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Comparison Between the Microbial Diversity in Carpenter Ant (Camponotus) Gut and Weaver Ant (Oecophylla) Gut
Hosmath & Timmappa J Pure Appl Microbiol, 13(4), 2421-2436 | December 2019 Article 5857 | https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.58 Print ISSN: 0973-7510; E-ISSN: 2581-690X RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Comparison Between the Microbial Diversity in Carpenter Ant (Camponotus) Gut and Weaver Ant (Oecophylla) Gut Kirti Shivayogi Hosmath and Shivasharana Chandrabanda Timmappa* Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. Abstract Aim to study the whole genome of cultured and uncultured microbes present within the ant gut environment can only be determined by using the advanced technology used is Next-generation sequencing (NGS) tool. Here' in this research' this tool is been used to study the exact composition or population of gut microbes present in the two ants are: Carpenter ant (genus Camponotus) and Weaver ant (genus Oecophylla), by 16S/18S/ITS rDNA amplicon sequencing and comparing whether these two ants have same microbial species and same composition, if yes then what is their percentage of abundance in these ants gut and how these microbial diversity play role in these ants life cycle. And from this ant gut study, which is performed by metagenomic tools, revealed the presence of large diversity of microbes in these ant gut and are from the order and genus of bacteria commonly found are Actinomycetales, Bifidobacteriales, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodales, Flavobacteriales, Caulobacterales, Methanobacteriales, Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, Bradyrhizobacterium, Agrobacterium etc. here, the complete microbial diversity of Carpenter and Weaver ant guts are studied by performing 16S / 18S / ITS rDNA amplicon sequencing procedure, which includes, surface sterilization, dissection, culturing in basic media broth, genomic DNA extraction, quality control, rDNA variable region amplification, library construction, high-throughput sequencing, data analysis and identification of microbiome. -
Nutritional Ecology of the Carpenter Ant Camponotus Pennsylvanicus (De Geer): Macronutrient Preference and Particle Consumption
Nutritional Ecology of the Carpenter Ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer): Macronutrient Preference and Particle Consumption Colleen A. Cannon Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology Richard D. Fell, Chairman Jeffrey R. Bloomquist Richard E. Keyel Charles Kugler Donald E. Mullins June 12, 1998 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: diet, feeding behavior, food, foraging, Formicidae Copyright 1998, Colleen A. Cannon Nutritional Ecology of the Carpenter Ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer): Macronutrient Preference and Particle Consumption Colleen A. Cannon (ABSTRACT) The nutritional ecology of the black carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer) was investigated by examining macronutrient preference and particle consumption in foraging workers. The crops of foragers collected in the field were analyzed for macronutrient content at two-week intervals through the active season. Choice tests were conducted at similar intervals during the active season to determine preference within and between macronutrient groups. Isolated individuals and small social groups were fed fluorescent microspheres in the laboratory to establish the fate of particles ingested by workers of both castes. Under natural conditions, foragers chiefly collected carbohydrate and nitrogenous material. Carbohydrate predominated in the crop and consisted largely of simple sugars. A small amount of glycogen was present. Carbohydrate levels did not vary with time. Lipid levels in the crop were quite low. The level of nitrogen compounds in the crop was approximately half that of carbohydrate, and exhibited seasonal dependence. Peaks in nitrogen foraging occurred in June and September, months associated with the completion of brood rearing in Camponotus. -
'Genome to Paddock' Approach to Control Plant Disease
PLENARY 1 – DANIEL MCALPINE MEMORIAL LECTURE A ‘genome to paddock’ approach to control plant disease 1 Barbara Howlett 1. University of Melbourne, Melbounre, VIC, Australia Pathogenic fungi evolve in concert with their plant hosts to invade and overcome defence responses. A detailed knowledge of these processes is essential for successful disease management strategies. Blackleg caused by the fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans, is the major disease of canola worldwide. In this lecture I describe how field data, such as disease incidence and severity, coupled with information about the biology, molecular genetics and genomics of the blackleg fungus has been exploited to control this important disease. Field populations of Leptosphaeria maculans can evolve and overcome disease resistance bred into canola within three years of commercial release of a cultivar. The risk of breakdown of resistance can be determined by monitoring disease severity of canola cultivars and changes in virulence of fungal populations using high throughput molecular assays that are based on sequences of avirulence genes. Farmers can avoid a predicted epidemic by sowing canola cultivars with different resistance genes in subsequent years. This strategy has been exploited in Australia and has averted substantial yield losses due to disease. NOTES: CONCURRENT SESSION 1 – PEST AND PATHOGEN EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY Linking molecules to morphology: fruit fly integrative taxonomy Mark K Schutze1, Matthew N Krosch1, Jane Royer2, Nicholas Woods3, Rodney Turner3, Melanie Bottrill3, Bill Woods4, Ian 4 1 1 5 Lacey , Jacinta McMahon , Francesca Strutt , Stephen L Cameron 1. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QUEENSLAND, Australia 2. Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane 3. Plant Health Australia, Canberra 4. -
