1 Opportunities and Methods for Stimulating

Opportunities and Methods for Stimulating the Tourist Industry in Northern Australia:

Comments from Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited, which owns and operates “Crocodylus Park”, in Darwin, one of relatively few large private tourist attractions in northern Australia

(12th August 2017)

1. Introduction and Background

Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited (WMI) is a Darwin-based company (since 1978) that specialises in “wildlife”. They have a significant footprint nationally and internationally for implementing evidence-based programs and policies, based on science, that meet world standards, in wildlife conservation, research, management, sustainable use and production (see Annex 1). WMI have achieved this from a private- sector platform, located within northern Australia. WMI have over 4 decades of experience with scientific research generally, and 23 years of experience applying science to tourism visitation within northern Australia.

Within Australia the management of wildlife and the pursuit of tourism are both State and Territory Government responsibilities, with Commonwealth oversight when it comes to some issues. Most research on wildlife and tourism are conducted through Government Departments or public institutions. Hence WMI’s experience and skills, bring it into competition with public institutions. Whereas government departments of business are based on the concept of transferring business opportunities to the private sector, when it comes to research with wildlife or tourism, there is no culture of engaging local businesses to assess data. With wildlife the private sector tends to be viewed as “the enemy”, and with tourism, there is a history of Government embellishing tourism statistics to meet political goals – no real incentive for transparency or probing analytical questions.

Over and above WMI consulting services, another arm of WMI’s activities in northern Australia is “Crocodylus Park”, a multi-million dollar tourist attraction in Darwin (since 1994).

Attractions (natural and man-made) are the “pointy end” of the tourism industry. They bring visitors here, and provide the capacity for visitors to spend time here. For example, Crocodylus Park holds the average tourist for 3-4 hours. For this it receives around $50 per visitor in entrance fees and shop sales. But the 3-4 hours at Crocodylus Park means visitors need to stay an extra day, and through this, they inject maybe 10 times that amount into the economy (hotels, restaurants, transport, other attractions, etc.).

A large percentage of people visiting northern Australia do so because of attractions (natural and man-made), not because we have a bus, hotel room, restaurant or other elements of the tourism service sector. Yet the important role of attractions is rarely mentioned in tourism strategies and most of them belong to Government. For example, 2

Crocodylus Park’s commercial competition, for a tourist “zoo experience”, is the NT Government’s “Territory Wildlife Park” (TWP). Over and above entrance fees, the NT Government subsidises the TWP some $150/visitor, depending how it is calculated: some $200+ million in subsidies so far (in 2017 dollars). The private sector competition (Crocodylus Park) gets zero support. It is definitely not a level playing field. We think the TWP receives about the same number of visitors as Crocodylus Park, and we do not think they stay there as long. But Government is far more cautious about releasing its visitation statistics than are Crocodylus Park – they see their data as commercially confidential! Perhaps transparency is a political risk.

Tourism in northern Australia waxes and wanes dramatically over time, for a variety of reasons. Over the last 10 years in Darwin, interstate visitation has declined by around 50%. But there is no “drought relief” available for private attractions in northern Australia. They need to close down or refinance. Given the Government attractions are completely shielded from such realities, their ability to compete ramps up. For example, in the current times of tourism stress, the TWP just announced (see Annex 2) a new crocodile-based attraction, aimed directly at competing further with Crocodylus Park. Indeed, the person in charge (Simon Ferguson) is an ex-CP employee, whose knowledge- base on crocodiles was built largely at CP. It is definitely not a level playing field.

WMI’s interest in the tourism industry goes beyond Crocodylus Park, and its ability to weather tourism droughts. We thus welcome this inquiry and hope the insights we provide here are helpful. In our opinion:

1. The tourist industry is fundamental to the economic well-being and future of all people living in northern Australia, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous.

2. Tourism overcomes the ability of getting produce grown in northern Australia to distant markets. Tourism brings the market (tourists) to northern Australia - or at least has the potential to do so if the transport mechanisms are in place.

3. Tourism attractions are needed in northern Australia, but they are obviously not lucrative businesses to operate. There has been one significant tourist attraction built in Darwin in the last 23 years! The “Catch 22” is that you need attractions to bring tourists to town -- but you need the tourists in town, before the private sector can invest.

4. The public and private sectors have developed tourism together, amidst a commercial environment steeped in risk and uncertainty. Despite the experience gained, better and bolder paradigms and visions are needed if the status quo is to be changed.

5. Foremost amongst WMI concerns is the need apply innovation and science to understanding the dynamic nature of tourism visitation to northern Australia, and as a consequence, to be better able to help businesses through improved prediction (forecasting). As it stands, very few businesses in the NT benefit from data on visitor trends provided by Tourism Northern Territory (TNT) not take any notice of it.

2. Political Landscape

RECOMMENDATION 1.

That the inquiry recognises that for northern Australia to reach its full potential with tourism, the political landscape and priorities will be critical. The situation in the Northern Territory, with its seat of Government in the north, is arguably different to Queensland, Western Australia and the Commonwealth. A fundamental requirement will be to establish a mechanism for the ongoing promotion of tourism across northern Australia, suggesting a role for a “North Australian Tourist Council”.

Tourism in Queensland and Western Australia is driven from Brisbane and Perth respectively, whereas in the Northern Territory, the seat of Government is in northern Australia (Darwin), and the status of tourism locally is at all times before most politicians. Against this, the government tourism infrastructure in QLD and WA may well be larger, better resourced, and more refined than in the NT. Regardless, mechanisms for promoting tourism in northern Australia generally, and for sharing tourists across State and Territory borders in the region, may be important for achieving better outcomes from tourism for northern Australia. Some form of North Australian Tourism Council, or “think-tank”, may be needed to pursue these matters, and indeed, to keep northern Australia on the tourist agenda at all levels.

3. Fundamental Issues

3.1. Rationalising data collection, analysis and interpretation.

RECOMMENDATION 2.

A fundamental requirement for stimulating tourism in Northern Australia is greatly improved capacity to monitor, analyse and assess the local tourism industry objectively. In the “Top End” of the Northern Territory the tourist industry is in crisis now, and it needs stimulation. But for a variety of reasons, the data needed to assess trends objectively are neither collected by Government nor available through other sources.

a. A fundamental assumption for this inquiry is that the “tourist Industry” in Northern Australia needs stimulation … that the tourist industry is considered to be underperforming.

b. The most fundamental dynamic of the tourist industry in northern Australia is the number of tourists that visit annually. The economic impact of tourists from different origins varies, but in many ways this is nit-picking. In WMI’s experience, when visitation is high at Crocodylus Park, in Darwin, the tourist industry as a whole is vibrant and the flow-on effects are that business spending and confidence generally are high. When tourism visitation declines greatly, such as in 2003 and 2014, the opposite occurs. 4

Figure 1. Visitation at Crocodylus Park, presented as a 12-month period advanced monthly (1994-2017). Red line = peak visitation (2007- 2008). Brown and green lines indicate a reduction of 25% and 50% of peak visitation respectively. c. Visitation data from Crocodylus Park (Figure 1) for 23 years confirm that visitation rates for tourists (not confounded by business visitors to the Top End) have increased and decreased greatly over time.

Figure 2. Annual visitation (12 month moving average one month at a time) by origin (local, interstate, international) for 11 years (2007 to 2017). Arrow indicates when the investment in a new river cruise attraction started at Crocodylus Park, which had an immediate effect on local visitation (blue). d. In the 6-year period from 2008 (World Economic Crisis) to 2014, accommodation and transport sectors into and out of Darwin were allocated to business development: the INPEX gas development. Tourist visitation at Crocodylus Park and within the Top End generally was drastically reduced, putting enormous stress on all tourist attractions in Darwin. The declines at Crocodylus Park were:

All visitors (Interstate + Intrastate + International) = -41.9% Interstate visitors = -51.6% International visitors = -47.3% Interstate + International visitors = -51.0% 5

Intrastate visitors = -25.5%

e. In 2014, a significant investment by WMI in a new attraction at Crocodylus Park, a river cruise, increased visitation rates of local residents greatly, and stabilised the falling trend in interstate and international visitors (Figure 2).

f. Since 2014 the decline in intrastate visitors reflects “saturation” (particularly with local residents) with the new attraction after 3 years. Interstate and International visitation are now increasing, but there is clearly a long way to go to reach peak visitation levels (if they are ever to be reached again).

g. Statistical analyses of tourism visitation rates by the NT Government are usually ignored or treated with suspicion by the industry players. The main goal of such figures seems to be political rather than true and accurate reflections of industry status aimed at helping private businesses.

h. Efforts to boost tourism in northern Australia are unlikely to be successful unless monitoring is objective, tailored to specific industry needs in northern Australia, is transparent, free of obvious biases, free of vested interests, free of blatant errors, and free of political interference. In short, the monitoring of tourism in northern Australia needs to be much more science-based, and reliable, than it is today.

3.2. Who are the “tourists” visiting in northern Australia?

RECOMMENDATION 3.

There is a need to define what a tourist is for the purpose of this inquiry.

a. It seems critical for this inquiry into “tourism” that a distinction be made between people visiting northern Australia for tourism versus those visiting northern Australia for non-tourism purposes.

b. A starting point in this inquiry may be to define a tourist in the northern Australian context. Starting points could be:

i. A person who visits an area in northern Australia primarily for recreational purposes

ii. A person travelling or visiting a place in northern Australia for pleasure

3.3. From where do “tourists” visiting northern Australia originate

RECOMMENDATION 4.

There is a need for the inquiry to define where tourists visiting northern Australia originate from, in order to assess potential promotional challenges and opportunities, and monitor the effectiveness of stimulation activities. 6

a. Where current and potential future tourists reside is fundamental to having the ability to stimulate them to visit northern Australia.

b. Tourists to the “northern” parts of any State or Territory in Australia can originate from:

i. Intrastate. Reside within that State (QLD, NT or WA), but not necessarily in the northern parts of it. ii. Interstate. Reside in Australia, perhaps in the north, but outside the State or Territory being visited. iii. International. Reside outside Australia.

c. Figure 2, using data from Crocodylus Park, indicates Interstate tourist visitation, which used to be the mainstay of the industry, has declined sharply – to the extent that local tourism visitation is now the main source of visitors.

3.4. Separating tourist visitation from non-tourist business visitation

RECOMMENDATION 5.

