test deeper matrices in selected units in the 2007 trenches for deeper and older components in the site; 3) to initiate a testing program to determine the extent and nature of archaeological resources in and near the enclosed area of the site; and 4) to take advantage of new surveying and mapping technology to Page ii of 317
create a new, highly detailed map of the site and its immediate area. As the field season neared completion, conversations with BCHP personnel indicated the presence of other, nearby archaeological resources and a fifth objective—to conduct a short archaeological reconnaissance in the general area of the Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park Interpretive Centre—was added.
The excavation and flotation of the One Gun Phase component in the 2007 trenches was completed, with one exception, during the 2008 field season and the results of preliminary analysis of excavated materials and features in that 22 m2 area are presented in the first annual report (Walde et al. 2008). A report on the analysis of the flotation sample is awaiting completion of laboratory work and will be forthcoming when that work is concluded.
Excavations in the One Gun Phase component of the trenches revealed several very interesting features. A short sandstone “wall” or breastwork along the north side of Forbis’s Feature 6 is a feature type unique to the site and, indeed, to the precontact Canadian Plains. That feature was encountered on the last day of the 2008 excavation and excavation and recording was completed during the 2009 field season. Also in Feature 6, a gravel lining was found in the base of the pit; again, a unique feature requiring further study both within the pit and in other pits in the site. Excavations in the fortification trench revealed the presence of a relatively dense concentration of faunal material, suggesting a secondary function as a trash disposal location.
Following completion of the One Gun Phase occupation level in the 2007 field season trenches an additional twenty–one (21) 1 x 0.5 m test units were opened in 2008 to assess the distribution of materials within the enclosed site area. A total of 10.5 m2 were excavated during the test excavation phase of the fieldwork. Those tests exposed the presence of a particularly dense One Gun Phase occupation in the northeastern portion of the enclosed area. Those tests were followed up during the 2009 and 2010 field seasons with the opening of two excavation blocks (the North Block and the South Block) in that area. Those excavations revealed a very rich and complex archaeological record. Features exposed include several hearths, a fire–broken rock dump, a possible hide–scraping Page iii of 317
station, a portion of the palisade wall, and several large post features. Careful excavation of features suggested multiple uses, raising the possibility that the site was reused or reconfigured on several occasions. This may alter the current interpretation of the site as a single, very short term occupation. It also became clear that the densely compacted and complex archaeological record here requires extremely slow and careful excavation. As a result, the use of one centimeter arbitrary spits within five centimeter arbitrary levels was instituted as needed during the 2010 field season.
Deep testing in the 2007 trenches and in selected 2008 test units indicated the presence of at least three precontact components underlying the One Gun Phase occupation. These lower components have not yet revealed diagnostic artifacts and are sparsely and intermittently represented in the test units. The lower components are not targeted by the present project and will not be excavated.
Topographic survey and mapping of the site and its area has only partially been completed due to the presence of dense tree and bush cover in large areas of the site. The survey work will be ongoing over the next few years as brush clearing proceeds. Where accurate mapping has been accomplished, several new interpretations of data seem appropriate. Firstly, the course of the fortification trench seems to have been affected by the location of the large pit features at the periphery of the site, suggesting a previously undetected sequence of construction with building of the pit features occurring before construction of the fortification trench. Secondly, extremely detailed survey and mapping in one area of the site may have revealed the presence of a third palisade. This strongly implies multiple occupation of the site, again suggesting that current interpretations of the site as a single, short–lived occurrence will have to be revised. Additionally, support post patterning recognized through the use of GIS software may indicate the presence of previously unrecognized structural forms. Finally, detailed mapping of two of the large pit features suggests significant differences in construction.
A brief reconnaissance by three volunteer students guided by Leonard Bearshirt was conducted on weekends following the formal end of the 2008 field season. That
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reconnaissance revealed the presence of a number of interesting circular vegetation patterns and, most importantly, an arrangement of five pits a few hundred metres from EePf–1 that strongly resemble pit houses. Test excavations at this new site (BCHP–09– 01) during the 2009 field season revealed an early reserve period occupation that should be preserved for future study.
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Acknowledgements
The excavations and reconnaissance conducted at the Cluny site are part of a developing partnership between the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary and Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park. This partnership marks an important step in the conduct of academic archaeological research in Alberta. Special thanks are due to Jack Royal and Beverley Wright of Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and to Brian Kooyman of the Department of Archaeology for their cooperation, assistance, and enthusiastic interest in helping bring the project to fruition.
The excavations were conducted by students of the Department of Archaeology 2009/2010 Archaeology Field School without whose work and dedication this project would not be possible.
Leanne Gladstone served as teaching assistant during 2009 and Lance Evans filled that role during 2010.
Eileen Kose of the University of Cologne assisted with supervision of excavations at BCHP–09–01; that work could not have been completed without her selfless dedication.
Dr. Len Hills gave generously of his time and expertise in helping us with the identification of the fossils and various lithic raw materials recovered.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...... ii Acknowledgements ...... vi Table of Contents ...... vii List of Tables ...... x List of Figures ...... xiv List of Plates ...... xvi 1 Introduction ...... 20 2 Methods ...... 25 2.1 Results of 2009–29010 Work at BCHP–09–01 ...... 26 2.1.1 Finds ...... 26 2.1.1.1 Features ...... 26 2.1.1.2 Discussion and Conclusions ...... 46 2.1.1.3 Recommendations ...... 48 2.2 Results of Work at the Cluny Fortified Village Site (EePf–1) During the 2009–2010 Field Seasons ...... 49 2.2.1 Introduction ...... 49 2.2.2 Stratification ...... 49 2.2.3 Mapping and Analysis of Fortification Features ...... 50 2.2.3.1 Georectification of Topographic Data...... 52 2.2.3.2 Exploratory Analysis of Large Post Features ...... 56 2.2.3.3 Exploratory Analysis of Hearth Features ...... 57 2.2.3.4 Discussion of Exploratory Topographic Data Analysis ...... 57 2.2.4 Seasonality and Length of Occupation ...... 59 2.2.5 2009–2010 Finds at EePf–1 ...... 59 2.2.5.1 Features ...... 59 2.2.5.2 Ceramic ...... 69 2.2.5.3 Lithic ...... 71 2.2.5.4 Faunal ...... 78 2.2.5.5 Floral ...... 81 2.2.5.6 Glass ...... 81 2.2.5.7 Metal...... 81 2.3 Discussion of Results of Work at the Cluny Fortified Village Site (EePf–1) During the 2009–2010 Field Seasons ...... 82 References Cited ...... 84 3 Tables ...... 88 4 Figures ...... 144 5 Plates ...... 188 6 Appendix 1: EePf–1 2009 Unit Descriptions ...... 289 6.1 136E 75S ...... 289 6.2 137E74S ...... 289 6.3 137E75S ...... 289 6.4 137E76S ...... 290
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6.5 138E 74S ...... 290 6.6 138E 75S ...... 290 6.7 139E73S ...... 291 6.8 139E74S ...... 291 6.9 140E73S ...... 291 6.10 140E74S ...... 292 6.11 141E72S ...... 292 6.12 141E73S ...... 293 6.13 141E74S ...... 293 6.14 142E72S ...... 293 6.15 142E73S ...... 293 6.16 142E74S ...... 294 6.17 143E72S ...... 294 6.18 143E73S ...... 295 6.19 143E74S ...... 295 6.20 144E73S ...... 295 6.21 144E74S ...... 296 6.22 144E75S ...... 296 6.23 145E74S ...... 297 6.24 147E85S ...... 297 6.25 147E86S ...... 297 6.26 148E84S ...... 298 6.27 148E85S ...... 298 6.28 149E84S ...... 299 6.29 149E85S ...... 300 6.30 149E86S ...... 300 6.31 150E84S ...... 301 6.32 150E85S ...... 301 6.33 150E86S ...... 301 6.34 152E84S ...... 302 6.35 152E85S ...... 302 6.36 153E84S ...... 303 6.37 153E85S ...... 304 7 Appendix 2 EePf–1 2009 Unit Descriptions ...... 305 7.1 136E64S ...... 305 7.2 136E65S ...... 305 7.3 136E66S ...... 305 7.4 136E67S ...... 305 7.5 136E68S ...... 306 7.6 136E69S ...... 306 7.7 136E70S ...... 307 7.8 136E71S ...... 307 7.9 136E72S ...... 307 7.10 136E73S ...... 308
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7.11 136E74S ...... 308 7.12 137E72S ...... 309 7.13 137E73S ...... 309 7.14 145E75S ...... 309 7.15 146E72S ...... 310 7.16 146E73S ...... 310 7.17 146E74S ...... 310 7.18 146E75S ...... 311 7.19 147E66S ...... 311 7.20 147E67S ...... 311 7.21 147E68S ...... 311 7.22 147E69S ...... 312 7.23 147E70S ...... 312 7.24 147E71S ...... 312 7.25 147E72S ...... 312 7.26 147E73S ...... 313 7.27 147E74S ...... 313 7.28 147E75S ...... 313 7.29 152E86S ...... 314 7.30 153E86S ...... 314 7.31 154E84S ...... 315 7.32 154E85S ...... 315 7.33 154E86S ...... 315 7.34 155E66S ...... 316 7.35 155E67S ...... 316 7.36 155E84S ...... 316 7.37 155E85S ...... 317
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List of Tables
Table 1. BCHP–09–01: Small finds and matrix samples from Feature 3 ...... 93 Table 2. BCHP–09–01: Floral remains from Feature 3 ...... 94 Table 3. BCHP–09–01: Faunal remains from Feature 3...... 95 Table 4. BCHP–09–01: Canid remains from Feature 3 ...... 95 Table 5. BCHP–09–01: Large Bovid remains from Feature 3 ...... 96 Table 6. BCHP–09–01: Unidentifiable bone vertical distribution in Feature 3 ...... 96 Table 7. BCHP–09–01: Lithic finds from Feature 3...... 97 Table 8. BCHP–09–01: Metal objects recovered from Feature 3 ...... 98 Table 9. BCHP–09–01: Small finds from Feature 4 ...... 99 Table 10. BCHP–09–01: Faunal material recovered from Feature 4 ...... 100 Table 11. BCHP–09–01: Lithic material recovered from Feature 4 ...... 100 Table 12. BCHP–09–01: Metal objects recovered from Feature 4 ...... 101 Table 13. BCHP–09–01: Small finds from Feature 5 ...... 102 Table 14. BCHP–09–01: Small finds from Feature 7 ...... 102 Table 15. BCHP–09–01: Floral materials recovered from Feature 7 ...... 103 Table 16. BCHP–09–01: Faunal materials recovered from Feature 7 ...... 103 Table 17. BCHP–09–01: Lithic materials recovered from Feature 7 ...... 104 Table 18. BCHP–09–01: Glass materials recovered from Feature 7 ...... 104 Table 19. BCHP–09–01: Metal materials recovered from Feature 7 ...... 105 Table 20. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 136E75S ...... 105 Table 21. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 137E74S ...... 106 Table 22. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 137E75S ...... 106 Table 23. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 137E76S ...... 107 Table 24. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 138E74S ...... 107 Table 25. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 138E75S ...... 108 Table 26. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 139E73S ...... 108 Table 27. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 139E74S ...... 109 Table 28. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 140E73S ...... 109
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Table 29. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 140E74S ...... 110 Table 30. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 141E72S ...... 110 Table 31. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 141E73S ...... 111 Table 32. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 141E74S ...... 111 Table 33. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 142E72S ...... 112 Table 34. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 142E73S ...... 112 Table 35. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 142E74S ...... 113 Table 36. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 143E72S ...... 113 Table 37. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 143E73S ...... 114 Table 38. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 143E74S ...... 114 Table 39. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 144E74S ...... 115 Table 40. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 144E75S ...... 115 Table 41. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 145E74S ...... 116 Table 42. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 147E85S ...... 116 Table 43. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 147E86S ...... 117 Table 44. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 148E84S ...... 117 Table 45. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 148E85S ...... 118 Table 46. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 149E84S ...... 118 Table 47. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 149E85S ...... 119 Table 48. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 149E86S ...... 119 Table 49. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 150E84S ...... 120 Table 50. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 150E85S ...... 120 Table 51. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 150E86S ...... 121 Table 52. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 151E85S ...... 121 Table 53. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 152E84S ...... 122 Table 54. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 152E85S ...... 122 Table 55. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 153E84S ...... 123 Table 56. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 153E85S ...... 123 Table 57. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E65S ...... 124
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Table 58. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E66S ...... 124 Table 59. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E67S ...... 125 Table 60. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E68S ...... 125 Table 61. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E69S ...... 126 Table 62. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E70S ...... 126 Table 63. EePf–1: Burned v. unburned small finds from 136E70S ...... 127 Table 64. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E71S...... 127 Table 65. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E72S ...... 128 Table 66. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E73S ...... 129 Table 67. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E74S ...... 129 Table 68. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 137E72S ...... 130 Table 69. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 137E73S ...... 130 Table 70. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 145E75S ...... 131 Table 71. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E72S ...... 131 Table 72. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E73S ...... 132 Table 73. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E74S ...... 132 Table 74. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E75S ...... 133 Table 75. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E66S ...... 133 Table 76. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E67S ...... 134 Table 77. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E68S ...... 134 Table 78. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E69S ...... 134 Table 79. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E70S ...... 135 Table 80. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E71S ...... 136 Table 81. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E72S ...... 137 Table 82. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E73S ...... 137 Table 83. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E74S ...... 138 Table 84. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E75S ...... 139 Table 85. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 152E86S ...... 140 Table 86. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 153E86S ...... 141
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Table 87. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 154E84S ...... 142 Table 88. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 154E85S ...... 143 Table 89. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 154E86S ...... 144 Table 90. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 155E66S ...... 145 Table 91. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 155E84S ...... 146 Table 92. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 155E85S ...... 147
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Project location map ...... 149 Figure 2. Shaded relief map of BCHP–09–01 with feature locations...... 150 Figure 3. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 ...... 151 Figure 4. EePf–1: Location of 2009–2010 North and South Block excavation units...... 152 Figure 5. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 1 ...... 153 Figure 6. BCHP–09–01: Profile of north wall of Feature 1 test unit ...... 154 Figure 7. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 2 ...... 155 Figure 8. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 3 ...... 156 Figure 9. BCHP–09–01: Profile of east wall, west–facing, of test unit in Feature 3 ...... 157 Figure 10. BCHP–09–01: Profile of south wall, north–facing, of test unit in Feature 3 .158 Figure 11. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 4 and Feature 1 ..159 Figure 12. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 5 ...... 159 Figure 13. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 6 (detail) ...... 160 Figure 14. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 7 (detail) ...... 161 Figure 15. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Features 9 and 12 ...... 161 Figure 16. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 10 (detail) ...... 162 Figure 17. BCHP–09–01: Rectangular arrangement of features in southern area ...... 163 Figure 18. Arrangement of pit depressions at southern end of BCHP–09–01...... 164 Figure 19. EePf–1: Reproduction of Forbis’s site and excavation map (1977) ...... 165 Figure 20. EePf–1: Three dimensional surface map of the Cluny Fortified Village site .166 Figure 21. EePf–1: Three dimensional surface map of Feature 3 (1977) ...... 167 Figure 22. EePf–1: Three dimensional surface map of Feature 5 (1977) ...... 168 Figure 23. EePf–1: Georectified topographic survey point cloud ...... 169 Figure 24. EePf–1: Support post distance from trench centre–line histogram ...... 170 Figure 25. EePf–1: Distribution of large (support) post features ...... 171 Figure 26. EePf–1: Distribution of all hearth features identified to date ...... 172 Figure 27. EePf–1: Distribution of precontact pottery sherds ...... 173 Figure 28. EePf–1: Distribution of formed lithic tools ...... 174 Figure 29. EePf–1: Distribution of marginally retouched/utilized lithics...... 175 Figure 30. EePf–1: Distribution of fire broken rock ...... 176 Figure 31. EePf–1: Distribution of lithic flakes ...... 177 Figure 32. EePf–1: Distribution of lithic shatter ...... 178 Figure 33. EePf–1: Distribution of unmodified lithics ...... 179 Figure 34. EePf–1: Distribution of faunal remains ...... 180 Figure 35. EePf–1: Distribution of large bovid materials ...... 181 Page xiv of 317
Figure 36. EePf–1: Distribution of canid materials ...... 182 Figure 37. EePf–1: Distribution of unburned faunal materials ...... 183 Figure 38. EePf–1: Distribution of scorched faunal materials ...... 184 Figure 39. EePf–1: Distribution of burned faunal materials ...... 185 Figure 40. EePf–1: Distribution of calcined faunal materials...... 186 Figure 41. EePf–1: Distribution of all floral remains ...... 187 Figure 42. EePf–1: Distribution of unburned floral materials ...... 188 Figure 43. EePf–1: Distribution of scorched, burned, and charcoal floral materials ...... 189 Figure 44. EePf–1: Distribution of glass fragments...... 190 Figure 45. EePf–1: Distribution of metal object ...... 191
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List of Plates
Plate 1. Aerial overview of 2009–2010 field season site locations...... 193 Plate 2. EePf–1: Aerial view of the Cluny Fortified Village site...... 194 Plate 3. Oblique aerial view of BCHP–09–01...... 195 Plate 4. BCHP–09–01: Feature 1 prior to excavation of test unit...... 196 Plate 5. BCHP–09–01: Feature 1-1 in Feature 1 test unit...... 197 Plate 6. BCHP–09–01: North wall (south facing) of test unit in Feature 1...... 198 Plate 7. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3 (looking northeast)...... 199 Plate 8. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3 (looking northeast, directly along entrance ramp)...... 200 Plate 9. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3 (looking southeast)...... 201 Plate 10. BCHP–09–01: East wall, west-facing, of test unit in Feature 3...... 202 Plate 11. BCHP–09–01: South wall, north–facing, of test unit in Feature 3...... 203 Plate 12. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3-1 in Feature 3 test unit...... 204 Plate 13. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3-1 detail...... 205 Plate 14. BCHP–09–01: Hexagonal cane bead recovered from Feature 3...... 206 Plate 15. BCHP–09–01: Embossed metal fragment recovered from Feature 3...... 207 Plate 16. BCHP–09–01: Wire–wound glass (a) and cuprous metal bead (b) from BCHP– 09–01 Feature 4...... 208 Plate 17. BCHP–09–01: Cartridge casing and metal projectile point from BCHP–09–01 Feature 4, and machine–cut nail from BCHP–09–01 Feature 3...... 209 Plate 18. BCHP–09–01: Cartridge casing from Feature 4—headstamp detail...... 210 Plate 19. BCHP–09–01: Domed brass tacks from and EePf–1 (a) and BCHP–09–01 Feature 4 (b)...... 211 Plate 20. Setting up excavation unit in BCHP–09–01 Feature 5 ...... 212 Plate 21. EePf–1: Initial exposure of Feature 2008–008 ...... 213 Plate 22. EePf–1: Feature 2008–008 ...... 214 Plate 23. EePf–1: Feature 2009–001 ...... 215 Plate 24. EePf–1: Features 2009–002 and 2009–003 ...... 216 Plate 25. EePf–1: Profile of Feature 2009–002 ...... 217 Plate 26. EePf–1: Feature 2009–004 ...... 218
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Plate 27. EePf–1: Feature 2009–005 ...... 218 Plate 28. EePf–1: Feature 2009–006 ...... 220 Plate 29. EePf–1: Feature 2009–007 ...... 221 Plate 30. EePf–1: Feature 2009-008 ...... 222 Plate 31. EePf–1: Feature 2009–010 ...... 223 Plate 32. EePf–1: Feature 2009–011 ...... 224 Plate 33. EePf–1: Feature 2009–012 ...... 225 Plate 34. EePf–1: Feature 2009–013 ...... 226 Plate 35. EePf–1: Feature 2009–014 ...... 227 Plate 36. EePf–1: Detail of Feature 2009–014...... 228 Plate 37. EePf–1: Profile of Feature 2009–014 ...... 229 Plate 38. EePf–1: Feature 2009–015 ...... 230 Plate 39. EePf–1: Feature 2009–016 ...... 231 Plate 40. EePf–1: Feature 2009–017 and 2009–018 ...... 232 Plate 41. EePf–1: Feature 2010–001 ...... 233 Plate 42. EePf–1: Feature 2010–002 ...... 234 Plate 43. EePf–1: Feature 2010–003 ...... 235 Plate 44. EePf–1: Feature 2010–004 ...... 236 Plate 45. EePf–1: Feature 2010–005 ...... 267 Plate 46. EePf–1: Feature 2010–006 ...... 238 Plate 47. EePf–1: Feature 2010–004 and 2010–006 ...... 239 Plate 48. EePf–1: Feature 2010–006 at 70 cm bs ...... 240 Plate 49. EePf–1: Feature 2010–007 ...... 241 Plate 50. EePf–1: Feature 2010–008 ...... 242 Plate 51. EePf–1: Features 2010–008 and 2010–009 ...... 243 Plate 52. EePf–1: Feature 2010–010 ...... 244 Plate 53. EePf–1: Feature 2010–014 ...... 245 Plate 54. EePf–1: Vessel 28 ...... 246 Plate 55. EePf–1: Vessel 29 ...... 247
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Plate 56. EePf–1: Vessel 30 sherd 1 ...... 248 Plate 57. EePf–1: Vessel 30 sherd 2 ...... 249 Plate 58. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch and Triangular projectile points ...... 250 Plate 59. EePf–1: Triangular projectile point base (both faces) ...... 251 Plate 60. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point (136E71S Level 5) ...... 252 Plate 61. EePf–1: Triangular projectile point (136E73S Level 5) ...... 253 Plate 62. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point base (145E75S Level 4)...... 254 Plate 63. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point midsection (147E72S Level 3) .....255 Plate 64. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point (154E84S Level 4) ...... 256 Plate 65. EePf–1: Side notched projectile point (154E85S Level 4)...... 257 Plate 66. EePf–1: Side notched projectile point midsection (155E84S Level 4)...... 258 Plate 67. EePf–1: Broken drill (both faces) ...... 259 Plate 68. EePf–1: Triangular biface ...... 260 Plate 69. EePf–1: Hafted implement ...... 261 Plate 70. EePf–1: Small grooved maul ...... 262 Plate 71. EePf–1: Flat cobble chopping/grinding tool ...... 263 Plate 72. EePf–1: Flat cobble chopping/grinding tool (140E74S) ...... 264 Plate 73. EePf–1: Cobble chopping tool ...... 265 Plate 74. EePf–1: Ochre chopping/grinding tool ...... 266 Plate 75. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool (142E73S) 267 Plate 76. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool 1 (144E75S)268 Plate 77. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool 2 (144E75S)269 Plate 78. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool 2 (149E84S)270 Plate 79. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool (157E85S) 271 Plate 80. EePf–1: Marginally retouched shatter ...... 272 Plate 81. EePf–1: Grinding slab fragment ...... 273 Plate 82. EePf–1: Grinding slab fragment (grinding face with residue) ...... 274 Plate 83. EePf–1: Bevelled sandstone abrading tool fragments (shaft smoother?) ...... 275 Plate 84. EePf–1: Bevelled sandstone abrading tool fragment (both faces) ...... 276
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Plate 85. EePf–1: Unusually shaped (decorative/fetish?) pebble 1 ...... 277 Plate 86. EePf–1: Unusually shaped (decorative/fetish?) pebble 2 (both faces) ...... 278 Plate 87. EePf–1: Unusually shaped (decorative/fetish?) pebble 3 ...... 279 Plate 88. EePf–1: Mussel shell beads and bead preforms ...... 280 Plate 89. EePf–1: Fossil mussel shell bead (Inoceramus) ...... 281 Plate 90. EePf–1: Drill detail of fossil mussel shell bead (Inoceramus) ...... 282 Plate 91. EePf–1: Concentration of canid skull bones and teeth ...... 283 Plate 92. EePf–1: Carnivore gnawed large bovid humerus head ...... 284 Plate 93. EePf–1: Bone beads from the 2009 excavations ...... 285 Plate 94. EePf–1: Bone bead from the 2010 excavations (136E70S) ...... 286 Plate 95. EePf–1: Bone bead from the 2010 excavations. (146E75S) ...... 287 Plate 96. EePf–1: Bone bead from the 2010 excavations. (154E86S) ...... 288 Plate 97. EePf–1: Bone awls from the 2009 excavations ...... 289 Plate 98. EePf–1: Bone awl fragment (both faces) from the 2010 excavations ...... 290 Plate 99. EePf–1: Spatulate tools from the 2009 excavations...... 291 Plate 100. EePf–1: Edge–notched bison thoracic vertebra spinous process fragment ....292 Plate 101. EePf–1: Profile of east wall of 153E84S ...... 292
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1 Introduction
The Cluny Fortified Village (EePf–1, Figure 1) is one of the more famous and significant archaeological sites of the Canadian Plains. Located in the valley of the Bow River (Plates 1 and 2) in the Siksika First Nation, the site has been visited and speculated upon by Euro–Canadians since 1875 (Forbis 1977:6). Scientific excavation began in 1960 with work by Richard G. Forbis (1977) and the results of that work have formed the basis of further speculation as to the origins and relationships of the precontact occupants of the site ever since (e.g., Byrne 1973, Walde 2003, 2004). The construction and opening of the interpretive centre at Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and the development of an interpretive program incorporating the Cluny site coincided reasonably well with new information being developed on the distribution of Cluny ceramics and, importantly, on the role of maize on the Late Precontact Canadian Plains (e.g., Walde 2006). Timing, new contexts, and new questions provided strong reasons and opportunities to conduct further archaeological work at the site to the mutual benefit of the Siksika and academic archaeologists. Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park (BCHP) and the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary (DAUC) accordingly entered into a cooperative archaeological research project intended to further scientific investigation of the Cluny Fortified Village site (EePf–1), investigate other archaeological resources at the Siksika Nation, and to incorporate the scientific work into an educational interpretive program.
