Westward Expansion of the Evening (Nycticeius humeralis) in the United States, with Notes on the First Record from New Mexico

Item Type Article

Authors Andersen, Brett R.; Geluso, Keith; Otto, Hans W.; Bishop-Boros, Larisa

Citation Westward Expansion of the (Nycticeius humeralis) in the United States, with Notes on the First Record from New Mexico 2017, 77 (2):223 Western North American Naturalist

DOI 10.3398/064.077.0210

Publisher BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV

Journal Western North American Naturalist

Rights © 2017 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERISTY PRESS - BIOONE.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625717 Westward Expansion of the Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis) in the United States, with Notes on the First Record from New Mexico Author(s): Brett R. Andersen, Keith Geluso, Hans W. Otto and Larisa Bishop- Boros Source: Western North American Naturalist, 77(2):223-229 . Published By: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University https://doi.org/10.3398/064.077.0210 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3398/064.077.0210

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WESTWARD EXPANSION OF THE EVENING BAT (NYCTICEIUS HUMERALIS) IN THE UNITED STATES, WITH NOTES ON THE FIRST RECORD FROM NEW MEXICO

Brett R. Andersen1,4, Keith Geluso1, Hans W. Otto2, and Larisa Bishop-Boros3

ABSTRACT.—The general lack of trees in the Great Plains has limited colonization by eastern woodland in the past, but recent expansion of forests in corridors along prairie waterways and in towns has enabled an assortment of woodland to expand distributional ranges westward. The evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) historically occurred in woodlands throughout the eastern United States. Following our capture of the first evening bat in New Mexico, we updated the distributional range for this species by amassing recent records from published literature and museum voucher records west of its historic range published in 1981, the last time the species distribution was updated throughout its range. We document that evening , including some reproductively active populations, now occur across much of the central and southern Great Plains, including southwestern Nebraska, western Kansas, and western Texas. Such records should encourage researchers to factor in the possible occurrence of this species beyond published historic western limits for mist-netting and acoustic surveys. While it remains unclear if the single capture in southwestern New Mexico represented a wandering individual, these compiled records suggest that established populations might occur west of our updated distribution for the species.

RESUMEN.—La falta de árboles en general en las Grandes Llanuras ha limitado la colonización de los mamíferos del bosque del este, pero la reciente expansión de los bosques en los corredores que se encuentran a lo largo de las vías fluviales de las praderas y en las ciudades, ha permitido que una variedad de especies de bosque extienda su rango de distribución hacia el oeste. Históricamente, podíamos encontrar al murciélago crepuscular americano (Nycticeius humeralis) en los bosques del este de los Estados Unidos. Luego de la captura de nuestro primer murciélago crepuscular americano (N. humeralis) en Nuevo México, actualizamos el rango de distribución de esta especie, recopilando registros de publicaciones recientes y anteriores, al oeste de su rango histórico publicado en 1981, fecha en la que se actualizó por última vez el rango de distribución de esta especie. Reportamos que podemos encontrar al murciélago crepuscular americano, incluyendo a algunas poblaciones reproductivamente activas, en gran parte de la zona central y sur de las Grandes Llanuras, incluyendo el suroeste de Nebraska, el oeste de Kansas y el oeste de Texas. Tales registros deberían alentar a los investigadores a tener en cuenta la posible existencia de esta especie más allá de los límites históricos occidentales publicados, a la hora de realizar estudios acústicos y al colocar redes de captura. Aunque aún no está claro si la captura realizada en el suroeste de Nuevo México representa a un ejemplar errante, los registros recopilados sugieren que podríamos encontrar poblaciones de esta especie al oeste de nuestra distribución ya actualizada.

Numerous mammals inhabiting eastern and in towns (Hunt 1965, Johnson 1994, forests have expanded their distributional Benedict et al. 1996). Because of their capa- ranges westward in response to recent phyto- bility for powered flight, bats are able to geographic changes throughout the Great rapidly respond to the presence of expanding Plains (Choate and Reed 1986, Benedict et al. and shifting habitats (Scheel et al. 1996, Kurta 1996, 2000, Wilson and Choate 1996, Geluso et al. 2007). Tree-roosting species, including 2004, 2006, Yancey and Jones 2006). This the American Perimyotis (Perimyotis subflavus, sparsely forested region, from central Canada formerly subflavus), eastern red through 9 Midwestern states into ( borealis), and Mexico (Mather 1972), once served as a west- (Lasiurus seminolus), appear to have exploited ern barrier to eastern woodland species. How- forested habitats in parts of the Great Plains, ever, anthropogenic influences, including as records of these eastern species now occur dams, fire suppression, and European settle- outside of their historic ranges (Hall 1981, ment in prairies, have led to widespread Benedict et al. 2000, Brant and Dowler 2000, increases in woodlands along riparian corridors Geluso et al. 2005, White et al. 2006, Armstrong

1Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 68845. 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. 3Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Laramie, WY 82070. 4E-mail: [email protected]

223 224 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 77

Fig. 1. Distributional map of the evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) representing the historical ranges developed by Hall and Kelson (1959) and Hall (1981), as well as the updated range including all county records identified since Hall (1981; black dots). The open circle in New Mexico represents the first record of N. humeralis in the state, but due to its location, it was not included in the proposed distribution and needs to be considered an extralimital record until more specimens are captured in New Mexico. et al. 2006, Valdez et al. 2009, Riedle and the distribution of this species at the state Matlack 2013, Geluso and Geluso 2016). level (i.e., Sparks and Choate 2000—Kansas; The evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) Benedict 2004—Nebraska; Ammerman et al. inhabits temperate woodlands across most of 2012—Texas), but a comprehensive assessment the eastern and southeastern United States of the species throughout its distribution has (Hall 1981, Watkins and Shump 1981). Prior to not been completed since Hall (1981). Further- 1981, N. humeralis was known to occur from more, we report on the first capture of N. New Jersey westward to southern Michigan humeralis in New Mexico. We discuss poten- and southeastern Nebraska, and southward, in - tial routes for this capture in southwestern habiting central Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas New Mexico and implications associated with to northeastern Mexico (Hall 1981, Watkins westward expansion of this species and other and Shump 1981). Because the species com- eastern bat species across the Great Plains. monly roosts in trees and buildings (Watkins 1972, Boyles and Robbins 2006), the historical METHODS lack of trees across the Great Plains likely Literature Review restricted its colonization of the region in the past (Altringham 2011). We amassed museum records of N. humer- In this study, we amassed distributional alis through online databases, as well as direct records through 2017 across the Great Plains communications with museums along the to update the western distributional limits of edge of the species’ distribution in Texas, N. humeralis. Several publications have updated Oklahoma, and New Mexico. We examined 2017] EXPANSION OF THE EVENING BAT 225

TABLE 1. Records for evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) outside of the previously published distributional limits in Hall (1981). Year represents the first year the species was documented in the county. State County Year Museuma Reference Kansas Stanton 2007 FHSM Phelps et al. 2008 Nebraska Buffalo 2013 UNSM Johnson and Geluso 2017 Nebraska Dixon 1988 UNSM Benedict et al. 2000 Nebraska Furnas 2004 UNSM Johnson and Geluso 2017 Nebraska Harlan 2006 MSB Geluso et al. 2008 Nebraska Hitchcock 2007 UNSM Serbousek and Geluso 2009 Nebraska Knox 2001 UNSM Benedict 2004 Nebraska Red Willow 2007 UNSM Serbousek and Geluso 2009 New Mexico Grant 2015 MSB This study Oklahoma Jackson 1978 UCO N/A Oklahoma Kiowa 2007 OU N/A South Dakota Clay 2000 Noneb Lane et al. 2003 Texas Brown 2002 ASNHC Ammerman et al. 2012 Texas Hood 2009 TTU Demere et al. 2012 Texas Kinney 1986 TTU Manning et al. 1987 Texas Palo Pinto 1971 MWSU N/A Texas Parker 2005 ASNHC Ammerman et al. 2012 Texas Presidio 1996 ASNHC Dowler et al. 1999 Texas Randall 2006 TTU Riedle and Matlack 2013 Texas Real 1986 TTU Davis and Schmidly 1994 Texas San Saba 1976 TCWC Wilkins et al. 1979 Texas Tom Green 1992 ASNHC Dowler et al. 1992 Texas Uvalde 1972 TCWC Ammerman et al. 2012 Texas Val Verde 1998 ASNHC Dowler et al. 1999 aAcronyms for museums: ASNHC = Angelo State Natural History Collection, San Angelo, TX; FHSM = Fort Hays State Museum, Hays, KS; MSB = Museum of Southwestern Biology, Albuquerque, NM; OU = Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK; TCWC = Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, College Station, TX; TTU = Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX; UCO = University of Central Oklahoma Natural History Museum, Edmond, OK; UNSM = University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, NE. bNo voucher was kept according to Swier 2006. online databases for records from 92 reporting On 5 nights in 2014 and 2015 (8 and 9 June museums via VertNet (vertnet.org) on 31 Janu- 2014, 18 and 29 May and 3 June 2015), we ary 2017. In addition, we contacted curators deployed mist nets (Avinet Inc., Portland, ME) and collection managers from Central Okla- in areas of calm water or river sections where homa University (COU), Midwestern State tree canopy forced bats into tight corridors. University (MWSU), and Eastern New Mexico A voucher specimen was deposited at the University (ENMU), which were not linked Museum of Southwestern Biology (MSB), Uni - with VertNet and did not possess accessible versity of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New online databases. Distributional records only Mexico. All fieldwork was conducted under were included if the entire county was located an approved care and use protocol outside of the historical distribution described (#020614) from the University of Nebraska at in Hall (1981). Kearney and met guidelines recommended by the American Society of Mammalogists (Sikes Fieldwork et al. 2011). The study site for our field research was located on the Mimbres River in Grant County, RESULTS New Mexico, about 1.2 km north of Bear Literature Review Canyon Reservoir (32.89776° N, 107.99616° W; North American Datum 1983). Upland habi- Our review of the literature and museum tats surrounding the riparian area consisted records yielded a total of 23 county records of piñon-juniper woodlands. Dominant trees west of the historical distributional range of adjacent to this small endorheic river con- N. humeralis described in Hall (1981) from the sisted of cottonwood (Populus spp.), box elder following states: South Dakota (1), Nebraska (Acer negundo), Goodding’s willow (Salix good - (7), Kansas (1), Oklahoma (2), and Texas (12) dingii), Arizona black walnut ( Juglans major), (Fig. 1, Table 1). These records included one and alder (Alnus oblongifolia). state record (South Dakota; Lane et al. 2003) 226 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 77

