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Available Online at ISSN NO Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 REVIEW ARTICLE DIABETES MELLITUS-A REPORT ON ANTIDIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR POTENT BIOACTIVE MOLECULES Rama Shankar Dubey1, Navneet Kumar Verma1, Ajay Kumar Shukla2*, M.A. Naidu1 1. Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India 2. Institute of Technology and Management, Department of Pharmacy, GIDA, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India ABSTRACT The present summarized paper on medicinal plants that have been reported by researchers on experimental or clinical anti-diabetic evidence and that have been used in traditional systems of medicine. A diabetes mellitus disease is one of the most frequent non- communicable diseases worldwide. A complete review was conducted to pile up information about anti-diabetic medicinal plants. It is a metabolic disorder disease of the endocrine system and affecting almost 10% of the population all over the world also the number of those affected is increasing day by day. In this review covered the following sections such as anti-diabetic medicinal plant, bioactive molecules, and experimental model. Future perspectives of Anti-diabetic bioactive molecules and are also discussed. KEYWORDS: Diabetes Mellitus; Medicinal Plant; Overview; anti-diabetic bioactive molecules DURATION: Received- 21/06/2021, Reviewed- 25/06/2021, Revised/ Accepted- 28/06/2021 CORRESPONDENCE: Dr. Ajay Kumar Shukla* [email protected] Address - Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Technology and Management, GIDA, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. INTRODUCTION In Some cases congenital rubella and cytomegalovirus The diabetes mellitus is a very common and widespread infection may also lead a cause of diabetes mellitus [5]. disease. It is affecting the citizens of both developed and Several synthetic drugs are being used for the treatment of developing countries. The cause of diabetes mellitus is life diabetes and there is no drug without adverse effects hence, style of life. Diabetes disease can be defined as “It is a group there is a need for alternatives and improvements to oral of diseases that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia hypoglycemic agents [6]. where sugar level of blood becomes higher due to less level of The various medicinal plants have been reported potent anti- insulin secretion by pancreas of beta cells.” Diabetes in adults diabetic activity. Many herbal plants traditionally used and is now a major health problem with worldwide estimation still not identify their mechanism of action so need to 2.8% in 2000 and approx 4.4 % till 2030. [1]. Prevention and discovery and find out bioactive compounds. The herbal plants control of DM is a major challenge and requires good lifestyle are most popular due to they having low toxicity and very towards more physical activity and less calorie intake avoiding economic. In diabetes disease required to take drug in long sedentary habits. This disease is characterized by abnormally time where herbal plants are best choice of every person who high plasma glucose levels, leading to major complications, are suffering diabetes disease. Approximately total 800 anti- such as neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease diabetic medicinal plants have been reported by various [2]. This health disease is a persistent metabolic defects researchers [7-9]. caused by the total (or relative) defect of insulin. The most peoples of world affected by type 2 diabetes diseases. It is In this review article, covered the various reported medicinal universal health problem [3]. anti-diabetic plants, and that are shown in Table-1 where Diabetes mellitus can be classified into two main types, Type mention biological source, bioactive compounds, in-vitro and 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is resulting from the body’s failure to in-vivo models. This information would be very useful to all produce insulin, and requires one to be injected with insulin. health professionals, researchers and scholars who are doing The main cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus disease is behind a research in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to following such as fasting, low level of insulin in blood [4]. develop anti-diabetic drugs to cure special kinds of diabetes in There are various types of other factors concerned in the man. This review also covers plant parts that are commonly increase of diabetes disease which is the genetic material such used as a remedy sources with their type of extract, interest is as chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA mutation. also focused on experimental studies. Leprechaunism, Rabson Mendenhall syndrome and lipoatrophic diabetes that are related to the genetic defects in Table-1 the reported anti-diabetic herbal plants insulin action. Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2949 Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 Parts of plant Bioactive compounds Type of study Type of extract References Gallega officinalis galegine In-vivo rats aqueous extract [10] leaves, seeds model Syzygium cumini mycaminose In-vivo rats ethanolic extract [11] seeds, leaves, flower model Bauhinia forficata kaempferol-3- In-vivo rats ethanolic extract [11] leaves, flowers, neohesperidoside (insulin model mimetic) Bidens pilosa L. polyacetylenic glucosides diabetic mice aqueous extract [11] whole plant rat pancreatic islets Swertia punicea methylswertianin, diabetic mice ethanol extract [12] whole plant bellidifolin ethyl-acetate extract Capparis moon gallotannins (chebulinic acid L6 cells ethanolic extract [13] fruits derivatives) Artemisia dracunculus davidigenin, chalcone diabetic mice ethanolic extract [14] L. derivatives, quinic acid, 6- whole plant demethoxycapillarisin Salacia reticulata Salacinol, kotalanol, de-O- In-vitro aqueous extract [15] root, stem sulfated salacinol, de-O- sulfated kotalanol, ponkolanol, salaprinol Morus alba quercetin 3-(6- Caco-2 cells ethanolic extract [16] leaves malonylglucoside), rutin (quercetin 3-rutinoside), aqueous extract isoquercitrin (quercetin 3- glucoside) Ocimum sanctum Polyphenols compounds In-vitro aqueous extract [17] leaves such as caffeic acid and p- coumaric acid Acacia pennata polyphenols, caffeic acid In-vitro aqueous extract [17] shoot tips Solanum polyphenols, caffeic acid In-vitro aqueous extract [17] xanthocarpum fruit Macaranga tanarius ellagitannins (mallotinic In-vitro ethanolic extract [17] seeds acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, macatannins A and B) Eleutherine americana eleutherinoside A In-vitro methanolic extract [18] bulb Aquilaria sinensis mangiferin, iriflophenone 2- In-vitro ethanolic extract [19] leaves O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, iriflophenone 3-C-β-D- glucoside, iriflophenone 3,5- C-β-D-diglucopyranoside Panax japonicus polyacetylenes, phenolic In-vitro ethanolic extract [20] root compounds, one sesquiterpenoid, one sterol glucoside Curcuma longa curcumin, diabetic mice ethanolic extract [21] hizome demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, ar- in vitro turmerone Rhododendron quercetin Caco-2 cells ethanolic extract [22] Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2950 Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 tomentosum diabetic rats Picea mariana fruit Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanins In-vivo rats model fruit juice [23] fruit Stevia rebaudiana alkaloids, flavonoids In-vivo rats model aqueous extract [24] leaves Nigella sativa gallic acid, (–)-p- In-vivo rats model crude aqueous [25] seeds hydroxybenzoic acid, The extract polyphenolic acid bioactive compounds as chlorogenic- methanolic extract acid, vanillic acid, coumaric, ferulic-acid, cinnamic- acid, epicatechin, catechin, quercetin, apigenin and flavone Eucalyptus globules In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [26] leaves Phaseolus vulgaris L. alkaloids, flavonoids, fiber, In-vivo rats model extract [27] seeds proteins, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, quercetin, anthocyanin, catechin Marrubium vulgare flavonoids In-vivo rats model methanolic extract [28] aerial part Ruta graveolens rutin In-vivo rats model aqueous extract [29] leaves Carissa carandas gallic acid, flavonoids In-vivo rats model ethanol extract [30] fruit Pinus pinaster polyphenols: Caco-2 cells Aqueous extract [31] bark proanthocyanidins, catechin, Diabetic rats epicatechin T2DM human patients Piper retrofractum piperidine alkaloids: 3T3-L1 adipocytes Ethanol extract [32] fruits piperine, L6 myocytes pipernonaline,dehydropipern onaline Withania somnifera withanolides diabetic patients W. somnifera leaf [33] leaf and root extracts Root Trigonella foenum- Saponins, polyphenolic alloxan-induced ethanol extract of T. [34] graecum (Fenugreek) compounds such as foenum-graecum seeds coumarin, fenugreekine, In-vivo rats model seed nicotinic acid, phytic acid, scopoletin and trigonelline. Tinospora cordifolia Alkaloids, Terpenoids, In-vivo rats model alcoholic and water [35] Lignans, Steroids and others extract whole plant material T. arjuna E- llagic Acid B-sitosterol. In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract of [36] bark bark Terminaliachebula Chebulic Acid chebulogic In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [37] Acid gallic acid fruits Terminalia bellerica Phenolic compounds as In-vivo rats model queous (AQ) and [38] Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2951 Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 fruits extracts flavonoids, alkaloids, ethyl acetate (EA)
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