The first season of fieldwork in the project was conducted during 2007 under the direction of Dr. Brian Kooyman while the second season was directed by Dale Walde (Walde et al. 2008). The second season program initially had four objectives: 1) to complete the excavation and flotation of matrix from the One Gun Phase component in the 2007 trenches; 2) to test deeper matrices in selected units in the 2007 trenches for deeper and older components in the site; 3) to initiate a testing program to determine the extent and nature of archaeological resources in and near the enclosed area of the site, and 4) to take advantage of new surveying and mapping technology to create a new,
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highly detailed map of the site and its immediate area. As the field season neared completion, conversations with BCHP personnel indicated the presence of other, nearby archaeological resources and fifth objective—to conduct a short archaeological reconnaissance in the general area of the Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park Interpretive Centre—was added.
Following analysis of the results of the 2008 field season at Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and the establishment of key recommendations (Walde 2008:37–38), several objectives were established for the 2009 and 2010 field seasons. One objective involved conducting a detailed reconnaissance and survey of an interesting site containing a large number of pit features and located a few hundred metres north of EePf–1. Following the end of the 2008 University of Calgary field school, a brief post–session reconnaissance project was conducted under the guidance of Leonard Bearshirt, who felt that a number of locations near EePf–1 and the interpretive centre at BCHP might be of archaeological interest. A small crew of three interested field school students (Caroline Humphrey, Sarah Lebedov, and Jalyn Neysmith) accompanied Mr. Bearshirt and identified a number of areas that required further archaeological reconnaissance and survey. Of particular interest was a site containing a number of large and medium–sized pits some two hundred or so metres north of EePf–1 (Figures 2 and 3, Plate 3). Dale Walde visited the site with the student crew during the fall of 2008 and agreed that the pit site was of great interest. In particular, it was important to record the features there in detail and to establish the time of occupation of the area. The site was given the field identification number BCHP– 09–01 and scheduled for further work during the 2009 field school season.
At the beginning of the 2009 field school season, Eileen Kose, then a Ph.D. student from the University of Hamburg, volunteered to work with the field school director—Dale Walde—for the duration of the field season. She agreed to conduct a topographic survey and test excavation of BCHP–09–01 under Dr. Walde’s supervision using the Archaeology 506 students as crew members. The results of that work are described below.
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During the 2008 field season at EePf–1, the program of test excavation and 2007 trench completion in the One Gun Phase component revealed several very interesting features. A short sandstone breastwork along the north side of Forbis’s Feature 6 is a feature type unique to the site and, indeed, to the precontact Canadian Plains. That feature was encountered on the last day of excavation and awaited completion of excavation and recording during the 2009 field season. Also in Feature 6, a gravel lining was found in the base of the pit; again, a unique feature requiring further study both within the pit and in other pits in the site. Excavations in the fortification trench revealed the presence of a relatively dense concentration of faunal material, suggesting a secondary function as a trash disposal location.
The program of interval–based test excavations conducted during the 2008 field season (Walde 2008) resulted in the discovery of a dense concentration of finds in the north– central area of the site. It was recommended that this area be further explored through excavation (Walde 2008). Accordingly, a block excavation plan was established and opened by the Archaeology 306 students at the beginning of the 2009 field season. This block is identified as the South Block (Figure 4). Work carried on in the South Block through the 2010 field season and will continue to progress over the next few field seasons. Following the discovery during the 2009 field season of a cultural component (possibly historic or protohistoric in age) immediately above the One Gun phase component, the pace of excavation slowed considerably as one centimetre arbitrary levels were required to allow methodological separation of the two upper components, which are very closely situated vertically.
Forbis (1977) notes the presence of an upper (historic?) component at the site but was unable to separate it from the One Gun phase component using the excavation techniques of the day. We have found, however, that maintaining a very close arbitrary excavation interval does allow us to distinguish the two in many areas. A majority of historic or Euro–Canadian/American trade goods are present in the upper component and this may lead to a revision of the estimated date of occupation of the lower One Gun component.
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The 2008 test program also revealed the possible presence of as many as three separate “palisade” walls (although the interpretation of the rows of vertical posts as a palisade or palisades may prove problematic—see below) and it was recommended (Walde 2008) that an area in close proximity to the fortification ditch be excavated to investigate the function of the walls. An excavation block (the North Block—Figure 4) was established near the north–eastern fortification ditch and excavations initiated at the beginning of the 2009 field season were continued through the 2010 iteration of the field school. Excavations here are also expected to proceed very slowly and continue for several seasons as the upper component noted above is present in the North Block, as well, and very meticulous excavation is required to keep the cultural materials from the two upper components separate.
Deep testing in the 2007 trenches and in selected 2008 test units indicated the presence of at least three precontact components underlying the One Gun Phase occupation. These lower components have not yet revealed diagnostic artifacts and are sparsely and intermittently represented in the test units. Given the overall project emphasis on One Gun studies, these lower levels were not explored during the 2009–2010 field seasons and are not targeted for future work at this time.
Topographic survey and mapping of EePf–1 and its area was only partially completed during the 2008 field season due to the presence of dense tree and bush cover over large areas of the site. Topographic survey using a total station continued through both 2009 and 2010 and resulted in very precise and intensive data acquisition on the eastern and north–eastern areas of the site. Provenience data were also recorded using a total station on a large number of artifacts as excavations proceeded. Those data were entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS) database by Lance Evans, who has produced a number of highly accurate thematic and topographic maps for this report. Development and refinement of the topographic and material culture provenience data will continue over several years as the project develops. Topographic data collection is a very slow process as extensive brush clearing by hand is required and it is expected that full
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development of a topographic site map will take a number of field season of work. The results of the 2009–2010 excavations are discussed below. The joint project at EePf–1 has revealed a good deal of exciting new information and even more may be expected as work progresses over the next number of years.
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2 Methods
Both sites (EePf–1 and BCHP–09–01) were subjected to topographic survey using a Leica TC1205 total station. Data obtained were downloaded and processed using Golden Surfer® 9.0 and ESRI© ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 software to produce a variety of site maps. Three point provenience for many of the finds was also recorded using the total station.
All features recognized were assigned a sequential field number (EePf–1–20xx–xxx or BCHP–09–01–xx) and subjected to detailed topographic survey using the total station. At BCHP–09–01, the subsurface of seven of the features were tested using 1 x 1 m test excavation units placed arbitrarily in the centre of the feature. A brief and informal metal detector survey was also conducted at BCHP outside the pit features. Frequent and multiple “hits” strongly suggest a heavy cultural occupation in “outdoor” spaces, as well.
Excavations were conducted using hand trowels and, occasionally, shovels. All materials encountered were recorded using three point provenience measurements from the total station or, on those occasions when the total station was unavailable, line level and measuring tape from the unit surface datum (the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the unit datum were in all cases taken using the total station).
At BCHP–09–01, test units were excavated in 50 cm x 50 cm maximum horizontal provenience units and 5 cm maximum vertical provenience units. The results of work conducted during the 2009 field season at EePf–1 using the same provenience units suggested that industrially produced materials (i.e., “historic”) seemed to be distributed preferentially above the known One Gun phase component. This was difficult to demonstrate using 5 cm vertical provenience units as the vertical separation was often as small as 1 cm. During the 2010 field season excavations were conducted using a combination of 5 and 1 cm arbitrary levels as required. All matrix was passed through 6.4 mm (¼inch) hardware cloth screens to recover small finds not recorded in situ. At the end of the 2010 field season, the open units at EePf–1 were covered with gardening cloth and backfilled in anticipation of re–opening and completion in 2011. No further work is
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anticipated in the immediate future at BCHP–09–01 and the excavation units there were backfilled.
All small finds were placed in provenience–labelled bags for future processing and cataloguing. The finds were later cleaned and catalogued by the senior field school students, who also conducted preliminary analyses of the materials. The catalogues were later checked by field school laboratory volunteers and by Dale Walde. Representative artifacts were photographed by Dale Walde.
2.1 Results of 2009–2010 Work at BCHP–09–01 2.1.1 Finds 2.1.1.1 Features
A total of nine pits and two mounds were identified and numbered during the 2009 field season (Figures 2 and 3, Plates 1 and 3).
2.1.1.1.1 BCHP–09–01–01 (Feature 1: Figures 1 and 5, Plate 4)
Feature 1 is the furthest north pit feature at the site and is one of the two larger pits (Figures 2 and 3). Its interior diameter is approximately seven metres both east–west and north–south and its bottom is 1.15 m below the present surface. Around the circumference of the pit on its northern, western, and southern peripheries is a partial ring of raised earth that probably represents material removed during construction. The raised earth is higher on the northeastern periphery of the feature and lower to the south in the area of a roughly fifty centimetre wide ramp–like construction excavated into the wall there. A small, shallow linear pit was excavated along the western periphery of the feature. That pit is some 5.2 m in horizontal extent north–south and 2.4 m east–west; the present bottom of this peripheral feature is 0.2 m below the present surface. With the raised earthen wall and shallow peripheral pit included, the exterior diameter of the feature is 11.4 m north–south and 12.0 m east–west. The total distance from the highest portion of the earthen wall to the present bottom of the feature is 1.47 metres. A test unit was placed in the bottom of this feature at 208.698E 260.399N. Page 26 of 317
2.1.1.1.1.1 Results of Excavation of 208.698E 260.399N
In the northern quadrants of the test unit, a roughly circular feature between 20 and 30 cm below surface was indicated by a change in soil colour and consistency (darker brown and higher organic content (Feature # 1–01, Plate 5). This feature may represent a small pit excavated into the larger feature, perhaps after abandonment of Pit 1. The feature was between two and three cm thick. All matrix was removed and bagged for future flotation.
In level 6 (25–30 cm b/s) a piece of metal scrap about ten cm long was recovered.
Two aspects of the profile of the north wall of the test unit are of particular interest (Figure 6, Plate 6). About 10 cm below the present bottom surface of the pit is a slightly concave continuous buried A horizon. This was initially thought to represent the original bottom of the feature but evidence discussed below tends to contradict that suggestion. The formation of the surface represented clearly occurred after initial abandonment of the feature. The processes responsible for the subsequent burial of that horizon and formation of the present surface are not clear.
Charcoal was scattered throughout all levels of the unit but concentrated along a concave discontinuity in the matrix. A marked increase in artifact density and matrix consistency along that concave charcoal–filled line in the north wall of the excavation unit may indicate the original shape of the pit bottom—a relatively shallow bowl–shape (Figure 6, Plate 6). If that is indeed the case, the maximum depth of the pit would be about 50 cm below the present bottom surface of the pit or 1.65 m below the present surface of the site (1.97 m below the highest portion of the surrounding earthen wall). The charcoal concentrated at the base of the pit may indicate burning of some overlying wooden structure.
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2.1.1.1.1.1.1 Small Finds 2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 Matrix
All matrix constituting Feature BCHP–09–01–001 was removed and bagged for future flotation and analysis.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.2 Flotation Samples
Matrix from Level 7 was floated and the heavy and light fractions were bagged for future analysis.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.2 Floral 2.1.1.1.1.1.1.2.1 Wood Charcoal
Charcoal was encountered frequently during excavation and samples were collected in the matrix and flotation samples described above. Additionally, individual charcoal fragments were collected for future analysis from Levels 3, 6, 7, and 9. As noted above, most of the charcoal was concentrated along a concave feature line that probably represents the bottom of the pit.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.2.2 Wood
A fragment of wood was collected for future analysis from Level 11.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.3 Faunal 2.1.1.1.1.1.1.3.1 Mammalia Canidae Canis familiaris
A complete right humerus along with the proximal portions of the associated radius and ulna were recovered from the NW quadrant of Level 7. Two caudal vertebrae and a metapodial were also recovered from the same level and quadrant.
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Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unburned
Seven unidentifiable unburned bone fragments were recovered from Level 7, four from Level 8, five from Level 9, four from Level 10, and one from Level 11.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.4 Lithics 2.1.1.1.1.1.1.4.1 Unmodified
Five unmodified pebbles were recovered from Level 3 as was a chert pebble from Level 12 and one from Level 13.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.4.2 Debitage Fire Broken Rock
A fire broken slab of sandstone very reminiscent of the slabs forming the breastwork at EePf–1 Feature 6 was recovered from Level 10.
A fire broken pebble was recovered from Level 11.
Shatter
A single piece of shatter was recovered from Level 9.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.5 Glass
A small white glass bead was recovered from Level 7.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.6 Metal 2.1.1.1.1.1.1.6.1 Household
A corroded battery (“D” cell size) was recovered from Level 1.
A crushed ferrous metal can was recovered from Level 13.
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2.1.1.1.1.1.1.6.2 Agriculture
A large fragment of a seeding implement or forge exhaust was recovered from Level 11.
2.1.1.1.1.1.1.6.3 Unidentified
A thin fragment of ferrous sheet metal was recovered from Level 6. A linear grove is present along one edge.
A thin fragment of ferrous sheet metal was recovered in two pieces from Level 8.
A large, thin fragment of ferrous sheet metal was recovered from Level 10. Two of the edges are crimped with the folds toward opposite sides.
A large, thin rectangular fragment of ferrous sheet metal was recovered from Level 10. Three of the edges are crimped with the folds on the long sides toward opposite sides. The metal sheet is folded at the “top.” A metal handle (?) is attached with two rivets (6.5 cm below the “top”) of the piece. Also recovered from this level was a very small piece of ferrous sheet metal that may be related to one of the larger metal objects described here.
Four very small fragments of ferrous sheet metal fragments were recovered from Level 11.
2.1.1.1.2 BCHP–09–01–02 (Feature 2: Figures 2 and 7)
Feature 2 is a pit seven metres in diameter along its north–south axis and eighty–three centimetres deep (Figure 7). Its eastern edge was destroyed during construction of the ditch for the nearby gravel road. This feature was recorded by topographic survey and no further work was conducted there during the 2009 field season.
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2.1.1.1.3 BCHP–09–01–03 (Feature 3: Figures 2 and 8)
Feature 3 is a large pit located on the western side of the site (Plates 7–9). The pit has a “key–hole shape with a ramped entryway extending from the southwest edge of an otherwise roughly circular construction (Figure 8). A small partial ring of raised earth is present around all but the southwestern circumference of the feature, possibly representing materials removed during construction. The longest dimension (along the centreline of the entry ramp is 11.4 m (14.13 m if the raised earthen wall is included) and the east–west diameter is 7.6 m (12.47 m with earthen wall included). The present bottom of the feature is 1.23 m below the present surface (1.42 m below the highest portion of the earthen wall. A test unit was placed in the bottom of this feature at 190.831E 217.105N.
2.1.1.1.3.1 Results of Excavation of 190.831E 217.105N
The test excavation in Feature 3 was very productive with over seven hundred individual items recovered. The small finds were concentrated in two major vertical clusters, one between the surface and 30 cm below the present bottom of the feature in a dark grey clayey silt (Figures 9 and 10, Plates 10 and 11) and a second between sixty and seventy– five cm below the present bottom surface in a hard–packed sandy silt (Figures 9 and 10, Plates 10 and 11), although a very light scatter of materials was present throughout the column (Table 1). Metal fragments were found in both vertical clusters and a piece of industrially produced glazed ceramic was recovered from the lowest level of the excavation (Table 1). The two components, then, do not appear to represent strongly different periods of deposition.
Of perhaps greatest interest was the recovery in the upper component of a large canid skull with attached cervical vertebrae in association with fire broken rock, large bovid bone, and metal fragments (Plates 12 and 13). This mix of traditional First Nations technology and industrially manufactured metal objects suggests a relatively early reserve period occupation.
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2.1.1.1.3.1.1 Small Finds
A total of 748 small finds were made during the excavation of the test unit in Feature 3 (Table 1). Of these, the overwhelming majority (n=525, 70.19%) were fragments of burned and unburned wood of various sizes—generally less than 5 cm in length. Charcoal, faunal, and metal pieces are differentially distributed in the excavation column with two major concentrations occurring in Levels 2 through 6 and Levels 13 through 15. Two cultural levels may be present in the test unit although it must be noted that the vertical distributions of unburned wood and lithic fragments may not support this interpretation.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.1 Matrix
Matrix samples were taken from Levels 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15 for future analysis.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.1.1 Flotation Samples
Two matrix samples were floated in the field yielding two samples each of heavy and light fraction materials for future analysis.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.2 Botanical
A total of 526 botanical specimens were recovered (Table 2). Of these, all but one are fragments of burned and unburned wood.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.2.1 Charcoal
Two hundred and eight fragments of wood charcoal were recovered from the excavation at Feature 3. The charcoal samples appear to be concentrated at two different levels in the excavation column. The upper concentration appears in Levels 3 through 5 and the lower is present in Levels 11 through 15.
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2.1.1.1.3.1.1.2.2 Unburned Wood
Unburned wood fragments are present ubiquitously throughout the vertical extent of the column. Some of these fragments may represent the remains of construction material but most appear to be from partially decayed shrub roots.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.2.3 Seeds
Half of a chokecherry seed (Prunus virginianus) was recovered from Level 6.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.3 Faunal
A total of eighty–one bone fragments were recovered from the test unit (Table 3) most of which are from an articulated large canid skull and cervical vertebrae unit (probably Canis familiaris) encountered in Levels 2 through 4.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.3.1 Mammalia Canidae Canis familiaris
Fifty–one large canid remains were recovered during excavation of the test unit in Feature 3 (Table 4). These remains are from an articulated large canid skull and cervical vertebrae unit (probably Canis familiaris—domestic dog—Plates 12 and 13) encountered in Levels 2 through 4—primarily Level 2 (Table 4). The presence of the head and neck of a dog with no body parts in the unit led to much speculation but no strong interpretation may be offered at this time. None of the large canid bones were burned.
Bovidae
Six bone fragments from large bovids were recovered (Table 5). Four of these fragments were encountered in Levels 4 through 6 and two in Level 15. This pattern may indicate the presence of two components in the unit but, as noted above, the vertical distribution of other recoveries make this interpretation tentative. The fragmentary large bovid
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remains cannot be identified positively as to species but may very well represent the remains of cattle (Bos Taurus), given the presence of metal artifacts in both potential components. None of the Large Bovid remains were burned.
Unidentifiable
A total of twenty–four unidentifiable bones were recovered from this unit (Table 6). Two vertical clusters are observable in the data: one in Levels 2 through 6 and on in Levels 13 through 15. Two of the fragments were recovered during excavation unit wall straightening and do not have recorded provenience data.
Unidentifiable Unburned
Nine unidentifiable unburned bone fragments were recovered in the upper vertical cluster and four from the lower cluster. The two unprovenienced bone fragments are also unburned.
Unidentifiable Calcined
Nine unidentifiable calcined bone fragments were recovered from the lower bone fragment cluster.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.4 Lithics
A total of thirty–four lithic objects were recovered (Table 7). Of these, twenty are unmodified pebbles, ten are small pieces of fire broken rock, and four are pieces of shatter.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.4.1 Unmodified
Twenty unmodified pebbles were recovered. The cultural significance of these pebbles is unknown but it should be noted that most of the pebbles are present in the arbitrary levels between those containing clearly cultural lithic materials such as fire broken rock and shatter. Page 34 of 317
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.4.2 Debitage
Fire Broken Rock
Ten pieces of fire broken rock were recovered. One piece was found on the surface of the unit and five were recovered from Level 4. Two fragments were found in Levels 9 and 10 and two in Levels 12 and 13.
Shatter
Four pieces of shatter were located in Levels 7 and 8.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.5 Ceramics
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.5.1 Industrial Ceramics
A very small fragment of white, clear glazed stoneware was recovered from Level 15.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.6 Glass
Three glass pieces were found during the excavation.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.6.1 Formed Objects
Two pieces of clear bottle glass were encountered, one in Level 5 and the other in Level 11.
One hexagonal purple glass cane bead was removed from Level 6 (Plate 14).
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.7 Metal
A total of seventy–three metal objects were recovered from the test unit (Table 8).
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2.1.1.1.3.1.1.7.1 Household
A single ferrous metal fragment recovered from Level 2 seems to be part of a wood– burning stove (Plate 15). The piece is relatively thick and embossed with the letters “N” and possibly “I.” A series of small, punch depressions is present over the surface of the piece.
Construction
Three machine cut nails/nail fragments were recovered: one from Level 2 and two from Level 15 (e.g., Plate 17:c).
Fasteners
A small buckle formed on a ferrous metal was recovered from Level 15.
Unknown
Sixty–four pieces of ferrous metal sheeting were found: Fifty–five of these were recovered from Levels 1 through 3, one from Level 5, and six from Levels 14 and 15.
Three pieces of ferrous metal strapping were recovered from Level 15.
One piece of silver–coloured metal foil was recovered from Level 2.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.8 Rubber
Four fragments of rubber from an unidentified object(s) were encountered: three in Level 2 and one in Level 3.
2.1.1.1.3.1.1.9 Plastic
Two pieces of plastic, one from level 2 and one from Level 3 were recovered.
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2.1.1.1.4 BCHP–09–01–04 (Feature 4: Figures 2 and 11)
Feature 4 is roughly circular pit 5.62 m in horizontal extent north to south and 4.6 metres west to east with a depth of 0.48 metres below the present surface (0.88 m below the top of the earth mound some 4.5 m to the west). This feature is significantly smaller than the other large pits and lacks the circumferential ridge of earth present at the others although there is a 40 cm high mound of earth located a few metres to the west (Feature 11). No excavated entryway is visible. A test unit was placed in the bottom of this feature at 205.333E 207.489N.
2.1.1.1.4.1 Results of Excavation of 205.333E 207.489N
Test excavation in Feature 4 was also relatively productive of small finds. As was the case for Features 1 and 3, the finds were generally concentrated in two vertically separated clusters, although, again, a light scattering of materials was apparent throughout the sampled column. A headstamped cartridge casing helps establish a date range for the occupation of the feature.
2.1.1.1.4.1.1 Small Finds
A total of sixty–one small finds were recovered during the excavation of 205.333E 207.489N (Table 9). The two most frequently occurring material types are bone fragments (n=21) and metal objects (n=19). Twelve lithic pieces were noted along with eight glass pieces, and a single fragment of charcoal.
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.1 Botanical 2.1.1.1.4.1.1.1.1 Charcoal
A single piece of wood charcoal was encountered in Level 10 (Table 9).
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2.1.1.1.4.1.1.2 Faunal
A total of twenty–one bone fragments were recovered (Table 10). Of these, two are from large bovids and the remaining nineteen are unidentifiable bone fragments. None of the faunal materials show signs of exposure to fire.
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.2.1 Bovidae
Two identifiable bones were recovered from Feature 4: a second phalanx from Level 3 and a tibia fragment from Level 5 (Table 10).
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.2.2 Unidentifiable
Unidentifiable Unburned
Nineteen unburned unidentifiable bone fragments were recovered (Table 10). Most (n=13) were found in Levels 1 through 5. Three were noted in Level 7, one in Level 9, and two in Level 10. This distribution may suggest two occupation components in the feature.
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.3 Lithics
Twelve lithic pieces were noted including six pebbles and six pieces of fire broken rock (Table 11).
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.3.1 Unmodified
Six unmodified pebbles were recovered: five in Level 6 and one in Level 7 (Table 11).
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.3.2 Debitage
Fire Broken Rock
Six small pieces of fire broken rock were encountered: three from Level 3 and three from Level 8 (Table 11). Two vertically distinct occupation zones may be indicated.
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2.1.1.1.4.1.1.4 Glass
Eight glass pieces were encountered: one is a wire wound glass bead and the remaining seven pieces appear to be fragments of window glass (Table 9).
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.4.1 Window Glass
Seven pieces of window glass were recovered: one fragment each from Levels 5, 7, and 10 along with four from Level 7.
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.4.2 Formed Objects
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.4.3 Beads
A single wire wound bead was recovered from Level 6 (Plate 16:a).
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.5 Metal
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.5.1 Construction
Machine–cut Nails
Four machine–cut nails/nail fragments were recovered; one each from Levels 3 and 7, as well as 2 from Level 10 (Table 12).
Wire Nails
A wire nail was recovered from Level 5 (Table 12).