TABLE 2. Total bats captured along the Mimbres River in Grant County, New Mexico, in 2014 and 2015. We attempted to capture bats on 5 nights at a location approximately 4 km N of Mimbres along a 0.7-km stretch of river. Scientific name Common name Male Female Unknown Total Lasionycteris noctivagansa Silver-haired bat 35 (2) 1 (1) 0 36 (3) Lasiurus cinereusa 15 (2) 16 (13) 2 33 (15) Myotis occultusa Southwestern myotis 7 (3) 1 (0) 0 8 (3) Myotis californicusa California myotis 1 (0) 6 (2) 0 7 (2) Myotis thysanodes Fringed myotis 0 (0) 2 (0) 1 3 (0) fuscusa 0 (0) 2 (1) 0 2 (1) Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat 1 (0) 1 (0) 0 2 (0) Lasiurus blossevillii 1 (0) 0 (0) 0 1 (0) Myotis volans Long-legged myotis 0 (0) 1 (0) 0 1 (0) Myotis yumanensisa Yuma myotis 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 1 (1) Nycticeius humeralisa Evening bat 1 (1) 0 (0) 0 1 (1) TOTAL 62 (9) 30 (17) 3 95 (26) aIndicates species captured on the night that the state record N. humeralis was captured. Totals for that night are in parentheses. and one record in western Kansas which was matic breadth, 9.9 mm; cranial breadth, 7.2 located only 2 km east of Baca County, Colo - mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 5.4 mm; rado (Phelps et al. 2008). Following an exten- and width across molars, 6.6 mm. Dentition: sive literature review and compilation of speci - i 1/3, c 1/1, p 1/2, m 3/3, total 30. The col- mens by Ammerman et al. (2012), researchers oration of the individual was dark brown. were able to accumulate records of N. humer- The bat was kept as a voucher specimen and alis both inside and outside of the species’ deposited in the Museum of Southwestern historical range in Texas. Three additional Biology (MSB:Mamm:291773), and tissues also counties in Texas (Bailey, Midland, and Yoakum were preserved (NK# 257417). cos.) were stated to have records of N. humer- alis west of its known historical range; how- DISCUSSION ever, we chose not to include these as they represented unverified records from the Texas Our review of literature and museum rec- Department of State Health Services (Ammer- ords documented many records of N. humer- man et al. 2012). Only one new county record alis beyond the former western and northern (Randall Co.; Riedle and Matlack 2013) has edges of its range and provides evidence for been identified in western parts of Texas since the species’ continued westward expansion Ammerman et al. (2012). These records indi- across the Great Plains (Fig. 1). Numerous cate that N. humeralis now occurs across a sites within the newly expanded distribution majority of the Great Plains states, including yielded multiple captures of volant young southwestern Nebraska, western Kansas, west- and reproductive females (Dowler et al. 1999, ern Oklahoma, and western Texas. Sparks and Choate 2000, Lane et al. 2003, Geluso et al. 2008, Serbousek and Geluso Field Work 2009, Johnson and Geluso 2017). We suspect On 18 May 2015, we captured 26 bats rep- that this species will continue to expand its resenting 7 species in 3 nets deployed from distribution and increase in abundance 20:00 (MST) to midnight. Among those cap- through out the Great Plains. Although expan- tures was a nonreproductive, adult male sion of wooded habitats is associated with the evening bat at 20:45 (MST), representing the expansions of tree-roosting bats, abandoned first record for New Mexico (Table 2). The settlements (e.g., old school houses, churches, individual weighed 8.5 g and external mea- and houses) might also have served as step- surements were as follows: total length, 101 ping stones for this species to expand into mm; length of tail, 40 mm; length of hind foot, and across the Great Plains (Baker and Ward 7 mm; length of ear, 14 mm; length of forearm, 1967, Chapman and Chapman 1990). 38 mm. The testes measured 4 × 2 mm. Skull In light of recent distributional changes for measurements were as follows: greatest length some eastern bat species (Hall 1981, Benedict of skull, 14.2 mm; breadth across canines, et al. 2000, Brant and Dowler 2000, Geluso et 4.9 mm; interorbital breadth, 4.0 mm; zygo- al. 2005, White et al. 2006, Armstrong et al. 2017] EXPANSION OF THE EVENING BAT 227

