Social Housing, Homelessness, and the 2010 Winter Olympic Games

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Social Housing, Homelessness, and the 2010 Winter Olympic Games THE CITY AND THE SPECTACLE: SOCIAL HOUSING, HOMELESSNESS, AND THE 2010 WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES by CAITLIN PENTIFALLO B.A., Middlebury College, 2009 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Kinesiology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) June 2015 © Caitlin Pentifallo, 2015 Abstract This dissertation consists of a critical examination of the City of Vancouver’s urban policies during a significant era of urban governance: the lead up to the 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. To do so, I will create two embedded case studies: one, featuring the creation of a social housing legacy to be left in the Athletes’ Village in Southeast False Creek, and the other on the enforcement of policies affecting or alleviating homelessness in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside. How social housing and homelessness came to be incorporated into the event’s objectives, how the discussions and deliberations around these issues proceeded, and how the 2010 Winter Olympic Games impacted the City of Vancouver’s policy making process in the years leading up to the start of the 2010 Games will all be explored in the chapters to follow. The methodological approach I applied provides insights on how policies, operationalized under the guise of preparing to host a sport mega-event, were able to alter the political and social trajectory of the City of Vancouver. Guided by the overarching theoretical framework offered by critical urban theory, I relied on critical policy studies and critical discourse analysis. By carefully tracing the origins, nature, and intent of these policies as they unfolded in various iterations between 2000 and 2013, it was my ambition to contribute to a broader understanding of how sport mega-events influence urban policies and social outcomes. The 2010 Games, once marketed as a socially inclusive event, instead brought an intense wave of punitive urban measures that functioned to criminalize homelessness. Instead of filling the rooms once occupied by Olympians with those in need of housing, the number of social housing units made available shrunk gradually over time, eventually dwindling to but a handful of units actually constituting social housing. In critically disassembling the policies that bore direct influence on social housing and homelessness, my findings demonstrate the ways in which policy-making processes are altered, abandoned, or exacerbated as the mega-event drew near. ii Preface A version of sections 5.1.1 – 5.2.3 has been published as Pentifallo, C. & VanWynsberge, R. (2015, in press). Mega-Event Impact Assessment and Policy Attribution: Embedded Case Study, Social Housing, and the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. This work is based on findings that are published as Pentifallo, C. (2014). A case study approach to indicator-based impact assessment: The Olympic Games Impact (OGI) Study and the Vancouver Athletes’ Village in Contextual Perspective. Discussion Paper, IOC Postgraduate Research Grant. Olympic Studies Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland. Retrieved from http://doc.rero.ch/record/209525. In both works I was responsible for document collection, analysis, and findings. A version of sections 7.1 and 7.2 has been published. Pentifallo, C., & VanWynsberghe, R. (2014). ‘Leaving Las Megas’ or Can Sustainability Ever Be Social? Vancouver 2010 in Post-Political Perspective. In J. Grix (Ed.) Leveraging Legacies from Sports Mega-Events: Concepts and Cases, (pp. 73-86). London: Palgrave. I researched, drafted, and edited these portions of the published manuscript. iii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................... ii Preface .................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... viii Glossary of Housing Definitions .......................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. xii Dedication ............................................................................................................................. xiii 1 INTRODUCTION: THE CITY AND THE SPECTACLE ........................................................ 1 1.1 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Theoretical Framework: Critical Urban Theory ......................................................................... 10 1.3 Dissertation Outline .................................................................................................................... 13 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Defining the Sport Mega-event in Contemporary Scholarship .................................................. 24 2.1.1 The Spectacularization of the Sport Mega-event .............................................................. 27 2.2 The Urban Politics of the Olympic Games ................................................................................. 32 2.2.1 Neoliberal Policy-Making and Sport Mega-Events .......................................................... 40 2.3 The Olympic Games and Urban (re)Development: Regeneration, Renewal, and Reconfiguration .......................................................................................................................... 46 2.3.1 Sport Mega-Events and Urban Development Policy ........................................................ 48 2.3.2 Urban Clearance: Mega-Event Policy and Social Control ................................................ 55 2.4 Sport Mega-Events and the Advent of the Postpolitical ............................................................. 66 3 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 71 3.1 On Case Study and Methodology ............................................................................................... 