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.5.2 Firearms
A cartridge casing (Plate 17:a) was recovered from Level 7 (Table 12). The head is stamped with “38 S & W” and “W.R.A.Co.” (Plate 17:a and 18). The Winchester Repeating Arms Company began making ammunition in 1873 and continued under that name until its acquisition in 1933 by another company with a resulting change in headstamp. Smith and Wesson began producing single action .38 calibre revolvers in Page 39 of 317
1877, introducing double action versions by 1880, and continuing until 1911, at which time production of the .38 Special was initiated. The cartridge casing, then, suggests an occupation at some time between the beginning of the reserve period in 1877 and the end of the first third of the 20th century.
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.5.3 Human–Powered Projectiles
A large projectile point formed on ferrous metal was recovered from Level 3 (Plate 17:b)
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.5.4 Decorative
Beads
A single bead formed on cuprous metal was recovered from Level 8 (Plate 16:b)
Tacks
A single domed head tack head was recovered from Level 10 (Plate 19:b). The tack is very similar if not identical to an example recovered from EePf–1 (Plate 19:a).
2.1.1.1.4.1.1.5.5 Unknown
Nine amorphous pieces of ferrous sheet metal were recovered (Table 12): five from Level 3 and one each from Levels 1, 2, 7, and 9.
A wire handle formed on ferrous metal was noted in Level 7 (Table 12).
2.1.1.1.5 BCHP–09–01–05 (Feature 5: Figures 2 and 12, Plate 20)
Feature 5 is one of the larger roughly circular pits at the site and is 7.35 metres in diameter from east to west and and 7.25 metres from north to south. The pit is 0.92 metres in depth (Figures 2 and 12). Pit 5 is not as deep as the two largest pits, which have ramp–like entryways excavated into their sides—a feature Pit 5 lacks. Around the circumference of the pit is a small partial ring of raised earth (highest at the southern end) that may represent the materials removed during construction. The partial earthen wall is Page 40 of 317
open along the eastern periphery of the pit. With the earthen wall included, the horizontal extent of the feature is 9.18 m east–west and 11.23 m north–south. The present bottom of the feature is 1.05 m below the highest portion of the earthen wall. A test unit was placed in the bottom centre of this feature at 176.908E 184.917N.
2.1.1.1.5.1 Results of Excavation of 176.908E 184.917N
The test excavation of Feature 5 resulted in minimal recovery of materials (only nine items were noted). The date of occupation is clearly postcontact but little may be concluded with confidence beyond that.
2.1.1.1.5.1.1 Small Finds
Very few small finds were made in Feature 5. A total of nine items were recovered (Table 13).
2.1.1.1.5.1.1.1 Botanical 2.1.1.1.5.1.1.1.1 Wood
A small fragment of unburned wood (ca. 5 cm in diameter) was recovered from Level 8 (Table 13).
2.1.1.1.5.1.1.2 Faunal 2.1.1.1.5.1.1.2.1 Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unburned
Single unburned unidentifiable bone fragments were recovered in each of Levels 3, 4, and 5 (Table 13).
2.1.1.1.5.1.1.3 Lithics
Three lithic pieces were recovered: two large pieces of fire broken rock and a hammerstone (Table 13).
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2.1.1.1.5.1.1.3.1 Debitage Fire Broken Rock
Two large pieces of fire broken rock were recovered; one in Level 4 and one in Level 7 (Table 13).
2.1.1.1.5.1.1.3.2 Modified/Utilized/Retouched Lithics Hammerstones
A lightly used hammerstone formed on a large pebble was recovered from Level 7(Table 13).
2.1.1.1.5.1.1.4 Metal
Two large fragments of ferrous sheet metal were recovered from Level 7 (Table 13). Both pieces probably derive from a single unknown object.
2.1.1.1.6 BCHP–09–01–06 (Feature 6: Figures 2 and 13)
Feature 6 is a small oval–shaped pit some 3.64 m in horizontal extent from east to west and 3.01 m north to south. It is located in the near vicinity of three much smaller and shallower pits that form part of the subrectangular arrangement of small excavated areas located at the eastern side of the site between Features 3 and 5 (Figure 2). The present bottom of the pit is 0.41 m below the present surface. No further work beyond topographic recording was conducted at Feature 6 during the 2009 field season.
2.1.1.1.7 BCHP–09–01–07 (Feature 7: Figures 2 and 14)
This roughly rectangular pit feature is 5.07 m in horizontal extent from east to west and 3.57 m north to south. The present bottom of the pit is 0.38 m below the present surface. Feature 7 is part of the subrectangular arrangement of small excavated areas located at the eastern side of the site between Features 3 and 5 (Figure 2). A test unit was placed in the bottom of this feature at 203.458E 172.669N.
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2.1.1.1.7.1 Results of Excavation of 203.458E 172.669N
Time did not permit completion of the 50 x 100 cm test (the south half of the excavation unit) in Feature 7. Some fifty–nine artifacts were recovered (Table 14), almost half of which (n=27) were small fragments of wood that are probably remains of brush roots. The visually densest concentration of materials was in Level 6. Most of the charcoal recovered was found in Levels 6 (n=5) and 7 (n=3). Recovery of three machine cut nails suggests a late nineteenth century initial occupation.
2.1.1.1.7.1.1 Small Finds
A total of fifty–nine items were recovered from the test unit in Feature 7 (Table 14). The largest single class of material is floral, specifically wood fragments (n=27), eight of which have been transformed into charcoal. Bone fragments make up the next most frequent class (n=19) and only one of those is identifiable as to element. Lithic (n=6), metal (n=5), and glass pieces (n=2) comprise the remaining materials encountered.
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.1 Botanical 2.1.1.1.7.1.1.1.1 Charcoal
Eight small pieces of charcoal were found in the test unit: five in Level 6 and three in Level 7 (Table 15).
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.1.2 Unburned Wood
Nineteen small fragments of unburned wood were recovered: nine from Level 4, eight from Level 6, and two from Level 7 (Table 15).
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.2 Faunal
Nineteen bone fragments were recovered, most of which are small unidentifiable bone fragments (Table 16).
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2.1.1.1.7.1.1.2.1 Mammalia Bovidae
A fragment of large bovid thoracic vertebra was encountered in level 4 (Table 16)
Unidentifiable Unidentifiable Unburned
Eighteen small unidentifiable unburned bone fragments were recovered in relatively distribution throughout the vertical extent of the excavation (Table 16).
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.3 Lithics
Six lithic pieces were encountered, mostly fire broken rock (n=5, Table 17).
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.3.1 Debitage Fire Broken Rock
Five pieces of fire broken sandstone were recovered: two from Level 5 and three from Level 7 (Table 17).
Shatter
A single piece of shatter formed on silicified siltstone was noted in Level 6.
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.4 Glass
Two glass pieces were recovered (Table 18)
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.4.1 Window Glass
A single piece of window glass was found in Level 8 (Table 18).
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.4.2 Formed Objects
A single piece of bottle glass was noted in Level 7 (Table 18).
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2.1.1.1.7.1.1.5 Metal
Five metal object were encountered in the test unit (Table 19).
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.5.1 Construction Machine–cut Nails
Three machine–cut nails were found; one in each of Levels 3, 7, and 8 (Table 19).
2.1.1.1.7.1.1.5.2 Unidentified
Two pieces of ferrous sheet metal fragments were noted in Level 6 (Table 19).
2.1.1.1.8 BCHP–09–01–08 (Feature 8)
A point within the site is recorded in the field notes as the location of a feature. However, no feature is apparent either on the topographic map or on the ground. The feature number sequence is maintained in this report to maintain consistency with the field notes but Feature 8 is simply a placeholder and does not represent an archaeological find.
2.1.1.1.9 BCHP–09–01–09 (Feature 9: Figures 2 and 15)
Feature 9 consists of a small pit some 3.23 m in horizontal extent from east to west and 4.50 m north to south. The present bottom of the pit is 0.33 m below the present surface. Feature 9 is part of the subrectangular arrangement of small excavated areas located at the eastern side of the site between Features 3 and 5. Beyond topographic recording, no further work was conducted at Feature 9 during in 2009 field season.
2.1.1.1.10 BCHP–09–01–10 (Feature 10: Figures 2 and 16)
This feature is, in fact, a series of seven closely, apparently haphazardly clustered small pits located within an area approximately four metres in extent east to west and six metres north–south (Figure 16). The deepest excavation is about 0.25 metres below the present surface. Feature 10 is also part of the subrectangular arrangement of small
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excavated areas located at the eastern side of the site between Features 3 and 5 (Figure 2). Beyond topographic recording, no further work was conducted at Feature 10 during in 2009 field season.
2.1.1.1.11 BCHP–09–01–11 (Feature 11: Figures 2 and 11)
This low, long mound feature is 6.28 m in horizontal extent from east to west and 10.44 m north to south. It is closely associated with Feature 4 and may represent the spoil pile resulting from excavation of that pit. It should be noted, however, that the mound begins about three metres west of Feature 4, which seems rather a long distance for excavated material to be tossed during excavation—further exploration of this feature is very definitely indicated. The present top of the mound is 0.30 m above the present surface. Beyond topographic recording, no further work was conducted at Feature 11 during in 2009 field season.
2.1.1.1.12 BCHP–09–01–12 (Feature 12: Figures 2 and 15)
This small, very low mound is 4.04 m in horizontal extent from east to west and 2.11 m north to south. The mound is located immediately to the west of Feature 9 and may represent the spoil pile resulting from excavation of that pit. The present top of the mound is 0.14 m above the present surface. Beyond topographic recording, no further work was conducted at Feature 11 during in 2009 field season.
2.1.1.1.13 Unnumbered Features
A cluster of small, shallow pits at the southern extremity of BCHP–09–01 was not fully explored topographically due to time constraints during the 2009 field season (Figure 2).
2.1.1.2 Discussion and Conclusions
The ubiquitous presence of relatively recent industrially manufactured materials unequivocally indicates that BCHP–09–01 represents a postcontact occupation. Machine cut nails found in three of the excavations and the relative dearth of wire nails (a single
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example) suggests a late nineteenth century time period for initial occupation of the site. Machine cut nails were introduced during the 1780s and were in general use by the 1820s (Losey et al. 1977:157, Nelson 1968). Wire nails were first produced in the United States during the 1850s and superseded machine cut nails in the United States by the late 1880s (Losey et al. 1977:156–157, Nelson 1968). Until the building of the transcontinental railroad in Canada, many manufactured goods reached southern Alberta via Fort Benton on the Missouri River in Montana. By implication, a similarly timed replacement of machine cut nails by wire nails may be suggested for southern Alberta. The preponderance of machine cut nails at BCHP–09–01, although the small sample must be considered, may suggest initiation of occupation there prior to about 1885, i.e., during the very early reserve period.
The presence of traditional First Nations material culture in the form of fire broken rock and lithic debitage as well as the presence of a metal projectile point tends to support an initial occupation more toward the earlier part of this time period. Residence at the site could well have extended intermittently or continuously into the early twentieth century.
The size of the larger pit features (Features 1, 3, and 5) suggest they could represent the remains of residential spaces, although their specific form and function remains unexplored. The lack of central hearths may suggest the use of stoves for heating rather than open fires but it must be noted that the very limited test excavations intended to recover datable materials do not permit firm conclusions in this regard.
Finding two major vertically distinguished clusters of artifacts in several of the test units is of some interest. These could represent respectively roof fall and living floor zones or, possibly, main and basement floors of larger above–ground structures. The presence of long entry ramps into the pit features, however, may suggest that the presence of overlying structures is less likely. A good deal more archaeological work is required to clarify the nature of these features.
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No subsurface testing was conducted outside the pit features. However, the results of an initial exploratory metal detector survey suggest the presence of a great deal of cultural material in the areas outside the pits. Exploration of the outside space here is vital to the development of an understanding of the site.
The 2009 work at BCHP–09–01 was intended to explore topographically the present form of the pit features there, as well as to gather data that might inform as to date of occupation. It seems clear that this site represents an early reserve period occupation and, indeed, is, at present, a unique physical example of this important time of residential and cultural change for the Siksika Nation. Preservation and interpretation of this resource is a high priority. The location of the site immediately adjacent to Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and its interpretive centre adds to the significance of the site. With interpretive facilities and programs already established in the immediate vicinity of the resource as visitor attractants, its value for educating the general public with regard to the early reserve period and its effects on the Siksika Nation is considerably enhanced.
Further extensive archaeological work is clearly required to explore the nature of this very interesting site and develop it for educational and interpretive purposes.
2.1.1.3 Recommendations
BCHP–09–01 is a rare known example of an early reserve period settlement. The site should be preserved for future investigation. That preservation might very well be best undertaken through adding the area to the present holding of Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park. At present, the park contains archaeological and historical resources pertaining to the precontact past, including the extremely important Cluny site. Addition of BCHP–09–01 to the park inventory would bring a record of the early reserve period directly into the interpretive repertoire of the park and its centre to provide a complete record of early life on the Nation.
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2.2 Results of Work at the Cluny Fortified Village Site (EePf–1) During the 2009–2010 Field Seasons
2.2.1 Introduction
The 2008 field season was used to conduct an interval–based test excavation program aimed at locating areas within the site that might prove productive in terms of finds as well as permitting the identification of feature patterns within larger excavation blocks (Walde 2008). Two areas were identified and two excavation areas, the North Block and the South Block (Figure 4), were laid out. Excavations in those blocks were initiated during the 2009 field season and continued throughout the 2010 work term. Work there will continue over the next several years.
Topographic survey efforts using total stations were also continued during the 2009/2010 field seasons. Dense brush cover over large areas of the site greatly slows the survey work as that brush must be cut down and moved away from the site by hand before work with the total stations can proceed. Crew members must discontinue their work in the excavation blocks to clear brush and a balance of excavation and topographic survey/brush clearing work must be established during each field season. Much of the northeastern portion of the site has been cleared and mapped in detail. Similarly detailed mapping will progress over the next few field seasons as brush clearing continues.
2.2.2 Stratification
During the 2008 field season, deep testing revealed the presence of three components underlying the previously recognized One Gun phase component (Walde 2008). Those components were not present in all areas of the site and generally contained only a very few nondiagnostic finds. Because the focus of the present project is on the One Gun occupation, no further work on those components was recommended and excavations during 2009/2010 did not generally go below One Gun deposits. However, work conducted during the final days of the 2009 field season revealed the presence of a defined occupation horizon above the known One Gun phase component (Plate 101). Page 49 of 317
That upper component, however, is not visible in all areas of the site and, importantly, is not distinguishable as a matrix colour or texture change during excavation. Forbis (1977:6, 77) noted the presence of an upper historic component at the site but emphasized the extreme difficulty in distinguishing the historic occupation from the prehistoric component in areas other than the fortification ditch. During the 2010 field season, we resolved to use very fine arbitrary excavation spits of 1 cm within our previously established arbitrary 5 cm excavation levels between 10 and 20 cm bs—the depths at which the interface between the two components occurs—in an effort to separate methodologically the two assemblages. This effort was generally successful but did strongly support Forbis’ observation that distinguishing the two components requires extreme efforts. Historic, i.e., industrially manufactured goods occur as little as 1 cm above the One Gun phase component but that pattern is generally very consistent with very few historic artifacts occurring in the lower occupation. The upper component, however, does also contain a relatively large proportion of nonindustrial materials and it seems clear that that upper component itself is a palimpsest of Terminal Precontact and Contact period finds. Continuing slow, careful work will be required both to maintain separation of the One Gun phase assemblage from the later materials but also to explore in greater detail the uppermost artifact scatter.
2.2.3 Mapping and Analysis of Fortification Features
Topographic survey conducted over the last three field seasons has produced a large quantity of topographic data (n >16000 points) but a good deal more work must be accomplished before any final maps can be produced. Here we describe preliminary results based primarily on work conducted in the northeast quarter of the site (Figure 4). Forbis (1977:Figure 4) created an overall site map and several detailed maps using plane table and rod technology that, in his words, “are probably as accurate as they need be” (Forbis 1977:19) and, for the time and purpose, that statement is accurate (Figure 19). However, technology has improved dramatically over the last fifty years and expectations with regard to mapping have grown commensurately. Our new overall site map presents
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a clearer, albeit uncompleted, view of the structure of the site (Figure 20) and makes differences in the construction of the various large pit features apparent. It also seems that there are rather more interruptions to the fortification ditch than Forbis was able to detect with 1950s technology. Indeed, Dawson’s 1881 map showing multiple interruptions to the ditch (Forbis 1977:Plate 5) may be a more accurate representation of that aspect of the fortifications.
We have conducted very detailed topographic surveys of two of the pit features (3 and 5) and associated portions of the ditch and have produced large scale three dimensional surface maps of those areas using Golden Surfer software. Feature 5 (Figure 21) has a very distinct structure with an interior entry ramp giving the pit an ovoid appearance. The small pit appearing near the centre bottom on the feature has not been investigated archaeologically as yet but may be the remains of earlier archaeological work. A trench connecting the pit to the fortification ditch is also present and recorded for the first time here. Earthen ridges are present on either side of the connecting trench and extend to the sides of the pit itself. The ditch in front of Feature 5 is interrupted on each side and, indeed, gives the impression of having been excavated in front of the pit as a separate endeavour. That is, it appears that the fortification ditch here consists of a series of defensive trenches excavated in front of each pit rather than being a single, unified feature.
Feature 3 also has an earthen ramp leading into the pit from the interior of the site but lacks a connecting trench to the defensive ditch (Figure 22). Also unlike Feature 5, this pit is surrounded by relatively high earthen walls (the depressions on either flank of the feature are the result of Forbis’s 1960 excavations (his features 13 and 14). A small central mound is located near the bottom centre of the pit in much the same position as the small interior pit of Feature 5. As was the case for Feature 5, the defensive ditch to the front of the pit feature is interrupted on the flanks and appears to have been constructed in front with the completed pit.
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2.2.3.1 Georectification of Topographic Data
The topographic data have been and will continue to be recorded with reference to the arbitrary grid system established by Forbis during the 1960 field season. All data are downloaded initially into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. An important task for the fall of 2010 was to georeference and georectify all the spatial data to a common coordinate system (NAD83 UTM 12N) and then to incorporate them into a GIS database. After the data were imported into the database a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Cluny site was created using ArcMap software to provide a good visual representation of the site topography, its true orientation, and the locations of all excavation units opened to date (1960 and 2007–2010—Figure 4). Spatial relationships between certain features of the site were then explored by, for example, measuring the distance of support posts to the centre of the fortification trench and by examining the distribution of known hearth features.
As noted in previous reports, the Cluny site consists of an arc of ditch, interpreted by Forbis (1977) as a fortification trench, with large pits distributed along the interior periphery. Excavation also revealed a shallow trench containing small posts between several of the pit features; these features are referred to by Forbis as a palisade trench. Additionally, pairs of larger posts aligned radially to the arc of the site have been found towards the interior of the site from this "palisade" trench. The form and function of the architecture created by these large and small posts is unknown. Some possibilities include a repeated build of light palisade wall similar to the Arikara fortifications described by the French trader Trudeau (Bushnell 1922:171) or a more complicated, possibly covered version of a palisade wall. Alternatively, these features may not be connected as a palisade and serve some other purpose entirely. Ethno–historical sources confirm that most Plains people constructed small scale fortifications such as fox holes and stone or timber breastworks as a typical response when evasion from an attacking group was no longer feasible (Ewers 1944). The trench and pit features at the Cluny Fortified Village, however, are larger and more structured than such ad hoc defensive structures and more
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closely resemble trench fortifications of the Mandan villages (Caldwell 1964) or of historically known Dakota ćunkaśké in Manitoba (Manitoba Culture 1997). Maintaining an accurate GIS record of individual post location will allow us to present more precise reconstructions of the relationships amongst these structural members and, we hope, to present stronger interpretations of the meanings of those patterns. Accurate conversion of the data from our present grid system to a standard reference, in this case the UTM system, is a necessary first step to accomplishing our goal of creating an GIS database that can be used to conduct formal analyses of spatial data.
No precedent methodology was found in recent archaeological or geographic literature for solving the primary problem of coordinate system translation. However, the problem is essentially one of simple trigonometry and coordinate geometry. The issue of converting older and arbitrary coordinate systems to modern standards in archaeological excavations must be fairly commonplace but no mention of this was found in the review of related archaeological literature.
Ebert (2004) provides an overview of GIS within the discipline of archaeology describing three primary modes of use: visualization, management, and analysis. All three categories are embodied in the aims of this project. Completion of the project objectives has resulted in site visualizations and the resulting database and maps will make management of spatial data and planning for future field seasons easier. Preliminary spatial analyses of site features have been conducted and the results of those interim efforts are presented below.
Specific guidance with regard to choice of interpolation method in creating a DEM was sought in various examples of archaeological survey data being converted to DEMs or surfaces including the use of TIN surface creation (Chapman and Fenwick 2002; Spikins, et al. 2002) and kriging (Hayakawa and Tsumura 2009). For the present study, Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation was chosen due to its parametric simplicity. Longley, et al. describe IDW as “the workhorse of spatial interpolation” (2010) and one study of the statistical efficacy of interpolation methods concluded that “it provides Page 53 of 317
reasonable estimates and is shown in a large number of comparative studies to perform better than kriging–based techniques” (Babak and Deutsch 2009).
The data of interest consisted of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets containing artifact catalogues, feature coordinates, and approximately 16,000 surface survey points taken by total stations (Leica TC1205), all of which had been obtained during the 2008–2010 field seasons at EePf–1. An aerial survey photo from 1938, a time during which little vegetation covered the archaeological site, was obtained from the University of Calgary MADGIC Desk, a GIS resource centre. Additional geospatial data pertaining to the site was largely collected from Natural Resources Canada via their GeoGratis website (2010) and from the Department of Geography, University of Calgary.
The initial step in the project was to translate the surface survey coordinates from the excavation grid (hereafter referred to as GridEX) into UTM 12N (hereafter referred to as
GridUTM). Three values were required for the coordinate translation method discussed below: the angular difference between GridUTM north and the GridEX north (θ) and the
UTM easting (α) and northing (β) of the GridEX origin (see graphic representation in Figure 3).
The original concept for this project involved the use of a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) to obtain highly accurate UTM coordinates for specific points on the site for which excavation grid coordinates were known. This information would have been used to determine θ, α, and β. Both weather and maintenance issues worked against this plan during the week it was to be implemented. Record low temperatures in Alberta would have meant that working conditions would have been in the –30s °C and the DGPS was unavailable due to maintenance that week. Therefore, an alternative means of approximating values for θ, α, and β was sought. Instead of using data as recorded by a DGPS, approximate data was obtained from georeferenced overhead imagery. Georeferenced SPOT imagery coverage of the site at 20m resolution was available but lacked sufficient detail to pinpoint individual features of the site. A 1938 aerial survey photograph of the site and surrounding area was obtained and scanned for the purpose of Page 54 of 317
georeferencing it to the SPOT image. The area had changed significantly between 1938 and 2007 when the SPOT image was taken, but by utilizing significant landmarks visible in both images, such as road intersections and bridge abutments, the georeferencing process was clearly feasible. A total of 7 control points were used to match the course to the fine imagery. The offset angle θ was calculated by determining the bearing between two features with known coordinates in GridEX, the bearing between them in GridUTM, and taking the difference. In the end, this determination of θ (40°) corresponded well with the offset angle between GridEX and True North as depicted on the map produced by Forbis (1977) for the 1960 excavation; this was approximately 41°.
Pit features of the archaeological site were visible as there was little undergrowth on the site in 1938, and these were used to determine GridEX origin coordinates in GridUTM. A certain pit feature for which GridEX coordinates were known was identified in the georeferenced imagery and its GridUTM coordinates noted. The GridUTM coordinates of this feature were related to its GridEX coordinates mathematically and GridUTM coordinates X’ and Y’ were calculated for each survey point.
Since each survey point elevation or “Z” value was referenced from the arbitrary site datum 100m, it was necessary to convert those values to elevation above sea level in metres. A DEM of the 1:50k NTS map of 082I15 was used to obtain a reference elevation for the datum and the elevation above sea level for each survey point was calculated based on its original “Z” value and the datum reference. Following the mathematical translation of all survey points to UTM and elevation above sea level, a DEM was created.
The DEM for the Cluny site was created by interpolating the translated survey points using the IDW method. The weighting power for this interpolation was set to 0.1 to create a smoother surface and reduce the dimpling effect caused by slight elevation differences between two points in close proximity. The cell size was set to 0.05 m to provide a high enough raster resolution for acceptable display of the entire site.
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Combining a hillshade layer derived from the DEM with the DEM layer overlain resulted in a graphic portrayal of the site that highlighted the man–made features.
Because the point cloud of survey points was extremely dense in some areas, sparse in others, and completely devoid of points in certain regions of the raster produced by interpolation (Figure 23), the quality of the interpolation varied over the rectangular extent of the DEM. In areas with little or no sampling, predictive artifacts resulted, which were eliminated by clipping the DEM and Hillshade layers to a polygon that circumscribed the site proper. Topographic survey coverage will increase as the work progresses over the next few years and a final, highly detailed and complete site map will be produced.