Separating tourist visitation from non-tourist business visitation is a critically important distinction to make if the inquiry is to focus its activities on stimulating tourism.

a. Some of the “tourism” survey information provided to States and Territories combine tourist and business visitors. This increases the estimated value of the tourism industry, and perhaps better justifies expenditure on data collection, but it complicates the use of data for assessing tourism per se – indeed, it breaks all statistical rules for doing so!

b. For example, in Darwin in 2014 all hotels were full. But the high occupancy was due to interstate “fly-in-fly-out” workers (business visitors). High transport and accommodation costs, high fuel prices and the high Australian dollar, contributing to real “tourist” visitation reaching the lowest levels since 2003.

c. Government claims that tourism was booming (Annex 3), when in reality it was maximally stressed, did little more than undermine the credibility of the government and its data on tourism.

d. Some business visitors undertake tourism activities, and some tourists undertake business activities, but the two streams are fundamentally different. The goal of this inquiry is to “stimulate” tourism not to stimulate non-tourism business. Thus although information on the “visitor economy” (tourism plus business) may be important for some purposes, it complicates others.

e. It is unrealistic to expect a “Tourist Department” in northern Australia to be responsible for declines in business visitation, nor a Business Department, to be responsible for declines in non-business tourism.

f. It is very clear that northern Australia needs to monitor tourism visitation itself, so it can take actions based on real tourism data. It also needs to separate visitation from Central Australia from the Top End, because they follow completely different patterns within and between years. By combining the data, the trends refer to neither and are thus useless.

g. The information provided to the NT by Tourism Research Australia (Annex 3) combines tourism and business visitors, in addition to Central Australia and the Top End visitation, which may be of interest to someone (we have met no one who has any interest in such a concoction), and may serve some economic purposes. However, it is totally misleading, and in this case led the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory (also the Minister of Tourism) appearing completely out of touch with reality in terms of the tourism business. The same thing happened before the 2001 election, with the then Tourism Minister (Mike Read) making similar claims of a booming tourist industry, when it was in sharp decline. In both cases it appears to have added to the view that it was time to change Government – they were out of touch.

3.5. What constitutes the “Tourist Industry” in northern Australia?

RECOMMENDATION 6.

Defining how the Inquiry interprets the different components of the “tourism industry” is critical to resolving the effectiveness of different stimulants.

a. Within northern Australia (Figure 3) the income of a relatively small number of specialised businesses are totally dependent on tourism (eg tourist attractions, fishing charters). At the other extreme, a large number of commercial enterprises - not considered part of the tourist industry - get minor income benefits from tourism (eg hairdressers, medical practitioners, tyre providers, etc.). Between these two extremes is an array of businesses in which income from tourism is important, but may not be critical to the economic survival of a business.

Figure 3. A relationship (theoretical) between the number of businesses in northern Australia and their dependence on tourism for economic survival.

b. The individual businesses that together comprise the tourist industry are not equivalent to each other in terms of benefits to the tourist industry. For example:

i. Stimulation investment in “attractions” (natural, man-made and unique experiences), encourages more tourists to visit, and hold tourists for longer when they do visit. This benefits the “attractions” themselves, but the flow-on benefits of the investment reach through the tourism service sector as a whole (accommodation, transport, restaurants, hotels, etc.).

ii. In contrast, investment in separate elements of the tourism service sector, for example a new restaurant, new taxi company, or new cycling path, does not necessarily have flow-on effects back through the industry to the attractions.

c. Underpinning this is the reality that tourists visit northern Australia because of attractions. Not because we have buses, hotel rooms and restaurants.

3.6. Avoiding competition with Government

RECOMMENDATION 7.

Northern Australia needs attractions to lure tourists, but it needs the tourists here before the private sector can risk investing in the attractions – “Catch- 22”. In the Northern Territory this led to Government building and operating attractions, which creates a complex competitive environment with the private sector. There is an urgent need to explore different forms of public- private partnerships, to encourage industry to create bigger and better attractions to stimulate the industry. That is, the investment Government makes annually in supporting its own attractions could be better spent in interest subsidies to expand existing attractions and create a range of new attractions.

a. After the Northern Territory was granted self-government in 1978, and became responsible for most state functions, including tourism, the NT Government recognised a “Catch-22” situation existed:

i. Significant attractions were needed to lure tourists to northern Australia; but,

ii. You needed the tourists lured to northern Australia before the private sector could afford to build the attractions.

b. The NT Government attempted to overcome this situation by: 9

i. Providing some one-off grants in the 1970s to the private sector to help them construct tourism infrastructure (eg the Noonamah Crocodile Farm); and,

ii. By investing themselves in the construction and operation of attractions (eg Territory Wildlife Park, Museum and Art Gallery, Windows on the Wetlands), some with entrance fees and others with free entry. c. In 1994 WMI constructed and opened “Crocodylus Park” using private funds. Since then, over the last 23 years, there has only been one significant tourist attraction constructed in Darwin by the private sector (“Crocodylus Cove” in the CDB). It is by no means an attractive business investment within the current tourism industry. d. Crocodylus Park (CP) competes with the Territory Wildlife Park (TWP) for a “zoo experience”. The competition with other crocodile attractions is not as important, because they are all very different. The TWP and CP both charge entrance fees, but over and above those fees, the Government deems it necessary to provide around $150 per visitor (depending on how it is calculated) to operate a zoo-type attraction in Darwin. Yet CP operates with no support from Government. Hence when tourism declines, private sector attractions like CP suffer greatly, and have to reduce expenditure on staff, advertising etc., whereas the competing Government attractions are completely shielded from such realities. e. A recent international tourism investor from China, visiting Darwin, remarked that it would be difficult to invest in any diverse tourism attraction complex in Darwin, because Government provides so many services free or at a highly subsidised rate. f. Added to this, Government are not only a competitor but also the wildlife regulators, who decide who gets permits for what animals, and whether interstate zoos will get access to animals before local zoos (which happened with albino pythons). g. So there is a fundamental dilemma about how to involve the private sector in the business of attracting tourists to northern Australia. This comes down to how to ensure that if private attractions are to continue as part of the tourism landscape, they do so on a level-playing field with Government - competitive neutrality is ignored. h. One obvious mechanism for assisting industry to invest in attractions, that may not become viable for 10 years, is through interest subsidies. That is, instead of investing in their own attractions, invest in helping to upgrade existing private attractions and build new attractions.

i. For the last 20+ years successive governments have unsuccessfully tried to “sell” the TWP to various people (including WMI clients in China), but cannot do so because it is commercially not viable. However, a commercial operator could probably operate the TWP with a subsidy maybe half what they are receiving now ($6 million per year), which would leave at least $3 million that could be used to help private sector attractions. New models for public- private partnerships are needed.

3.7. Benefits to businesses, residents or both

RECOMMENDATION 8.

The goal of Government tourism interventions in northern Australia should be to maximise the benefits residents in northern Australia receive from tourism, rather than to assist the tourist industry in northern Australia, because the tourist industry encompasses all sorts of businesses with direct and indirect links and flow-on effects to tourism

a. In the NT at least, the goal of the Government tourist department has always been along the lines of assisting the tourist industry in the Northern Territory to prosper.

b. This is rather difficult to evaluate, because what constitutes the tourist industry is not defined (see 3.5 above), and as shown in Figure 3, companies that receive minor benefits from tourism can legitimately claim to be part of the tourist industry. Hence one can support segments of the tourist industry, without supporting tourism per se.

c. In reality, the goal should be to maximise the benefits people in the northern Territory receive through tourist visitation. This approach allows competitive interests to be resolved on the basis of benefits from tourism and not simply involvement in the tourist industry. Tourism in northern Australia could follow the same logic.

3.8. Improving the ability to formulate evidence-based policy on tourism

RECOMMENDATION 9.

A high-level analytical hub, skilled in multivariate analyses, needs to be established in northern Australia – possibly within Charles Darwin University - but in partnership with Queensland and Western Australia. The challenges of independently monitoring, assessing and researching tourism dynamics in northern Australia need to be seen as a local priority in their own right and not as an add-on to companies monitoring tourism by telephone survey in Canberra. .

Figure 4. Understanding “what” happens is possible through appropriate monitoring (upper) but understanding “why” it happens is immensely complex (lower). a. The levels of tourist visitation to northern Australia can be monitored in various ways, to provide accurate assessments to decision-makers of “what” is happening over time (Figure 4 upper). b. The interplay of different variables that ultimately determines “what” happens (Figure 4 lower) can be complex, but is a standard scientific ‘multivariate” problem to unravel. By focussing on this type of problem, it is possible to:

i. Predict fluctuations in visitation levels with increasing accuracy;

ii. Gain new insights into “why” tourist visitation numbers are increasing or decreasing; and,

iii. Identify objectively actions needed to improve tourist visitation levels. c. A similar situation exists with tides. Tide charts are typically very accurate, tell us “what” is going to happen, and allow use to plan accordingly. In constructing tide predictions, some 30-40 variables are integrated. d. A compelling case exists to support Charles Darwin University to be the hub of a high-level analytical team of scientists, skilled in multivariate analyses, devoted to tourism monitoring and assessment across northern Australia. This is a skill and service required nationally and internationally by an education and research institution.

3.9. Adaptive Management

RECOMMENDATION 10.

Improved forecasting, focussed on what is happening now, rather than what happened in hindsight months ago, is what the tourism industry needs to function efficiently. In the Northern Territory at least this is not what is provided to them, from those contracted to provide data, and as a consequence: 1) Government decisions are often poorly based in evidence; and, 2) Private operators in tourism largely ignore data on visitation rates provided by Government.

a. The management of any dynamic entity, including tourism visitation to northern Australia, is complicated, because the interplay of different variables is often unknown and unpredictable (Figure 4).

b. This means that the management of “tourism” should ideally be adaptive – Adaptive Management – that requires 4 main component parts (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Components of adaptive management

c. Tourism businesses need to know, in the first week of each month:

i. What tourist visitation is expected relative to last month; and,

ii. What tourist visitation is expected relative to the same month in the previous year.

d. This information allows them to determine whether their performance is above, below or equal to predictions, and as confidence in the system is gained, allows them to base decisions on advertising and the like on data. This is impossible to do at present.

e. Developing an adaptive management model for tourism in northern Australia will mean reporting is “current”, and not the tabulation of results that occurred months before, that is no longer of any use to tourism businesses. Despite presumably serving some purposes associated with budgets to TNT within Government.

3.10. Seasonality – the “boom and bust” cycle

RECOMMENDATION 11.

The high seasonality of tourism visitation in northern Australia ensures the industry is a “boom and bust” one, but maximising economic activity during boom periods needs to remain a priority. Expanding the shoulder seasons should not compromise maximising visitation during peak times.

a. At Crocodylus Park, the percentage of all visitors (intrastate, interstate, international) per month has not changed in over 20 years (Figure 6), and this trend is particular significant for “interstate and International” visitors if local tourists are removed (Figure 7).

Figure 6. Percentage of annual visitors at Crocodylus Park that visit each month (1995 to 2012). Filled circles and triangles are for 1998 and 2012 respectively.

Figure 7. Mean monthly visitation (Interstate+International only) at Crocodylus Park, 2006-2016.