72 3.1.1 Critical Policy Studies ....................................................................................................... 78 3.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................................................... 80 3.2 On Method .................................................................................................................................. 87 3.2.1 Notes from the ‘Field’ ....................................................................................................... 87 3.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis: Process and Policies ......................................................... 90 iv 4 THE CITY AND THE SPECTACLE ................................................................................. 105 4.1 The City .................................................................................................................................... 105 4.1.1 Site, Space, and Social Intervention: An Empirical Introduction ................................... 105 4.1.2 Vancouver’s Affordable Housing and Mega-Event History ........................................... 109 4.2 The Spectacle ............................................................................................................................ 112 4.2.1 Legacy: The Empty Signifier .......................................................................................... 112 4.2.2 Sustainability: Language Games and Rhetorical Celebration ......................................... 117 5 SOCIAL HOUSING .......................................................................................................... 122 5.1 South East False Creek and the Demise of a Social Housing Legacy: Urban Planning Under Crisis ......................................................................................................................................... 122 5.1.1 Marketing a Promise: Vancouver 2010’s Bid Books ...................................................... 123 5.2 The Demise of a Social Housing Legacy: Policy and Practice ................................................. 127 5.2.1 Negotiating and Negating Social Housing: The Housing Table and Government Relations .......................................................................................................................... 128 5.2.2 Single Room Occupancy: Protecting Affordable Housing as Legacy ............................ 132 5.2.3 Financing Exceptionalism: Miscalculations and Missed Targets ................................... 136 6 HOMELESSNESS ...........................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Canada Trivia Questions
    Canada Trivia Questions WHICH CANADIAN CITY IS CONSIDERED “HOLLYWOOD NORTH”? Vancouver. The city is second in TV production and third for feature film production in North America (behind Los Angeles and New York). HOW MANY POINTS DOES THE MAPLE LEAF ON THE FLAG HAVE? It’s got 11 points in all. WHICH CITY IS HOME TO NORTH AMERICA’S LARGEST MALL? Edmonton, Alberta. Home to the West Edmonton Mall, this massive shopping center has an entire waterpark within its walls! WHICH CANADIAN CHAIN FIRST OPENED IN HAMILTON IN 1964 It’s the Canadian classic, Tim Hortons. And has it ever grown. As of December 2018, the coffee chain had over 4,846 restaurants in 14 countries. HOW MANY OLYMPIC GAMES HAVE BEEN HOSTED IN CANADA? Canada has hosted the Olympics games three times; the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. WHAT IS CANADA’S NATIONAL SPORT? Trick question – We’ve got two! Hockey and Lacrosse are our national sports, as declared by the “National Sports of Canada Act”. WHICH CITY HAS THE MOST RESTAURANTS PER CAPITA IN CANADA? Montreal. While reports vary, most studies find that the Quebec City leads the pack with nearly 27 restaurants per 10,000 people. WHICH CANADIAN CITY RANKS AS THE MOST EDUCATED IN THE COUNTRY? It’s the nation’s capital, Ottawa with just over 1/3 of their adult population having a university degree. WHAT IS THE MOST PURCHASED GROCERY ITEM IN CANADA? It’s the Canadian classic, Kraft Dinner. Surveys show it is our nation’s go-to pick when we go shopping.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Strategy
    APPENDIX 1 JANUARY 2016 FINAL DRAFT VANCOUVER BOARD OF PARKS AND RECREATION, 2016 Citation: Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation. 2016. Biodiversity Strategy. Vancouver, BC. 53 pp. Cover photo: Wetland in Crab Park (photo by Nick Page) There is a person within us who would like to hear birdsong spill out of the forest like a wave, watch spawning fish turn a blackwater river to silver, or walk a road beaten into the savannah by herd animals. It’s that same person who would take some unexplainable satisfaction from the sound of a whale’s deep breathing as it sleeps at the surface of the sea, and who is able to grasp that a lichen that clings to the slopes of a single mountain is a metaphor for our own dependence on this lone earth in outer space. The Once and FutureWor ld J.B. MacKinnon, 2013 The last muskrats caught in the swamp back of Kitsilano Beach were caught in the slough where Creelman Street now is, just prior to the filling in of this swamp by the pumping of sand from False Creek in 1913. Salmon swam up this slough as far as the corner of Third Avenue and Cedar Street and up to Eighth Avenue in Mount Pleasant. The creek at Bayswater Street was infested with trout, and also the slough which ran about under the Henry Hudson School. In 1900, hundreds of thousands of salmon were caught, more than the canneries could handle, were thrown away, and littered the beach at Kitsilano with stinking decaying fish, which illuminates the quantity of fish available for food before the white man came.