2.2.3.2 Exploratory Analysis of Large Post Features
To better understand the relationship between the arc of posts greater than 20 cm in diameter (identified for exploratory analytical purposes as support posts) and the arc of the trench, a line feature class was added by hand to indicate the bottom of the trench feature. A point feature class of wooden support posts was created from their GridEX coordinates and imported as X, Y data into ArcMap. The distance from each support post to the nearest point on the trench line was calculated and a histogram was created for the resulting post–to–trench distance values (Figure 24). Inspection of the figure suggested a bimodal trend in the histogram and two buffer zones representing the two peaks of the histogram were created from the interior side of the trench line and added to our base map (Figure 25). Our impression in the field that there appear to be two generally separate rows of large posts around the interior periphery of the site tends to be confirmed by these results. Our further impression, derived primarily from 2010 excavation results, that these rows, separated by about 2.5–3 m, tend to consist of paired support posts that are themselves about 50 cm apart will be explored in future years through continuing excavation.
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2.2.3.3 Exploratory Analysis of Hearth Features
In addition to examining the relationship of the support posts to the trench, we also wanted to get a sense of the distribution of hearth features at the site. As for the posts, a point feature class of the hearth features unearthed during field work in 1960 and during 2009–2010 was imported as an X, Y data layer and added to the base map (Figure 26). Our impression from field work that the hearths display no particular patterning and, indeed, overlap or are extremely close to each other in many cases again tends to be confirmed. This tends to support our growing impression that the One Gun phase component consists of temporally proximate multiple overlapping occupations and/or a longer term ongoing occupation that have produced a palimpsest of occupational debris requiring very slow and careful excavation to explore accurately.
2.2.3.4 Discussion of Exploratory Topographic Data Analysis
Translation of the topographic survey coordinates into a standard grid system (UTM), and georectification of the entire site facilitates comparison to other sites in the region, permits accurate placement in a broader geographic context, and allows for integration with other GIS data. The georectification method used here may be of use to archaeologists attempting to convert their data into another coordinate system, or integrate arbitrarily aligned information with other GIS data. The creation of the DEM of the site allows researchers to examine fine details of the topographic characteristics, revealing entrance and exit ramps to the pits features, subtle curvatures in the trench, and may reveal as yet undetected features. Further topographic survey work will be required to obtain an overall high quality sampling pattern over the entire site. The variability in topographic survey data density (the eastern portion is much more densely surveyed) causes the present interpolation to be unevenly effective across the site.
Currently available aerial and satellite imagery of the site is not at a high enough resolution to be of any great value to projects such as this. This means that GIS analysis, for now, is effectively limited to survey data collected at the site by total station. Should
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better overhead resources become available, they may be of use in enhancing future GIS analysis.
An important conclusion drawn from current GIS–related literature is that the choice of an interpolation method should be data and objective dependent. Again, an exploration of other interpolation techniques such as kriging, TIN conversion to raster, and best–fit polynomial could prove very valuable in improving the DEM, by smoothing irregularities in the total station data.
Coordinates of artifacts, features, and excavation areas were translated into UTM, and may now be displayed on top of the DEM as a base layer, creating maps that will facilitate future excavation planning, enhance analysis of archaeological findings, and more effectively communicate those findings to the professional community and interested public. For example, the post feature coordinates were translated into UTM and made into a point layer that was analyzed with respect to the fortification trench. The bimodal histogram resulting from this analysis provides compelling evidence that there were either two rings of posts incorporated into a single undefined structure that the posts represent structures that were rebuilt over time at slightly different distances from the trench. Buffer zones created based on the histogram data highlight this relationship visually.
The spatial distribution of hearth features does not appear to follow a radial pattern and hearths lie from the deep interior of the fortification all the way to the trench. The overall concentration of hearths and their proximity to one another suggests that the site was occupied over a longer period of time, with periods of absence and subsequent return and reoccupation. If analysis of the artifacts found in association with the majority of these hearths indicates they were made by the fortification builders, then Forbis’ conclusion that the site was occupied for less than two months may need to be revisited (1977:74).
Integration and spatial analyses of the large amount of archaeological data collected by the Cluny Field School will be an ongoing challenge, but important first steps have been
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taken in georeferencing the existing data and incorporating this body into a GIS database. This allowed for the creation of a DEM that provided effective visualization of the topography of the site, as well a spatial analysis that explored the relationships between features found within. The integration of survey and artifact provenience data into a GIS database will allow future researchers to ask and answer complex and sophisticated spatial questions regarding the material recovered at the Cluny site. Analysis of this material and the landscape on which it was left will shed light on the lifeways of the enigmatic people who left it there and their relationships with other indigenous groups.
2.2.4 Seasonality and Length of Occupation
Foetal bone recovered from the fortification ditch in unit 59S128E suggests a winter occupation. It is unlikely that the fortification trench and the large pits could have been dug using hand tools formed of wood, bone, or stone could have been excavated in the frozen ground and occupation for some time prior to winter freeze–up is probable.
As noted above, the presence of multiple palisade constructions and multiple use of at least two features suggest that the site was occupied by One Gun Phase people on several occasions.
2.2.5 2009–2010 Finds at EePf–1
Definitions of archaeological find types are based upon reasonably standard archaeological practice and follow Dyck and Morlan (1995) closely.
2.2.5.1 Features
Features are remains of structures or patterns of material culture debris that has been preserved in primary context but are not generally able to be excavated as a whole unit. At the Cluny site and other Canadian Plains sites, hearths, pits, and boiling pits are human formed constructions/patterns that may be subsumed under the title “feature.” The relationships of the constituent parts of features must be recorded by archaeologists as
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notes, drawings, and photographs, a practice known, perhaps optimistically, as “preservation by record.”
2.2.5.1.1 Feature 2008–008 Units 136E75S, 137E74S, 137E75S: Large hearth with unburned bone
The north half of 137E75S was excavated in 2008 to a depth of 30 cm below surface exposing unburned cultural material immediately above the red stained earth of a hearth—Feature 2008–008 (Plate 21). To explore this feature more fully, the remainder of 137E75S was excavated during the 2009 field season and the edges of the feature were followed into 136E75S and 137E74S (Plate 22). Initially recognized by the appearance of a small quantity of unburned faunal and lithic material which began to appear between 15–20 cm below surface, the feature is primarily characterized by relatively large numbers of unburned unidentifiable bone fragments, identifiable bone, and lithics encountered between 20–25 cm below surface. The matrix at this depth became red stained from the heat of the hearth. The depth of the hearth staining extended a full 23 cm lower indicating either an extended period of use, very high heat, or a combination of both. The superimposition of unburned material over the hearth suggests multiple use and reuse of the area during One Gun times.
2.2.5.1.2 Feature 2009–001 Units 128E63S, 128E64S: Breastwork of stacked sandstone slabs, concentration of stones and cobbles
This feature was initially encountered in the last few hours of excavation during the 2008 field season and reburied pending future excavation. Exploration of the feature was resumed in 2009. Within the excavation area—unknown portions of the feature were left undisturbed to the west and east of the trench—the feature consisted of eight large sandstone slabs, stacked into four tiers, which appeared at about 25 cm below surface and continued to 70 cm below surface (Plate 23). Cobbles, pebbles, and smaller chunks of similar sandstone material surrounded these slabs. Additionally, there was a post mould
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in the NW quadrant of 128E63S associated with the breastwork (a matrix sample was taken from the post mould). A large concentration of cobbles and smaller pieces of the sandstone was noted to the south of the breastwork in 128E64S. Fifty–one pieces of lithic material were collected from that concentration along with 14 pieces of unburned bone, one of which identified as bison femur, and a piece of burned wood.
2.2.5.1.3 Feature 2009–002 Unit 144E74S: Hearth
Feature 2009–002 was a shallow hearth, 1–3 cm thick, located at an approximate depth of 15 cm below surface in the eastern half of unit 144E74S, just north of the ash deposit of Feature 2009–003 (Plates 24 and 25).
2.2.5.1.4 Feature 2009–003 Unit 144E74S: Concentration of ash
Feature 2009–003 was located at the same depth as, and just south of, Feature 2009–002 in the southeast quadrant of unit 144E74S (Plate 24). This feature was a shallow and irregular deposit of ash that faded from view during a two week hiatus of excavation despite fair weather. A likely continuation of this feature was noted in the northwest corner of 145E75S during the 2010 field season, described as “light clay” in contrast to a darker colored matrix in the rest of the unit. This feature was not observed in either of the other two surrounding units (southwest corner of 145E74S or northeast corner of 144E75S).
2.2.5.1.5 Feature 2009–004 Units 148E84S, 148E85S, 149E84S, 149E85S, 150E84S: Concentration of spiral fractured bone, fire–broken rock
Feature 2009–004 (Plate 26) spanned five excavation units and consisted of fire–broken rock and a scatter of unburned bone concentrated between 10 and 20 cm below surface with finds quantities decreasing between 20 and 25 cm below surface. The faunal
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material was predominantly bison or unidentifiable, but did include two fox mandibles (left and right of a single animal). Some of the larger pieces of bone have spiral fractures. A cluster of pottery fragments was found on the eastern perimeter of the feature. Lithic finds consisted mostly of fire–broken rock along with seven tools including an ochre– covered chopper/grinder (Plate 74). The large amount of fire broken rock and unburned bone suggests this may be a dump feature largely related to clearing bone boiling features, although detritus such broken pottery and the ochre–covered chopper/grinder indicate additional disposal from a broader range of activities, as well.
2.2.5.1.6 Feature 2009–005 Units 152E84S, 153E84S, 152E85S, 153E85S: Concentration of ash, fire–broken rock
Feature 2009–005 extended across five excavation units and consisted predominantly of unidentified faunal remains and lithic debitage (Plate 27). Identified faunal remains included bovid and canid bones. Other artifacts include a shell bead, projectile points, and some of the largest pieces of Cluny Complex pottery so far recovered at the site. The feature spanned three 5 cm excavation levels from 10 to 25 cm.
2.2.5.1.7 Feature 2009–006 Unit 140E74S: Linear arrangement of large stones with fire–broken rock
Feature 2009–006 was a linear arrangement of large oblong cobbles, two of which bore signs of use as a chopper and anvil, amongst fire–broken rock and bone fragments including a portion of bovid rib (Plate 28; see also Plates 76 and 77). A decorative pebble was also noted in the feature.
2.2.5.1.8 Feature 2009–007 Unit 143E74S: “Bone Peg”
Feature 2009–007 was a circular pattern of crushed bone, possibly the remnants of a peg, found at 22 cm below surface (Plate 29).
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2.2.5.1.9 Feature 2009–008 Unit 142E74S: Ash and charcoal concentration
Feature 2009–008 was a pit that first appeared distinct from the surrounding matrix at about 30 cm below surface and continued below 45 cm below surface (Plate 30). The pit was located in the southwest quadrant of 142E74S and upon examination in profile, appeared to descend towards the west. The pit was excavated and its contents underwent flotation during which small pieces of bone and lithics were found. The small size of the pit (approximately 30 cm diameter) seems to preclude storage of any kind as an intended function and may be the remains of a post hole from which the post was removed and the hole filled.
2.2.5.1.10 Feature 2009–009 Unit 141E74S: Possible peg
Feature 2009–009 was a possible wooden peg found at about 30 cm below surface in the southeast quadrant of unit 141E74S. A matrix sample was obtained.
2.2.5.1.11 Feature 2009–010 Unit 141E73S: Canid mandible, atlas, axis
Feature 2009–010 was a cluster of canid material including atlas and axis vertebrae, two whole mandibles with teeth intact, and loose teeth (Plate 31).
2.2.5.1.12 Feature 2009–011 Unit 140E74S: Small post mould
Feature 2009–011 was a small post mould in unit 140E74S which appeared at a depth of 28 cm below surface (Plate 32). The post was pedastaled and removed at a depth of 35 cm below surface.
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2.2.5.1.13 Feature 2009–012 Unit 137E75S: Wood peg
Feature 2009–012 was the remains of a wooden peg in unit 137E75S identified at 30 cm below surface (Plate 33).
2.2.5.1.14 Feature 2009–013 Unit 149E85S: Boiling pit
Feature 2009–013 consisted of a concentration in the northwest quadrant of unit 149E85S of unburned bovid bones and fire–broken rock and may be the remains of a small bone boiling station (Plate 34). This feature may be related to 2009–004.
2.2.5.1.15 Feature 2009–014 Unit 140E73S: Hearth
Feature 2009–014 consisted of ash and charcoal overlying an area of red stained matrix in the northwest quadrant of 140E73S. The red staining began at 24 cm below surface and continued to a depth of 35 cm (Plates 35–37).
2.2.5.1.16 Feature 2009–015 Unit 141E72S: Post mould
Feature 2009–015 was a large post mould, left in situ at 35 cm below surface (Plate 38).
2.2.5.1.17 Feature 2009–016 Unit 140E73S: Ovate discolorations in matrix
Feature 2009–016 was comprised of four ovate or circular patches of darker soil that appeared to retain more moisture than the surrounding matrix (Plate 39). These patches were located across the southern half of 140E73S oriented roughly grid east–west appearing at a depth of 27 cm below surface and disappearing before 35 cm below surface. These patches were similar in appearance to the tops of wooden posts but did not
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extend very far in depth and lacked the characteristic soft and loose matrix of wooden post moulds.
2.2.5.1.18 Feature 2009–017 Unit 148E84S: Arc of stain and ash
Feature 2009–017 consists of an arc of red stained matrix and ash with charcoal; probably the remains of a hearth pit (Plate 40) which appears to extend into 148E83S, though this unit has yet to be excavated. There is a very strong resemblance between this feature and Feature 2010–014.
2.2.5.1.19 Feature 2009–018 Unit 148E84S: Wood pegs
Feature 2009–018 consisted of two circular patches of wood, probably pegs, located in the southeast quadrant of unit 148E84S at a depth of 25 cm below surface (Plate 40).
2.2.5.1.20 Feature 2010–001 Units 146E73S, 147E73S: Arc of stones and ash
Feature 2010–001 first appeared as an arc of large pebbles spanning unit 147E73S. This pattern of stones was associated with a dense charcoal deposit with red stained matrix and broken unburned bone (Plate 41). Some of the bone fragments exhibit spiral fracturing. This feature lay approximately 15 cm below surface.
2.2.5.1.21 Feature 2010–002 Unit 147E75S: Post mould
Feature 2010–002 was a post mould in the southeast quadrant of unit 147E75S with a diameter of 7 cm (Plate 42). The northern half of this unit was excavated in 2008 and a post mould was discovered in the southwest corner of the northwest quadrant (Feature 2008–010). In both cases, the posts became manifest between 15 and 20 cm below surface.
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2.2.5.1.22 Feature 2010–003 Unit 136E73S: Cluster of mixed cultural materials
Feature 2010–003 consisted of a cluster of faunal remains, debitage, and ceramic fragments in the northwest quadrant of unit 136E73S at a depth between 20 and 25 cm below surface (Plate 43). The area’s matrix was red stained and flecked with charcoal. The red stained area was bordered on the south by a series of broken cobbles. Only a small portion of the faunal and lithic finds exhibited signs of burning. The most striking find was a large bead made of fossilized mollusc shell (Inoceramus—Plates 89 and 90). This feature may be the remains of refuse disposal activities.
2.2.5.1.23 Feature 2010–004 Unit 136E72: Post mould
Feature 2010–004 was a large wood post in the southeast quadrant of unit 136E72S (Plates 44 and 47). This post appeared as a circular area of spongy matrix at a depth between 20 and 25 cm below surface. Between 30 and 35 cm below surface, the distal portion of a bovid metatarsal was recovered from within the post feature which may have served as a wedge for stabilizing the post in the ground. By 35 cm below surface an inner core of intact wood became evident which was surrounded by an area of decayed material. At 40 cm below surface the feature was pedastaled by removing the surrounding matrix to a depth of 70 cm below surface (Plate 46) at which point the post was carefully removed.
2.2.5.1.24 Feature 2010–005 Unit 145E75S: Unusually shaped pebbles with mixed cultural materials
Feature 2010–005 consisted of a concentration of unburned bone and lithics, bits of charcoal, and over 40 ceramic fragments in close proximity to an area of red stain and ash (Plate 45). Some unusually shaped pebbles (possibly decorative) were found in association with this feature (Plates 45 and 87). This feature was located between 17 and 20 cm below surface. Page 66 of 317
2.2.5.1.25 Feature 2010–006 Units 136E71S, 136E72S: Post Mould
Feature 2010–006 was a wood post located in the southeast quadrant of 136E71S extending into 136E72S (Plates 46–48). As with other post features, this first appeared as a round area of spongy matrix with a reddish ting from the decayed wood. The post became noticeable between 25 and 30 cm below surface and continued below a depth of 70 cm at which point excavation of the unit ceased and the post was left in place and reburied.
2.2.5.1.26 Feature 2010–007 Unit 136E70S: Concentration of charcoal in stained matrix—hearth (?)
Feature 2010–007 was an area of dark matrix containing much charcoal encountered between 25 and 30 cm below surface and then disappearing below 31 cm below surface (Plate 49). This feature was located along the western wall of unit 136E70S, apparently continuing into 135E70S although this unit was not excavated.
2.2.5.1.27 Feature 2010–008 Unit 147E74S: Post mould
Feature 2010–008 is a post mould located in the southeast quadrant of unit 147E74S that became evident between 19 and 20 cm below surface as a lighter colored circular patch approximately 20 cm in diameter (Plate 50). This feature was located approximately 50 cm to the south of another post mould, Feature 2010–009 (Plate 50). Pieces of charcoal, bone and fire–broken rock were located within the interior of the post mould (the bone and FBR were oriented vertically immediately adjacent to the post) and probably served as fill to help stabilize the post. Below 35 cm, the inner core of the post was solid wood and the feature was pedastaled to a depth of 45 cm below surface at which point excavation was halted to rebury and preserve both post features in situ.
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2.2.5.1.28 Feature 2010–009 Unit 147E74S: Post mould
Feature 2010–009 was a post mould located in the northeast quadrant of unit 147E74S that became evident between 19 and 20 cm below surface as a lighter colored circular patch approximately 20 cm in diameter (Plate 51). This feature was located approximately 50 cm to the north of Feature 2010–008. Pieces of charcoal, bone and ceramic were located within the interior of the post mould. Below 35 cm, the inner core of the post became more solid and the feature was pedastaled until a depth of 40 cm below surface at which point excavation was halted to rebury and preserve both post features in situ.
2.2.5.1.29 Feature 2010–010 Unit 155E85S: Bone and lithic concentration—disposal midden (?)
Feature 2010–010 was a concentration of unburned broken bone and lithic debitage found between 18 and 25 cm below surface in unit 155E85S (Plate 52). The faunal material was a mix of bovid and canid bones. This area may represent the result of disposal activities.
2.2.5.1.30 Feature 2010–011 Unit 147E70S: Post mould
Feature 2010–011 is a possible post mould based on characteristics similar to other post moulds found at the site: a circular area of discolored soft and spongy matrix. This feature was first noticed between 20 and 25 cm below surface in the northwest corner of unit 147E70S and it may extend into 147E69S. The unit was backfilled after being excavated to 25 cm below surface to preserve this feature in situ.
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2.2.5.1.31 Feature 2010–012 Unit 136E69S: Post mould
Feature 2010–012 is a post mould located in the southeast quadrant of unit 136E69S and was initially noted between 32 and 33 cm below surface. This feature was excavated to 35 cm bs to confirm that it was a post mould and then reburied.
2.2.5.1.32 Feature 2010–013 Unit 136E68S: Post mould
Feature 2010–013 consisted of two areas in the southeast quadrant of unit 136E68S that appeared to be the tops of post molds with similar characteristics to other post molds found at the site: a circular area of discolored soft and spongy matrix.
2.2.5.1.33 Feature 2010–014 Unit 153E86S: Hearth
Feature 2010–014 was a hearth defined by a very circular reddish ash stain located almost entirely within unit 2010–014 (Plate 53). Associated artifacts included unburned bone (all identified elements were bovid), fire–broken rock, a cobble spall tool, and shell. The raw bone in middle of the feature with spall chopper suggests continued activity within the feature after it ceased to be used as a hearth. There is a very strong resemblance between this feature and Feature 2009–017.
2.2.5.2 Ceramic
Artifacts made from fired clay, primarily pottery vessels, are found relatively commonly in Late Period Canadian Plains sites. A total of 890 ceramic artifacts were recovered during the 2009 and 2010 excavations at the Cluny site (Figure 27). From these, three distinct vessels can be identified and have been assigned vessel numbers (Vessels 28–30) in series with those identified by Forbis (1977) and those recovered during the 2008 field season (Walde 2008). Additionally, ceramic finds included fragments of a manufactured clay pipe. Page 69 of 317
2.2.5.2.1 Vessel 28
Vessel 28, a complex profile pot excavated in unit 152E84S, is represented by a square– lipped collared rim sherd, which was recovered from unit as three articulated pieces: two rim sherds and a body sherd (Plate 54). The clay body is highly laminated with relatively few visible aplastic inclusions. Food residues are present on all three pieces. Cross– section analysis suggests that the rim was initially formed by pulling the clay body vertically then roughly shaping the rim. Possibly following a drying period, a second layer of clay was added to give the rim its final form.
This vessel contains several decorations. A field of left–top right–bottom oblique dentate stamps decorates the lip surface. Each is composed of two dentate stamp impressions. Measurements have not been taken to preserve the burned food residue present. On the rim immediately below the lip are seven rows of horizontal dentate stamp impressions, which are parallel and overlap in some areas. Each row of impressions is formed by multiple irregular applications of a tool with a width of 16.89 mm. On the neck below the collar angle are two slightly upward–angled rectangular punctate impressions, 31.66 mm apart, with lengths between 8.21 mm and 7.80 mm, and widths between 3.33 mm and 3.96 mm. The punctate depths are 5.11 mm and 4.88 mm and are reflected by very small and indistinct bosses on the interior surface. On the body, there is a single indistinct and discontinuous shallow, horizontal wavy incised line. The incision is 10.51 mm below the punctates and is between 1.15 mm and 1.84 mm in width.
2.2.5.2.2 Vessel 29
Vessel 29, excavated from unit 147E86S, is represented by a single sherd which appears to be a portion of a wedge rim (Plate 55). The primary decoration on this piece is dentate stamped. Above the rim angle, there are at least two parallel horizontal dentate stamped lines, which are between 3.91 mm and 6.14 mm apart. On the rim angle, below the two parallel horizontal dentate lines, are two left–bottom top–right oblique dentate stamp lines. The dentate stamp impressions have lengths between 1.08 mm and 3.72 mm.
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Below the rim angle is a single vertically orientated stamp impression (depth = 1.5 mm) created by a narrow, sharpened object. This may be part of a row of such stamps. The paste is laminated with relatively few visible inclusions.
2.2.5.2.3 Vessel 30
Vessel 30 is identified by two rim sherds excavated from unit 146E75S (Plated 56 and 57). Both sherds exhibit a field of left–bottom right–top oblique dentate stamping on the lip.
2.2.5.2.4 Clay Pipe
In 2009, five fragments of the bowl of a clay pipe were recovered from unit 144E75S at a depth between 15 and 20 cm below surface. The pipe has a visible seam line from the manufacturing process clearly indicating that this was a trade item. The period during which this pipe made its way into the Cluny site is unclear, however, since it was discovered in screened material from a 5 cm level which, based on site stratigraphy, could have contained historical items at very shallow depths above One Gun Phase material.
2.2.5.3 Lithic
Lithics is a generic term referring to any recovered material made of stone. Unmodified lithics are natural forms that have not been modified by human activity. Types of human– modified lithics are defined below.
2.2.5.3.1 Formed Tools
Formed tools are lithics that, as the name implies, have been deliberately shaped to perform specific functions. Deliberately shaped tools such as projectile points may be sufficiently invested with style to serve as distinctive cultural and/or temporal markers.
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2.2.5.3.1.1 Projectile Points
Projectile points are pointed and in the case of Cluny points, notched bifaces that were hafted onto arrow shafts and used as arrow points. Other projectile points could serve as spear or atlatl points.
Twenty points (complete points, preforms, or fragments of either) were recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations (Plates 58–66). These points have been recovered in all areas of the excavation blocks throughout the excavated units and no clear distribution pattern has emerged (Figure 28). All points recovered are consistent with a Terminal Precontact/Early Contact period time frame.
2.2.5.3.1.2 Drills
One drill was excavated in 2009 which had broken into two pieces (Figure 28). This tool was executed on a dark chert and may have been seen a variety of uses (Plate 67).
2.2.5.3.1.3 Unifaces
Unifaces are lithics that have been shaped by flaking along one face of the tool only. Like bifaces, unifaces may take on a wide variety of shapes and functions but because only one face is worked, they generally have a wider edge angle which can make them ideal as scraping implements.
One unifacially worked piece of cobble spall was excavated in 2009 (Figure 28). This tool had small flakes removed from its cortex side giving it a sturdy scraping edge.
2.2.5.3.1.4 Bifaces
Bifaces are lithics that have been shaped by flaking along both faces. Bifaces may take on a wide variety of shapes and functions but are often cutting implements with relatively narrow edge angles.
