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“They're Chasing Us Away from Sport”

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“They're Chasing Us Away from Sport” HUMAN “They’re Chasing Us Away RIGHTS WATCH from Sport” Human Rights Violations in Sex Testing of Elite Women Athletes “They’re Chasing Us Away from Sport” Human Rights Violations in Sex Testing of Elite Women Athletes Copyright © 2020 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-880-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org DECEMBER 2020 ISBN: 978-1-62313-880-6 “They’re Chasing Us Away from Sport” Human Rights Violations in Sex Testing of Elite Women Athletes Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 12 To World Athletics ................................................................................................................... 12 To the International Olympic Committee .................................................................................... 12 To the World Anti-Doping Agency ............................................................................................... 14 To Governments ........................................................................................................................ 14 To National Ministries of Sports ................................................................................................. 15 To National Ministries of Health ................................................................................................ 16 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 17 I. Background ................................................................................................................ 19 II. Privacy and Dignity .................................................................................................... 37 Test Results Exposed ................................................................................................................ 43 Public and Media Scrutiny ........................................................................................................ 46 III. The Right to Health ................................................................................................... 49 Interventions Not Medically Necessary, Carry Risk of Harm ........................................................ 50 Compromised Medical Ethics .................................................................................................... 54 Dual Loyalty .......................................................................................................................... 56 Coercion ................................................................................................................................... 57 “D.B.” ................................................................................................................................... 58 “M.L.” ................................................................................................................................... 61 “P.H.” .................................................................................................................................. 64 Denial of Information Necessary for Informed Consent .............................................................. 66 Athletes’ Limited Knowledge of Regulations .......................................................................... 67 Athletes’ Perceptions of Regulation-Mandated Medical Interventions ....................................... 69 “Impossible Choices” for Athletes ......................................................................................... 70 French Government Investigation .......................................................................................... 74 IV. Discrimination .......................................................................................................... 77 Athletes Profiled and Targeted ................................................................................................. 80 Doping Suspicion, Tests, and Discrimination ........................................................................ 82 Athletes Harassed and Ostracized ............................................................................................. 85 Public Humiliation at Athletic Events .................................................................................... 88 Gender Stereotyping ............................................................................................................ 89 Dangers of Public Disclosure ................................................................................................ 92 V. Lives and Livelihoods Harmed .................................................................................... 93 Psychological Impact on Athletes ............................................................................................. 98 VI. International Legal Obligations ............................................................................... 102 Right to Privacy ....................................................................................................................... 104 Right to Health ........................................................................................................................ 104 Children’s Rights Concerns .................................................................................................. 105 Lack of Informed Consent .................................................................................................... 107 Medically Unnecessary Interventions................................................................................... 109 Physicians Compromised ..................................................................................................... 111 Non-Discrimination ................................................................................................................. 112 Human Rights Responsibilities of Sports Governing Bodies ..................................................... 114 World Athletics’ Exclusive Grip on Power .............................................................................. 115 Inadequacy of the Court of Arbitration for Sport .................................................................... 115 Employment Rights .............................................................................................................. 117 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ 119 Appendix: World Athletics Ineligibility Letter ............................................................... 120 Summary Annet Negesa, a middle-distance runner from Uganda, does not know when she first caught the attention of athletics officials, but the testing began in 2011. First, in May, there was a routine urine doping test at the African Junior Championships in Botswana. In August, when she reached the semi-finals at the World Championships in South Korea, she had blood tests: “I was wondering, Why me? I didn’t see anyone else giving six bottles of blood like me,” she said. She never got the test results, and continued to train for the 800 and 1500-meter races, traveling to Europe in early 2012. Then in July 2012, while Negesa was in the final stages of preparing to run at the London Olympics, her manager called her and informed her that she could not attend the Games. “He told me that they took [my] samples and they think they found [in] mine that the level of men’s hormones are high,” she told Human Rights Watch. “And for that reason they can’t accept me to run.” Negesa was both confused and devastated by the news. Her manager told her that doctors from the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF, now World Athletics) had said she needed to go to France for a medical appointment. Negesa said: “He asked me, ‘You still want to run?’ I told him, ‘Yes.’ He said: ‘Then we need to do this.…They need us to do this and this.’” Initially, Negesa understood that possible medical steps would involve taking medication. It was when she traveled to France in July 2012 that she learned about the surgery. A few days later, a national athletics federation official contacted Negesa. The official warned her to be discreet: “She said don’t move around, just stay at home because they were fearing of the news people coming to me and asking me why I didn’t go to the Olympics.” Negesa said she stayed alone, depressed, for months. 1 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | DECEMBER 2020 Negesa told Human Rights Watch that a team of white male doctors and a woman nurse assessed her at a hospital in Nice. Her European
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