Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 REVIEW ARTICLE

DIABETES MELLITUS-A REPORT ON ANTIDIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR POTENT BIOACTIVE MOLECULES

Rama Shankar Dubey1, Navneet Kumar Verma1, Ajay Kumar Shukla2*, M.A. Naidu1

1. Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India 2. Institute of Technology and Management, Department of Pharmacy, GIDA, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT The present summarized paper on medicinal plants that have been reported by researchers on experimental or clinical anti-diabetic evidence and that have been used in traditional systems of medicine. A diabetes mellitus disease is one of the most frequent non- communicable diseases worldwide. A complete review was conducted to pile up information about anti-diabetic medicinal plants. It is a metabolic disorder disease of the endocrine system and affecting almost 10% of the population all over the world also the number of those affected is increasing day by day. In this review covered the following sections such as anti-diabetic medicinal plant, bioactive molecules, and experimental model. Future perspectives of Anti-diabetic bioactive molecules and are also discussed.

KEYWORDS: Diabetes Mellitus; Medicinal Plant; Overview; anti-diabetic bioactive molecules

DURATION: Received- 21/06/2021, Reviewed- 25/06/2021, Revised/ Accepted- 28/06/2021

CORRESPONDENCE: Dr. Ajay Kumar Shukla*  [email protected] Address - Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Technology and Management, GIDA, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

INTRODUCTION In Some cases congenital rubella and cytomegalovirus The diabetes mellitus is a very common and widespread infection may also lead a cause of diabetes mellitus [5]. disease. It is affecting the citizens of both developed and Several synthetic drugs are being used for the treatment of developing countries. The cause of diabetes mellitus is life diabetes and there is no drug without adverse effects hence, style of life. Diabetes disease can be defined as “It is a group there is a need for alternatives and improvements to oral of diseases that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia hypoglycemic agents [6]. where sugar level of blood becomes higher due to less level of The various medicinal plants have been reported potent anti- insulin secretion by pancreas of beta cells.” Diabetes in adults diabetic activity. Many herbal plants traditionally used and is now a major health problem with worldwide estimation still not identify their mechanism of action so need to 2.8% in 2000 and approx 4.4 % till 2030. [1]. Prevention and discovery and find out bioactive compounds. The herbal plants control of DM is a major challenge and requires good lifestyle are most popular due to they having low toxicity and very towards more physical activity and less calorie intake avoiding economic. In diabetes disease required to take drug in long sedentary habits. This disease is characterized by abnormally time where herbal plants are best choice of every person who high plasma glucose levels, leading to major complications, are suffering diabetes disease. Approximately total 800 anti- such as neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular disease diabetic medicinal plants have been reported by various [2]. This health disease is a persistent metabolic defects researchers [7-9]. caused by the total (or relative) defect of insulin. The most peoples of world affected by type 2 diabetes diseases. It is In this review article, covered the various reported medicinal universal health problem [3]. anti-diabetic plants, and that are shown in Table-1 where Diabetes mellitus can be classified into two main types, Type mention biological source, bioactive compounds, in-vitro and 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is resulting from the body’s failure to in-vivo models. This information would be very useful to all produce insulin, and requires one to be injected with insulin. health professionals, researchers and scholars who are doing The main cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus disease is behind a research in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to following such as fasting, low level of insulin in blood [4]. develop anti-diabetic drugs to cure special kinds of diabetes in There are various types of other factors concerned in the man. This review also covers plant parts that are commonly increase of diabetes disease which is the genetic material such used as a remedy sources with their type of extract, interest is as chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA mutation. also focused on experimental studies. Leprechaunism, Rabson Mendenhall syndrome and lipoatrophic diabetes that are related to the genetic defects in Table-1 the reported anti-diabetic herbal plants insulin action. Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2949

Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 Parts of plant Bioactive compounds Type of study Type of extract References Gallega officinalis galegine In-vivo rats aqueous extract [10] leaves, seeds model Syzygium cumini mycaminose In-vivo rats ethanolic extract [11] seeds, leaves, flower model