Table 1. Percentage of annual visitors by month (Figure 6) indicating a high level of predictability. For example, if 4000 visitors came in April 2017 (8.1% of annual visitors), then a mean prediction of 3901 visitors would be predicted for May 2017 (7.9% of visitation). SD= standard deviation, DE= standard error, NS= not significant.

b. The significance of these trends are:

i. Tourists want to visit in July when it is cool. They have made this clear over decades. Strategies for ensuring they can do so, without financial penalties, will greatly stimulate tourism in northern Australia in the short-term.

ii. Next to July, December-January (Christmas and New Year) and April (Easter) are favoured times for visiting. We cannot have these events in other months, so we need to respect the wishes of visitors, and ensure they can visit with ease.

iii. Efforts to expand the “shoulder” seasons are a completely different issue and should not compromise maximising visitation rates at peak times.

iv. The ability of tourists to travel at these peak times is currently constrained by airline companies (see later), which is the single most important constraint on the tourist industry in northern Australia.

3.11. Isolation – the “Tyranny of Distance”

RECOMMENDATION 12.

That the relationship between tourism cycles in northern Australia and aircraft capacity and other aircraft costs, be subject to a high level investigation, the results of which can inform a public forum, involving the airline industry. The aim should be to ensure the ability to stimulate tourism in northern Australia is not compromised by the airline industry exploiting the “tyranny of distance” in an unreasonable way.

15 a. In 2015 WMI undertook a preliminary investigation of the degree to which frequency of flights into Darwin airport (airline capacity) correlated with the trends in tourist visitation for Interstate+International tourists (Figure 7). The results (Figures 8 and 9) indicated that despite a decline in airline capacity in February being correlated with a decline in tourism, there is only a minor increase in airline capacity in July - the peak of the tourist season.

Figure 8. Total domestic airline capacity by month for Darwin, from October 2014 to September 2015.

Figure 9. Correlation between total domestic airline capacity into Darwin per month and tourist visitation per month. There is a slight increase in July, but no real correlation for most months (eg months in which 6-15% of tourists come).

b. However, even this poor correlation was a reflection of different patterns by different airlines. Qantas (Figure 10) and Jetstar (Figure 11) showed no real correlation between flights and tourist visitation.

Figure 10. No statistical correlation exists between total Qantas domestic airline capacity into Darwin per month and tourist visitation.

Figure 11. A curvilinear relationship between Jetstar domestic airline capacity into Darwin per month and tourist visitation reflects a poor correlation between tourist seasons and flights. c. By way of contrast, Virgin does increase flights during the peak of the tourist season (Figure 12), although the extent of that increase remains much less than required to match tourist demand (Figure 13).

Figure 12. Total Virgin domestic airline capacity into Darwin per month is significantly correlated with tourism demand.

Figure 13. Virgin data (from Figure 10), in which the heavy line is the projected results from months with less than 10% visitation. It suggests more flights would be needed to accommodate tourists during the peak months (June, July, August). d. That the “boom and bust” tourism cycle is so poorly correlated with airline capacity suggests airlines may be taking the opportunity to maximise profits at the expense of providing a critical service.

i. In 2015, I knew of 5 people who missed flights back to Darwin from down south in July, and they were quoted between $1800 and $2500 for a one-way ticket on the next day’s flight back to Darwin.

ii. In July 2007 I tried at short notice to book 5 family members from Darwin to Sydney, when my father was dying: I was quoted compassionate fares ….. $2000 each …. one-way! 18

iii. Any group of people impulsively deciding to fly to Darwin in July, for tourism purposes, would find it cheaper to consider New York or London.

e. A further consequence of the difficulty of getting flights to Darwin during the peak months for tourism is that “events” in Darwin become seriously constrained. For example, people wanting to marry at this time are now finding it cheaper to fly the bride and groom down south for the wedding, than fly all the family up to Darwin! Tourism is but one of the “losers” from this situation.

f. The people of the “Top End” do their bit to help the airlines, because there are very few capital cities that allow most flights in and out at midnight to 2 am. We do it in Darwin so the planes can arrive down south after the curfew.

g. This assessment by WMI was preliminary, but lends support to the concept that a comprehensive review of the relationship between airline capacity and tourist visitation to northern Australia can and should be conducted so a public forum on the issue can be well informed. It seems an anachronism that QANTAS, with its origins in QLD and the NT, should abandon the outback in such a way. Perhaps it should be renamed AAS Airlines.

4. Conclusions

RECOMMENDATION 13.

Economic development in northern Australia by conventional production (agriculture, fisheries, etc.) is constrained by “distance from markets”. This problem is potentially overcome by a vibrant tourist industry, because it brings the market (tourists) to northern Australia. However, the ability of tourists to visit is constrained by isolation and the costs of transport. Examining the real economic basis of the high costs of travel and freight, and developing strategies for overcoming them, will be the single most important factor needed to boost tourism and all other forms of economic development in northern Australia. For tourism itself, mechanisms to assist attractions to develop, a new holistic vision is needed which shields private investors from unfair competition with Government, and gives Government the ability to foster private sector engagement in attractions.

Northern Australia may be remote from the major population centres in Australia, but it remains an integral part of Australia, and it provides significant resources to Australian exports. It is also the major cultural home of traditional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Hence renewed efforts to encourage development in the north are understandable, and this inquiry, focussed on tourism, is clearly an important part of it.

Part of the problem with economic development in northern Australia is not our ability to produce, by converting the sun’s energy into vegetation or meat products, or 19 harvesting wild resources such as fish, but rather the complexities of transporting the products we produce to interstate and international markets.

Tourism overcomes this fundamental constraint. The market (tourists) transports itself to northern Australia! Tourism is thus quite a unique industry for northern Australia with enormous potential.

However, the ability to access Northern Australia for people or freight, nationally and internationally, is totally in the hands of transport companies and corporations, that are obligated to operate profitably, for their shareholders, rather than to maximise the benefits they bring to northern Australia. This will remain unless strong political action is taken to alter the status quo.

The high costs associated with residents of northern Australia being able to travel back and forth to the remainder of their country, or for tourists to get to northern Australia, when they want to, is the single most important factor constraining development – in tourism and everything else.

Mechanisms for objectively assessing the real costs associated with transport, and the development of strategies for overcoming those constraints, will be the single most important issue to address in order to increase the benefits tourism can provide to the residents of northern Australia.

Over and above this, it is difficult to see how anything in northern Australia can progress effectively if it is in competition with Government, and if maintaining Government budgets and salaries takes priority over promoting economic development. A new culture of encouraging private sector engagement is needed in some departments.

With the high level of employment within the public service in northern Australia, it hard to see how tourism can develop without their active engagement.

There are many ways in which an “all-of-government” approach to promoting tourism could take place in northern Australia. For example, all Government correspondence could promote tourism by using pictures of natural and other attractions. All Government employees attending conferences nationally and internationally should be equipped to try and get the next meeting of whatever conference they are attending in northern Australia, and indeed, be rewarded if they do so.

It would seem that a “strategy” and options for achieving an all-of-government approach to tourism may need to be developed by outside consultants.

Annex 1

Professor Grahame Webb and Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited

June 2017

Professor Grahame Webb began researching reptiles in the late 1960s, and since the 1970s has been actively involved in the conservation and management of wildlife resources. He is regarded by many as one of the world’s leading authorities on crocodilian research and management, and on the concept of conserving wildlife through sustainable use programs. In 2001 he was awarded the prestigious Clunies Ross National Science and Technology Award, for his contribution to a new vision for wildlife conservation based on sustainable use. In 2003 he was awarded an Australian Centenary Medal, for his contribution to crocodile research and to the establishment of The Essington School in Darwin.

He first started research on crocodiles in 1970 and as a Professional Officer in the School of Physics at the University of Sydney, Sydney (1973-77), began fulltime research into the biology and ecology of the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in northern Australia. During this period he worked closely with Aboriginal people in Arnhem Land, and became familiar with traditional management.

From 1977-78 he was an Honorary Research Fellow in the Department of Herpetology at the Australian Museum, Sydney, undertaking research on crocodilian anatomy and biology. From 1979-93, he held a similar position (Honorary Research Fellow) in the School of Zoology at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, still working on the biology, conservation and management of crocodiles.

Concerned by the constraints imposed on research by having to operate from formal institutes, in 1978 he formed a wildlife management and research consulting company, G. Webb Pty. Limited (later changed to Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited). Conservation and management of crocodilians was the primary focus of WMI activities in the 1970s and early 1980s, but activities diversified greatly in the late 1980s and 1990s. They currently include activities ranging from pure scientific investigation and local environmental management to international issues in a range of countries. This has resulted in WMI staff developing a wide range of skills and experience.

WMI’s clients have included government agencies, private organisations and individuals throughout the world. For example: Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage; Parks and Wildlife Service NT; International Project Management Unit, NT; Seafood and Maritime Industries Training; WA Department of Environment and Conservation; GEMCO (Groote Eylandt); BHP Minerals; BHP International; Australian Mining Industry Council; Japan Bekko Association; Global Guardian Trust (Japan); Field and Game Federation of Australia; Proexpo (Colombia); Fauna Ltd. (Colombia); Sustainable Management Systems Ltd. (Venezuela-Guyana); Indonesian Fauna and Fauna Traders Association; Wetlands International (Malaysia, Australia); Asian Conservation and Sustainable Use Group; Cuban Ministry of Fishing Industries; and, numerous crocodile farming operations (eg Australia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Indonesia, Sarawak, Philippines, China, Colombia, Cuba). Additional work has been undertaken under the auspices of international organisations such as the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group.

Over the past 30 years, Grahame Webb and WMI have established close links with many government wildlife agencies, wildlife traders, conservation agencies, researchers, Universities and individual researchers and managers. In Australia, co-operative research links have been established with Murdoch University (WA), University of New South Wales (NSW), University of Adelaide (SA) and the Charles Darwin University (NT). Grahame Webb was appointed to the position of Adjunct Professor at Charles Darwin University in 2000. In May 2004 he took over the Chairmanship of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group.

“Crocodylus Park”, a crocodile research and education centre in Darwin, Australia, was developed by WMI in 1994, and now serves as a base for the company’s operations. It represents a solid commitment by WMI to public education about wildlife conservation and sustainable use issues. Grahame Webb is involved with a variety of key organisations dealing with research, education, conservation, management and research:

• Foundation President, The Essington School, Darwin (1989-95). • Advisor and Executive Support to the Asian Conservation and Sustainable Use Group (1992-1998). • Foundation member of the Northern Territory Research and Development Advisory Council (1994- 2002). • Foundation Board member of IWMC-World Conservation Trust (1994-99). • Assessor for Australian Research Council Grant and Research Fellowship applications. • Member of the Steering Committee of the IUCN Sustainable Use Initiative (1996-2000). • Chairman of the IUCN-SSC Australia New Zealand Sustainable Use Specialist Group (1997-2000). • Member of the IUCN-SSC Australia New Zealand Sustainable Use Specialist Group (since 1997). • Member of the IUCN-SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group (since 2004). Member of IUCN-SSC Boa and Python Specialist Group (since 2011) • Vice-Chairman of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, with responsibility for Asia, Oceania and Australasia (1989-2004). • Chairman of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group (since May 2004). • Board member of the Key Centre for Tropical Wildlife Management, Charles Darwin University (1999- 2004) • Foundation Chairman of the Northern Territory Research and Innovation Board (2004-2010). • Member Northern Territory Research and Innovation Board (since 2010) • Chairman of the Board, NT Environment Protection Agency (2011-13) • NT Representative on Forum of Australian Chief Scientists (2014-present)

Professor Webb and WMI staff have a long history of dealing with the public and the media, and are regularly invited to address conferences and other fora as keynote speakers. These commitments contribute to a schedule that involves extensive travel nationally and internationally.