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Three biface fragments were excavated during 2009–2010 (Figure 28). Raw materials include quartzite, black chert, and an unidentified chert (Plate 68). All fragments were too small to form an assessment of the tools from which they originated.
2.2.5.3.1.5 Hafted Axes/Choppers/Hoes
A hafted implement of undetermined function was recovered from Level 6 of 136E70S (Plate 69). The tool is heavily battered and broken; it could have served as a hafted axe, a chopper, or a hoe but no definitive statement with regard to function is possible at the present state of investigation. Forbis notes the recovery of a similar implement (Forbis 1977:59 and Plate 10a)
2.2.5.3.1.6 Grooved Mauls
A small grooved maul was recovered from Level 6 of 139E74S (Plate 70). The piece is heavily battered and appears to have served as an anvil on two of its faces, as well.
2.2.5.3.2 Marginally Retouched Lithics
Marginally retouched lithics are stone implements that have not been formed into an intended shape but instead have been deliberately flaked on one or more surfaces to serve as expedient tools. Marginally retouched lithics form a large portion of the tool assemblage at EePf–1.
2.2.5.3.2.1 Choppers
Choppers are simple tools made by removing one or more flakes from a cobble to produce a sturdy and generally wide angle edge that can be used to smash through material like a wedge.
Eight choppers were recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations (Figure 29, see also Plates 71–74 for example specimens). Two of the illustrated specimens (Plates 71 and 72) are examples of flat, oblong cobbles that have been modified at one end to serve as choppers but that also exhibit grinding surfaces along their long, relatively thin sides. Page 73 of 317
Similar specimens were also recovered during the 2007 and 2008 field seasons. These are probably multi–function tools that may very well have been used to grind plant materials as well as to chop materials of as yet determined nature. One of the specimens also bears evidence of use as an anvil (Plate 72).
One chopper (Plate 74) is covered on one surface by a thick layer of red ochre and may have been employed at the end of its use-life to grind the mineral into a powder for use as paint. This specimen was recovered from Feature 2009–004.
2.2.5.3.2.2 Marginally Retouched/Utilized Cobble Spalls
Cobble spall tools are formed on relatively large flakes taken from cobbles (often quartzite on the Canadian Plains). These tools may have had multiple uses such as cutting or scraping depending on the angle of the edge formed by breakage or by occasional unifacial retouching along the non–cortex surface.
Five cobble spall tools were recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations (Figure 29, Plates 75–79). All specimens have areas of retouch and use wear; two were found in features: one in Feature 2009–004 and one in Feature 2010–014.
2.2.5.3.2.3 Other A retouched piece of chalcedony, recovered from unit 154E85S, had been lightly retouched and may have been utilized as a scraper (Figure 29, Plate 80).
2.2.5.3.3 Marginally Utilized
Marginally utilized tools are lithics that have been modified by use and have not otherwise been shaped to form distinct tool types.
2.2.5.3.3.1 Hammerstones and Anvils
Hammerstones are lithics that have been used to modify other lithics, for example, to detach flakes from cores or to shape flakes into specific tool forms. These tools are
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usually otherwise unmodified pebbles or small cobbles showing distinct evidence of battering along one or more edges. Anvils will exhibit similar evidence of battering, but this will usually be concentrated in a small area on a fairly flat surface used to provide bipolar percussion to the piece being worked.
Five hammerstones and eleven anvils were recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations with no particular patterning discernible in their distribution (Figure 29).
2.2.5.3.3.2 Grinding Stones and Abraders
These artifacts are formed through use as grinding or rubbing implements. Grinding may produce pitted or smoothed surfaces depending of the strength and coarseness of both the lithic and the subject materials while rubbed surfaces tend to be smoothed and show directional striations reflecting the direction of use. Abraders have been used to smooth out another object such an arrow shaft and may exhibit grooves from repeated use.
A portion of grinding slab was recovered from 148E85S (Plate 81).
A small fragment of a grinding slab associated with Feature 2009–004 was recovered from unit 149E84S (item 458) (Plate 82). This piece was approximately 4 cm long and encrusted with an unidentified residue, possibly resulting from food preparation.
An abrader, possibly a shaft smoother, was excavated from 153E84S in three contiguous pieces (Plate 83) and a fragment of a similar nature was recovered from 147E66S (Plate 84).
2.2.5.3.4 Debitage
Debitage consists of lithic debris resulting from the manufacture of stone tools. This debris may consist of cores, shatter, and flakes (defined below). For the purposes of this report, fire–broken rock will also be included within debitage.
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2.2.5.3.4.1 Fire–broken Rock (FBR)
Fire–broken rock is formed when cobbles and pebbles are repeatedly subjected to heating in a fire and subsequent rapid cooling in water. Fire–broken rock is often the result of a cooking process known as “stone boiling.” This process consists of filling a hide–lined pit with water and placing quantities of smashed bone in the water. The water is then heated by placing rocks heated in a nearby fire into the water. Repeated heating and replacement of the rocks causes the water to boil and release grease from the broken bones. The grease can then be collected from the surface of the water to form an ingredient in the storable dried meat product known as pemmican. Repeated heating and cooling causes the rock eventually to crack and break until it become too small to be of further use and is discarded (Brink and Dawe 2003).
A total of 917 pieces of fire–broken rock were recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations. The fire–broken rock recovered from the North and South Blocks occurs in three major concentrations: one in the area of 148E84S, a second in a zone around 142E72S, and a third in the vicinity of 137E75S (Figure 30).
2.2.5.3.4.2 Cores
Cores are pieces of rock from which material has been taken for use or further modification. Cores may simply be discarded following removal of material or may be re–used as, for example, heating rocks for stone boiling or as crude choppers when appropriately shaped.
Eight cores were recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations distributed throughout the excavated units with no more than one core retrieved from a single unit.
2.2.5.3.4.3 Flakes
Flakes are materials that have been removed from a core and show a distinctive striking platform on the proximal end. A striking platform is that place on the flake where force was applied to remove it from its parent core. Flakes may be discarded, used without Page 76 of 317
modification, or subjected to further modification to form tools of specific shapes (e.g., arrowheads, knives, and so on). Of the 436 flakes recovered during 2009–2010 excavations, 116 (26.6%) were found in unit 136E73S (Figure 31).
2.2.5.3.4.4 Shatter Shatter is lithic debris resulting from the removal of material from a core. A defining characteristic is that shatter lacks a striking platform. Shatter may also be discarded, used without modification, or subjected to further modification to form tools of specific shapes, although perhaps not as readily as flakes.
A wide variety of lithic material is represented among the 592 pieces of shatter recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations (Figure 32). These materials include a variety of chert, petrified wood, porcellanite, quartz, quartzite, and sandstone. Shatter is distributed rather more evenly than flakes across the present excavation units although there are several areas of minor concentration: one in the same area as the concentration of flakes around 136E73S, a second in the vicinity of 141E74S, a third in 149E84S, and a fourth in the space around 152E85S.
2.2.5.3.5 Unmodified
Unmodified cobbles and pebbles were collected when they occurred in non–gravel bearing matrices, that is, where their occurrence could be considered to be the result of human activity. Unmodified lithics may have been brought to the site to serve as raw material for tool manufacture or as raw material for stone boiling. The most likely source of many of the unmodified pebbles and cobbles is the nearby Bow River, although possibly decorative and fossiliferous pebbles are more likely to have been obtained from an outcropping of Cretaceous age bedrock. Large unmodified slabs used to form the breastwork in Pit 4 and occurring elsewhere in the site were also most probably obtained from a bedrock outcropping. A survey of the local valley area to locate potential sources is necessary to evaluate level of effort required to obtain these materials. A total of 277
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items of unmodified lithic material were collected including 29 unmodified cobbles, 176 unmodified pebbles, and 59 unmodified slabs or fragments thereof (Figure 33).
Several pebbles have very distinctive and unusual shapes (e.g., Plates 85–87) and it is strongly suspected that these items served decorative or fetish purposes. Broken fossiliferous pebbles were probably brought to the site to obtain the fossil shells that have been noted in previous excavations (Walde 2008).
2.2.5.4 Faunal
A total of 11,527 pieces of bone, tooth, and shell were catalogued from the material excavated in 2009–2010. Preliminary analysis of the faunal material was conducted by the excavators, and the 587 identified pieces are comprised largely of bovid (likely bison, n = 234—see Figure 35 for distribution), canid (dog and fox, n = 197—see Figure 36 for distribution), and mollusca (local river shell, n = 153). These proportions, with bison followed by dog as the most represented, mirror both the 1960 excavation findings as well as those from the 2008 field season (Forbis 1977; Walde 2008).
Faunal material collected was assessed for its stage of burning: unburned, scorched, burned, and calcined. Unburned material exhibits no sign of burning. Scorched material has some portions exhibiting burning, but other portions unburned. Burned material exhibits signs of burning throughout. Calcined faunal remains have been burnt to such an extent that organic material has been removed causing the remnant to become white or bluish–white, though it may retain its original shape. Figures 37–40 represent the distribution of faunal material in the site according to these four stages of burning. Of all faunal material collected, 92.1% was unburned, while 1.6% was scorched, 3.6% was burned, and 2.7% was calcined. Unburned and fire–exposed bone distributions overlap considerably, suggesting that many of these remains were dumped together in small middens and that primary human use occurred elsewhere in the site.
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2.2.5.4.1 Mollusca
Including beads and preforms, there were a total of 153 pieces of mollusc shell recovered during 2009–2010 excavations. The bulk of this material may be detritus from bead making activities. All mollusc shell appears to be unburned.
2.2.5.4.1.1 Decorative 2.2.5.4.1.1.1 Beads
A total of nineteen shell beads or bead preforms was recovered during the 2009/2010 excavations (see Plate 88 for examples).
A bead carved from the fossilized shell of a large bivalve (identified by Dr. Len Hills as belonging to the genus Inoceramus) was excavated in 2010 (Plate 89). This piece was drilled from opposite sides so that the hole constricts in the middle of the piece (Plate 90).
2.2.5.4.2 Mammalia 2.2.5.4.2.1 Bovid
Siding of the elements (left versus right) aside, nearly the entire array of skeletal elements is represented. Of the 234 bones identified as bovid, only 5 (2.1%) show any signs of burning. The material identified as bovid is concentrated in three units in the south block possibly reflecting separate work dump areas (Figure 35). Bone in the South Block is somewhat less fragmented than that recovered from the North Block and it is likely that the increased recognition of bovid bones in the South Block is at least partly influenced by that fact.
2.2.5.4.2.2 Canid
Canid material, both dog and fox, is overwhelmingly from the skull and distal limb (Figure 36). Of the 196 items identified as canid, 127 (64.8%) are from the axis vertebra (C2) forward (primarily teeth) (see, for example, Plate 91) and 64 (32.7%) are carpals, tarsals, metapodials, and phalanges. All canid material is unburned. Canid materials tend
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to be encountered in all places excavated in the site and carnivore gnawing is a common feature of many bone fragments (Plate 92). While canid remains are encountered in Old Women’s phase sites, they are seldom present so ubiquitously. The strong presence of canids (probably mostly domesticated dog) here is another piece of contributing evidence as to the “foreign” nature of the site.
2.2.5.4.3 Formed Tools
Thirty–one artifacts made from faunal material were recovered during the 2009–2010 field seasons. These include awls, beads, tools for pottery decoration, and spatulate tools.
2.2.5.4.3.1 Beads
Beads are decorative items crafted from a variety of materials that, generally speaking, have a hole for threading together with other beads or onto other items. Bead preforms are items that exhibit indications of being partially fashioned into beads.
Bone beads excavated during the 2009–2010 field seasons were formed on large canid metapodials and, occasionally, rodent long bones (Plates 93–96).
2.2.5.4.3.2 Awls
Awls are pointed instruments used to puncture material such as hide or leather in the process of stitching them. Three awls were excavated during 2009 and 2010 (Plates 97 and 98). Two of these were fashioned from bovid ribs and a third awl, its tip broken, was made from unidentified mammal bone.
2.2.5.4.3.3 Spatulates
Two spatulate bone tools, both probably made of split bovid ribs, were recovered in 2009. Both pieces exhibit a degree of polishing on the external portion of the bone. One of the spatulates has a groove cut across its width on its rounded end (Plate 99b). The
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other spatulate is rounded and smoothed on both ends (Plate 99a). The purpose of these artifacts is unknown, although the grooved piece may have served as a pendant.
2.2.5.4.3.4 Notched
A notched bovid spinous process was excavated in 2009 (Plate 100). This could have been used to create dentate stamping decoration on pottery or possibly as a musical rasp.
2.2.5.5 Floral
Of 792 floral material items excavated (Figure 3), 673 (85.0%) are wood; the rest has yet to be identified. Charcoal comprises 78.2% of the wood recovered while 18.9% is unburned. The remaining 2.9% of wood material has been burned to some degree short of being converted to charcoal.
2.2.5.6 Glass
Three pieces of glass were recovered in the screening of excavated materials from depths between 0 and 20 cm below surface (Figure 44).
2.2.5.7 Metal
Several metal artifacts dating from the late 19th to the early 20th centuries were recovered during the 2009–2010 excavations (Figure 45).
2.2.5.7.1 Machine–cut Nails
In 2010, four machine–cut nails with annealed heads were recovered. Three of these, each between 4.3 and 4.7 cm long, were excavated in unit 145E75S. A larger nail, 10.2 cm long, was recovered in the adjacent unit 146E75S. All nails were found between 10 and 15 cm below surface.
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2.2.5.7.2 Tacks
A dome–head tack was recovered from unit 149E85S at a depth between 5 and 10 cm below surface.
2.2.5.7.3 Cartridge Casing
A cartridge casing was recovered at a depth between 0 and 5 cm below surface in unit 152E84S.
2.2.5.7.4 Unidentifiable Scrap
In addition to identifiable metal artifacts, seven other unidentifiable pieces of metal were recovered at depths varying from 10 to 25 cm below surface.
2.3 Discussion of Results of Work at the Cluny Fortified Village Site (EePf–1) During the 2009–2010 Field Seasons
With work at most of the 2010 excavation units and a number of the 2009 units awaiting completion during the 2011 field season, it is clear that any discussion of results must be preliminary and contingent on future results. However, several areas of interest do arise. Of perhaps greatest importance to future work was the discovery that much of the “historic” component noted by Forbis (1977) and many of the other industrially produced artifacts are distributed in the very uppermost portions of the site deposits. Very careful and detailed excavation methods are necessary to record the precise locations of these materials but those methods do reveal that the One Gun phase component is methodologically separable from much of the “historic” material. Use of these procedures will slow the work but will result in a much higher quality of data retrieval and, ultimately, in a much stronger interpretation of the archaeological record at EePf–1.
Detailed topographic survey and exploratory GIS–based mapping and analysis have revealed very interesting differences in fortification pit and ditch construction in the northeastern areas of the site. Additionally, mapping of the known hearth and large
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support post locations suggests, along with superimposed features, strongly suggest that occupation at EePf–1 by One Gun phase people was probably more extended or more frequent than earlier interpretations allowed (Forbis 1977). Further brush clearing and continued topographic survey as the project continues will doubtless be equally informative.
Despite the present emphasis on the fortification features, it appears that life at Cluny Fortified Village was largely peaceful. The manufacture of items of personal adornment such as beads and pendants along with the presence of tools for processing mineral pigments into red ochre paint suggest that the living atmosphere was at least generally conducive to the pursuit of peaceful and generally quotidian activities. People were clearly able to go beyond the confines of their compound to collect exotic–looking materials such as unusual pebbles and fossils and to find large sandstone slabs from as yet unidentified bedrock outcroppings, presumably in the relatively near vicinity. The presence of fortifications clearly indicates the people felt the need for them—no small effort was required to construct those facilities—but the nature of most of the materials recovered to date does not suggest an overriding concern for active defense. Rather, it seems the One Gun phase people were enjoying reasonably tranquil relations with their Old Women’s phase neighbours, perhaps emphasizing trade and exchange while visibly indicating their strength and resolve to defend themselves should that prove necessary.
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References Cited
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Babak, Olena and Clayton Deutsch
2009 Statistical Approach to Inverse Distance Interpolation. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 23(5):543-553.
Bushnell, David I.
1922 Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan, and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi. Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 77. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
Byrne, William J.
1973 The Archaeology and Prehistory of Southern Alberta as Reflected by Ceramics. National Museum of Man, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper No. 14. Ottawa.
Brink, Jack W. and Bob Dawe
2003 Hot Rocks as Scarce Resources: The Use, Re–Use and Abandonment of Heating Stones at Head–Smashed–In Buffalo Jump. Plains Anthropologist 48:85–104.
Caldwell, W. W.
1964 Fortified Villages in the Northern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 9:1-7.
Canada, Natural Resources
2010 GeoGratis. vol. 2010. Natural Resources Canada.
Chapman, Henry P. and Helen Fenwick
2002 Contextualising Previous Excavation: The Implications of Applying GPS Survey and GIS Modelling Techniques to Watton Priory, East Yorkshire. Medieval Archaeology 46:81-89.
Dyck, Ian G. and Richard E. Morlan
1995 The Sjovold Site: A River Crossing Campsite on the Northern Plains. Mercury Series Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 151. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Hull.
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Ebert, David
2004 Applications of Archaeological GIS. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 28(2):319- 341.
Ewers, J. C.
1944 The Blackfoot War Lodge: Its Construction and Use. American Anthropologist 46(2):182-192.
Forbis, Richard G.
1977 Cluny: An Ancient Fortified Village in Alberta. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary Occasional Papers 4. University of Calgary. Calgary.
Hayakawa, Yuichi S. and Hiro'omi Tsumura
2009 Utilization of Laser Range Finder and Differential GPS for High-Resolution Topographic Measurement at Hacituğrul Tepe, Turkey. Geoarchaeology 24(2):176-190.
Longley, P. A., M. F. Goodchild, M. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire and D. W. Rhind
2010 Geographic Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons.
Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship Historic Resources
1997 The Dakota Fortified Camps of the Portage Plain. Edited by Heritage and Tourism Manitoba Culture, Historic Resources Branch, Winnepeg.
Spikins, P., C. Conneller, H. Ayestaran and B. Scaife
2002 GIS Based Interpolation Applied to Distinguishing Occupation Phases of Early Prehistoric Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 29(11):1235-1245.
Walde, Dale
2003 The Mortlach Phase. Occasional Papers of the Archaeological Society of Alberta Number 2. Archaeological Society of Alberta. Calgary.
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Walde, Dale
2004 Mortlach and One–Gun: Phase to Phase. In Archaeology on the Edge: New Perspectives from the Northern Plains, edited by B. Kooyman and J.H. Kelley. Pp. 39– 51. University of Calgary Press. Calgary.
Walde, Dale
2006 A Descriptive Analysis of the Little Bow Ceramics. Unpublished manuscript in author’s files.
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3 Tables
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Material Flotation Flotation Matrix Grand Level (m) Ceramic Faunal Floral (heavy light Glass Lithic Metal Plastic Rubber sample Total fraction) fraction 0 2 1 3
0-0 1 1 Surface 0-05cm 3 3
05-10cm 51 1 25 1 3 81
10-15cm 4 3 28 1 1 37
15-20cm 5 57 5 1 1 69
20-25cm 2 54 1 8 4 69
25-30cm 2 32 1 6 1 42
30-35cm 21 2 2 1 26
35-40cm 35 2 37
40-45cm 31 1 1 33
45-50cm 29 2 1 32
50-55cm 30 1 5 1 37
55-60cm 61 1 62
60-65cm 2 49 1 1 53
65-70cm 52 1 4 57
70-75cm 1 13 71 12 1 8 106
Grand 1 81 526 2 2 3 46 8 73 2 4 748 Total
Table 1. BCHP–09–01: Small finds and matrix samples from Feature 3.
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Stage of Burning Charcoal Unburned Grand
Wood Seed Wood Total Level (m) 0 (no 1 1 provenience) 10-15cm 3 3
15-20cm 55 2 57
20-25cm 47 7 54
25-30cm 1 31 32
30-35cm 21 21
35-40cm 35 35
40-45cm 31 31
45-50cm 29 29
50-55cm 5 25 30
55-60cm 11 50 61
60-65cm 19 30 49
65-70cm 31 21 52
70-75cm 36 35 71
Grand Total 208 1 317 526
Table 2. BCHP–09–01: Floral remains from Feature 3.
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Taxon Grand Level (m) Bovid Canid Unidentifiable Total 0 (No 2 2 provenience) 05-10cm 49 2 51
10-15cm 1 3 4
15-20cm 2 1 2 5 20-25cm 1 1 2
25-30cm 1 1 2
60-65cm 2 2
70-75cm 2 11 13
Grand Total 6 51 24 81
Table 3. BCHP–09–01: Faunal remains from Feature 3.
Element Grand Skull and cervical Cranium Maxilla Tooth Total Level (m) vertebrae 05-10cm 30 1 18 49
10-15cm 1 1
15-20cm 1 1
Grand Total 30 1 1 19 51
Table 4. BCHP–09–01: Canid remains from Feature 3.
Element Grand
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Occipital Total Metapodial Radius Rib Vertebra Level (m) condyle 15-20cm 1 1 2
20-25cm 1 1
25-30cm 1 1
70-75cm 1 1 2
Grand Total 1 1 1 2 1 6
Table 5. BCHP–09–01: Large Bovid remains from Feature 3.
Stage of Burning Grand Level (m) Calcined Unburned Total 0 (unprovenienced) 2 2
05-10cm 2 2
10-15cm 3 3
15-20cm 2 2
20-25cm 1 1
25-30cm 1 1
60-65cm 2 2
70-75cm 9 2 11 Grand Total 9 15 24
Table 6. BCHP–09–01: Unidentifiable bone vertical distribution in Feature 3.
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Lithic Form Grand Debitage Unmodified Debitage Unmodified Total Level (m) FBR Shatter Total Pebble Total 0-0 Surface 1 1 1
15-20cm 5 5 5
20-25cm 8 8 8
25-30cm 1 1 5 5 6
30-35cm 1 1 1
35-40cm 2 2 2
40-45cm 1 1 1
45-50cm 1 1 1 1 2
50-55cm 5 5 5
55-60cm 1 1 1
60-65cm 1 1 1
65-70cm 1 1 1
Grand Total 10 4 14 20 20 34
Table 7. BCHP–09–01: Lithic finds from Feature 3.
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Type Grand Machine cut Level (m) Buckle Embossed Foil Sheet metal Strapping Total nail 0-05cm 3 3
05-10cm 1 24 25
10-15cm 28 28
15-20cm 1 1
20-25cm 1 3 4
65-70cm 4 4
70-75cm 1 2 2 3 8
Grand Total 1 1 1 3 64 3 73
Table 8. BCHP–09–01: Metal objects recovered from Feature 3.
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Material Grand Level Faunal Floral Glass Lithic Metal Total 0–5 cm 1 1 2
5–10 cm 1 1 2
10–15 cm 11 3 7 21
15–20 cm 1 1
20–25 cm 1 1 1 3
25–30 cm 5 5 10
30–35 cm 3 1 1 4 9
35–40 cm 3 1 4
40–45 cm 1 1 2
45–50 cm 2 1 1 3 7
Grand Total 21 1 8 12 19 61
Table 9. BCHP–09–01: Small finds from Feature 4.
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Species Grand
Level (m) Unidentifiable Large Bovid Total 0–5 1 1
5–10 1 1
10–15 10 1 11 15–20 1 1
20–25 1 1
30–35 3 3
40–45 1 1
45–50 2 2
Grand Total 19 2 21
Table 10. BCHP–09–01: Faunal material recovered from Feature 4.
Form Grand Fire Broken Level (m) Unmodified Total Rock 10–15 3 3
25–30 5 5
30–35 1 1
35–40 3 3
Grand Total 6 6 12
Table 11. BCHP–09–01: Lithic material recovered from Feature 4.
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Type
Decorative Formed tool Grand Decorative Formed Total Level Domed- Total Machine Projectile Sheet Cartridge Wire tool Total Bead Wire (m) head tack cut nail Point Metal casing Nail 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
3 1 1 5 7 7
5 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 1 4 4
8 1 1 1
9 1 1 1
10 1 1 2 2 3
Grand 1 1 2 4 1 9 1 1 1 17 19 Total
Table 12: BCHP–09–01: Metal objects recovered from Feature 4.
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Material Grand
Level (m) Faunal Lithic Metal Wood Total 10-15cm 1 1
15-20cm 1 1 2
20-25cm 1 1
30-35cm 2 2 4
35-40cm 1 1
Grand Total 3 3 2 1 9
Table 13. BCHP–09–01: Small finds from Feature 5.
Material Grand Level (m) Faunal Glass Lithic Metal Floral Total 05-10cm 4 4 10-15cm 2 1 3
15-20cm 7 9 16
20-25cm 2 2 4
25-30cm 1 1 2 13 17
30-35cm 1 1 3 1 5 11 35-40cm 2 1 1 4
Grand Total 19 2 6 5 27 59
Table 14. BCHP–09–01: Small finds from Feature 7.