Bauhinia forficata kaempferol-3- In-vivo rats ethanolic extract [11] leaves, flowers, neohesperidoside (insulin model mimetic) Bidens pilosa L. polyacetylenic glucosides diabetic mice aqueous extract [11] whole plant rat pancreatic islets

Swertia punicea methylswertianin, diabetic mice ethanol extract [12] whole plant bellidifolin ethyl-acetate extract Capparis moon gallotannins (chebulinic acid L6 cells ethanolic extract [13] fruits derivatives) Artemisia dracunculus davidigenin, chalcone diabetic mice ethanolic extract [14] L. derivatives, , 6- whole plant demethoxycapillarisin Salacia reticulata Salacinol, kotalanol, de-O- In-vitro aqueous extract [15] root, stem sulfated salacinol, de-O- sulfated kotalanol, ponkolanol, salaprinol Morus alba quercetin 3-(6- Caco-2 cells ethanolic extract [16] leaves malonylglucoside), rutin (quercetin 3-rutinoside), aqueous extract isoquercitrin (quercetin 3- glucoside) Ocimum sanctum Polyphenols compounds In-vitro aqueous extract [17] leaves such as caffeic acid and p- coumaric acid Acacia pennata polyphenols, caffeic acid In-vitro aqueous extract [17] shoot tips Solanum polyphenols, caffeic acid In-vitro aqueous extract [17] xanthocarpum fruit Macaranga tanarius (mallotinic In-vitro ethanolic extract [17] seeds acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, macatannins A and B) Eleutherine americana eleutherinoside A In-vitro methanolic extract [18] bulb Aquilaria sinensis mangiferin, iriflophenone 2- In-vitro ethanolic extract [19] leaves O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, iriflophenone 3-C-β-D- glucoside, iriflophenone 3,5- C-β-D-diglucopyranoside Panax japonicus polyacetylenes, phenolic In-vitro ethanolic extract [20] root compounds, one sesquiterpenoid, one sterol glucoside

Curcuma longa curcumin, diabetic mice ethanolic extract [21] hizome demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, ar- in vitro turmerone Rhododendron quercetin Caco-2 cells ethanolic extract [22] Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2950

Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 tomentosum diabetic rats Picea mariana fruit Aronia melanocarpa anthocyanins In-vivo rats model fruit juice [23] fruit Stevia rebaudiana alkaloids, flavonoids In-vivo rats model aqueous extract [24] leaves Nigella sativa , (–)-p- In-vivo rats model crude aqueous [25] seeds hydroxybenzoic acid, The extract polyphenolic acid bioactive compounds as chlorogenic- methanolic extract acid, vanillic acid, coumaric, ferulic-acid, cinnamic- acid, epicatechin, catechin, quercetin, apigenin and flavone Eucalyptus globules In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [26] leaves Phaseolus vulgaris L. alkaloids, flavonoids, fiber, In-vivo rats model extract [27] seeds proteins, , terpenoids, saponins, quercetin, anthocyanin, catechin Marrubium vulgare flavonoids In-vivo rats model methanolic extract [28] aerial part Ruta graveolens rutin In-vivo rats model aqueous extract [29] leaves Carissa carandas gallic acid, flavonoids In-vivo rats model ethanol extract [30] fruit Pinus pinaster polyphenols: Caco-2 cells Aqueous extract [31] bark proanthocyanidins, catechin, Diabetic rats epicatechin T2DM human patients Piper retrofractum piperidine alkaloids: 3T3-L1 adipocytes Ethanol extract [32] fruits piperine, L6 myocytes pipernonaline,dehydropipern onaline Withania somnifera withanolides diabetic patients W. somnifera leaf [33] leaf and root extracts