As Managing Director of WMI, Professor Webb has been involved directly with all major projects undertaken by WMI, and has made a significant contribution to the scientific literature, with over 100 published papers and numerous publications in other print media.

Projects include:

• Critical review of issues relating to a proposed ban on the hunting of ducks in South Australia. • Assessment of issues on adaptive management of duck hunting in Victoria. • Scientific panel review of open seasons for waterfowl in New South Wales. • Testing of new chemical immobilisation agents for Saltwater Crocodiles. • Testing of artificial pellet rations for Saltwater Crocodiles. • Quantifying growth rates, survival rates, and the impact of cane toads on Australian Freshwater Crocodiles. • Review of Saltwater Crocodile management in the Northern Territory (2011-13). • Reintroduction of Chinese Alligators into the wild. • Review of reptile skin trade in Indonesia. • Review of the sustainability of Reticulated Python harvests in Indonesia. • Review of the sustainability of Rat Snake harvests in Indonesia. • Review of wildlife trade (eg birds, birdnest, reptiles, coral, Arawana, primates) in Indonesia. • Review of the edible birdnest trade in Southeast Asia. • Critical assessment of Italy's CITES proposal to list swiftlets (birdnest) on Appendix II. • Reviews of crocodile conservation and management (including research and captive breeding) in Indonesia, Thailand, China, Papua New Guinea, Colombia, Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, East Timor, Madagascar, Palau and Zimbabwe. • Assistance in the preparation (including research programs) and drafting of Cuba's proposals to CITES (1997, 2000, 2002) to transfer Hawksbill Sea Turtles to Appendix II. • Assistance with Indonesia's CITES proposal to list Saltwater Crocodiles on Appendix II. • Preparation of Australia's CITES proposals to list Saltwater Crocodiles on Appendix II (ranching; in 1985) and Appendix II (unqualified; in 1992). • Drafting of the Northern Territory's management program for Red-Tailed Black Cockatoos. • Drafting of management programs for Saltwater and Freshwater Crocodiles in the Northern Territory. • Drafting of the Northern Territory's “Conservation through Sustainable Use” policy. 22

• Development of databases for crocodile management programs in Australia and Papua New Guinea, and sea turtle management programs in Cuba. • Drafting of Code of Practice for the Humane Treatment of Wild and Farmed Australian Crocodiles. • Drafting of “Best Management Practices for Crocodilian Farming” • Drafting of Northern Territory regulations for the processing of crocodiles for the production of meat for human consumption. • Monitoring of crocodile populations in Western Australia and the Northern Territory, including the development and implementation of helicopter survey techniques. • Provision of advice to Queensland authorities on crocodile management. • Managing wild crocodile egg harvests and egg incubation have been undertaken annually since 1980 in the Northern Territory, on behalf of Government, Aboriginal and private landowners. • Development of wild crocodile and egg harvesting programs in Western Australia. • Development and implementation of a trial harvest of wild Saltwater Crocodiles in the Northern Territory. • Assessment of Saltwater Crocodile nesting habitats in the Northern Territory using remote sensing and GIS techniques. • Extensive research on the biology and ecology of Saltwater Crocodiles and Australian Freshwater Crocodiles in Australia. • Extensive research on the biology, status and distribution of the False Gharial in Indonesia. • Surveys of the status of the False Gharial in Peninsular Malaysia. • Development and delivery of major workshop on conservation, sustainable use and CITES in Thailand. • Development and delivery of training courses in crocodile conservation, management and husbandry in Colombia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia. • Development and delivery of a training course (“Crocodile Egg Collection, Incubation and Hatchling Rearing”), specifically tailored for Aboriginal people in northern Australia. • Development and delivery of a Certificate course in “Crocodile Conservation, Management and Husbandry” in Darwin, with participants from Indonesia, Thailand, Palau, Zimbabwe, China, Australia, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea (1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2002). • Delivery of training in survey techniques and capture of crocodilians to wildlife rangers in Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. • Delivery of crocodile component of a Certificate course in Aquaculture at Charles Darwin University (1998, 1999, 2000). • Assessment of vocational education training needs of primary industries in the Northern Territory. • Provision of direct assistance and advice to developing and established crocodilian farming operations in Australia and various countries around the world (eg Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Thailand, China, Philippines, Cuba, Colombia, Malaysia, Mauritius). • Research into the ranching and commercial raising and marketing of Magpie Geese. • Development of raising technologies for Hawksbill Sea Turtles in Australia and Cuba. • Development of commercial-scale crocodile egg incubators. • Drafting management plan for forest operations in Sarawak. • Flora and fauna surveys for BHP mining operations at Groote Eylandt (NT), Cannington (QLD) and Kalimantan (Indonesia). • Review of issues involved with proposed mining at Coronation Hill within Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory (submission to RAC). • Review of environmental management within the Australian mining industry. • Assessment of phylogenetic links of Australian crocodiles as revealed by DNA structure. • Development and histological structure of crocodile skin. • Research on the biology and ecology of flying foxes. • Assessment of the commercial constraints on the use of trepang (sea cucumber) in northern Australia. • Assessment of the use of wildfoods by Aboriginal people in Arnhem Land, Australia. • Aerial surveys of feral livestock (buffalo, horses, cattle) abundance before and after eradication programs. • WMI staff have acted as expert witnesses in court cases dealing with crocodiles (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland). • Participated in the study of coastal marine habitat and biological inventory in the northern part of the Red Sea coast in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in collaboration with the Japan Wildlife Research Centre. 23

• Member of the scientific panel reviewing the ban on water bird hunting in NSW.

Submissions to public inquiries include:

• Mining within Kakadu and the conservation zone (Resource Assessment Commission Kakadu Enquiry; 1990) • Commercial utilisation of Australian native wildlife (Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee; 1998) • Review of the operation of the external earnings targets for Commonwealth Government research agencies (ASTEC; 1993). • The potential for linking Darwin and Asia through the export of wildlife conservation and management expertise (The Darwin Committee Secretariat; 1993). • “Utilisation of Victoria’s fauna and flora” (Victorian Parliamentary Inquiry by the Environment and Natural Resources Committee; 1999). 24

Professor Grahame Webb, PhD, BSc Hons (Zoology)

Full Name: Grahame John Warren Webb

Positions: 1978-present. Managing Director, Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited

1973-1977. Professional Officer, School of Physics, University of Sydney.

Date of Birth: 20 September 1947

Citizenship: Australian

Address: P.O. Box 530, Karama, N.T. 0813, Australia

Contact: Tel: 61.8.89224500 Facs: 61.8.89470678 E-mail: [email protected]

Education

1965 Leaving Certificate: Hurlstone Agricultural High School, Glenfield, Sydney, NSW 1969 BSc, University of New England, Armidale, NSW (Zoology Major) 1970 BSc Honours (First Class; Zoology; University Medal), University of New England, Armidale, NSW 1973 PhD (Science, Zoology), University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2013 Honorary Doctor of Science, Charles Darwin University

Honours/Honorary Positions

1970 University Medal 1977-78 Honorary Research Fellow, Australian Museum 1978-85 Honorary Research Fellow, University of NSW 1991 Finalist; IBM Conservation Award 2000 Adjunct Professorship, Charles Darwin University 2001 Clunies Ross National Science and Technology Award 2003 Centenary Medal 2008 Rotary Paul Harris Fellow 2013 Honorary Doctor of Science, Charles Darwin University

Academic Societies

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists American Society of Zoologists Australian Conservation Foundation Australian Herpetological Society Australian Geographic Society Australian Institute of Biology (MAIBiol and Chartered Biologist) Australian Littoral Society Australian Society of Herpetologists Australian Wildlife Management Society The British Herpetological Society The Herpetologist's League (USA) The Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (USA) The Wildlife Society (USA)

Bibliography 25

The bibliography below includes books, publications in scientific journals, conference proceedings, and some of the 100 or more unpublished reports written by Professor Grahame Webb and key WMI staff.

Books

Webb, G.J.W. (1980). Numunwari. Aurora Press: Sydney. (Republished in 1998 by Grahame Webb. Printed by Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney).

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Whitehead, P.J. (eds.) (1987). Wildlife Management: Crocodile and Alligators. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Webb, G. and Manolis, C. (1988). Australian Freshwater Crocodiles. G. Webb Pty. Limited: Darwin.

Webb, G. and Manolis, C. (1988). Australian Saltwater Crocodiles. G. Webb Pty. Limited: Darwin.

Webb, G. and Manolis, C. (1989). Crocodiles of Australia. Reeds: Sydney. (Republished as "Australian Crocodiles" by New Holland Publishers, 1999).

Richardson, K., Manolis, C. and Webb, G. (2002). Crocodiles: Inside Out. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (2009). Green Guide to Crocodiles of Australia. New Holland: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. (2014). Wildlife Conservation: In the Belly of the Beast. Charles Darwin University Press: Darwin.

Publications

Heatwole, H., Cameron, E. and Webb, G.J.W. (1971). Studies on anuran water balance. II. Desiccation in the Australian frog Notaden bennetti. Herpetologica 27(4): 365-378.

Webb, G.J.W. and Heatwole, H. (1971). Patterns of heat distribution within the bodies of some Australian pythons. Copeia 1971: 209-220.

Webb, G.J.W., Heatwole, H. and de Bavay, J. (1971). Comparative cardiac anatomy of the Reptilia. I. The chambers and septa of the varanid ventricle. J. Morph. 134: 335-350.

Firth, B.T., Webb, G.J.W. and Johnson, C.R. (1972). Effect of time of day and photoperiod on heart rate in the scincid lizard Tiliqua scincoides. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 43A: 805-808.

Webb, G.J.W. and Johnson, C.R. (1972). Head-body temperature differences in turtles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 43A: 593-611.

Webb, G.J.W. (1972). A new hypothesis on the pattern of blood flow through the squamate heart. Search 3: 138-140.

Webb, G.J.W., Johnson, C.R. and Firth, B.T. (1972). Head-body temperature differences in lizards. Physiol. Zool. 45(2): 130-142.

Heatwole, H., Firth, B.T. and Webb, G.J.W. (1973). Panting thresholds of lizards. I. Some methodological and internal influences on the panting threshold of an agamid, Amphibolurus muricatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 46A: 799-826.

Webb, G.J.W. (1973). Some aspects of thermal gradients in reptiles. PhD thesis, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. Australia.

Webb, G.J.W. and Witten, G.J. (1973). Critical thermal maxima of turtles: validity of body temperature. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 45A: 829-837.