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Stage of Burning Grand
Level (m) Charcoal Unburned Total 15-20cm 9 9
25-30cm 5 8 13 30-35cm 3 2 5 Grand Total 8 19 27
Table 15. BCHP–09–01: Floral materials recovered from Feature 7.
Species Grand Level (m) Large Bovid Unidentifiable Total 05-10cm 4 4
10-15cm 2 2
15-20cm 1 6 7 20-25cm 2 2
25-30cm 1 1
30-35cm 1 1
35-40cm 2 2
Grand Total 1 18 19
Table 16. BCHP–09–01: Faunal materials recovered from Feature 7.
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Type Grand Level (m) FBR Shatter Total 20-25cm 2 2
25-30cm 1 1
30-35cm 3 3
Grand Total 5 1 6
Table 17. BCHP–09–01: Lithic materials recovered from Feature 7.
Type Grand Level (m) Bottle Window Total 30-35cm 1 1
35-40cm 1 1
Grand Total 1 1 2
Table 18. BCHP–09–01: Glass materials recovered from Feature 7.
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Type Grand Machine cut Level (cm) Sheet Metal Total nail 10-15cm 1 1
25-30cm 2 2
30-35cm 1 1
35-40cm 1 1
Grand Total 3 2 5
Table 19. BCHP–09–01: Metal materials recovered from Feature 7.
Faunal Lithic Grand Level Scorched Burned Calcined Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 2 3
10-15 1 1
15-20 4 2 6
20-25 1 1 6 47 15 21 91 Grand 2 1 6 54 15 23 101 Total
Table 20. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 136E75S.
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Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Scorched Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 15-20 3 1 1 5
20-25 1 7 12 60 1 5 24 110 Grand 1 7 12 63 1 6 25 115 Total
Table 21. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 137E74S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Scorched Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 20-25 1 1 7 88 2 35 63 197 25-30 1 1 2
Grand 1 1 8 88 2 35 64 199 Total
Table 22. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 137E75S.
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Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Grand Level Unburned Scorched Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 1 1 2 05-10 4 5 9 10-15 5 5 10 15-20 20-25 1 1 6 26 260 2 12 20 2 330 6 4 10 25-30 Grand 1 1 6 26 267 2 21 35 2 361 Total
Table 23. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 137E76S.
Grand Faunal Total Level Unburned (cm) 15-20 9 9 20-25 9 9 25-30 3 3 Grand 21 21 Total
Table 24. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 138E74S.
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Faunal Lithic Grand Level Calcined Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 1 2 3
15-20 2 35 1 38
20-25 2 2
25-30 1 1
Grand 2 39 1 2 44 Total
Table 25. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 138E75S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Scorched Unburned Burned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 1 1
15-20 5 1 151 2 3 10 5 16 193 20-25 4 4
Grand 5 1 156 2 3 10 5 16 198 Total
Table 26. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 139E73S.
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Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 1 1
15-20 58 58
20-25 61 8 3 7 79 Grand 120 8 3 7 138 Total
Table 27. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 139E74S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Scorched Burned Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 3 8 12
10-15 2 1 1 4
15-20 13 15 2 30
20-25 1 100 2 2 17 17 139
Grand 1 1 118 2 2 41 20 185 Total
Table 28. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 140E73S.
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Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Scorched Burned Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 14 1 1 16
15-20 3 1 115 5 1 15 23 163 20-25 1 19 12 1 2 2 37
Grand 4 1 148 18 2 18 25 216 Total
Table 29. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 140E74S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 4 4
15-20 4 39 43
20-25 16 6 4 26
25-30 2 2
30-35 1 1
Grand 22 6 47 1 76 Total
Table 30. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 141E72S.
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Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 2 2
15-20 1 13 3 3 20
20-25 1 1 52 2 8 8 72 Grand 1 2 65 2 11 13 94 Total
Table 31. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 141E73S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Scorched Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 6 1 2 5 14
15-20 5 5
20-25 1 1 1 44 39 86
25-30 1 1
Grand 1 1 1 7 50 2 44 106 Total
Table 32. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 141E74S.
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Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Scorched Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 1 2 6 23 5 37
15-20 2 3 1 5 12 22 7 52
20-25 41 3 5 4 2 55
25-30 25 1 26
Grand 2 3 2 7 84 3 6 49 14 170 Total
Table 33. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 142E72S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1
10-15 3 2 1 2 8
15-20 16 1 8 2 27
20-25 11 4 12 30 5 2 10 9 83 25-30 2 1 3
Grand 11 7 12 51 5 4 19 13 122 Total
Table 34. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 142E73S.
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Faunal Lithic Grand Level Burned Scorched Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 1 1 2
15-20 2 1 1 4
20-25 2 7 18 6 14 47 25-30 3 3 10 11 27
30-35 3 1 1 5
Grand 5 11 34 8 27 85 Total
Table 35. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 142E74S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level (cm) Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total 15-20 6 10 16 20-25 63 1 1 1 66 Grand Total 69 1 11 1 82
Table 36. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 143E72S.
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Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level (cm) Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total 15-20 20 3 1 2 26 20-25 5 5
Grand 25 3 1 2 31 Total
Table 37. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 143E73S.
Faunal Lithic Grand Level Burned Calcined Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 20-25 5 2 67 5 79 Grand 5 2 67 5 79 Total
Table 38. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 143E74S.
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Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1 2
10-15 1 5 1 7
15-20 1 58 5 2 5 71
20-25 4 4
Grand 1 2 62 10 2 1 6 84 Total
Table 39. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 144E74S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 1
10-15 5 1 6
15-20 4 1 81 1 2 4 30 123 20-25 3 3 2 8
Grand 4 1 89 1 2 7 34 138 Total
Table 40. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 144E75S.
Page 111 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1
10-15 1 3 2 19 25
15-20 9 1 3 273 10 3 5 304 20-25 68 2 70
Grand 10 1 3 345 14 3 24 400 Total
Table 41. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 145E74S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1
10-15 2 2 2 2 14 22
15-20 4 1 30 1 115 18 1 170 20-25 1 1 8 10
Grand 7 3 33 3 138 18 1 203 Total
Table 42. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 147E85S.
Page 112 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 1 2
05-10 5 1 6
10-15 2 36 417 20 2 14 1 492
15-20 2 1 130 26 1 160
Grand 4 1 36 548 46 5 4 15 1 660 Total
Table 43. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 147E86S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 1 2
05-10 1 3 2 6
10-15 4 3 5 3 348 21 2 29 11 426 15-20 10 11 6 5 276 19 35 4 366
20-25 12 12
Grand 15 14 11 8 640 40 2 66 16 812 Total
Table 44. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 148E84S.
Page 113 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 2 2 05-10 2 2 10-15 2 144 5 6 1 158 15-20 2 2 3 1 326 12 8 3 357 20-25 1 2 3 Grand 2 2 5 1 475 17 16 4 522 Total
Table 45. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 148E85S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 3 3
05-10 1 1
10-15 17 10 19 236 5 40 23 350
15-20 12 7 5 12 189 10 24 7 266
20-25 2 7 1 10
Grand 31 7 15 31 435 15 65 30 1 630 Total
Table 46. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 149E84S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand
Page 114 of 317
Level Total Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned (cm) 00-05 4 4
05-10 1 60 2 2 2 67
10-15 1 1 2 59 11 1 75
15-20 4 13 1 9 177 1 19 7 231 Grand 6 14 1 11 300 3 32 10 377 Total
Table 47. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 149E85S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 2 1 1 4
05-10 4 1 5
10-15 1 1 64 3 1 4 74
15-20 2 52 2 56
Grand 1 1 2 122 5 2 6 139 Total
Table 48. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 149E86S.
Page 115 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Burned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 2 1 4
05-10 55 1 2 86 3 4 151
10-15 116 27 10 3 229 1 2 1 38 12 439 15-20 58 6 10 2 76
Grand 230 34 12 3 327 1 2 1 43 17 670 Total
Table 49. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 150E84S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 8 2 10
05-10 10 4 2 1 127 8 1 8 161 10-15 2 29 1 2 34
15-20 3 3
20-25 1 1
Grand 12 4 2 1 168 8 2 12 209 Total
Table 50. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 150E85S.
Page 116 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Glass Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Scorched Unburned Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 5 1 1 7
05-10 3 2 33 3 3 44
10-15 1 17 1 3 22
15-20 4 1 1 6
Grand 3 2 1 59 1 5 8 79 Total
Table 51. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 150E86S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 4 17 1 1 24
05-10 4 4 4 53 14 79
10-15 4 3 3 113 3 37 163
15-20 7 7
20-25 2 1 3
Grand 5 8 3 11 192 3 1 53 276 Total
Table 52. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 151E85S.
Page 117 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Gran Level Unburne Burne Calcine Scorche Unburne Charcoa Unburne Burne Unburne Unburne d (cm) d d d d d l d d d d Total 00-05 3 1 4
05-10 1 6 1 8
10-15 78 122 13 4 316 8 1 13 20 575
15-20 3 5 2 34 5 1 50
Grand 82 127 15 4 359 8 6 13 22 1 637 Total
Table 53. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 152E84S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Glass Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 17 2 19
10-15 4 41 1 24 120 7 1 1 12 33 244 15-20 1 14 4 8 27
Grand 5 41 1 24 151 9 1 1 16 41 290 Total
Table 54. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 152E85S.
Page 118 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Scorched Unburned Charcoal Scorched Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 5 1 6
10-15 5 14 1 123 128 2 7 11 291
15-20 16 22 6 309 20 1 1 11 44 430 20-25 3 3
25-30 30-35 3 3
Grand 21 36 7 443 148 3 1 18 56 733 Total
Table 55. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 153E84S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Gran Level Unburne Calcine Scorche Unburne Burne Charcoa Scorche Burne Unburne Unburne d Burned (cm) d d d d d l d d d d Total 10-15 29 29
15-20 4 3 2 228 12 10 20 279
20-25 1 1 2 98 10 19 1 13 57 1 203
25-30 30-35 17 17
Grand 1 5 5 2 372 10 31 1 23 77 1 528 Total
Table 56. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2009 excavation of 153E85S.
Page 119 of 317
Faunal Grand Level (cm) Unknown Aves Total 10-15 2 2
15-20 12 1 13 Grand Total 14 1 15
Table 57. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E65S.
Grand Faunal Floral Lithic Level (cm) Total 10-15 1 1
15-20 42 2 1 45 Grand Total 43 2 1 46
Table 58. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E66S.
Page 120 of 317
Grand Faunal Lithic Level (cm) Total 15-20 1 2 3 Grand Total 1 2 3
Table 59. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E67S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level (cm) Unburned Charcoal Unburned Total 19-20 1 1 2
20-25 5 2 1 8 25-26 2 2 1 5 Grand Total 8 5 2 15
Table 60. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E68S.
Page 121 of 317
Lithic Grand Faunal Floral Level (cm) Cobble FBR Total 17-18 1 1
20-25 2 3 5
25-30 1 1 2
30-35 1 2 3
Grand Total 5 3 2 1 11
Table 61. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E69S.
Faunal Lithic Canid Mollusca Unknown Grand Level Hammer Slab Total Unmodified Unmodified Bead Unmodified FBR Shatter (cm) stone frag 18-19 2 1 3
19-20 6 1 7
20-25 3 1 4
25-30 2 2 1 59 6 1 11 2 84 30-35 5 1 6
Grand 2 2 1 75 8 1 13 2 104 Total
Table 62. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E70S.
Faunal Lithic Grand Total
Page 122 of 317
Level (cm) Burned Calcined Unburned Burned Unburned 18-19 2 1 3
19-20 6 1 7
20-25 3 1 4
25-30 2 2 60 7 13 84 30-35 5 1 6
Grand Total 2 2 76 9 15 104
Table 63. EePf–1: Burned v. unburned small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E70S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level (cm) Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total 10-15 1 1
17-18 1 1
20-25 1 23 1 3 9 37
25-30 3 53 2 2 6 66
30-35 8 1 6 1 16
35-40 1 1 11 13
40-45 1 1 2
Grand 3 1 86 6 21 2 17 136 Total
Table 64. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E71S.
Page 123 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 1 1 2 10-15 1 1 2 18-19 8 2 10 19-20 20-25 1 1 1 1 132 1 1 1 51 190 17 2 3 22 25-30 2 8 1 1 12 30-35 6 3 2 1 12 35-40 1 1 1 3 40-45 1 3 4 45-50 Grand 1 1 3 1 174 9 8 2 58 257 Total
Table 65. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E72S.
Page 124 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 3 3 10-15 1 1 15-16 1 1 18-19 1 1 1 3 19-20 20-25 7 4 10 5 75 2 1 17 142 263 1 1 25-30 Grand 7 4 11 5 79 2 1 19 144 272 Total
Table 66. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E73S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level (cm) Burned Calcined Unburned Unburned Unburned Total 18-19 1 1
19-20 1 6 1 8
20-25 1 3 30 4 69 107 25-30 1 2 1 2 6
30-35 1 1
Grand 1 5 39 7 71 123 Total
Table 67. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 136E74S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Burned Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) Page 125 of 317
0-5 1 1
10-15 1 1
16-17 3 1 4
17-18 1 1
18-19 7 7
19-20 15 1 4 20
20-25 1 1 63 12 5 4 21 107 Grand 1 1 90 12 6 6 25 141 Total
Table 68. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 137E72S.
Faunal Lithic Grand Level Calcined Scorched Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 0-5 2 2
10-15 8 8
19-20 1 11 2 14
20-25 1 1 23 2 17 44 25-30 1 2 3
Grand 3 1 46 2 19 71 Total
Table 69. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 137E73S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Grand Level Unburned Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) Page 126 of 317
10-15 1 2 1 1 2 3 10
16-17 1 2 2 5
17-18 11 10 1 22
18-19 45 44 4 1 94
19-20 3 1 1 5 10
20-25 5 1 6
Grand 58 61 5 1 8 11 3 147 Total
Table 70. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 145E75S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Grand Level Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 11-12 1 1
12-13 2 3 3 8
13-14 21 1 4 1 27
14-15 78 1 6 85
Grand 101 1 11 7 1 121 Total
Table 71. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E72S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Grand Level Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1
10-11 3 2 5
Page 127 of 317
11-12 3 1 4
12-13 4 5 9
13-14 13 4 2 19
14-15 30 16 3 6 55
Grand 48 20 16 8 1 93 Total
Table 72. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E73S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1
10-15 29 74 1 2 5 111 15-16 28 56 1 7 2 94 16-17 10 21 31
Grand 67 151 2 9 8 237 Total
Table 73. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E74S.
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 87 3 1 150 4 1 2 3 1 252
15-16 104 129 4 7 1 245
16-17 53 1 1 38 1 94
17-18 3 3 1 7
Page 128 of 317
18-19 1 1 1 3
19-20 1 1 2
20-25 1 1 2
25-30 1 2 3
Grand 248 2 4 1 324 11 8 4 5 1 608 Total
Table 74. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 146E75S.
Faunal Lithic Grand Level (cm) Burned Unburned Unburned Total 10-15 1 76 4 81 Grand Total 1 76 4 81
Table 75. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E66S.
Page 129 of 317
Grand Faunal Lithic Total Level (cm) Burned Unburned Burned
15-20 1 9 1 11 Grand Total 1 9 1 11
Table 76. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E67S.
Faunal
Level (cm) Unburned 10-15 3 15-20 11
Table 77. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E68S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Total Level (cm) Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned 05-10 2 1 1 4
15-20 2 2
Grand Total 2 2 1 1 6
Table 78. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E69S.
Page 130 of 317
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 10 2 12
10-11 2 2
11-12 2 1 1 4
12-13 1 1
13-14 6 1 7
14-15 1 1
15-20 2 2 4
Grand 23 4 1 3 31 Total
Table 79. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E70S.
Page 131 of 317
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1
11-12 3 3
12-13 2 2
13-14 2 1 3 6
14-15 13 2 15
15-20 12 1 1 14
Grand 32 4 4 1 41 Total
Table 80. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E71S.
Page 132 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 6 2 1 9
10-11 1 1 2
11-12 4 4
12-13 1 12 13
13-14 1 17 1 1 20
14-15 2 20 1 23
Grand 4 1 60 1 3 2 71 Total
Table 81. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E72S.
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 1 1
10-15 45 19 1 7 72 Grand 46 19 1 7 73 Total
Table 82. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E73S.
Page 133 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Scorched Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 4 4
15-16 2 2
16-17 3 34 3 40
17-18 4 89 18 1 2 114
18-19 9 39 3 51
19-20 5 6 11
20-25 4 13 2 19
25-30 3 12 2 1 18
30-35 6 5 1 1 2 15
35-40 1 3 4 8
Grand 23 205 39 5 2 1 7 282 Total
Table 83. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E74S.
Page 134 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-15 1 2 1 1 2 7
15-16 2 1 1 1 1 6
16-17 6 31 3 1 1 42
17-18 1 20 2 1 4 28
18-19 2 1 3
19-20 1 1
25-30 1 1 2
Grand 11 1 55 9 1 4 8 89 Total
Table 84. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 147E75S.
Page 135 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 1
13-14 2 1 3
14-15 3 3
15-16 4 1 5
16-17 2 16 3 21
17-18 5 1 1 7
18-19 1 5 2 8
19-20 1 3 1 1 1 7
20-25 1 2 1 1 5
Grand 1 4 40 2 5 8 60 Total
Table 85. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 152E86S.
Page 136 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 1 2
05-10 1 1
12-13 1 1
14-15 1 2 1 4
15-16 5 5
16-17 4 4
17-18 7 1 8
18-19 1 19 1 1 22
19-20 1 3 3 33 1 2 43
20-25 3 6 11 2 68 1 15 13 119 Grand 6 6 14 5 141 1 18 18 209 Total
Table 86. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 153E86S.
Page 137 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Scorched Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 3 1 5
05-10 3 3
10-11 12 1 4 17
11-12 3 1 4
12-13 7 7
13-14 4 4
14-15 1 4 2 7
15-16 16 16
16-17 2 3 2 39 3 4 53
17-18 2 38 1 1 1 44
18-19 1 1 58 1 3 5 3 5 77
19-20 1 2 62 5 5 5 12 92
20-25 17 2 19
Grand 6 3 4 6 265 7 3 11 13 30 347 Total
Table 87. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 154E84S.
Page 138 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-11 1 13 1 1 16
11-12 3 3
12-13 1 1
13-14 1 4 5
14-15 5 1 6
16-17 3 142 1 18 1 165
17-18 4 2 2 135 1 3 34 20 201
18-19 5 69 14 2 90
19-20 1 1 4 57 5 8 76
20-25 3 1 4
Grand 1 12 5 6 431 1 4 73 34 567 Total
Table 88. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 154E85S.
Page 139 of 317
Faunal Floral Lithic Ceramic Metal Grand Level Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Unburned Unburned Total (cm) 10-11 4 2 6
12-13 5 5
13-14 9 5 14
14-15 1 11 2 14
15-16 53 1 7 2 63
16-17 4 99 2 4 5 1 115
17-18 13 2 2 142 2 16 14 3 194
18-19 7 15 6 137 1 2 18 6 1 193
19-20 2 12 1 15
20-25 8 4 2 14
Grand 26 18 8 480 10 2 48 36 4 1 633 Total
Table 89. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 154E86S.
Page 140 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unburned Unburned Charcoal Burned Unburned Total (cm) 05-10 7 7
10-15 5 5
15-20 1 5 6
20-25 1 1 2
25-30 1 1
30-35 3 1 1 5
35-40 1 1
Grand 3 3 1 1 19 27 Total
Table 90. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 155E66S.
Page 141 of 317
Ceramic Faunal Floral Glass Lithic Grand Level Unburned Burned Calcined Unburned Charcoal Unburned Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 00-05 1 1
10-11 2 2
11-12 1 1 5 1 8
12-13 3 1 4
13-14 1 2 3
14-15 3 1 4
15-16 12 2 14
16-17 7 7
17-18 27 1 4 2 34
18-19 1 76 1 13 3 94
19-20 1 6 133 2 19 6 167
20-25 4 2 3 9
Grand 2 2 6 273 3 5 1 37 18 347 Total
Table 91. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 155E84S.
Page 142 of 317
Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Charcoal Unburned Burned Unburned Total (cm) 10-11 5 5
11-12 1 5 6
12-13 4 4
13-14 5 5
14-15 8 8
15-16 5 1 6
16-17 6 1 7
17-18 7 7 191 7 7 7 4 230
18-19 1 83 2 16 2 2 106
19-20 4 4
20-25 1 30 4 5 39
Grand 7 8 2 346 10 27 13 8 421 Total
Table 92. EePf–1: Small finds from the 2010 excavation of 155E85S.
Page 143 of 317
4 Figures
Page 144 of 317
Figure 1. Project location map.
Page 145 of 317
Figure 2. Shaded relief map of BCHP–09–01 with feature locations.
Page 146 of 317
Figure 3. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01.
Page 147 of 317
Figure 4. EePf–1: Location of 2009–2010 North and South Block excavation units.
Page 148 of 317
Figure 5. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 1 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 149 of 317
Figure 6. BCHP–09–01: Profile of north wall of Feature 1 test unit.
Page 150 of 317
Figure 7. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 2 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 151 of 317
Figure 8. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 3 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 152 of 317
Figure 9: BCHP–09–01: Profile of east wall, west–facing, of test unit in Feature 3.
Page 153 of 317
Figure 10: BCHP–09–01: Profile of south wall, north–facing, of test unit in Feature 3.
Page 154 of 317
Figure 11. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 4 and Feature 11 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Figure 12. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 5 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 155 of 317
Figure 13. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 6 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 156 of 317
Figure 14. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 7 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Figure 15. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Features 9 and 12 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 157 of 317
Figure 16. Three–dimensional surface map of BCHP–09–01 Feature 10 (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 158 of 317
Figure 17. BCHP–09–01: Rectangular arrangement of features in southern area (detail). Scale is in metres.
Page 159 of 317
Figure 18. Arrangement of pit depressions at southern end of BCHP–09–01. Scale is in metres.
Page 160 of 317
Figure 19. EePf–1: Reproduction of Forbis’s site and excavation map (1977).
Page 161 of 317
Figure 20. EePf–1: Three dimensional surface map of the Cluny Fortified Village site (based on data collected to the end of the 2010 field season).
Page 162 of 317
Figure 21. EePf–1: Three dimensional surface map of Feature 3 (1977). Note the fortification ditch interruptions to the north and south of the large pit (depressions to the north and south of the feature are Forbis’s 1960 excavation units X–9 and X–12 respectively).
Page 163 of 317
Figure 22. EePf–1: Three dimensional surface map of Feature 5 (1977). Note the fortification ditch interruptions to the west and east of the large pit and the short trench leading from Feature 5 into the defensive trench excavated to its front.
Page 164 of 317
Figure 23. EePf–1: Georectified topographic survey point cloud.
Page 165 of 317
Figure 24. EePf–1: Support post distance from trench centre–line histogram.
Page 166 of 317
Figure 25. EePf–1: Distribution of all large (support) post features identified to date with proximity buffers.
Page 167 of 317
Figure 26. EePf–1: Distribution of all hearth features identified to date.
Page 168 of 317
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66 3
-67
-68
-69
-70
-71
-72 1 2 4
-73 7 5 1
-74 1 10 67 22
-75 4 58 248 11
-76 1
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 15 31 230 82 21 6 2
-85 7 2 6 12 5 5 1 1
-86 4 1 3 1 6 4
Figure 27. EePf–1: Distribution of precontact pottery sherds in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
Page 169 of 317
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66
-67
-68
-69
-70 H
-71 P
-72 P P
-73 B, P
-74 M P[2] U P[2]
-75 B P
-76
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
P, D -84 P P P P A[2] -85 P B P[3] P
-86 P
Figure 28. EePf–1: Distribution of formed lithic tools in the 2009–2010 excavation units (B–biface, D–drill, H–hafted axe/hammer, M–grooved maul, P–projectile point, U–uniface).
Page 170 of 317
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
A -64 H -65
-66 O[2]
-67 H
-68 O
-69
-70
O -71 R[2] -72 R
A[2] -73 H O R A[2] -74 H H R -75 C[3]
-76
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
A A C A -84 O[2] O[3] O O R C O A -85 C[2] O A[2] O -86 O C
Figure 29. EePf–1: Distribution of marginally retouched/utilized lithics in the 2009–2010 excavation units (A–anvil, H– hammerstone, C–chopper, O–other, R–marginally retouched).