Root Trigonella foenum- Saponins, polyphenolic alloxan-induced ethanol extract of T. [34] graecum (Fenugreek) compounds such as foenum-graecum seeds coumarin, fenugreekine, In-vivo rats model seed nicotinic acid, phytic acid, scopoletin and trigonelline. Tinospora cordifolia Alkaloids, Terpenoids, In-vivo rats model alcoholic and water [35] Lignans, Steroids and others extract whole plant material T. arjuna E- llagic Acid B-sitosterol. In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract of [36] bark bark Terminaliachebula Chebulic Acid chebulogic In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [37] Acid gallic acid fruits Terminalia bellerica Phenolic compounds as In-vivo rats model queous (AQ) and [38] Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2951

Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 fruits extracts flavonoids, alkaloids, ethyl acetate (EA) triterpenoids, saponins and extracts glycosides. Moringa oleifera quercetin and kaempferol In-vivo rats model methanol extracts [39] of M. oleifera pods pods Syzygium cumini Triterpenes/steroids, streptozotocin ethanol and [40] glycosides, carbohydrates, (STZ)-induced aqueous extracts bark alkaloids, flavonoids, diabetic Wistar saponins, tannins and amino albino rats acids. Swertia chirayita Gentiopcrin in vitro methanolic and [41] (Gentianaceae) Whole aqueous extracts part Stevia rebaudiana Hydrocarbons & Diterpenes, In-vivo rats model aqueous, ether and [42] glucosides Stevioside, methanolic extracts Rebaudioside Dulcoside, Rebaudioside rhizomes of Polygala Hydroxycinnamin acid, In-vivo mice n-butanol extract [43] senega L arabinose, melibiose, 1,5- model anhydro-D glucitol. Semecarpus Biflavonoides, Phenolic In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [44] anacardium (Linn.) bhilawanols, minerals bark Vitamins, Amino Acid Anacardosidc. Sage (Salvia officinalis 5-methoxysalvigenin, In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [45] L.) camasol, 1, 8-cineole, linalyl acetate. Putranjiva roxburghii terpenoids, mustard oils, In-vivo rats model ethyl acetate extract [46] Wall barks flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides and phenolic compounds Pterocarpus Kinotannic Acid kinored K- In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [47] Marsupinum Pyrocotechin (Catechol) heart wood Resin, gallicacid. Picrorrhiza kurroa Picroside-I , Picroside-II, In-vivo rats model alcoholic extract [48] Rhizomes kutkiside. Phyllanthus Amarus Lignans-a diarulbutane In-vivo rats model aqueous and [49] Phyllanthin Hypophyllanthin hydroalcoholic Whole plant Amariin, Amarulone. extract Urtica dioica Carbonic, isorhamnetin, In-vivo mice Aqueous Extracts [50] Leaves kaempferol, quercetin. model Murraya koenigii Pyroanocarbazole type In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [51] Fresh, green, mature aldaloid myrrayacine curry leaves Momordica charantia Triterpenoid, Saponins In-vivo rats model fruit juice [52] fruit Charantin, momordicin. Mesua ferrea Betulinic Acid. 1,8 In-vivo rats model methanolic extract [53] flowers dinydroxy-3methoxy6- methul anthraquinone, Hydrocarbons, Carboxylic Acid. Althaea officinalis Arabinas, glucans, In-vivo rats model Water extract [54] arabinogalactans,isoscutellari n, ferulic, syringin. Juniper Diterpene acids, ascprbic In-vivo rats model distilled water [55] Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2952

Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 "berries acid, glucurosnic acid, Java tea Orthochromene, In-vivo rats model functional drinks [56] methylripariochromene, acetovanillochromene, Dieterpenes, ß-elemene, β- caryophyllene. Ispaghula Boschniakine, boschinakinic In-vitro rabbits Plantago [57] seeds acid, aucubin, placteose, ovata husk priterpine. Hybanthus alkaloids, dipeptide, In-vivo rats model alcoholic extract [58] enneaspermus isoarborinol, sitosterol, whole plant flavonoids, sugars, tannins Panax ginseng berry Protopanaxadiol, In-vivo mice alcoholic extract [59] protopanaxatriol, panacene, model limonene, terpineol. Ginger Starch, palmitic acid, oleic In-vivo rats model Rhizome juice [60] fresh and dried acid, linolenic acid, caprylic rhizome acid, arachidic cid, zingerone, zindiberol. Garlic Allinase, peroxidase, In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [61] bulb myrosinase, aliyipropyl disulfide, ajoene, s- allylmercapotcysteine. Feniculam Valgare Fenchone, Anethole In-vivo rats model leaves aqueous [62] leaves Phellandrene Lemonene extract Evolvulus alsinoides Shankhpushpine Volatile oil In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [63] whole plant Eugenia jambolana isoquercetin, kaempferol In-vivo rats model ethanolic extract [64] whole seed, kernel, and seed coat Eucalyptus leaf Citronellal, citronellol B- In-vivo rats model Aqueous extract [65] pinene, p-cymene cineole, linallol. Emblia ribes Embelin, tannins, terpenes, In-vivo rats model n-hexane extract [66] berries alkaloids, , and phenolic acids compounds as caffeic acid, vanillic acid, chrorogenic acid, cinnamic acid and cumaric acid. Embelica officinalis Vitamine, phyllemblin In-vivo rats model Aqueous extract [67] seeds tannins. Dandelion leaf and Cichoric acid, aesculin, rats and mice extract [68] root lueteolin-7-diglucoside, oieic acid, onocafferyl tartaric acid Turnera diffusa Tetrraphyline B, calamine, 1- In-vivo mice methanolic extract [69] (damiana) leaves and 8-cineole,B-copaene, arbutin. model stems

Commiphoramyrrha Sesquiterpenes & Acid a In-vivo rats model ethanolic extracts [70] pinene, cadinene Limonene, gum resin Eugenol, Cuminaldhyde, Acetic Acid, m-cresol. Cinnamon Zeylanicum Polyphenol, Eugenol, In-vivo rats model water soluble [71] bark Cinnamaldehyde extracts Phellandrene, Pinene, Cymene, Caryolonyllenq. Centella asiatica whole Asiaticoside madecassoside. In-vivo rats model ethanolic extracts [72] Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2953

Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 plant Apium Apiginin, apigravin, celerin, In-vivo rats model celery seeds extract [73] graveolen L. (Celery B-eudesmol, myristic, seeds) rutaretin. Capparis deciduas amino acids, sterols, In-vitro Water extracts [74] flowers, fruits, stems, tocopherols, phenols seed and leaves Arctium lappa Fukinone, B-setolone, resin, In-vivo mice hydro-alcoholic [75] (burdock), (A. lappa) B-inesmol, myristic, model extract root rutaretin. Bombax cieba Lupeol, a sitosterol In-vivo rats model Ethyl acetate [76] bark extract sesquiterpenes Flovonoid extract Alkaloids, steroids Caleium & Napthaquinones. Boehavia diffusa or Punarnavine Punernavoside. In-vivo rats model aqueous extract [77] (Punarnava) leaf Blueberry fruits Anthocyanin, Caffeoylquinic In-vivo mice anthocyanin- [78] 3,5 dicafeylqunic neo model enriched fraction chloroqnic 4 caffcoyl quinic 3coumaroulqunic Chloroqenic Acid. Bhumi Amla or Lignans-a diarulbutane In-vivo mice 95% ethanolic [79] Phyllanthus Amarus Phyllanthin Hypophyllanthin model extracts leaves Amariin, Amarulone. Azadirachta Indica Azadirachtin Meliantriol in vivo diabetic chloroform extract [80] leaves Nimbin, Nimbidin, murine model Myricitin. Andrographis- Androgrpholide In-vivo rats model 95% ethanolic [81] Paniculat whole part extracts Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthoside, glycoside, In-vivo rats model methanol extracts [82] leaves coumaryl stigmasterol glycoside, betaine, betaine and trigonelline. Aloe vera juice leaves Pentocides-Barbaloin, aloin, diabetic patients aqueous extract [83] isobarbaloin, betabarbaloin Fresh and recently Organic-acids, chiefly malic diabetic patients aqueous extract [84] cropped Allium cepa and citric acids and fructose, glucose, and sucrose Alfalfa whole part Malonic acid, trigonellinge, In-vivo rats model aqueous extract [85] arginine, medicagol, genistein, campesterol, B- carotene Alangium lamarckii alkaloids, deoxytubulosine, In-vivo rats model alcoholic extract [86] leaves alangimarckine, dehydroprotoemetine, phenolic glycosides, salviifosides A-C, salicin, kaempferol, and kaempferol 3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside Ailanthus excelsa Phytol, linolenic Acid, In-vivo rats model 70% methanol [87] leaves Flavonoids, Saponins, extract Protein, Quassinoids, terpenoids, Cumarins

Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2954

Available online at www.jmpas.com ISSN NO. 2320–7418 DOI: 10.22270/jmpas.V10I3.1107 Agrimony Apiginin, lutiolin, In-vivo mice Aqueous extract [88] , Quercitrin, model ursolic acid.

Aegle marmelos leaf Marimelosin Furocumarin In-vivo rats model extract [89] dhatoda zeylanica pyrroloquinoline alkaloids In-vivo rats model methanolic extract [90] leaves and twigs such as vasicine, vasicol, adhatodine, vasicinone, vasicinol, vasicinolone Acacia-or Acacia Arabin oxidase In-vivo rats model chloroform extract [91] Arabica bark

Anti-diabetic effect bioactive compounds The number of medicinal plants has been reported anti-diabetic Enicostemmalittorale; thylanthus Maharashuri potential activity due to presence of bioactive compounds neum; ungania jamplona; ayurvedic. chiefly alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, phenol, azadirecta indica; gerulvalae flavonoids, carotenoids, saponins. such as arjuna.etc. Amalaki powder; charan bhasma; Bajaj pharmaceutical. Table.2 Marketed preparations for prevention of diabetis methi beej; Jamun beej; etc mellitus Areca, Syzygium Cumini Dhanvantri Pharma. Ingredient used Manufacture Cannabis Sativa Quercus in r Fectoria Momordica Charantia, Amaalaki powder, sudha shilagit; Bajaj herbal Asperagus Adscendens jasad bhasma; methika; beej; Azadirachta Indica Tinospora madhunasimi; ashwagandha. Cardifolia Angle Marmelos, Gudmar; jamun guthly; gulvel; Baidynath. Trigonella Foencum, Gurmar leaf karela beej; khadir chuma; haldi; Emblica officinalis. amla; vijay sar; tejpatra; shilajit; gulalphal chuma; kutki; chitrak; The reported potential antidiabetic bioactive compounds Anthocyanidins, Anthocyanins, Flavones, Isoflavones, Flavan- Harad; behead; amala; shunthi; Dindaal aushadhi (P) 3-ols, Isoflavonoids, Chalcones, Tannins, Xanthones, Organic pipali; kali mirch; gudmar patra; Ltd. acids, Cinamic acid derivatives, Sugars, Curcuminoids and jamun beej; shudha shilajit; vasant kusma rus; lauha bhasma; Alkaloids, etc. In-addition these compounds act as α- trivang bhasma; svama makshik glucosidase inhibitors. All these bioactive compounds are now bhasma; using in the treatment of type 2 diabetes diseases. Numbers of Tejpatra; bilvpatra; vijay sar, Aimil pharmaceutical other plants that possess anti-diabetic activity but do not gulalpatr; jamun patra; methi Ltd. identify where need to do more research and identify behind beej; gudmar patra; neempatra; the activity of bioactive compounds. Natural products like giloe; trivang bhasma; herbal extract, either as pure bioactive compounds or in form sudhshilajeet. of herbal extracts that offer unlimited opportunities for any Meshshringi; pitasara; Himalaya Aurvedic new bioactive compound discoveries. The standardization of yashtimadhu; apatarangi; jambu; pharmaceutical. herbal formulation is very essential for export of Ayurvedic shatavari; punamava; mundatika; products to all over the world. It is essential to evaluate the gudachi; gugul; shilajit; quality of drugs that is based on the concentration of bioactive kairla;gokshura; bhumiamalki; compounds [92-100]. gumbhari, karpari; triphala. rivang Bhasma, Gudmar Patra, Baidynath pharma. Future Perspective Neem Patra, Jamun Guthali, Diabetes disease is an irregular lifestyle origin syndrome that is Shudha Shilajeet, Swarna Bhasma not easy to define. Herbal treatment is an alternatives way used as active ingredients. It controls to control or decrease it. The use of bioactive compounds plays the blood sugar level, gives relief vital roles in diabetes control that is based on the state of in excessive thirst and urination, tingling sensation, fatigue etc. homeostasis. It is inducing by antioxidant enzymes in largely. Glurcumalonga; strynchonos Pankaj kasturi pharma. These antioxidant enzymes provide us with tools to apply polotarum; slalaciaop longa; Ltd. antioxidant therapies to treat diabetes. Consequently, accuracy innophura cardiophuria; atevetrial of herbal medicine targeting a definite type of antioxidant in zizanioibes; etc. precise cells in a limited phase of time can be useful in Jamun beej; madhunasini; gugul; Dabur pharmaceutical. treatment of diabetes disease. kutki; haridhara etc. Journal of Medical P’ceutical & Allied Sciences, V 10-I 3, 1414, May-June 2021, P-2949-2960 2955