2006, Valdez et al. 2009, Riedle and Matlack the range in summer (Jones 1967, Watkins 2013, Geluso and Geluso 2016, this study), it 1969). Schmidly and Jones (2001) speculated is important for researchers to be aware of the that the Rio Grande has been a route for east- possibility of encountering eastern species ern bats to travel westward into previously inhabiting western portions of North America. unoccupied areas. The riparian corridor of the Ruling out a species based purely on historical Rio Grande leads into southern New Mexico distributions might lead to improper identifi- and, thus, it could have been used by this cation in hand and via acoustic software. We individual to reach the Mimbres River. Fur- encourage researchers to know the character- thermore, records from western Texas might istics of N. humeralis and other eastern bat also indicate that the individual traversed species and retain voucher materials (entire eastern New Mexico to reach the Mimbres specimen or wing punch) to positively confirm River. Other individuals could be residing in species occurrences beyond distributional lim- habitats along one of these 2 routes; thus, its. Yates (1985) states that voucher specimens future research is warranted to determine the represent vital, nonrenewable resources that status of this species in New Mexico. This serve to physically and permanently document capture of a single individual in southwestern the occurrence and identity of a species. Thus, New Mexico is best referred to as an extra - voucher specimens make historical comparison limital record and should be considered as possible (Yates 1985). In addition, we recom- such until more individuals are captured in mend that individuals with questionable identi- the state. We suggest that more surveys fications should be kept as voucher specimens should be conducted in eastern Colorado and for later identification via genetic confirmation eastern New Mexico to further corroborate or examination of skull characteristics. our predictions and better define the current Technological advancements in recent years distributional limits of N. humeralis in North have led to surveys of bats via recording and America. Such surveys also will provide impor- discrimination of acoustical echolocation calls tant baseline information for future studies. (e.g., Lemen et al. 2015, Russo and Voigt Because species distributions are not static and 2016). Reducing the possible number of species continually change, understanding historical through regional libraries aids in proper iden- and current ranges is imperative with respect tification of calls based on the species likely to to future habitat and climate shifts (Parris and be recorded in an area. However, ruling out Hazell 2005, Kurta et al. 2007). some species based on distribution alone will likely lead to misidentification of echolocation ACKNOWLEDGMENTS call sequences. If acoustic equipment is used for surveys, we suggest that problematic calls We thank Kenneth N. Geluso for assistance should elicit netting surveys and that verifica- in the field, Martha Cooper and Dave Gori for tion of species presence be limited to visual allowing us access to conduct biological sur- identification in hand. veys of mammals on lands owned by the Our capture of an evening bat in New Nature Conservancy in New Mexico, Ginny Mexico represents the first individual reported Seamster of the New Mexico Department of in the state, as well as the farthest west occur- Game and Fish for technical matters associ- rence of the species in North America (Fig. 1). ated with this research, and Jeremy White, The previous westernmost record in Presidio Letitia Reichart, and 2 anonymous reviewers County, Texas, was 475 km east of our locality for comments on early versions of this manu- (Dowler et al. 1999). The route the New Mex- script. We would also like to thank those that ico individual used to reach southwestern New provided information on museum specimens, Mexico is unclear. This specimen resembled including Lynda Louks (COU), Noman Horner the eastern subspecies on the basis of its dark and Ray Willis (MWSU), and Darren Pollock coloration (Davis 1944), indicating that this (ENMU). This project was funded, in part, by individual more likely originated from the the Share with Wildlife program of the New east rather than Mexico where the other sub- Mexico Department of Game and Fish and species occurs (Davis 1944). The capture of a State Wildlife Grant T-32-4 #6 during the male matches previous data showing that this inventory of mammals on the Mimbres and sex typically remains in southern reaches of Gila rivers in southwestern New Mexico. 228 WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST [Volume 77

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