Webb, G.J.W. (1974). Caring for crocodiles - crocodiles and conservation. Habitat 2(3): 9-16.

Webb, G.J.W., Heatwole, H. and de Bavay, J. (1974). Comparative cardiac anatomy of the Reptilia. II. A critique of the literature on the Squamata and Rhynchocephalia. J. Morph. 147: 1-20.

Johnson, C.R., Webb, G.J.W. and Johnson, C. (1975). Thermoregulation in pythons. III. Thermal ecology and behaviour of the black-headed rock python, Aspidites melanocephalus. Herpetologica 31(3): 326-332.

Johnson, C.R., Webb, G.J.W. and Tanner, C. (1976). Thermoregulation in crocodilians. II. A telemetric study of body temperature in Australian crocodiles, Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus porosus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 53A: 143-146.

Magnusson, W.E., Webb, G.J.W. and Taylor, J.A. (1976). Two new locality records, a new habitat and a nest description for Xeromys myoides Thomas (Rodentia: Muridae). Aust. Wildl. Res. 3: 153-157.

Drane, C.R., Webb, G.J.W. and Heuer, P. (1977). Patterns of heating in the body trunk and tail of Crocodylus porosus. J. Therm. Biol. 2: 127-130.

Webb, G.J.W. (1977). The natural history of Crocodylus porosus. I. Habitat and nesting. Pp. 239-284 in Australian Animals and their Environment, ed. by H. Messel and S. Butler. Shakespeare Head Press: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. (1977). The natural history of Crocodylus porosus. II. Growth, movement, river distributions and general comments. Pp. 285-312 in Australian Animals and their Environment, ed. by H. Messel and S. Butler. Shakespeare Head Press: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. and Messel, H. (1977). Abnormalities and injuries in the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. Aust. Wildl. Res. 4: 311-319.

Webb, G.J.W. and Messel, H. (1977). Crocodile capture techniques. J. Wildl. Manage. 41: 572-575.

Webb, G.J.W., Messel, H. and Magnusson, W.E. (1977). The nesting of Crocodylus porosus in Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Copeia 1977: 238-249.

Taylor, J.A., Webb, G.J.W. and Magnusson, W.E. (1978). Methods of obtaining stomach contents from live crocodilians (Reptilia, Crocodilidae). J. Herpetol. 12: 415-417.

Webb, G.J.W. (1978). Observations on basking in some Australian turtles. Herpetologica 34(1): 39-42.

Webb, G.J.W. (1978). The status, conservation and management of world crocodilians, and an assessment of the potential for commercial exploitation of crocodiles in Australia. Report to Aust. Nat. Parks & Wildl. Service, Canberra. 148 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. and Messel, H. (1978). Morphometric analysis of Crocodylus porosus from the north coast of Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Aust. J. Zool. 26: 1-27.

Webb, G.J.W. and Messel, H. (1978). Movement and dispersal patterns of Crocodylus porosus in some rivers of Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Aust. Wildl. Res. 5: 263-283.

Webb, G.J.W., Messel, H., Crawford, J. and Yerbury, M. (1978). Growth rates of Crocodylus porosus (Reptilia: Crocodilia) from Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Aust. Wildl. Res. 5: 385-399. 27

Webb, G.J.W., Yerbury, M. and Onions, V. (1978). A record of a Crocodylus porosus (Reptilia, Crocodylidae) attack. J. Herpetol. 12: 267-268.

Webb, G.J.W. (1979). Comparative cardiac anatomy of the Reptilia. III. The heart of Crocodylus porosus with notes on the complete interventricular septum of crocodiles and birds. J. Morph. 161(2): 221-240.

Webb, G.J.W. and Messel, H. (1979). Wariness in Crocodylus porosus (Reptilia: Crocodilidae). Aust. Wildl. Res. 6: 227-234.

Drane, C.R. and Webb, G.J.W. (1980). Functional morphology of the dermal vascular system of the Australian lizard Tiliqua scincoides. Herpetologica 36(1): 60-66.

Manolis, S.[C.] and Dawson, T.J. (1980). Evolution of macropod sweat glands. Bull. Aust. Mammal Soc. 6: 52.

Webb, G.J.W. (1980). A scientist's writing process. English in Aust. 53: 32-34.

Webb, G.J.W. (1981). Nesting biology of Crocodylus johnstoni in the Northern Territory. Pp. 107 in Proc. Melb. Herp. Symp. Roy. Zool. Gard.: Melbourne (Abstract).

Hill, R. and Webb, G.[J.W.]. (1982). Floating grass mats of the Northern Territory floodplains - an endangered habitat? Wetlands 2: 45-50.

Webb, G.J.W. (1982). A look at the freshwater crocodile. Aust. Nat. Hist. 20: 299-303.

Webb, G.J.W. and Gans, C. (1982). Galloping in Crocodylus johnstoni - a reflection of terrestrial activity? Rec. Aust. Mus. 34: 607-618.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Buckworth, R. (1982). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. I. Variation in the diet and a new method of assessing the relative importance of prey. Aust. J. Zool. 30: 877-899.

Webb, G.J.W., Buckworth, R., and Manolis, S.C. (1983). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. III. Growth, movement and the population age structure. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 383-401.

Webb, G.J.W., Buckworth, R., and Manolis, S.C. (1983). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. IV. A demonstration of homing. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 403-406.

Webb, G.J.W., Buckworth, R. and Manolis, S.C. (1983). Crocodylus johnstoni in a controlled-environment chamber: a raising trial. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 421-432.

Webb, G.J.W., Buckworth, R. and Manolis, S.C. (1983). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. VI. Nesting biology. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 607-637.

Webb, G.J.W., Buckworth, R., Manolis, S.C. and Sack, G.C. (1983). An interim method for estimating the age of Crocodylus porosus embryos. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 563-570.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1983). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. V. Abnormalities and injuries. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 407-420.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Buckworth, R. (1983). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. II. Dry-season habitat selection and an estimate of the total population size. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 373- 382. 28

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Sack, G.C. (1983). Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus porosus coexisting in a tidal river. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 639-650.

Webb, G.J.W., Sack, G.C., Buckworth, R. and Manolis, S.C. (1983). An examination of Crocodylus porosus nests in two northern Australian freshwater swamps, with an analysis of embryo mortality. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 571-605.

Webb, G.J.W., (1984). Il coccodrillo ci managia: salviamolo. Oggi Natura (in Italian). Oct: 104-111.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Sack, G.C. (1984). Cloacal sexing of hatchling crocodiles. Aust. Wildl. Res. 11: 201-202.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Whitehead, P.J. and Letts, G.A. (1984). A proposal for the transfer of the Australian population of Crocodylus porosus Schneider (1801), from Appendix I to Appendix II of C.I.T.E.S. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Tech. Report No. 21. 82 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. and Smith, A.M.A. (1984). Sex ratio and survivorship in the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni. Pp. 319-355 in The Structure, Development and Evolution of Reptiles, ed. by M.W.J. Ferguson. Academic Press: London.

Bennett, A.F., Seymour, R.S., Bradford, D.F. and Webb, G.J.W. (1985). Mass-dependence of anaerobic metabolism and acid-base disturbance during activity in the salt-water crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. J. Exp. Biol. 118: 161-171.

Smith, A.M.A. and Webb, G.J.W. (1985). Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay River area, N.T. VII. A population simulation model. Aust. Wildl. Res. 12: 541-554.

Webb, G.J.W. (1985). Survey of a pristine population of freshwater crocodiles in the Liverpool River, Arnhem Land, Australia. National Geogr. Soc. Res. Rep. 1979: 841-852.

Astheimer, L.B., Manolis, S.C. and Grau, C.R. (1986). Avian yolk structure in saltwater crocodile eggs. J. Anat. (Abstract).

Bayliss, P., Webb, G.J.W., Whitehead, P.J., Dempsey, K.E. and Smith, A.M.A. (1986). Estimating the abundance of saltwater crocodiles, Crocodylus porosus Schneider in tidal wetlands of the N.T.: A mark- recapture experiment to correct spotlight counts to absolute numbers and the calibration of helicopter and spotlight counts. Aust. Wildl. Res. 13: 309-320.

Webb, G.J.W. (1986). Saltwater crocodile conservation in the Northern Territory. Aust. Nat. Hist. 21(11): 458-463.

Webb, G.J.W. (1986). Views of a crocodile researcher. Habitat 14(6): 34-37.

Webb, G.J.W. (1986). The "status" of saltwater crocodiles in Australia. Search 17(7-9): 193-196.

Webb, G.J.W., Choquenot, D. and Whitehead, P.J. (1986). Nests, eggs and embryonic development of Carettochelys insculpta (Chelonia: Carettochelidae) from northern Australia. J. Zool. Lond. (B) 1986(1): 521-550.

Choquenot, D. and Webb, G.J.W. (1987). A photographic method for estimating the size of crocodiles seen in spotlight surveys and for quantifying observer bias. Pp. 217-224 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Hill, R., Webb, G.J.W. and Smith, A.M.A. (1987). Floating vegetation mats on a floodplain billabong in the Northern Territory of Australia. Hydrobiologia 150(2): 153-164.

Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W. and Dempsey, K.E. (1987). Crocodile egg chemistry. Pp. 445-472 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Seymour, R.S., Webb, G.J.W., Bennett, A.F. and Bradford, D.F. (1987). Effects of capture on the physiology of Crocodylus porosus. Pp. 253-257 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Smith, A.M.A. and Webb, G.J.W. (1987). A method for estimating residual yolk mass in hatchling crocodilians. Herp. Rev. 18(1): 13.

Webb, G.J.W., Beal, A.M., Manolis, S.C. and Dempsey, K.E. (1987). The effects of incubation temperature on sex determination and embryonic development rate in Crocodylus johnstoni and C. porosus. Pp. 507- 531 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1987). Methods for retrieving crocodilian embryos. Pp. 423-426 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Dempsey, K.E. and Whitehead, P.J. (1987). Crocodilian eggs: a functional overview. Pp. 417-422 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Whitehead, P.J. and Dempsey, K.E. (1987). The possible relationship between embryo orientation, opaque banding and the dehydration of albumen in crocodile eggs. Copeia 1987(1): 252-257.

Webb, G.J.W. and Smith, A.M.A. (1987). Life history parameters, population dynamics and the management of crocodilians. Pp. 199-210 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W., Whitehead, P.J. and Manolis, S.C. (1987). Crocodile management in the Northern Territory of Australia. Pp. 107-124 in Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, ed. by G.J.W. Webb, S.C. Manolis and P.J. Whitehead. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Astheimer, L.B., Manolis, S.C. and Grau, C.R. (1989). Egg formation in crocodiles: avian affinities in yolk deposition. Copeia 1989(1): 221-224.

Beal, A.M. and Webb, G.J.W. (1989). Effect of temperature on tooth eruption in embryos of Crocodylus johnstoni. Copeia 1989(2): 325-331.

Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Barker, S.G. and Lippai, C. (1989). Nutrition of crocodiles. In Proceedings of the Intensive Tropical Animal Production Seminar, Townsville, 19-20 July 1989. DPI: Townsville.

Webb, G.J.W. (1989). Crocodilian research in the Northern Territory, 1984-86. Pp. 16-21 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Quito, Ecuador, 13-18 October 1986. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland

Webb, G.J.W. (1989). Crocodiles - can they contribute to northern development? In Proceedings of the 12th Ann. Conf. Northern Australian Development Council.

Webb, G.J.W. (1989). The crocodile as a production unit. In Proceedings of the Intensive Tropical Animal Production Seminar, Townsville, 19-20 July 1989. DPI: Townsville.

Webb, G.J.W., Bayliss, P.G. and Manolis, S.C. (1989). Population research on crocodiles in the Northern Territory, 1984-86. Pp. 22-59 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 8th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Quito, Ecuador, 13-18 October 1986. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Webb, G.J.W. and Cooper-Preston, H. (1989). Effects of incubation temperature on crocodilians and the evolution of reptilian oviparity. Amer. Zool. 29: 953-971.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1989). An evaluation of CSIRO’s criticisms of the proposed Coronation Hill Mining Project. (Unpublished submission).

Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (1990). Crocodile management and research in the Northern Territory: 1987-88. In Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Lae, Papua New Guinea, 19-21 October 1988. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Webb, G.J.W. (1990). Mining within Kakadu and the Conservation Zone: a personal evaluation of issues, assumptions and philosophies. Submission to the Resources Assessment Commission, Canberra, A.C.T. 36 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. (1990). Mining and environmental management: some current trends. Unpublished Report to the Australian Mining Industry Council, A.C.T. 115 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. (1990). Utilising wildlife - The economic incentive for conservation. Pp. 3-23 in Proceedings of the ‘Environment ‘90’ Conference, 8-9 March 1990, Darwin.

Webb, G.J.W., Dillon, M.L., McLean, G.E., Manolis, S.C. and Ottley, B. (1990). Monitoring the recovery of the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) population in the Northern Territory of Australia. Pp. 329- 380 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 9th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Lae, Papua New Guinea, 19-21 October 1988. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Cooper-Preston, H. (1990). Crocodile management and research in the Northern Territory: 1988-90. Pp. 253-273 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 10th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Gainesville, Florida, 21-27 April 1990. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Whitehead, P.J., Webb, G.J.W. and Seymour, R.S. (1990). Effect of incubation temperature on development of Crocodylus johnstoni embryos. Physiol. Zool. 63(5): 949-964.

Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (1991). Incubation of crocodile eggs - hygiene and management. Pp. 249- 257 in Proceedings of the Intensive Tropical Animal Production Seminar, Townsville, 7-8 August 1991. DPI: Townsville.

Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Pinch, D., Melville, L. and Hollis, G. (1991). Salmonella in captive crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni and C. porosus). Aust. Vet. J. 68: 102-105.

Webb, G.J.W. (1991). 'Wise use' of wildlife. J. Nat. Hist. 25: 823-825.

Webb, G.J.W. (1991). The influence of season on Australian crocodiles. Pp. 125-131 in Monsoonal Australia - Landscape, Ecology and Man in the Northern Lowlands, ed. by M.G. Ridpath, C.D. Haynes and M.J.D. Williams. A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam.

Webb, G.J.W. (1991). Wildlife management or wildlife biology? Letters to the editor - Australasian Wildlife Management Society. Vol. 4(3), September 1991.

Webb, G.J.W. (1991). Changing public attitudes to wildlife use: the implications for marketing crocodilian skins. In Proceedings of the 1st Regional Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Santa Marta, Colombia, 11-14 November 1991.

Webb, G.J.W., Hollis, G.J. and Manolis, S.C. (1991). Feeding, growth and food conversion rates of wild juvenile saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). J. Herpetol. 25: 462-473.

Webb, G.J.W. and Jenkins, R.W.G. (1991). Management of crocodilians in Indonesia: a review with recommendations. Aust. National Parks and Wildl. Service. 47 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. and Jenkins, R.W.G. (1991). Management of crocodilians in Thailand: a review with recommendations. Aust. National Parks and Wildl. Service. 30 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1991). Crocodile farming - research priorities. Pp. 258-265 in Proceedings of the Intensive Tropical Animal Production Seminar, Townsville, 7-8 August 1991. DPI: Townsville.

Hutton, J.M. and Webb, G.J.W. (1992). An introduction to the farming of crocodilians. Pp. 1-39 in A Directory of Crocodilian Farming Operations, ed. by R. Luxmoore. IUCN: Cambridge.

Webb, G.J.W. (1992). Endangered Species Act- will it threaten our wildlife? Report to Australian Mining Industry Council. 20 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. (1992). Managing crocodiles for commercial purposes. Pp. 61-68 in Wildlife Use and Management: Report of a Workshop for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, ed. by P.D. Meek and P.H. O'Brien. Aust. Govt. Publ. Serv.: Canberra.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1992). Monitoring saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. Pp. 404-418 in Wildlife 2001: Populations, ed. by D.R. McCullough and R.H. Barrett. Elsevier Applied Science: New York.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Ottley, B. and Heyward, A. (1992). Crocodile research and management in the Northern Territory: 1990-92. Pp. 233-275 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 11th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 3-7 August 1992. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Webb, G.J.W. and Vernon, B. (1992). Crocodilian management in the People’s Republic of China - a review with recommendations. Pp 1-25 in Crocodile Conservation Action. A special publication by the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the IUCN - The World Conservation Union (IUCN: Gland).

Whitehead, P.J., Seymour, R.S. and Webb, G.J.W. (1992). Energetics of development of embryos of the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni: relation to duration of incubation. Physiol. Zool. 65(2): 360-378.

Webb, G.J.W. (1993). Crocodiles! Pp. 9-17 in “Nature Territory” Magazine, No. 2, Dec-Mar 1993.

Webb, G.J.W. (1993). Submission to ASTEC Review of the Operation of the External Earnings Targets for Commonwealth Government Research Agencies.

Webb, G.J.W. (1993). The potential for linking Darwin and Asia through the export of wildlife conservation and management expertise and services. Submission to The Darwin Committee Secretariat.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1993). Conserving Australia's crocodiles through commercial incentives. Pp. 250-256 in Herpetology in Australia - a Diverse Discipline, ed. by D. Lunney and D. Ayers. Trans. Roy. Zool. Soc. N.S.W.: Sydney.

Baldwin, J., Seymour, R.S. and Webb, G.J.W. (1994). Scaling anaerobic metabolism during exercise in the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 112A(2): 285-293.

Buenviaje, G.N., Ladds, P.W., Melville, L. and Manolis, S.C. (1994). Disease-husbandry associations in farmed crocodiles in Queensland and the Northern Territory. Aust. Vet. J. 71(6): 165-173.

Manolis, S.C. (1994). Crocodile nutrition. In Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 2nd Regional Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Darwin, Northern Territory, March 1993. IUCN-CCNT: Darwin.

Webb, G.J.W. (1994). The link between conservation and the sustainable use of wildlife. In Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 2nd Regional Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN-CCNT: Darwin.

Webb, G.J.W. (1994). Criteria for the sustainable use of wildlife. In Proceedings of the Workshop on "Sustainable Use of Living Natural Resources", 19th General Assembly of IUCN. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 20-21 January 1994.

Webb, G.J.W. (1994). The links between wildlife conservation and sustainable use. In Proceedings of the Second World Congress of Herpetology; Symposium - Commercial utilisation of reptiles and amphibians, 29 December 1993-6 January 1994, Adelaide.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Ottley, B. (1994). Crocodile management and research in the Northern Territory: 1992-94. Pp. 167-180 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 12th Working Meeting of the IUCN- SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Pattaya, Thailand, 2-6 May 1994. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Heatwole, H., de Bavay, J., Webber, P. and Webb, G.J.W. (1995). Faunal Survey of New England. IV. The Frogs. Mem. Queensland Mus. 38(1): 229-249.

Webb, G.J.W. (1995). The links between wildlife conservation and sustainable use. Pp. 15-20 in Conservation through Sustainable Use of Wildlife, ed. by G.C. Grigg, P. Hale and D. Lunney. University of Queensland: Brisbane.

Webb, G.J.W. (1995). Confronting preconceptions and developing insights. Pp. 3-8 in The Business of Ecology, ed. by L. Cato. Allen & Unwin: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. (1995). Making wildlife habitats more valuable. Pp. 25-27 in The Business of Ecology, ed. by L. Cato. Allen & Unwin: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. and Vardon, M.J. (1995). Sustainable use of wildlife: some concepts and possible benefits for bird conservation. Unpublished presentation to the Congress Royal Australian Ornithologists Union, 2- 4 December 1994, Darwin. (unpublished).

Webb, G.J.W. (1995). Wetland management and the commercial use of wildlife. In Proceedings of the "Wetlands Workshop", Darwin, 6-7 December 1994.

Webb, G.J.W. and Vardon, M.J. (1995). Wildlife values. Envenco 5 (July): 1 & 8.

Carrillo, E.C., Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (1996). The significance of variable growth rates. In Proceedings Regional Meeting on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Hawksbill Turtles in Cuba. Cuban Ministry of Fishing Industries: Habana.

Webb, G.J.W. (1996). Harvesting and ranching - theory and practice. In Proceedings Regional Meeting on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Hawksbill Turtles in Cuba. Cuban Ministry of Fishing Industries: Habana.

Webb, G.J.W. (1996). Conservation and sustainable use – simplifying the concepts. In Proceedings Regional Meeting on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Hawksbill Turtles in Cuba. Ministry of Fishing Industries (Cuba): Habana.

Webb, G.J.W., Missi, C. and Cleary, M. (1996) Sustainable use of crocodiles by Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory. Pp. 176-185 in Sustainable Use of Wildlife by Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders, ed. by M. Bomford and J. Caughley. Aust. Gov. Publ. Serv.: Canberra.

Webb, G.J.W. and Vardon, M.J. (1996). Conservation through sustainable use: a discussion of concepts and guidelines for use. Pp. 83-87 in Proceedings 1st Conference on Eastern Indonesian-Australian Vertebrates. Manado, November 22-27, 1994. Ed. by D. Kitchner and A. Suyanto. WA Museum: Perth.

Webb, G.J.W. and Vardon, M.J. (1996). Sustainable harvest of crocodiles and other wetland fauna in the Northern Territory. In Sustainable Harvest of Tropical Wetland Resources. PWCNT: Darwin.

Webb, G.J.W., Vardon, M.J. and Boeadi (1996). An assessment of the harvest levels and status of three species of reptile (Varanus salvator, Python reticulatus and P. curtus) in Indonesia. Pp. 75-82 in Proceedings 1st Conference on Eastern Indonesian-Australian Vertebrates. Manado, November 22-27, 1994. Ed. by D. Kitchner and A. Suyanto. WA Museum: Perth.