Page 171 of 317
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63 1
-64 1
-65
-66 2 1
-67 1
-68
-69 1
-70 8 1
-71 1
-72 2 6 47 49 10 11 3
-73 19 2 5 41 10 16 16 1
-74 2 6 3 18 7 1 3 9 2
-75 15 35 1 6 8 4 8
-76 21
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 72 64 43 12 18 13 36
-85 1 15 29 2 1 16 22 73 12
-86 4 2 5 5 18 48
Figure 30. EePf–1: Distribution of fire broken rock fragments in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63 -64 -65 -66 1 -67 -68 -69 -70 -71 3 -72 45 21 2 -73 116 13 1 12 1 7 -74 40 8 10 11 10 3 2 1 -75 3 36 3 3 3 -76 -77 -78 -79 -80 -81 -82 -83 -84 1 1 1 13 8 2 -85 2 3 10 18 8 1 -86 3 1 3 1 1 4
Figure 31. EePf–1: Distribution of lithic flakes in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63 -64 2 -65 -66 -67 -68 -69 -70 13 -71 -72 12 4 1 12 2 -73 24 6 12 6 9 4 1 1 -74 21 17 6 5 26 13 2 2 2 2 2 -75 16 25 19 1 1 -76 24 -77 -78 -79 -80 -81 -82 -83 -84 6 21 8 9 25 6 4 -85 2 6 8 45 26 55 21 7 -86 4 1 5 6 14 20
Figure 32. EePf–1: Distribution of lithic shatter in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63 16
-64 29
-65
-66 19
-67 1 5
-68 1
-69 2 2
-70 2 3
-71 13 4
-72 6 1
-73 3 3 3 2 1 6 5
-74 8 5 5 3 1 22 5 6
-75 3 2 2 10 4 2
-76 9
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 4 4 11 14 14 11
-85 2 1 9 3 3
-86 7 3 2 12
Figure 33. EePf–1: Distribution of unmodified lithics in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63 1
-64 13
-65 15
-66 43 77 3
-67 1 10
-68 8 14
-69 5 2
-70 80 23
-71 90 36
-72 179 92 22 96 69 101 61
-73 99 50 157 124 67 81 25 48 46
-74 45 83 21 120 154 59 50 74 66 349 151 211
-75 63 100 41 90 61 331 56
-76 300
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 673 488 376 505 486 277 281
-85 177 483 326 175 214 217 384 454 364
-86 593 125 62 44 166 532
Figure 34. EePf–1: Distribution of faunal remains in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64 1
-65
-66 1 1
-67
-68 1
-69
-70
-71
-72 3 1
-73 2 1 2 7 2 2 2 1 1
-74 1 5 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 4
-75 1 7
-76 1
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 6 4 37 6 3 3 9
-85 3 35 10 2 31 4 10
-86 3 6 3
Figure 35. EePf–1: Distribution of large bovid materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66 1
-67
-68
-69
-70 2
-71 1
-72 2 1 1 3
-73 1 22 1
-74 3 3 1 2 21 1
-75 14 1 1
-76
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 5 4 2 12 4
-85 11 8 4 3 6 27 3 6
-86 1 1 1 3 13
Figure 36. EePf–1: Distribution of canid materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64 13
-65 15
-66 43 76 3
-67 1 9
-68 8 14
-69 5 2
-70 75 23
-71 86 36
-72 174 90 22 83 69 101 60
-73 79 46 156 122 62 51 25 48 46
-74 37 62 20 120 149 48 33 66 63 329 151 211
-75 54 90 39 88 60 323 55
-76 266
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 639 430 322 355 439 264 271
-85 138 475 299 165 192 147 372 431 347
-86 555 121 59 40 141 477
Figure 37. EePf–1: Distribution of unburned faunal materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66
-67
-68
-69
-70
-71
-72 1 1 3
-73 5 1 1 1 2 12
-74 1 4 1 11
-75 2 1 1
-76 1
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 8 31 3 4 7 6
-85 3 1 11 1 11 24 2 6 2
-86 1 4 5 8
Figure 38. EePf–1: Distribution of scorched faunal materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66 1
-67 1
-68
-69
-70 2
-71 3
-72 1 1 2
-73 4 1 11
-74 1 7 1 1 5 5 1 1
-75 1 1 1 2
-76 6
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 14 7 34 127 31 3 2
-85 3 2 14 4 8 41 5 12 7
-86 1 1 2 6 26
Figure 39. EePf–1: Distribution of burned faunal materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66
-67
-68
-69
-70 2
-71 1
-72 3 7 1
-73 11 3 7
-74 5 12 7 2 2 3
-75 6 8 2 4 1
-76 26
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 11 15 12 15 4 6 3 2
-85 33 5 1 2 3 1 5 5 8 12 7
-86 37 2 14 18 26
Figure 40. EePf–1: Distribution of calcined faunal materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63 1
-64
-65
-66 2 1
-67
-68 5
-69 3 2
-70 4
-71 27 4
-72 17 18 6 9 1 1 1
-73 3 15 4 2 9 3 20 19
-74 6 1 8 20 2 12 14 2 44
-75 2 3 6 19 10
-76 2
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 42 15 4 14 152 21 8
-85 18 17 3 8 3 10 42 5 37
-86 51 5 2 1 12
Figure 41. EePf–1: Distribution of all floral remains in the 2009–2010 excavation units. Page 183 of 317
128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66 1
-67
-68
-69 3
-70
-71 21
-72 8 6 6
-73 1 10 2 4
-74 6 2 2 5
-75 2 1 8 1
-76
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 2 1 6 1 11 5
-85 3 1 4 27
-86 5 2
Figure 42. EePf–1: Distribution of unburned floral materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63 1
-64
-65
-66 1 1
-67
-68 5
-69 2
-70 4
-71 6 4
-72 9 12 6 3 1 1 1
-73 2 5 2 2 5 3 20 19
-74 1 8 18 2 10 11 2 39
-75 2 1 5 11 9
-76 2
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 40 15 2 8 151 10 3
-85 18 17 3 8 9 42 1 10
-86 46 4 2 1 10
Figure 43. EePf–1: Distribution of scorched, burned, and charcoal floral materials in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66
-67
-68
-69
-70
-71
-72
-73
-74
-75
-76
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 1
-85 1
-86 1
Figure 44. EePf–1: Distribution of glass fragments in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155
-63
-64
-65
-66
-67
-68
-69
-70
-71
-72 1
-73 1
-74
-75 3 1
-76 2
-77
-78
-79
-80
-81
-82
-83
-84 1 1
-85 1
-86 1 1
Figure 45. EePf–1: Distribution of metal objects in the 2009–2010 excavation units.
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5 Plates
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Plate 1. Aerial overview of 2009–2010 field season site locations (looking northwest). Photograph by Harrison Boss.
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Plate 2. EePf–1: Aerial view of the Cluny Fortified Village site (photograph by Harrison Boss).
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Plate 3. Oblique aerial view of BCHP–09–01 (looking north). Photograph by Harrison Boss.
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Plate 4. BCHP–09–01: Feature 1 prior to excavation of test unit (looking northeast). Photograph by Eileen Kose.
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Plate 5. BCHP–09–01: Feature 1-1 in Feature 1 test unit. Photograph by Eileen Kose.
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Plate 6. BCHP–09–01: North wall (south facing) of test unit in Feature 1.
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Plate 7. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3 (looking northeast). Photograph by Eileen Kose.
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Plate 8. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3 (looking northeast, directly along entrance ramp). Photograph by Eileen Kose.
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Plate 9. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3 (looking southeast, directly along axis of entrance ramp). Photograph by Eileen Kose.
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Plate 10. BCHP–09–01: East wall, west-facing, of test unit in Feature 3.
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Plate 11. BCHP–09–01: South wall, north–facing, of test unit in Feature 3.
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Plate 12. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3-1 in Feature 3 test unit. Note large metal fragment top left and large bovid spinous process fragment immediately below the large canid skull. Top of photograph is south.
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Plate 13. BCHP–09–01: Feature 3-1 detail. Note large bovid spinous process fragment immediately below the large canid skull. Top of photograph is south.
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Plate 14. BCHP–09–01: Hexagonal cane bead recovered from Feature 3.
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Plate 15. BCHP–09–01: Embossed metal fragment recovered from Feature 3.
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a b
Plate 16. BCHP–09–01: Wire–wound glass (a) and cuprous metal bead (b) from BCHP–09–01 Feature 4.
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a
b c
Plate 17. BCHP–09–01: Cartridge casing and metal projectile point from BCHP–09–01 Feature 4, and machine–cut nail from BCHP–09–01 Feature 3.
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Plate 18. BCHP–09–01: Cartridge casing from BCHP–09–01 Feature 4—headstamp detail.
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a
b
Plate 19. BCHP–09–01: Domed brass tacks from and EePf–1 (a) and BCHP–09–01 Feature 4 (b).
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Plate 20. Setting up excavation unit in BCHP–09–01 Feature 5 (looking west). People are Derek Graf (kneeling), Eileen Kose (standing), and Lynne Fulton (seated behind Ms Kose).
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Plate 21. EePf–1: Initial exposure of Feature 2008–008, large unprepared hearth in 137E75S.
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Plate 22. EePf–1: Feature 2008–008, large unprepared hearth in 137E75S.
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Plate 23. EePf–1: Feature 2009–001, remains of slab and rubble breastwork on north edge of Pit 4.
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Feature 2009–002
Feature 2009–003
Plate 24. EePf–1: Features 2009–002 and 2009–003 in Level 4 of 144E74S.
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Plate 25. EePf–1: Profile of Feature 2009–002 in 144E74S.
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Plate 26. EePf–1: Feature 2009–004 in 149–150E84–85S Level 3 (digital composite of three original photographs).
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Plate 27. EePf–1: Feature 2009–005 in 152–153E84–85S (digital composite from two original photographs).
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Plate 28. EePf–1: Feature 2009–006 (detail); use–modified cobbles in 140E74S (note portion of possible decorative pebble on bottom–left edge of photograph).
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Plate 29. EePf–1: Feature 2009–007 (bone pin) at the bottom of Level 5 in 143E74S.
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Plate 30. EePf–1: Feature 2009-008 in southwest corner of 142E74S at 25 cm bs.
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Plate 31: EePf–1: Feature 2009–010: a concentration of large canid (domestic dog?) bones in Levels 4 and 5 of 141E73S.
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Plate 32. EePf–1: Feature 2009–011, a wooden pin mould in 140E74S.
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Plate 33. EePf–1: Feature 2009–012, a wooden pin mould in 137E75S
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Plate 34. EePf–1: Feature 2009–013 in 149E85S Level 4.
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Plate 35. EePf–1: Feature 2009–014: small hearth in 140E73S along with associated bone and lithic scatter in 139E73S (the units were excavated and photographed separately; the two unit photos have been scale–adjusted and placed in approximation). Note the dark hearth stain along the north wall (bottom of photograph) of 140E73S (left photograph) and the burned wood fragments near the northeast wall of 139E73S (circled in red).
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Plate 36. EePf–1: Detail of Feature 2009–014 in 140E73S.
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Plate 37. EePf–1: Profile of Feature 2009–014 (hearth) in north wall of 140E73S.
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Plate 38. EePf–1: Feature 2009–015, a post mould in the northwest corner of 141E72S.
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Plate 39. EePf–1: Feature 2009–016, ovate areas of soil discoloration in Level 6 of 140E73S.
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Plate 40. EePf–1: Feature 2009–017 and 2009–018, a semi–circular red hearth stain with associated wooden peg moulds in 148E84S Levels 4–5.
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Plate 41. EePf–1: Feature 2010–001, an unprepared hearth stain with associated pebble and fragmented bone scatter in 146 and 146E73S.
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Plate 42. EePf–1: Feature 2010–002, small post mould at 20 cm bs in 147E75S.
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Plate 43. EePf–1: Feature 2010–003, refuse disposal area (?) at 22 cm bs in 136E73S.
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Plate 44. EePf–1: Feature 2010–004, post mould at 35 cm bs in 136E72S. Note bison distal metapodial fragment used in fill to stabilize post.
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Plate 45. EePf–1: Feature 2010–005, at Level 4 in 145E75S (note decorative pebbles at upper left and lower right of the photograph).
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Plate 46. EePf–1: Feature 2010–006, post mould at 35 cm bs in 136E71S.
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Plate 47. EePf–1: Feature 2010–004 and 2010–006, posts in 136E72 and 71S at 70 cm bs.
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Plate 48. EePf–1: Feature 2010–006, remains of post at 70 cm bs in 136E71S.
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Plate 49. EePf–1: Feature 2010–007, hearth (?) in 136E70S.
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Plate 50. EePf–1: Feature 2010–008, post mould at 30 cm bs in 147E74S. Note large FBR fragment in fill used to stabilize post.
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Plate 51. EePf–1: Features 2010–008 and 2010–009 in Levels 8 and 9 of 147E74S.
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Plate 52. EePf–1: Feature 2010–010; disposal midden at 18–19 cm bs in 155E85S.
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Plate 53. EePf–1: Feature 2010–014 in 153E86S.
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Plate 54. EePf–1: Vessel 28 (152E84S Level 3—catalogue number 295).
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Plate 55. EePf–1: Vessel 29 (147E86S Level 4—catalogue number 660).
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Plate 56. EePf–1: Vessel 30 sherd 1 lip surface (146E75S Level 4—catalogue number 17).
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Plate 57. EePf–1: Vessel 30 sherd 2 lip surface (146E75S Level 4—catalogue number 457).
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Plate 58. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch and Triangular projectile points and projectile point fragments from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 59. EePf–1: Triangular projectile point base (both faces) from the 2009 excavations (151E85S Level 3—catalogue number 173).
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Plate 60. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point (136E71S Level 5).
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Plate 61. EePf–1: Triangular projectile point (136E73S Level 5).
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Plate 62. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point base (145E75S Level 4).
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Plate 63. EePf–1: Side Notch projectile point midsection (147E72S Level 3).
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Plate 64. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point (154E84S Level 4).
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Plate 65. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point (154E85S Level 4).
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Plate 66. EePf–1: Plains Side Notch projectile point (155E84S Level 4).
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Plate 67. EePf–1: Broken drill (both faces) from the 2009 excavations (149E84S Level 3, catalogue numbers 102 and 103).
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Plate 68. EePf–1: Triangular biface from the 2010 excavations (136E73S Level 5).
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Plate 69. EePf–1: Hafted implement from the 2010 excavations (136E70S Level 6— catalogue number 22).
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Plate 70. EePf–1: Small grooved maul from Level 6 of 139E74S (four sides). Note large anvil scars.
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Plate 71. EePf–1: Flat cobble chopping/grinding tool from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 72. EePf–1: Flat cobble chopping/grinding tool from the 2009 excavations (140E74S)—note grinding scars along the side of this implement and the anvil scar on the upper left surface.
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Plate 73. EePf–1: Cobble chopping tool from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 74. EePf–1: Ochre chopping/grinding tool from the 2009 excavations (147E85S— Feature 2009–004).
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Plate 75. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool (both faces) from the 2009 excavations (142E73S).
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Plate 76. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool 1 (both faces) from the 2009 excavations (144E75S).
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Plate 77. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized quartzite cobble spall tool 2 (both faces) from the 2009 excavations (144E75S).
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Plate 78. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized split quartzite cobble spall tool 2 (both faces) from the 2009 excavations (149E84S).
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Plate 79. EePf–1: Marginally retouched/utilized split quartzite cobble spall tool 2 (both faces) from the 2009 excavations (157E85S).
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Plate 80. EePf–1: Marginally retouched shatter from the 2010 excavations (154E85S Level 4—catalogue number 110).
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Plate 81. EePf–1: Grinding slab fragment from the 2009 excavations (grinding face and profile).
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Plate 82. EePf–1: Grinding slab fragment from the 2009 excavations (grinding face with residue).
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Plate 83. EePf–1: Bevelled sandstone abrading tool fragments (shaft smoother?) from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 84. EePf–1: Bevelled sandstone abrading tool fragment (both faces—shaft smoother?) from the 2010 excavations (147E66S Level 3).
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Plate 85. EePf–1: Unusually shaped (decorative/fetish?) pebble 1 from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 86. EePf–1: Unusually shaped (decorative/fetish?) pebble 2 (both faces) from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 87. EePf–1: Unusually shaped (decorative/fetish?) pebble 3 from the 2010 excavations (145E75S Level 4).
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Plate 88. EePf–1: Mussel shell beads and bead preforms from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 89. EePf–1: Fossil mussel shell bead (Inoceramus) from the 2010 excavations (136E73S Level 5—catalogue number 4).
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Plate 90. EePf–1: Drill detail of fossil mussel shell bead (Inoceramus) from the 2010 excavations (136E73S Level 5—catalogue number 4).
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Plate 91. EePf–1: Concentration of canid skull bones and teeth in Level 5 of 143E74S.
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Plate 92. EePf–1: Carnivore gnawed large bovid humerus head (140E74S—catalogue number 94).
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Plate 93. EePf–1: Bone beads from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 94. EePf–1: Bone bead from the 2010 excavations. (136E70S Level 6—catalogue number 77).
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Plate 95. EePf–1: Bone bead from the 2010 excavations. (146E75S Level 3—catalogue number 3).
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Plate 96. EePf–1: Bone bead from the 2010 excavations. (154E86S Level 4—catalogue number 646).
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Plate 97. EePf–1: Bone awls from the 2009 excavations (a: 137E74S Level 5; b: 141E73S Level 5—note extreme weathering on item b).
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Plate 98. EePf–1: Bone awl fragment (both faces) from the 2010 excavations (136E74S Level 6—catalogue number 121).
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Plate 99. EePf–1: Spatulate tools from the 2009 excavations.
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Plate 100. EePf–1: Edge–notched bison thoracic vertebra spinous process fragment from the 2009 excavations.
Unassigned upper component
One Gun phase
component Plate 101. EePf–1: Profile of east wall of 153E84S. Note the component horizon above the previously recognized One Gun phase component.
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6 Appendix 1: EePf–1 2009 Unit Descriptions
6.1 136E75S This unit was opened on 27 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 9 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Continuation of a well– defined hearth stain first encountered during the 2008 testing program (Feature 2008– 008) was noted at level 5 (Plates 21 and 22). A total of 101 artifacts were recovered from this unit, primarily unburned unidentifiable bone fragments from Level 5 along with 19 pieces of stone tool manufacture debitage from the same level (Table 20). Other finds include a complete canid phalanx and tarsal from Level 5. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.2 137E74S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Work ceased on 22 May, 2009. Feature 2008–008 extended from 137E75S into this unit and was encountered at 23 cm bs (Plates 21 and 22). One hundred and fifteen finds were recovered from the unit (Table 21), primarily unidentifiable unburned bone fragments from Level 5, along with twenty–four pieces of stone tool manufacture debitage from the same level. A broken awl was encountered in Level 5 (Plate 97a). Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.3 137E75S
Excavation of this unit began with a test unit in its north half during the 2008 field season. Feature 2008–008 (Plate 21 and 22) was exposed in 2008 and excavation of that feature continued in 2009. The unit was excavated to 55 cm bs in 5 cm arbitrary levels to explore the full vertical extent of the hearth stain feature. A 1 cm spit (25–26 cm) was excavated separately in Level 6 to remove the apparent bottom of the occupation. Excavation of the unit was completed on 19 June, 2009. A total of one hundred and ninety–nine artifacts was recovered from the south half of the unit, primarily unburned, unidentifiable bone fragments (n=88), along with sixty–four pieces of stone tool Page 289 of 317
manufacture debitage and thirty–five pieces of fire broken rock (Table 22). Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.4 137E76S
This unit was opened on 4 June, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 10 June 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. A large ash deposit was noted throughout the unit in Level 5. This represents a southern extension to Feature 2008–008, which is centered in 137E75S. Three hundred and sixty–one finds were recovered from the unit (Table 23), primarily unburned unidentifiable burned bone from Level 5 along with twenty pieces of stone tool manufacture debitage and twelve pieces of fire broken rock from the same level. Two pieces of ferrous metal scrap were recovered during screening of Level 5 material from the SW quadrant of the unit. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.5 138E74S
This unit was opened 5 May 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when worked ceased on 22 May 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Twenty–one small finds were recovered from this unit, primarily unidentifiable unburned bone fragments from Levels 4 and 5 (Table 24). Other finds include a large bovid navicular cuboid and scapula fragment from Level 4 and one shell bead in Level 6. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.6 138E75S
This unit was opened 26 May 2009 and was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 30 cm bs when worked ceased on 02 June 2009. Feature 2008–008 extends into the NW quadrant of this unit. Forty–four small finds were recovered in the unit, primarily unburned unidentifiable bone fragments in Level 4 (Table 25). Excavation of this unit is complete.
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6.7 139E73S
This unit was opened on 29 May 2009 and excavated in 5cm arbitrary levels to 30 cm bs when worked ceased on 11 June 2009. One hundred and ninety–eight small finds were recovered from this unit (Table 26). A relatively heavy scatter of unidentifiable unburned bone fragments, two fragments of bison bone (radius and metacarpal), and stone tool manufacture debitage in Level 4 appears to be strongly associated with the hearth feature 2009–014; (Plates 35–37) in the adjoining unit 140E73S. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.8 139E74S
This unit was opened on 19 May 2009 and excavated in 5cm arbitrary levels to 25 cm bs when worked ceased on 26 June 2009. One hundred and thirty–eight small finds were recovered from this unit, primarily unidentifiable unburned bone fragments from Levels 4 and 5 (Table 27) Other finds include a small grooved maul from Level 5 (Plate 70). The grooved maul is heavily battered on the ends and has anvil scars on two sides indicating multiple function use of this piece. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.9 140E73S
This unit was opened 10 June, 2009 and excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 35 cm bs when worked ceased on 24 June, 2009. A hearth stain (Feature 2009–014) was first noted at 23.5 cm bs, in the NW quadrant (Plates 35–37). One hundred and eighty–five small finds were recovered from this unit (Table 28). The shaft of an unburned bovid left tibia and numerous unburned bone fragments were recovered level 5 (20–25 cm bs) in the NW quadrant. Identifiable bovid remains recovered from level 5 included a complete left astragalus, a complete right second phalanx, and the proximal end of a left metatarsal. Identifiable canid remains recovered from level 5 include a complete metapodial. Faint red staining associated with charcoal was also associated with the SW and SE quadrant of the same level. A total of 101faunal remains (100 unburned) were uncovered from Level 5, as well as 34 lithic remains (17 burned, 17 unburned). At 27.5 cm bs 3 oval areas of Page 291 of 317
soil discoloration were noted (1 in SW quad, 1 in SE quad, and 1 between SW and SE quad) but contained no finds and disappeared before the bottom of Level 6 was reached (Plate 39). With exception of the soil discolorations at level 6, the remainder of the level was sterile. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.10 140E74S
This unit was opened 20 May 2009 and excavated to 35 cm bs when worked ceased on 9 June, 2009; the lower two levels were culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. At Level 4 (15–20 cm bs) a linear arrangement of modified cobbles and fire broken rock was identified (Feature 2009–006; Plate 28) in the NE quadrant. Two hundred and sixteen small finds were recovered from this unit (Table 29). Artifacts recovered within Feature 2009–006 included a stone chopper/anvil (Plate 72). Charcoal and red ochre stains were also noted in the SE quadrant and in the centre of the unit. One hundred and nineteen faunal remains were recovered in Level 4, of which 115 are unburned. Identifiable faunal materials from Level 4 include a right first phalanx, the proximal end of a humerus, and a rib fragment from large bovids, as well as two canid teeth. Fifteen pieces of fire broken rock were recovered from Level 4 along with thirteen lithic flakes and shatter.. Additionally, two projectile points were recovered from Level 4. A small pin mould (Feature 2009–011; Plate 32) was noted in the NW quadrant at 28 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.11 141E72S
This unit was opened 10 June 2009 and was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 35 cm bs when work ceased on 19 June, 2009. Feature 2009–015—a post mould—was first noted at 25 cm bs (Plate 38). Seventy–six small finds were recovered from this unit including thirty–nine pieces of fire broken rock from Level 3 (Table 30) and sixteen pieces of unburned faunal remains from Level 5, of which fourteen are unidentifiable and two are fragments of canid teeth. Excavation of this unit is complete.
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6.12 141E73S
This unit was opened 28 May, 2009 and was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 10 June, 2009. Feature 2009–010—a concentration of twenty– two large canid (domestic dog?) bones (Plate 31)—was first noted at about 20 cm bs. Ninety–four small find were recovered from this unit, primarily unburned bone fragments from Level 5 (Table 31). Other finds include a partially worked bead blank formed on mollusc shell in Level 5 along with a heavily weathered bone awl in the same level (Plate 97b). Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.13 141E74S
This unit was opened 20May, 2009 and was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 28 May, 2009. One hundred and six small find were recovered from this unit, primarily unburned bone fragments and thirty–seven pieces of stone tool manufacture debitage from Level 5 (Table 32). Other finds include a carved spatulate bone object from Level 5 (Plate 99b). Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.14 142E72S
This unit was opened 10 June 2009 and was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 40 cm bs when work ceased on 19 June 2009; the lower two levels were culturally sterile. A total of one hundred and seventy small finds were recovered from this unit (Table 33). Forty–five pieces of fire broken rock were removed from Levels 3 and 4, above the major vertical concentration of unburned faunal elements in Levels 5 and 6 (n=66). Other finds include two pieces of ceramic from Level 4 and a bone bead in Level 6. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.15 142E73S
This unit was opened 2 June 2009 and was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 35 cm bs when work ceased on 10 June 2009; the lowest level was culturally sterile. One hundred and twenty–two small finds were recovered from this unit, primarily unburned Page 293 of 317
unidentifiable bone fragments and small pieces of fire broken rock (Table 34). This distal articular surface of a bovid radius was recovered in Level 4. Wood with red stained earth and ash was also noted in the same level. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.16 142E74S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 35 cm bs when work ceased on 28 May, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Feature 2009–008 (Plate 30) was noted at 25 cm bs. This feature was initially interpreted as a small pit feature, but, in the light of further experience at the site, is more probably a large post mould. No wood was present in the feature, perhaps suggesting the post had been removed prior to the site becoming buried.