    [Show full text]
  • The Olympic Industry ______
    ANTI-2010 Information Against the Olympic Industry _________________________________________________________ No Olympics on Stolen Native Land 1 Anti-2010: Information Against the Olympic Industry Introduction Welcome to Anti-2010; Information Against the Olympic Industry, a special report by No2010.com based on over two years of research and maintenance of the No2010.com website. It is designed as a print publication to be distributed to those without access to the internet, or who prefer printed material to computer screens. Despite this, it is only a fraction of the information now available on the website (so check it out!). Some parts are designed as 2-4 page leaflets of their own for specialized distribution (or low budgets). No2010.com was established in the spring of 2007 to provide information for anti-Olympic resistance, to educate and inspire others, and to post regular updates for the movement. It is maintained by Indigenous rebels in occupied Coast Salish Territory. Thanks to a comrade in Montreal, 100,000 stickers were printed with the slogan 'No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' & the website address. These stickers have been distributed across Canada. In addition, a 'Militant Merchandise' section has been added to the site, which has t-shirts, patches and stickers for sale. You can support No2010.com by purchasing these products (via Paypal). On the website there are also PDFs that can be downloaded and copied that you can distribute in your area, including SportsAction (direct actions against 2010 chronology) and this publication. We are currently working on a special print edition/PDF focusing on the 2010 Torch Relay.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games - a Case Study on the Integration of Legacy with Urban Planning and Renewal Initiatives Relative to Planning
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 5-7-2018 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games - A Case Study on the Integration of Legacy with Urban Planning and Renewal Initiatives Relative to Planning Matthew Leixner University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Part of the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Leixner, Matthew, "2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games - A Case Study on the Integration of Legacy with Urban Planning and Renewal Initiatives Relative to Planning" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7415. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7415 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games: A Case Study on the Integration of Legacy with Urban Planning and Renewal Initiatives Relative to Planning By Matthew S. Leixner A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Kinesiology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Human Kinetics at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2018 © 2018 Matthew S.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Matters: the 2010 Winter Olympics and Its Discontents
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by CommonKnowledge Pacific nivU ersity CommonKnowledge All CAS Faculty Scholarship Faculty Scholarship (CAS) 2011 Space Matters: The 2010 inW ter Olympics and Its Discontents Jules Boykoff Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.pacificu.edu/casfac Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Jules Boykoff S" pace Matters: The 2010 inW ter Olympics and Its Discontents," Human Geography, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2011): 48-60. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship (CAS) at CommonKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in All CAS Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of CommonKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Space Matters: The 2010 inW ter Olympics and Its Discontents Description The history of the Olympic Games is fraught with racism, class privilege, and questionable leadership from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). In the modern era, the Olympics have generated an increasing scale of dissent. Activists challenging the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver adopted concertedly spatial strategies and tactics. Organizing around three main issues—indigenous rights, economic concerns, and civil liberties—they linked in solidarity with civil libertarians, human rights workers, and bystander publics. This article analyzes these activist actions through the lens of geographical theory, examining how the production of space, scale bending, and the calculated construction of discursive space helped anti-Olympics activists build camaraderie and foment a meaningful challenge to the Games that resonated with the general public. Activists in Vancouver were effective, and before the Olympics dock in London for the 2012 Summer Games, it makes sense to pause and reconsider their methods of dissident citizenship.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment Canada's Experimental Numerical Weather Prediction
    ENVIRONMENT CANADA’S EXPERIMENTAL NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION SYSTEMS FOR THE VANCOUVER 2010 WINTER OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES BY J. MAILHOT , S. BÉLAIR , M. CHARRON , C. DOYLE , P. JOE , M. ABRAHAMOWICZ , N. B. BERNIER , B. DENIS , A. ERFANI , R. FRENETTE , A. GIGUÈRE , G. A. ISAAC , N. MCLENNAN , R. MCTAGGART -COWAN , J. MILBRANDT , AND L. TONG To provide the best possible guidance to the Olympic Forecast Team, Environment Canada has developed several experimental numerical weather prediction systems for the Vancouver 2010 Games. n 2 July 2003, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) awarded Canada with the rights to host O the 2010 Winter Games. The XXI Olympic and X Paralympic Winter Games took place from 12 to 28 February and from 12 to 21 March 2010, respectively, in the Vancouver, British Columbia, and Whistler, British Columbia, areas. The 2010 Winter Games showcased the highest-level competition at five indoor and four outdoor venues. Indoor venues include ice hockey, short-track and speed skating, figure skating, and curling, and were con- centrated in the metropolitan Vancouver area. Outdoor venues were north of Vancouver (see Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2 for locations) and included Whistler Mountain (alpine skiing), Blackcomb Sliding Centre (bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton), Callaghan Valley Olympic Park (cross-country skiing, ski jumping, biathlon, and nordic Photograph taken from Whistler Mountain combined), and Cypress Bowl Mountain (freestyle skiing looking northwest in the afternoon; a low- and snowboard events). Over 80 countries participated, level cloud blankets Whistler Creekside bringing 5,500 athletes and officials to the 2010 Games. (“Harvey’s cloud”), and a higher deck of Two weeks later, cloud obscures the mountain tops.