Bezuijen, M.R., Hartoyo, P., Elliott, M. and Baker, B.A. (1997). Project Tomistoma: Second Report on the Ecology of the False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) in Sumatera. Study by IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group, Wildlife Management International Pty. Limited and the Directorate-General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation of Indonesia.

Simpson, B.K., Lopez, A., Latif, S.B.A. and Yusoh, A.B.M. (1997). Project Tomistoma: Preliminary Report on the Malayan False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) at Tasek Bera, Peninsular Malaysia. Report to Wetlands International-Asia Pacific.

Simpson, B.K., Lopez, A., Latif, S.B.A. and Yusoh, A.B.M. (1997). Status of the Malayan False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) at Tasek Bera, Peninsular Malaysia. Report to Wetlands International-Asia Pacific.

Turton, J.A., Ladds, P.W., Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (1997). Relationship of blood corticosterone, immunoglobulin and haematological values in young crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) to water temperature, clutch of origin and bodyweight. Aust. Vet. J. 75: 114-119.

Vardon, M.J., Missi, C., Cleary, M. And Webb, G.J.W. (1997) Aboriginal use and conservation of wildlife: a cultural necessity. Pp. 241-245 in Conservation Outside Nature Reserves, ed. by P. Hale and D. Lamb. University of Queensland: Brisbane.

Vardon, M.J., Simpson, B.K., Sherwell, D. and Tidemann, C.R. (1997). Flying-foxes and tourists: a conservative dilemma in the Northern Territory. Aust. Zoologist 30(3): 310-315.

Webb, G.J.W. (1997). Trade, tradition and wildlife conservation. Journal of Sustainable Use 1: 2-3.

Webb, G.J.W. (1997). Conservation and sustainable use, simplifying the concepts. Journal of Sustainable Use 1: 196-199.

Webb, G.J.W. (1997). Crocodiles. Australian Biologist 10(1): 31-39.

Webb, G.J.W. (1997). Sustainable use of wildlife. Australian Biologist 10(1): 3-11.

Webb, G.J.W. (1997). Submission to Inquiry into Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife by Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Reference Committee of the Australian Senate.

Bezuijen, M.R., Webb, G.J.W. Hartoyo, P., Samedi, Ramono, W.S. and Manolis, S.C. (1998). The false Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) in Sumatra. Pp. 10-31 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Singapore, 13-17 July 1998. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Britton, A.R.C., Ottley, B. and Webb, G.J.W. (1998). A report on the helicopter surveys of Crocodylus porosus in the Northern Territory of Australia. Pp. 360-364 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Singapore, 13-17 July 1998. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Carrillo, E.C., Perez, C.P., Moncada, F.G., Nodarse, G.A., Rodriguez, A.M., Meneses, A. and Manolis, S.C. (1998). Annex 9. Management program and procedures - traditional wild harvest. Rev. Cubana Invest. Pesq. 22(1): 154-156. (English and Spanish).

Carrillo, E.C., Perez, C.P., Ohtaishi, N., Kobayashii, M., Moncada, F.G., Manolis, S.C., Tsubouchi, T. and G.J.W. Webb (1998). Annex 7. Population size. Rev. Cubana Invest. Pesq. 22(1): 126-134. (English and Spanish).

Moncada, F.G., Koike, H., Espinosa, G., Manolis, S.C., Perez, C., Nodarse, G.A., Tanabe, S., Sakai, H., Webb, G.J.W., Carrillo, E.C., Diaz, R. and Tsubouchi, T. (1998). Annex 8. Movement and population integrity. Rev. Cubana Invest. Pesq. 22(1): 143-150. (English and Spanish).

Nodarse, G.A., Meneses, A., Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Carrillo, E.C. and Pelegrin, E. (1998). Annex 10. Management program and procedures - ranching program. Rev. Cubana Invest. Pesq. 22(1): 162-165. (English and Spanish).

Simpson, B.K., Lopez, A., Sharun bin abd Latif and Alias bin mat Yusoh (1998). Tomistoma (Tomistoma schleglii) at Tasek Bera, Peninsula Malaysia. Pp. 32-45 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 14th Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Singapore, 13-17 July 1998. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Sneddon, H., Hepper, P.G. and Manolis, C. (1998). A pre-hatch method of influencing the diet eaten after hatching in the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Pp. 371-377 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Singapore, 13-17 July 1998. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Webb, G.J.W. (1998). Animals, people and politics. Science & Technology Section, The Canberra Times, 29 September 1998.

Webb, G. (1998). Saltwater crocodiles. Pp. 6 in Profile - Australia’s Northern Territory. Lifestyle Publishing: Darwin.

Webb, G.J.W. (1998). Proposed ban on recreational hunting of game birds in South Australia: a critique. Submission to South Australian Parliament. 23 pp.

Webb, G.J.W. and Vardon, M.J. (1998). Reptile harvests, sustainable use and trade. Mertensiella 9: 45-60.

Carrillo, E., Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1999). Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Cuba: An assessment of the historical harvest and its impacts. Chel. Conserv. Biol. 3(2): 264-280.

Edwards, S., Stockil, C., Webb, G.J.W. and Sugg, I. (1999). Conservation through commerce - a roundtable discussion. A Project of the Competitive Enterprise Institute.

Vardon, M.J., Gaston, S.M., Niddrie, J. and Webb, G.J.W. (1999). Wildlife use at Momega, north-central Arnhem Land. Australian Biologist 12(1): 15-22.

Webb, G. (1999). Sea turtles and tree trunks. IWMC World Conservation Trust 5: 10-11.

Webb, G.J.W. (1999). Sustainable use and conservation. Pp. 55-64 in Issues Relating to Indigenous Whaling: Tonga, ed. by M.M.R. Freeman. World Council of Whalers: Brentwood Bay, Canada.

Webb, G.J.W. (1999). Utilisation of Victorian Native Flora and Fauna. Submission on behalf of Field and Game Australia Inc. and Shooting Sports Council of Victoria to Victorian Parliamentary Inquiry by the Environment and Natural Resources Committee. 31 pp. 35

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (1999). Saltwater crocodiles in the Northern Territory - and important case study for wildlife management. Australian Biologist 12(1): 96.

Manolis, C., Carrillo, E.C., Webb, G.J.W., Koike, H., Diaz, R., Moncada, F.G., Meneses, A.P., Nodarse, G.A., Espinosa, G. and Baker, B. (2000). Research update on the Cuban Hawksbill Turtle program. Pp. 20-22 in Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. Mazatlan, Mexico.

Manolis, C. and Webb, G.J.W. (2000). Using crocodiles to increase tourist income. In Proceedings of the First Seminar on Territorial Legislation. Varadero, Cuba, 10-13 May 2000.

Manolis, S.C., Webb, G. and Richardson, K. (2000). Improving the Quality of Australian Crocodile Skins. RIRDC Publication No. 00/21. RIRDC: Canberra.

Richardson, K.C., Park, J.Y., Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (2000). Skin histology of embryonic and hatchling Estuarine and Australian Freshwater Crocodiles. Pp. 188-196 in Crocodilian Biology and Evolution, ed. by G.C. Grigg, F. Seebacher and C.E. Franklin. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. (2000). Are all species equal? A comparative assessment. Pp. 98-106 in Endangered Species Threatened Convention, ed. by J. Hutton and B. Dickson. Earthscan Publications: London.

Webb, G.J.W. (2000). Sustainable use of large reptiles - an introduction to issues. Pp. 413-430 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Webb, G.J.W. (2000). Making a buck from the environment whilst preserving it. Paper presented to the Nursery Industry Association of Australia - 2000 Conference. Darwin, 29-30 April 2000.

Webb, G.J.W. and Carrillo, E.C. (2000). Role of extinction and categories of endangerment: perspectives from long-lived reptiles. Res. Pop. Ecol. 42: 11-17.

Webb, G.J.W., Carrillo, E. and Manolis, S.C. (2000). Failings of the IUCN criteria with sea turtles. In Proceedings 2nd IWMC World Conservation Trust Symposium, Chengdu, China, 21-26 November 1999.

Webb, G.J.W., Britton, A.R.C, Manolis, S.C, Ottley, B. and Stirrat, S. (2000). The recovery of Crocodylus porosus in the Northern Territory of Australia: 1971-1998. Pp. 196-235 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C and Jenkins, H. (2000). Sustainability of Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus) harvests in Indonesia: a discussion of issues. Unpublished report to ACSUG.

Britton, A.R.C. (2001). Review and classification of call types of juvenile crocodilians, and factors affecting distress calls. Pp. 364-377 in Crocodilian Biology and Evolution, ed. by G.C. Grigg, F. Seebacher and C.E. Franklin. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Bezuijen, M.R., Webb, G.J.W., Hartoyo, P. and Samedi. (2001). Peat swamp forest and the false gharial Tomistoma schlegelii (Crocodilia, Reptilia) in the Merang River, eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Oryx 35(4): 301-307.

Kingsford, R. Webb, G and P. Fullagar (2001). Scientific panel review of open seasons for waterfowl in New South Wales. NSWPW Report. 96 pp.

Millan, J.M., Mayo, M., Fomiatti, K.R., Webb, G.J.W., Gal, D; Dasari, P., Manolis, S.C., Bar-Lev, J., Manmaat, A., Jacups, S.P. and Currie, B. (2001). Melioidosis in exotic animals from a tropical wildlife park. In Proceedings of the World Melioidosis Congress. 36

Prieto, A., F. Moncada, G. Nodarse, R. Puga, M.E. de Leon, R. Diaz-Fernandez, G. Espinosa, D. Castillo, M. Hernandez, E. Pelegrin, M. de Arazoza, D. Salabarria, E. Morales, G. Webb, C. Manolis, and R. Gomez. (2001). Aspectos biológicos y ecológicos relacionados con la población de tortuga carey en aguas cubanas. Informe de la República de Cuba. First CITES Dialogue Meeting on Hawksbill Turtles in the Greater Caribbean. Mexico City, 15-17 May 2001.

Sneddon, H., Hepper, P.G. and Manolis, C. (2001). Embryonic chemosensory learning in the Saltwater Crocodile Crocodylus porosus. In Crocodilian Biology and Evolution, ed. by G.C. Grigg, F. Seebacher and C.E. Franklin. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Sydney.

Bezuijen, M.R., Hasudungan, F., Kadarisman, R., Webb, G.J.W., Wardoyo, S.A., Manolis, S.C. and Samedi (2002). False Gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii) Surveys in Southeast Sumatra, Indonesia (1995-2002). Unpublished WMI Report.

Britton, A. (2002). International private sector and amateur interest in conservation of the Chinese Alligator. Pp. 352-354 in Status Quo and Future of Conservation for Chinese Alligator and Crocodiles in the World [Proceedings of: International Workshop on Conservation and Reintroduction of Chinese Alligator (Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; 25-28 August 2001); and, the International Workshop on Captive Breeding and Commerce Management in Crocodylia (Guangzhou, Guandong Province, China; 30 August - 3 September 2001)]. SFA: China.