Eighty–five finds were recovered from the unit (Table 35), most of which are unidentifiable unburned bone fragments (n=28) from Levels 5 and 6, as well as lithic debitage fragments (n=21) from the same levels. Other finds include a projectile point tip in Level 5 and a Plains Side Notch projectile point base and shell bead in Level 6.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.17 143E72S
This unit was opened on 10 June, 2009 and excavated to 35 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2009; the lowest two levels were culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Eighty–two finds were recovered from the unit (Table 36), most of which are unidentifiable unburned bone fragments (n=63) from Level 5.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
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6.18 143E73S
This unit was opened on 27 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 09 June, 2009; the lowest level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Thirty–one finds were recovered from the unit (Table 37), most of which are unidentifiable unburned bone fragments (n=25) from Levels 4 and 5.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.19 143E74S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 27 May, 2009; the lowest level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
One feature was encountered: 2009–007, a small diameter (ca. 2cm) bone pin mould in the floor of the unit (Plate 29).
Seventy–nine finds were recovered from the unit (Table 38), all from Level 5 and most of which are large canid (domestic dog?) skull elements (Plate 91) and unidentifiable unburned bone fragments (n=67). Other finds include five pieces of lithic debitage from stone tool production.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.20 144E73S
This unit was opened during the 2009 field season but the end of the field season prevented completion of even a single level. No artifacts were recovered during the sod removal. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
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6.21 144E74S
This unit was opened on 19 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 19 June, 2009; the lowest level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Two features were encountered: 2009–002 and 2009–003. Feature 2009–002 consisted of a small area of red–stained matrix (Plates 24 and 25), which appeared very near the top of Level 4 and extended between two and three centimetres into that level. This feature is interpreted as representing the remains of a small unprepared hearth. Feature 2009–003 was a small concentration of ash (Plate 24) very closely associated with the hearth stain. The ash concentration was extremely shallow (< 1 cm) and may be the result of hearth cleaning.
Eighty–four finds were recovered from the unit (Table 39), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Level 4 (n=58). Other finds include eighteen pieces of lithic shatter from stone tool production from the same level.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.22 144E75S
This unit was opened on 09 June, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 24 June, 2009; the lowest level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
One hundred and thirty–eight finds were recovered from the unit (Table 40), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Level 4 (n=81). Other finds include eighteen pieces of lithic shatter from stone tool production from the same level and a small concentration of cobble chopper/spall tools (e.g., Plates 76 and 77) in association with large pieces of bone.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
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6.23 145E74S
This unit was opened on 24 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 03 June, 2009; the lowest level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Four hundred finds were recovered from the unit (Table 41), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 4 and 5 (n=341). Other finds include eighteen sandstone slab fragments from Level 3—these fragments are of uncertain origin with similar fragments from low fortification wall blocks and grinding slabs occurring elsewhere in the site.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.24 147E85S
This south half of this unit was opened on 19 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs; the lowest level was culturally sterile (the north half was excavated during the 2008 field season). The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Two hundred and three small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 42), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments from Levels 4 (n=115).
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.25 147E86S
This unit was opened on 02 June, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 17 June, 2009; the lowest level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Six hundred and sixty small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 43), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=547). The One Gun phase occupation is very sharply delimited at 20 cm bs with no finds occurring Page 297 of 317
below that level. Other finds include an unidentifiable scrap of ferrous metal found in the Level 3 screenings.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.26 148E84S
This unit was opened on 27 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 24 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
A small portion of Feature 2009–013 extended slightly into the southeast quadrant of this unit in Level 4 (see 149E85S unit description). Two other features were also encountered in this unit: 2009–017 and 2009–018. Feature 2009–017, first visible in Level 4 and continuing into Level 5, consists of a circular line of red staining (Plate 40) very similar in initial appearance to Feature 2010–014 (Plate 53), a very distinctive hearth/dump location. Feature 2009–018 consists of two small diameter (ca 2 cm) wooden post/pin moulds in the floor of Level 5.
Eight hundred and twelve small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 44), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=624). Fire broken rock fragments (n=64) and fragments of charcoal (n=40) are also relatively common in the unit assemblage. Other finds include a broken shell bead preform and seven pieces of stone tool manufacture debitage.
Excavation of this unit is incomplete—Feature 2009–017 should be explored further in this unit and in the currently unopened unit 148E83S.
6.27 148E85S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 19 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
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A small portion of Feature 2009–004 extended slightly into the northeast quadrant of this unit (see 149E85S unit description).
Five hundred and twenty–two small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 45), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=470).
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.28 149E84S
This unit was opened on 22 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 24 June, 2009; the bottom level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
One feature, 2009–004 in Level 3 and parts of Level 4, was encountered in 149E84S: (Plate 26). Feature 2009–004, also encountered in 149E84S and 150E84–85S, appears to have started as a hearth as evidenced by an underlying red soil stain. The hearth location was subsequently used as a dumping area for exhausted bone, fire broken rock, pottery, and shell beads.
Six hundred and thirty small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 46), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=425). Relatively large numbers of fire broken rock (n=64) and pottery fragments (n=29) were also encountered in the same levels.
A dome–headed brass tack was found in Level 2, above the One Gun phase component. Such tacks were often used by First Nations people for personal and artifact decoration during the postcontact period. Four shell bead preforms were recovered from the One Gun Phase component along with a bifacially reduced drill (Plate 67), a triangular projectile point base (Plate 58g), and a stone knife as well as a marginally retouched/utilized cobble spall (Plate 78).
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Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.29 149E85S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 10 June, 2009; the bottom level was culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels.
Two features were encountered in 149E85S: 2009–004 in Levels 3 and parts of Level 4 and 2009–013 in Level 4 (Plates 26 and 34). Feature 2009–004 appears to have started as a hearth as evidenced by an underlying red soil stain. The hearth location was subsequently used as a dumping area for exhausted bone, fire broken rock, pottery, and shell beads. Feature 2009–013 appears to be the remains of a bone boiling or bone smashing station, perhaps associated with the original hearth. These superimposed features all appear to be part of the One Gun phase component but it seems clear the area was reused for different purposes on a number of temporally distinct occasions.
Three hundred and seventy–seven small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 47), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=236). Two cobble choppers and a bone bead were also encountered.
Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.30 149E86S
This unit was opened on 02 June, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 10 June, 2009; the two lower levels were culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. One hundred and thirty–nine small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 48), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=116). Excavation of this unit is complete.
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6.31 150E84S
This unit was opened on 22 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2009; the two lower levels were culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Six hundred and seventy small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 49), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 2 and 3 (n=315) as well as a relatively large number of pottery sherds (n=171) from the same levels. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.32 150E85S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Two hundred and nine small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 50), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Level 2 (n=127). Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.33 150E86S
This unit was opened on 02 June, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 19 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Seventy–nine small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 51), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=50). A single piece of window (?) glass was recovered in the screen from Level 4—the excavator indicated that fragment very probably fell from higher on the unit wall into the lower level. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.34 151E85S This unit was opened on 21 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 10 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Two hundred and seventy–six small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 52), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Level 3 (n=113), along with
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relatively large quantities of lithic debitage (n=37) from the same level. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.35 152E84S
This unit was opened on 27 May, 2009 and excavated to 30 cm bs when work ceased on 21 June, 2009; the two lower levels were culturally sterile. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Feature 2009–005, an apparent ash, charcoal, and burned and unburned bone dump location was encountered in Levels 3 and 4(Plate 27)—this feature was found to extend throughout 152–153E84–85S. In 152E84S, a large red soil stain indicating the presence of a hearth covered much of the northern third of the unit in Level 3 and extended into 152E83S (unexcavated).
Six hundred and thirty–seven small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 53), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Level 3 (n=316), along with relatively large quantities of burned unidentifiable bone fragments (n=122) and small pottery sherds (n=78) from the same level. These materials are all associated with Feature 2009–005. Stratigraphically above the feature, in Level 1, a Lee Enfield .303 cartridge casing was recovered. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.36 152E85S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 11 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Feature 2009–005, an apparent ash, charcoal, and burned and unburned bone dump location was encountered in Levels 3 and 4(Plate 27)—this feature was found to extend throughout 152–153E84–85S.
Two hundred and ninety small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 54), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=134), along with relatively large quantities of lithic debitage (n=41) from the same levels. These materials are all associated with Feature 2009–005. In addition, a small
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piece of modern window glass was recovered from Level 3. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.37 153E84S
This unit was opened on 26 May, 2009 and excavated to 35 cm bs when work ceased on 19 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. The west wall of this and the adjacent unit (153E85S) showed two soil horizons with associated artifacts in the wall (Plate 101). The One Gun phase component recognized to date occurs in association with the lower buried soil horizon at about 20 cm bs. The upper component occurs at about 10 cm bs. These soil horizons were not visible during excavation and no bimodal distribution of materials is evident in the depth of burial of the finds in this area (Table 55). The recovered materials cannot be assigned to separate components. It is nonetheless evident that two upper components are present in the profile and, as is evident in the profile of 142E73S in the North Block, elsewhere in the site. This result, occurring as it did at the end of the 2009 field season, prompted the director of the excavation to reassess the appropriateness of the standard 5 cm arbitrary levels. One centimetre arbitrary spits within the 5cm arbitrary levels were recommended for use in future work in the upper portions of the site in an effort to isolate the components. The sterile five centimetres of matrix between 25 and 30 cm bs may suggest that the top of the underlying Component 3 was intercepted between 30 and 35 cm bs, where excavation ceased.
Feature 2009–005, an apparent ash, charcoal, and burned and unburned bone dump location was encountered in levels 4 and 5(Plate 27)—this feature was found to extend throughout 152–153E84–85S.
Seven hundred and thirty–three small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 55), most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Levels 3 and 4 (n=432), along with relatively large quantities of charcoal (n=148) and lithic debitage
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(n=55) from the same levels. These materials are all associated with Feature 2009–005. Excavation of this unit is complete.
6.38 153E85S
This unit was opened on 20 May, 2009 and excavated to 35 cm bs when work ceased on 11 June, 2009. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels. The west wall of this and the adjacent unit (153E84S) showed two soil horizons with associated artifacts in the wall (Plate 101)—see description of 153E84S. The sterile five centimetres of matrix between 25 and 30 cm bs (Table 56) may suggest that the top of the underlying Component 3 was intercepted between 30 and 35 cm bs, where excavation ceased.
Feature 2009–005, an apparent ash, charcoal, and burned and unburned bone dump location was encountered in levels 4 and 5.(Plate 27)—this feature was found to extend throughout 152–153E84–85S.
Five hundred and twenty–eight small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments primarily from Level 4 (Table 56). Excavation of this unit is complete.
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7 Appendix 2 EePf–1 2010 Unit Descriptions 7.1 136E64S
This unit was opened on 18 June, 2010 and excavated to 25 cm bs when work ceased on 22 June, 2010. A heavy concentration of large gravel was encountered in Levels 4 and 5, probably the result of deposition of spoil on the inside perimeter of the fortification trench as it was being constructed. No cultural materials were encountered in this unit during the 2010 field season. Excavation of this unit is incomplete and must be completed during the 2011 field season.
7.2 136E65S
This unit was opened on 18 June, 2010 and excavated to 20 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2010. A concentration of small gravel was encountered in Levels 3 and 4, possibly a continuation of the interior spoil pile along the inside perimeter of the fortification trench. A total of fifteen unburned bone fragments was recovered with most examples coming from Level 4 (Table 57). Excavation of this unit is incomplete and must be completed during the 2011 field season.
7.3 136E66S
This unit was opened on 18 June, 2010 and excavated to 20 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2010. A concentration of small gravel was encountered in Levels 3 and 4, possibly a continuation of the interior spoil pile along the inside perimeter of the fortification trench. A total of forty–six small finds was recovered with most examples coming from Level 4 (Table 58). Excavation of this unit is incomplete and must be completed during the 2011 field season.
7.4 136E67S
This unit was opened on 18 June, 2010 and excavated to 20 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2010. Small amounts of gravel were noted in the southeast quadrant of the unit
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in Level 3. In Level 4, two small cobbles (one of which is a hammerstone) were noted in Level 4 as were charcoal stains in the north half of the unit and a post mould with wood fragments—assignment of a feature number will take place in 2011 once full excavation has occurred—and an unidentifiable unburned bone fragment (Table 59). Excavation of this unit is incomplete and must be completed during the 2011 field season.
7.5 136E68S
This unit was opened on 15 June, 2010 and excavated to 26 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2010. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. A five cm arbitrary level was used between 20 and 25 cm bs then 1 cm arbitrary level excavation was reinstated for Level 6. A post mould (Feature 2010–013) was first noted at 24 cm bs in the southeast quadrant of the unit. Charcoal was also noted in some abundance in the SW quadrant at about the same level. A second apparent post mould was noted between 25 and 26 cm bs in the southwest quadrant; that feature will be explored and added to the feature numbering sequence during the 2011 field season. A total of 15 artifacts were recovered between 19 and 26 cm bs, including five pieces of charcoal, a large bovid os coxae fragment (unburned), and a possibly utilized cobble (Table 60). Excavation of this unit is incomplete and must be completed during the 2011 field season.
7.6 136E69S
This unit was opened on 15 June, 2010 and excavated to 35 cm bs when work ceased on 23 June, 2010. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 35 cm bs. Two post moulds were noted in Level 7. The first (Features 2010–012; Plate 33) was encountered in the southeast quadrant of the unit. The second was noted but not sufficiently explored during the time available to permit assignment of a feature number; that will be accomplished during the 2011 field season. A total of 11 artifacts were recovered between 17 and 35 cm bs, including five pieces of unburned bone, a piece
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of fire broken rock and a possibly utilized cobble (Table 61). Excavation of this unit is incomplete and must be completed during the 2011 field season.
7.7 136E70S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 40 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 40 cm bs. One hundred and four small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments from Level 6 (Tables 62 and 63). The remains of a hearth were encountered in Level 6 (Feature 2010–007—Plate 29); traces of which remained visible in Level 7. The majority of burned items (Table 63) were also recovered from Level 6. Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.8 136E71S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 70 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 70 cm bs. One hundred and thirty–six small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments from Level 6 (Table 64). A post mould (Feature 2010–006) was encountered at the bottom of level 6 (Plates 46–48) and extended below 70 cm bs. Feature 2010–006 extended south slightly into 136E72S. A Plains Side Notch projectile point was recovered from Level 5 (Plate 60). Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.9 136E72S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 70 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 70 cm bs. Much of the excavation of the unit below 40 cm bs was intended to explore the full extent of the
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two post features exposed (see below). Two hundred and fifty–seven small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments from Level 5 (Table 65). Lithic debitage was also found in considerable quantity (Table 65) from Level 5. Two post mould features (Feature 2010–004 and part of Feature 2010–006) were encountered at the bottom of Levels 5 and 6 respectively (Plates 44–47) and extended below 70 cm bs.
The excavation penetrated the depth range of two components known to underlie intermittently the One Gun Phase occupation (Walde 2008:34). An indistinct dark charcoal–containing layer was noted in the south wall of this unit at about 50 cm below the present surface. This may be a manifestation of Component 2 of the Cluny site—a component recorded during the 2008 field season (Walde 2008:35). No changes in matrix were noted at the Component 3 level (ca. 35 cm bs). Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.10 136E73S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 35 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 35 cm bs. Two hundred and seventy–two small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments from Level 5 (Table 66). Lithic debitage was also found in considerable quantity (Table 66) from Level 5. A small hearth feature about 20 cm in diameter (Feature 2010–003) was recorded at the bottom of Level 5 (Plate 43) and a triangular projectile point was recovered from that level Plate 61), as well. Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.11 136E74S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 35 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 35 cm bs. One hundred and twenty–three small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are Page 308 of 317
pieces of lithic debitage from Level 5 (Table 67). Unburned unidentifiable bone fragments were also found in some quantity (Table 67) in Level 5. The broken tip of a bone awl was encountered in Level 6. Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.12 137E72S
This unit was opened on 26 May, 2010 and excavated to 35 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 35 cm bs. One hundred and forty–one small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments from Level 5 (Table 68). Lithic debitage was also found albeit in lesser quantities than in the two units to the north (Table 68) in Level 5. Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.13 137E73S
This unit was opened on 26 May, 2010 and excavated to 35 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 35 cm bs. Seventy– one small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments and lithic debitage from Level 5 (Table 69). Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.14 145E75S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 35 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 35 cm bs. One hundred and forty–seven small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments and precontact pottery fragments found between 18 and 19 cm bs (Table 70). Three machine cut nails were noted in Level 3. Two matrix samples were taken for future floatation and analysis. Feature 2010–005, a reddish hearth
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stain with surrounding small finds was encountered at 19 cm bs (Plate 45). A Plains Side Notch projectile point base was recovered from Level 4(Plate 62). Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.15 146E72S
This unit was opened on 09 June, 2010 and excavated to 55 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 10 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 10 and 15 cm bs. One hundred and twenty–one small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments found between 14 and 15 cm bs (Table 71). A small piece of unidentifiable ferrous metal scrap was noted between 13 and 14 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.16 146E73S
This unit was opened on 06 June, 2010 and excavated to 15 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 10 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 10 and 15 cm bs. Ninety–three small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments and small pieces of charcoal found between 14 and 15 cm bs (Table 72). A small piece of unidentifiable ferrous metal scrap was noted between 11 and 12 cm bs. Feature 2010–001, a dark, charcoal–stained hearth, was encountered at 15 cm bs (Plate 41). The feature extends into 147E73S. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.17 146E74S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 17 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 17 cm bs. Two hundred and thirty–seven small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments and precontact pottery sherds found between 10 and 17 cm bs (Table 73). Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
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7.18 146E75S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 30 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 15 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 15 and 20 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 20 and 30 cm bs. Six hundred and eight small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments and precontact pottery sherds found between 10 and 17 cm bs (Table 74). A large machine cut nail was recovered in Level 3 but was found about 2 cm above all but one of the other artifacts (an unburned unidentifiable bone fragment) in that level. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.19 147E66S
This unit was opened on 22 June, 2010 and excavated to 15 cm bs in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Eighty–one small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments found in Level 3 (Table 75). Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.20 147E67S
This unit was opened on 22 June, 2010 and excavated to 20 cm bs in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Eleven small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments found in Level 3 (Table 76). Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.21 147E68S
This unit was opened on 22 June, 2010 and excavated to 20 cm bs in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Fourteen small finds were recovered from the unit, all of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments found in Levels 3 and 4 (Table 78). Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
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7.22 147E69S
This unit was opened on 16 June, 2010 and excavated to 30 cm bs in 5 cm arbitrary levels. Six small finds were recovered from the unit (Table 78). Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.23 147E70S
This unit was opened on 16 June, 2010 and excavated to 30 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 10 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 10 and 15 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 15 and 25 cm bs. Thirty– one small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone (Table 79). A possible large post mould (Feature 2010–011) was noted in the northwest corner of the unit at 25 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.24 147E71S
This unit was opened on 15 June, 2010 and excavated to 30 cm bs (20 cm bs in north half). The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 10 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 10 and 15 cm bs. Five cm arbitrary levels were used between 15 and 30 cm bs. Forty–one small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone (Table 80). Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.25 147E72S
This unit was opened on 03 June, 2010 and excavated to 15 cm bs. The unit was excavated in 5 cm arbitrary levels to 10 cm bs and then in 1 cm arbitrary levels between 10 and 15 cm bs. Seventy–one small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone (Table 81) encountered between 12 and 15 cm bs. A Plains Side Notch projectile point (Plate 63) was recovered in the 14–15 cm bs level. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
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7.26 147E73S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 15 cm bs using 5 cm arbitrary levels. Seventy–three small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone (Table 82) encountered in Level 3. Nineteen small pieces of charcoal were also recovered in Level 3 in association with Feature 2010–001, a dark, charcoal–stained hearth, encountered at 15 cm bs (Plate 41). The feature extends into 146E73S. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.27 147E74S
This unit was opened on 25 May, 2010 and excavated to 40 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 15 cm bs and 1 cm arbitrary vertical excavation units were used between 15 and 20 cm bs. Use of 5 cm levels resumed between 20 40 cm bs. Two hundred and eighty–two small finds were recovered from the unit, most of which are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments encountered between 16 and 19 cm bs (Table 83). Discontinuities in the vertical distribution of finds between 19 and 20 cm bs suggests the presence of two components here; the first between 16 and 19 cm bs and a second concentrated between 20 and 30 cm bs.
Two post mould features (2010–008 and 2010–009) were noted in the NE and SE quadrants respectively (Plates 50–51). Careful excavation and recording revealed the first indications of the underlying preserved wooden posts between 19 and 20 cm bs and the east wall profile suggests the post holes may have been excavated into and through underlying buried surfaces and components.
Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.28 147E75S
The north half of this unit was excavated during the 2008 field season. The south half was excavated during the 2010 field season to a depth of 30 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 15 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm Page 313 of 317
levels being resumed between 20 and 30 cm bs. Eighty–nine small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments found between 16 and 18 cm bs. (Table 84). A small post mould (Feature 2010–002, ca. 7 cm in diameter) was noted at 17–18 cm bs (Plate 42) and extended to 30 cm bs. It should be recalled that a similarly sized post mould was encountered in Level 4 in the SW corner of the NW quadrant of this unit in 2008. Excavation of this unit is complete.
7.29 152E86S
The unit was opened on 26 May 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 25 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 10 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm levels being resumed between 20 and 25 cm bs. Sixty small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments found between 15 and 19 cm bs. (Table 85). Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.30 153E86S
The unit was opened on 26 May 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 25 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 10 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm levels being resumed between 20 and 25 cm bs. Two hundred and nine small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments as well as small fire broken rock fragments and lithic shatter found between 18 and 25 cm bs. (Table 86). Feature 2010–014 (a circular hearth—Plate 53) was encountered in Level 5 but excavation could not be completed during the time available. Feature 2010–014 is very similar to Feature 2009–017 (Plate 40) in 148E84S—excavation of these features should be a priority for the 2011 field season. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
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7.31 154E84S
The unit was opened on 26 May 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 25 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 10 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm levels being resumed between 20 and 25 cm bs. Three hundred and forty– seven small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments as well as small fire broken rock fragments and lithic shatter found between 15 and 25 cm bs. (Table 87). A Plains Side Notch projectile point was encountered in Level 4 (Plate 64). The vertical distribution of finds may indicate the presence of an upper component centred between 10 and 11 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.32 154E85S
The unit was opened on 25 May 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 25 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 10 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm levels being resumed between 20 and 25 cm bs. Five hundred and sixty– seven small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments as well as small fire broken rock fragments and lithic shatter found between 16 and 20 cm bs. (Table 88). A Plains Side Notch projectile point was encountered in Level 4 (Plate 65). The vertical distribution of finds may indicate the presence of an upper component centred between 10 and 11 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.33 154E86S
The unit was opened on 25 May 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 25 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 10 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm levels being resumed between 20 and 25 cm bs. Six hundred and thirty– three small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small
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unburned unidentifiable bone fragments as well as small fire broken rock fragments and lithic shatter found between 15 and 19 cm bs. (Table 89). A single piece of unidentifiable ferrous metal scrap was encountered between 18 and 19 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.34 155E66S
The unit was opened on 10 August 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 40 cm bs in the east half and 35 cm bs in the west half. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used in this test unit throughout. Twenty–seven small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned sandstone slab fragments found between 5 and 20 cm bs (Table 90). Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.35 155E67S
The unit was opened on 12 August 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 15 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used in this test unit throughout. Five small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, all of which are small unburned sandstone slab fragments found between 10 and 15 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
7.36 155E84S
The unit was opened on 01 June 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 25 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 10 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm levels being resumed between 20 and 25 cm bs. Three hundred and forty– seven small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments as well as small fire broken rock fragments and lithic shatter found between 17 and 20 cm bs. (Table 91). A Plains Side Notch projectile point was encountered in Level 4. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
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7.37 155E85S
The unit was opened on 01 June 2010 and was excavated to a depth of 25 cm bs. Five centimetre arbitrary levels were used to 10 cm bs, then 1 cm levels were taken to 20 cm bs with 5 cm levels being resumed between 20 and 25 cm bs. Four hundred and twenty– one small finds were recovered from the 2010 excavation, of which most are small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments as well as small fire broken rock fragments and lithic shatter found between 17 and 19 cm bs. (Table 92). The vertical distribution of materials may suggest the presence of a second component between 20 and 25 cm bs. Excavation of this unit is incomplete.
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