HOUSEHOLD ARTHROPODS Nuisance Household Jean R
2015 Household Pests 2/22/2015 OVERVIEW Guidelines & Principles Groups of pests Public health pests HOUSEHOLD ARTHROPODS Nuisance Household Jean R. Natter Structural pests 2015 2 MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES DETERMINE MANAGEMENT Define the problem Eradicate? Damage? Critter(s)? Control? ID the critter Manage? Pest? Tolerate? Dangerous? (people, pets, or structures?) Did it just stumble indoors? Verify: PNW Insect Management Handbook Appropriate management 3 4 CAPTURE THE CRITTER RECOMMENDATIONS Research-based management EPA says: Pest control materials must be labeled for that purpose * * * * * * * * * * (Common Sense Pest Control) No home remedies 5 6 Jean R. Natter 2015 Household Pests 1 2015 Household Pests 2/22/2015 PUBLIC HEALTH: BED BUGS 3/16” Broadly flat, oval Cracks, crevices, & PUBLIC HEALTH PESTS seams (naturephoto.cz.com) Eggs glued in place Blood feeders (Bed Bugs; WSU; FS070E) Bites w/o pain Odor: sweet; acrid Bed Bugs (FS070E) 7 (J. R. Natter) 8 MANAGEMENT: BED BUGS PUBLIC HEALTH: MOSQUITOES Key Points Mattress: Encase or heat Rx Launder bedding, clothes – hot! Pest control company (NY Times) (L & R: University of Missouri; gambusia Stamford University) 9 10 MANAGEMENT: MOSQUITOES PUBLIC HEALTH: FLEAS Key Points Adults on animal Eggs drop off Source reduction Larvae ½” Personal protection w/tan head Mosquito fish (Gambusia), if legal Larvae eat debris Rx for larvae: Bti Pupa “waits” (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) Nest parasites (University of Illinois) 11 12 Jean R. Natter 2015 Household Pests 2 2015 Household Pests 2/22/2015 MANAGEMENT: FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH: TICKS Rocky Mountain wood tick Key Points 3-step program Dermacentor species 1. Vacuum often East of Cascades 2. Insect growth regulator (IGR) Immatures feed mostly on carpet & pet’s “nest” on rodents 3. -
Carpenter Ants
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE R E S E A R C H & E X T E N S I O N University of Arkansas System Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA7013 Carpenter Ants John D. Hopkins Identification Associate Professor and Carpenter ants (Figure 1) Extension Entomologist are among the largest of the common ants seen in Kelly M. Loftin Arkansas. They are a nuisance by their presence when found Associate Professor and inside the home. They do Extension Entomologist not eat wood, but remove quantities of it to expand their nest size, sometimes causing structural damage. Winged forms are called Figure 1. Carpenter ant (worker) alates with winged males being smaller than winged females. Wingless queens measure 5/8 inch, winged queens 3/4 inch, large major workers 1/2 inch and small minor workers 1/4 inch. Color varies with species ranging from black to red with some species being a combination of both. Workers are usually reddishbrown to black in coloration. Workers have large heads and a small thorax, while adult swarmers have a smaller head and large Figure 2. Carpenter ants have a single node on the thorax. The petiole has one petiole, and the thorax has a rounded upper node, and the profile of the surface. thorax, in workers only, has an evenly rounded upper surface (Figure 2). People sometimes confuse carpenter ants with termites. These ants usually nest in logs, Termite workers are small, 1/8 to stumps, hollow trees or decayed wood, 3/16 inch long, white and do not run but may be found nesting in sound freely over unexposed surfaces. -
Odorous Garden Ants (Iridomyrmex Chasei Spp.) Factsheet
July 2018 Factsheet Odorous garden ants (Iridomyrmex chasei spp.) Ants to watch out for Red imported fire ants, yellow crazy ants, electric ants and carpenter ants, all pose a serious social, economic and environmental threat to Western Australia. If you suspect you have these ants or any ants you haven’t seen before, please contact us on freecall 1800 084 881. Summary Native ants commonly referred to as odorous garden ants belong to the Iridomyrmex chasei species group. These ants are harmless and do not sting. Where are they found? These ants nest in the ground outside and may be observed excavating sand in gardens and pathways. They may also be seen climbing trees and tending pests such as scale, mealy bugs and aphids. Damage Odorous garden ants (Iridomyrmex chasei spp.), with two winged These ants do not sting and do not damage or nest in reproductives (alates) (bottom) buildings. They can be a nuisance in spring and summer when their numbers are at their highest and winged reproductive ants group together and leave the nest (known as swarming). These ants rarely enter the home. Contact Treatment Pest and Disease Information Service (PaDIS) Liquid sprays offer much better control for these ants than dusts or granules and a number of products are available. Call: (08) 9368 3080 Sprays containing chemicals such as permethrin will be effective when applied to nesting and foraging areas. Email: [email protected] These products can be obtained from garden centres and hardware stores. Exotic threats The following ants could impact on our outdoor lifestyle and Western Australia’s agricultural and food industries. -