    [Show full text]
  • The Education Ministry Is
    The education ministry is dents, and $15 per student 1977-78 expenditures, is too low textbook expenditures ($7.5 cate $17 per student for the going ahead with its new Credit beyond that number. The plan to allov/ that flexibihty. A million) by the province's first 1,000 students in each dis• Allocation Plan for textbook went into effect in April. BCTF study has also found that 500,000 students. "This, by trict in recognition of the fact replacement despite advice Ministry officials say CAP is the forrnula favors districts simple division, allows $15 per that, because of economies of from the BCTF to stop it or de• designed to allow more flexi• with declining enrolment and student as the expense of build• scale, per-student costs are lay implementation. bility in textbook purchasing handicaps rapidly-growing ing school inventories with re• higher for smaller districts. BCTF President Pat Brady than existed under the rental districts. orders and new prescriptions," The plan allows decentral• has told Deputy Education and free-issue plan with which CAP was first proposed in notes D.W.C. Huggins, the ization of choice of priorities Minister Walter Hardwick that the province has operated for 1976 and has been under study ministry's director of publica• within general province-wide teachers will monitor opera• 25 years. since then. tion services, in a recent letter guidelines, ministry officials tion of CAP, and publicize Critics of the plan fear that The funding level was to the BCTF. say. problems that arise. the funding level, based on by dividing 1977-78 The ministry decided to allo- BCTF Professional Develop• He has also asked Education ment staffer John Church, in Minister Pat McGeer for an analysis of the ministry's assurance that if the plan can• reply to an earlier BCTF brief not satisfy each district's text• on CAP, says the $15 per stu• book needs, more money will dent figure does not take infla• be allocated.
    [Show full text]
  • Going for the Gold: the Economics of the Olympics
    Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics By Robert Baade and Victor Matheson February 2016 COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS FACULTY RESEARCH SERIES, PAPER NO. 16-05* Department of Economics and Accounting College of the Holy Cross Box 45A Worcester, Massachusetts 01610 (508) 793-3362 (phone) (508) 793-3708 (fax) http://www.holycross.edu/departments/economics/website *All papers in the Holy Cross Working Paper Series should be considered draft versions subject to future revision. Comments and suggestions are welcome. Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics By Robert Baade† College of the Holy Cross and Victor Matheson†† College of the Holy Cross February 2016 Abstract In this paper, we explore the costs and benefits of hosting the Olympic Games. On the cost side, there are three major categories: general infrastructure such as transportation and housing to accommodate athletes and fans; specific sports infrastructure required for competition venues; and operational costs, including general administration as well as the opening and closing ceremony and security. Three major categories of benefits also exist: the short-run benefits of tourist spending during the Games; the long-run benefits or the "Olympic legacy" which might include improvements in infrastructure and increased trade, foreign investment, or tourism after the Games; and intangible benefits such as the "feel-good effect" or civic pride. Each of these costs and benefits will be addressed in turn, but the overwhelming conclusion is that in most cases the Olympics are a money-losing proposition for host cities; they result in positive net benefits only under very specific and unusual circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • Steamboat-Ski Town U.S.A.®Sends 17 Athletes to 2010
    .~ I ~ ~ It" 111h ,1 ,I t S p r 1 U ~ s MEDIA CONTACT Rick DeVos, 970-879-0695 W"INTER SPORTS CLUB [email protected] STEAMBOAT-SKI TOWN U.S.A.® SENDS 17 ATHLETES TO 2010 WINTER OLYMPICS Steamboat Athletes Will Compete in Five Disciplines & For Four Countries at the Winter Games STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, Colorado-February 2, 2010-Seventeen athletes with ties to the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club and Steamboat-Ski Town, U.S.A. including Todd Lodwick, five-time Olympian and World Champion; Johnny Spillane, four-time Olympian and America's first World Champion in Nordic Combined; and Bill Demong, four-time Olympian and World Champion, will represent their respective countries at the upcoming 2010 Winter Games. "Steamboat has a rich tradition in the snow sports disciplines--Alpine, Nordic, Jumping, Freestyle and Snowboarding-- and an Olympic heritage that dates back nearly 80 years," said Rick DeVos, executive director of the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club. "These athletes and coaches will represent four different countries and carry on an Olympic spirit and community heritage that now spans 17 Winter Games." Steamboat is known around the globe simply as Ski Town, U.S.A. and has produced more winter Olympians than any other town in North America, now a record 84 and counting. Including the 2010 Games, Steamboat's Olympians have represented eight different countries, made 148 Olympic appearances during 17 Winter Games. The following 2010 Olympians are currently training or have trained with the Steamboat Springs Winter Sports Club and will compete in the upcoming Winter Games in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • ADVOCACY in ARCHITECTURE a Case Study of the URBAN DESIGN CENTRE Vancouver, B.C