Modern lifestyles changes, control of diet, and it is additional obtained from medicinal plant have not been well effective in place of medicines and may prevent the disease. characterized. In-addition investigations have to be carried out On the other side, a number of researchers described aleration to assess the mechanism of action of herbal plants with anti- in biomarkers in diabetes and other various diseases. When diabetic effect. At the same time, this review study has shown using polyphenolic bioactive compounds, but there is still time various mechanisms of action and active components in plants an extended way to go in establishing the amount and type of which have greatly enhanced our understanding on the phenolic bioactive compound liable for the protective possible rationale underpinning popular usage of some plants for the and/or therapeutic effects against these chronic diseases. The prevention and treatment of diabetic complications in order to satisfied of phytochemical bioactive compounds they contain develop effective medicines for the prevention and treatment of may be used as a strategy to get better glucose/insulin diabetic complications. The side effect of these herbal plants homeostasis through better insulin sensitivity, leading to should also be elucidated. We have focused on herbal plants preservation, and function of pancreatic islets in a prediabetic belonging to numerous diverse families to recognize their state. The low availability of the isolated bioactive compounds therapeutic use and their potential anti-diabetic activities. In the also leads us to examine other alternatives to develop review an effort has been made to cover all the anti-diabetic bioavailability. herbal plants. It may be extremely useful to the health professionals, researchers and scholars who are doing research CONCLUSION in this field for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. In this review we discussed about medicinal plant for treatment of Diabetes mellitus. It showed that these plants have Conflict of interest statement hypoglycaemic effects. Numerous new bioactive compounds We declare that we have no conflict of interest. isolated from herbal plants having anti-dabetic effects exhit anti-diabetic activity. However, several other bioactive agents 12. Tian LY, Bai X, Chen XH, Fang JB, Liu SH, Chen JC. REFERENCES 2010. Anti-diabetic effect of methylswertianin and 1. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. bellidifolin from Swertia punicea Hemsl and its potential GlobalMudgal V, Khanna, KK, Hajra PK. 1997. Flora of mechanism. Phytomed, 17:533-539. Madhya Pradesh Vol. II. Botanical Survey of India, 13. Kanaujia A, Duggar R, Pannakal ST, Yadav SS, Katiyar Calcutta. 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