Carpenter Ants It an Ant Or Termite?" If You Are Still Unsure After Reading Methods
CARPENTER ANT... Ants are social insects, living in groups Cornell Cooperative Extension called nests or colonies. They undergo U r b a n I P M P r o g r a m OR TERMITE, OR ...? complete metamorphosis, developing into Information Sheet No. 601 egg, larva, pupa, then adult. Colony members can be separated into groups The black carpenter ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) is called "castes" by the roles that they play in Integrated Pest often the species that damages houses in the Northeast. the colony's survival, such as reproductive References and Further Reading It has a single node (waist segment) and is 1/4 to more Management for or worker. than 1/2 inch long. It does not have a stinger, but it can The reproductives consist of the queen Klass, C. and D. Karasevicz. 1995. Pest bite. A frequently asked question about these ants is, "Is and the male ants. The male ants fertilize the queen during the ant's nuptial flight, Management Around the Home: Cultural Carpenter Ants it an ant or termite?" If you are still unsure after reading Methods. Miscellaneous Bulletin S74. Cornell the information below, consult Cornell Cooperative then die. The queen finds a secluded site, chews off her wings, and starts to build a Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, NY WHAT TO DO NOW Extension. colony. The queen cares for her first group Lifton, B. 1991. Bug Busters: Poison-Free Pest of offspring through the egg, larval, and Controls for Your House & Garden. Avery Identify the insect. If you are Antennae not “elbowed” pupal stages by herself. -
Black House Ants (Ochetellus Glaber), Summary Inset Showing a Queen Ant Black House Ants Are Native to Australia and Are a Common House-Infesting Ant Species
July 2018 Factsheet Black house ants (Ochetellus glaber) Ants to watch out for Red imported fire ants, yellow crazy ants, electric ants and carpenter ants, all pose a serious social, economic and environmental threat to Western Australia. If you suspect you have these ants or any ants you haven’t seen before, please contact us on freecall 1800 084 881. Black house ants (Ochetellus glaber), Summary inset showing a queen ant Black house ants are native to Australia and are a common house-infesting ant species. These ants do not bite or sting and are active day and night. Where are they found? In the home they are commonly attracted to sweet liquids and foods and are often drawn to the kitchen, laundry and bathroom. They naturally nest and forage in trees, feeding on insects, honeydew and nectar. Damage These ants rarely cause direct damage but are considered household pests as they are one of the few ant species that will nest inside. They can be found nesting in areas such as roof and wall spaces, rolled up awnings, pot plants, and in-between flat packed items. They may also Contact infest electrical items such as kettles, microwave ovens, computers or clock radios. Pest and Disease Information Service (PaDIS) Treatment Call: (08) 9368 3080 Control of these ants when numbers are low is advisable. When numbers are high and multiple nests have been Email: [email protected] established, control can be increasingly difficult. If nests are exposed they can be sprayed with fly spray, otherwise baits containing borates (borax) are effective for this sweet- feeding ant species. -
Carpenter Ants and Their Control
Carpenter Ants and Their Control Of the approximately 100 different species of ants Carpenter Ant Habits found in Iowa, the most destructive are the carpenter Carpenter ants are social insects that live in colonies. ants. Most carpenter ants are large and shiny black, Each colony lives in a nest of large, irregular chambers although some species are dark brown or reddish and and tunnels excavated inside stumps, logs, hollow medium sized. These ants can cause major structural trees, dead limbs, posts, poles, porch columns, window damage when they tunnel in wood to construct their and door frames, building framing, and other wood. nests. Carpenter ants prefer wood that is naturally soft or wood that has been softened by decay (wood rot). Identifying Carpenter Ants Moisture and decay facilitate initial tunneling by Carpenter ants are some of the largest ants commonly the ants, but are not required for nesting. Nests may found in Iowa. They vary in length from 1/4 inch (6 extend into dry, sound lumber. Carpenter ants may mm) for the smallest worker to 3/4 inch (18 mm) for nest in existing cavities such as hollow doors or in a queen. All have constricted (i.e., wasplike) waists, spaces around windows and doors. elbowed antennae, and large abdomens, and some have wings (Figure 1). Unlike the nests of termites and wood-boring beetles, carpenter ant galleries are free of soil and debris, and Wingless worker carpenter ants are distinguished from are mostly free of sawdust. The walls of the nests other ant species by the smoothly arched shape of the are usually very smooth and clean. -