    ADVOCACY IN ARCHITECTURE A Case Study of the URBAN DESIGN CENTRE Vancouver, B.C. 1970-1976 By MARLENE GAIL TAMAKI •A., University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus, 197 B.Arch, THe University of British Columbia, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN ARCHITECTURE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (School of Architecture) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1991 © Marlene Gail Tamaki, 1991 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Bepartment of AtoAcTfeZTTOg^ The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT The shift toward participatory, advocacy and social architecture and planning that occurred in the 1960's and 70's in North America was illustrated with the work of the Community Design Centers. These Community Design Centers provided architectural, planning and technical services to low income groups with an emphasis on user participation. The Community Desgin Center provided a model by which the professional, the student and the community could work together as a team on current issues within the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Policy-Making in British Columbia in the 1970S and 1980S
    Let’s Talk about Schools: Educational Policy-Making in British Columbia in the 1970s and 1980s Robert Whiteley he last quarter of the twentieth century is widely seen as a neoliberal age. Rooted in the thought of Austrian Friedrich Hayek and the ideas of Chicago economist Milton Friedman, Tand given purchase through the policies of Ronald Reagan in the United States, Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom, and other politicians elsewhere, neoliberal, or “post liberal” (Fleming 1991), governments align themselves ideologically with the political right. They are typified by centralization of power and financial and regulatory control and anti- union legislation, accelerating fiscally conservative policies that promote the private sector and reduce state involvement in the lives of citizens. Governance in British Columbia in the 1970s and 1980s largely followed this model (Dyck 1986). Through privatization and deregulation, the Social Credit governments that held office through most of these years transferred much control of the province’s economy from the public to the private sector. Accompanying these measures was the neoliberal view that education is a private rather than a public good (Apple 2006). Between the mid-1970s and the rewriting of the School Act in 1989, the funding allocated to education in British Columbia declined both in dollar terms and as a percentage of provincial GDP (Bowman 1990); school boards had little decision-making authority and were increasingly required to follow government dictates. Professor of administration and sometime coordinator of political action at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Richard G. Tow nsend (1988), characterizes politics in British Columbia’s educational system during the 1970s and 1980s as “discordant” and sees it as mirroring the bipolarity in the province’s political culture.
    [Show full text]
  • An Exploration of the Opportunities to Improve the Ecological Function of the Shoreline at Northeast False Creek
    AN EXPLORATION OF THE OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE SHORELINE AT NORTHEAST FALSE CREEK by GRANT ANDREW DIAMOND B.Sc. University of Victoria, 2013 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (PLANNING) in THE FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE School of Community and Regional Planning We accept this project as conforming to the required standard ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA March 2016 © Grant Andrew Diamond, 2016 AN EXPLORATION OF THE OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE THE ECOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF THE SHORELINE AT NORTHEAST FALSE CREEK Grant Diamond, MSc Candidate (Planning) School of Community and Regional Planning The University of British Columbia “One swallow does not make a summer, but one skein of geese, cleaving the murk of a March thaw, is the spring” - Aldo Leopold ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Jordi Honey-Rosés, and my second reader, Nick Page of the Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation for their assistance and guidance during this project. I would also like the thank the following individuals for lending their expertise and making valuable contributions to this project: • Jeffery Cordell, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington • Lauren Elachi, SCAPE Landscape Architecture • Emma Fineblit • Marshall Foster, City of Seattle • Catarina Gomes, Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation • Heidi Hughes, Friends of Waterfront Seattle • Natalie Mackenzie •
    [Show full text]