Western Plant Diagnostic Network First Detector News
Western Plant Diagnostic Network1 First Detector News A Quarterly Pest Update for WPDN First Detectors Spring 2016 edition, volume 9, number 2 In this Issue Dear First Detectors, For most of us, ants all look the same! Page 1: Editor’s comments Our first response is how to kill them. When one Googles Pages 2 – 7: Ants and You “ant”, the first links that appear are pest control companies. Ants have been around for approximately 130 million years and have diversified and evolved a complicated social Pages 7 - 10: Phytophthora behavior. With the help of several ant experts, we have and Nursery Plants assembled a workshop on ants with wonderful links. Check out the websites and enjoy the vast and varied world of ants! Page 11: Pest Update: Red Blotch of Grapes Vector It is nursery season, and many of us are planting home Found gardens and commercial plantings. The second article is on the challenges presented by Phytophthora infestations in nursery stock. Finally, there is a new pest update. A vector has been discovered for a virus disease of grapevines, known as red blotch. Contact us at the WPDN Regional Center at UC Davis: Please find the NPDN family of newsletters at: Phone: 530 754 2255 Email: [email protected] Newsletters Web: https://wpdn.org Editor: Richard W. Hoenisch @Copyright Regents of the University of California All Rights Reserved Brocken Inaglory Brocken Western Plant Diagnostic Network News Ants fossilized in Baltic amber Ants and You 2 Ants are a true social (eusocial) insect, often appearing suddenly and invading in mass. -
The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000: Recovery Outline
RECOVERY OUTLINE Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon 1 Family Columbidae 2 Scientific name Ducula whartoni (Sharpe, 1887) 3 Common name Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon 4 Conservation status Critically Endangered: A2ce 5 Reasons for listing 9 Ecology The population size of this subspecies is expected to The Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon is found mainly decrease by up to 80% over the next three generations on the inland plateau in rainforest and, to some extent, (12 years; Critically Endangered: A2) as a result of a in secondary regrowth dominated by the introduced decline in habitat quality (c) and the current rate of Japanese Cherry Muntingia calabura (Crome, 1987, spread of introduced ants (e). Stokes, 1988). It nests in the top of rainforest trees and other dense vegetation (Hicks and Yorkston, 1982), Estimate Reliability and feeds on rainforest and other fruits, as well as 2 Extent of occurrence 137 km high buds and leaves (Higgins and Davies, 1996). trend stable high 10 Threats Area of occupancy 100 km2 high In the past, numbers of Christmas Island Imperial trend decreasing medium Pigeon have been reduced by habitat clearance and No. of breeding birds 1,000 low hunting (Crome, 1987, Stokes, 1988). About one-third trend decreasing medium of the pigeon's preferred plateau forest was cleared for No. of sub-populations 1 high phosphate mining before this ceased in 1987, though Generation time 5 years low this loss has been partly offset by introduction of the 6 Infraspecific taxa Japanese Cherry, which flourishes on many former None described. mine fields and other disturbed areas, and provides a rich food source for much of the year (Stokes, 1988). -
Black Carpenter Ants in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas: Relationships with Prescribed Fire, Site and Stand Variables, and Red Oak Borer
BLACK CARPENTER ANTS IN THE OZARK MOUNTAINS OF ARKANSAS: RELATIONSHIPS WITH PRESCRIBED FIRE, SITE AND STAND VARIABLES, AND RED OAK BORER BLACK CARPENTER ANTS IN THE OZARK MOUNTAINS OF ARKANSAS: RELATIONSHIPS WITH PRESCRIBED FIRE, SITE AND STAND VARIABLES, AND RED OAK BORER A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology By ROBIN MICHELLE VERBLE University of Southern Indiana Bachelor of Science in Biophysics, 2006 August 2008 University of Arkansas ABSTRACT Black carpenter ants, Camponotus pennsylvanicus DeGeer, are nearly ubiquitous in eastern North American forests. These ants are documented as predators of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus Haldeman, a native longhorn beetle that underwent an unprecedented population increase and decline in the oak hickory forests of the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas from the late 1990’s to 2005. My objective was to examine red oak borer emergence holes and site aspects and correlate these forest and tree attributes with presence or absence of black carpenter ants. Historic red oak borer population data, tree REP class and site aspects for 13 separate plots were used. At each site, all red oaks >10 cm DBH were baited for black carpenters ants using a mixture of tuna in oil and honey. Black carpenter ants are more likely to be found on trees with low levels of previous red oak borer infestation versus those trees with previously high levels of infestation. These results may suggest black carpenter ants play a role in controlling red oak borer populations. Distribution of black carpenter ants in red oaks prior to and during the outbreak is unknown.