Britton, A., Diamond, G., Laube, D. and Kaiser, V. (2002). Antimicrobial activity in the blood of the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. Pp. 177 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 16th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Hulbert, A.J., Else, P.L., Manolis, S.C. and Brand, M.D. (2002). Proton leak in hepatocytes and liver mitochondria from archosaurs (crocodiles) and allometric relationships for ectotherms. J. Comp. Physiol. 172: 387-397.

Hutton, J., Ross, P. and Webb, G. (2002). A review: Using the market to create incentives for the sustainable use of crocodilians. Pp. 382-399 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 16th Working Meeting of the IUCN- SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Hutton, J. and Webb, G. (2002). Legal trade snaps back. Pp. 1-10 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 16th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Manolis, C. (2002). Assessment of potential reintroduction sites: Field report of Zhejiang Province. Pp. 297-299 in Status Quo and Future of Conservation for Chinese Alligator and Crocodiles in the World [Proceedings of: International Workshop on Conservation and Reintroduction of Chinese Alligator (Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; 25-28 August 2001); and, the International Workshop on Captive Breeding and Commerce Management in Crocodylia (Guangzhou, Guandong Province, China; 30 August - 3 September 2001)]. State Forestry Administration: China.

Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W. and Britton, A.R. (2002). Crocodiles and other reptiles: bioindicators of pollution. Pp. 65-69 in The Finniss River; a Natural Laboratory of Mining Impacts - Past, Present and Future. ANSTO: Sydney.

Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Britton, A.R. Jeffree, R.A. and Markich, S.J. (2002). Trace element concentrations of wild saltwater crocodile eggs. Pp. 58-61 in The Finniss River; a Natural Laboratory of Mining Impacts - Past, Present and Future. ANSTO: Sydney.

Webb, G.J.W. (2002). Conservation and sustainable use of wildlife - an evolving concept. Pacific Conserv. Biol. 8(1): 12-26.

Webb, G.J.W. (2002). Assessment of potential reintroduction sites: Field report of Jiangsu Province. Pp. 300-305 in Status Quo and Future of Conservation for Chinese Alligator and Crocodiles in the World [Proceedings of: International Workshop on Conservation and Reintroduction of Chinese Alligator (Hefei City, Anhui Province, China; 25-28 August 2001); and, the International Workshop on Captive Breeding and Commerce Management in Crocodylia (Guangzhou, Guandong Province, China; 30 August - 3 September 2001)]. SFA: China.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (2002). Cuba and COP12. www.wmi.com.au.

Bezuijen, M.R. (2003). The Flat-headed Cat in the Merang River region of South Sumatra. CAT News 38: 26- 27.

Hutton, J. and Webb, G.J.W. (2003). Crocodiles: legal trade snaps back. Pp. 108-120 in Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation, ed. by S. Oldfield. Earthscan Publications: London.

Isberg, S.R., Nicholas, F.W., Thomson, P.C., Barker, S.G., Manolis, S.C. and Moran, C. (2003). Defining breeding objectives for Saltwater Crocodile genetic improvement programs. In Proceedings of the 15th Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 7- 11 July 2003.

Kurniati, H. and Manolis, C. (2003). Spotlight surveys of New Guinea Freshwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus novaeguineae) in mid-zone Memberano River (Memberano and Rouffaer River systems), Papua Province, Indonesia. LIPI: Jakarta.

Moncada, F., Nodarse, G., Manolis, C., Webb, G., Morales, E. and Escobar, E. (2003). Manejo sostenible de la tortuga carey (Eretmochelys imbricata) en Cuba. Proceedings of MARCUBA, Habana, November, 2003. (Abstract).

Webb, G. (2003). Conservation and sustainable use: some principles and problems. The Journal of the Australian Kangaroo Industry 34: 6-10.

Bates, L., Webb, G.J.W., Richardson, K.C., Britton, A., Bar-Lev, J. and Manolis, S.C. (2004). “Pancuronium Bromide” - an immobilising agent for crocodiles. Pp. 447-451 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland.

Britton, A. and Matsuda, A. (2004). The increasing role of the internet in crocodilian conservation. Pp. 325-339 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Darwin, Australia, 24-29 May 2004. IUCN: Gland.

Kurniati, H. and Manolis, C. (2004). Spotlight surveys of New Guinea Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus novaeguineae) in mid-zone Memberano River (Memberano and Rouffaer River systems), Papua Province, Indonesia. Pp. 496-510 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland.

Larriera, A., Webb, G., Velasco, A., Rodriguez, M. and Ortiz, B. (2004). Final Report. Mission to Colombia. CSG Report.

Packett, R., Ford, P., Lever, J., Britton, A., Manolis, C., Bredl, R. and Watson, S. (2004). Persistent organic pollutants in eggs of the saltwater crocodile from tropical Australia: a preliminary survey. Pp. 424-429 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland.

Webb, G.J.W. (2004). Professor Grahame Webb. Pp. 106 in On Purpose: Towards a Meaningful Life. Selections by M. Gee. New Holland: Frenchs Forest, Australia.

Webb, G.J.W. (2004). Article IV of CITES and the concept of non-detriment. Pp. 72-77 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland.

Webb, G.J.W., Brook, B., Whitehead, P. and Manolis, S.C. (2004). Wildlife management principles and practices in crocodile conservation and sustainable use. Pp. 84-91 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 17th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland.

Webb, G.J.W. and Whitehead, P. (2004). Adaptive management of duck hunting in Victoria: an assessment of issues. WMI Report for Field and Game Australia. 27 pp.

Caldicott, D.G.E., Croser, D., Manolis, C., Webb, G. and Britton, A. (2005). Crocodile attack in Australia. An analysis of its incidence, and review of the pathology and management of crocodilian attacks in general. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 16(3): 143-159.

Jelden, D., Manolis, C., Giam, C.H., Thomson, J. and Lopez, A. (2005). Crocodile Conservation and Management in Cambodia: A Review with Recommendations. Summary Report of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group Review Mission to Cambodia. CSG: Darwin.

Kurniati, H., Widodo, T. and Manolis, S.C. (2005). Survey of Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) habitat in the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Report to LIPI (Jakarta).

Manolis, C. (2005). Long-distance movement by a saltwater crocodile. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 24(4): 18.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C and Gray, M. (2005). Captive breeding and marketing of turtles. RIRDC Publication No. 05. RIRDC: Canberra.

Jenkins, R.W.G, Jelden, D., Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (eds.) (2006). Review of Crocodile Ranching Programmes. Conducted for CITES by IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. AC22 Inf. 2, www.cites.org/eng/com/AC/22/index.shtml.

Isberg, S.R., Thomson, P.C., Nicholas, F.W., Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Barker, S.G. and Moran, C. (2006). Quantitative analysis of production traits in saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus): IV. Number of scale rows. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 123(1): 48-55.

Manolis, S.C., Moncada, F., Webb, G.J.W., Nodarse, G., Escobar, E. and Morales, E. (2006). The management of Hawksbill Turtles in Cuba: lessons learned. Pp. 61-64 in Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17-21 March 2003. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-536.

Manolis, C. (2006). East Timor. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 25(4): 18.

Merchant, M. and Britton, A. (2006). Characterization of serum complement activity of saltwater (Crocodylus porosus) and freshwater (Crocodylus johnstoni) crocodiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 143: 488-493.

Moncada, F., Nodarse, G., Webb, G., Manolis, C., Escobar, E.and Morales, E. (2006). Distribution and movement of juvenile/subadult Hawksbill Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in Doce Leguas Keys, Archipelago of Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Pp. 233-234 in Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17-21 March 2003. NOAA Technical 39

Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-536.

Webb, G.J.W. (2006). Conservation and sustainable use: some principles and problems. Pp. 99-103 in Proceedings 23rd Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 17-21 March 2003. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-536.

Webb, G.J.W. (2006). A warm welcome home for crocs. Talking Point, New Scientist 191(2559): 48-49.

Webb, G.J.W., Brook, B., Whitehead, P. and Manolis, S.C. (2006). Harvesting and Trade in CITES-listed Wildlife Species: The Role of Wildlife Management Principles and Practices. Report to CITES Secretariat.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (2006). Guidelines on the Harvesting and Management of Wild Crocodilian Populations and the Determination of "Detriment" within the Context of CITES. Report to CITES Secretariat.

Brien, M., Manolis, C., Wurst, D. and Ottley, B. (2009). Crocodile Risk Assessment of Katherine River and Nitmiluk National Park. Unpublished Report to Parks and Wildlife Service of NT.

Godfrey, M.H., Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Mrosovsky, N. (2007). Hawksbill sea turtles: can phylogenetics inform harvesting? Molecular Ecology 16: 3511-3513.

Hall, G., Webb, G. and Manolis, C. (2007). Conservation and management plan for the planted forest zone (PFZ), Bintulu, Sarawak. Pp. 31-35 in Proceedings of the Regional Conference of Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Planted Forests in Southeast Asia. Forest Department, Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Grand Perfect Sdn Bhd: Kuching.

Manolis, C. (2007). Revitalising Indonesia’s Crocodile Farming and Processing Industry. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 26(3): 12-13.

Manolis, C. and McInnes, P. (2007). Revitalising Indonesia’s Crocodile Farming and Processing Industry, Jakarta, 16-17 July 2007. Unpublished report to ACIAR.

Moncada, F., Nodarse, G., Manolis, C., Webb, G., Escobar, E. and Rodriguez, A.M. (2007). Sea turtle migration study from the tagging program in Cuba. Pp. 140-141 in Proceedings 24th Annual International Sea Turtle Symposium. San Jose, Costa Rica, February 2004. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS- SEFSC-567.

Moncada, F., Manolis, C., Webb, G., Britton, A., Nodarse, G. and Bradshaw, C. (2007). Movements of adult hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) monitored by satellite telemetry from the Cuban shelf. In Proc. 27th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. International Sea Turtle Society, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

Piña, C.I., Larriera, A., Medina, M. and Webb, G.J.W. (2007). Effect of incubation temperature on the size of Caiman latirostris (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) at hatching and after one year. J. Herpetol. 41(2): 205-210.

Elsey, R., Tracy, C., Lance, V. and Manolis, C. (2008). Collecting blood from crocodilians. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 27(1): 21-22.

Jelden, D.C., Manolis, C., Tsubouchi, T. and Nguyen Dao, N.V. (2008). Crocodile Conservation, Management and Farming in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: a Review with Recommendations. Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin.

Manolis, C., Wurst, D. and Barker, S. (2008). Crocodile Risk Assessment of Flora National Park. Unpublished Report to Parks and Wildlife Service of NT.

Webb, G.J.W. (2008). Wicked problems with wicked crocodiles. Pp. 241-249 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 19th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland. 40

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Gray, M. (2008). Captive Breeding and Marketing of Turtles. RIRDC Publication No. 08/12. RIRDC: Canberra.

Webb, G.J.W. (2008). The dilemma of accuracy in the IUCN Red List categories, as exemplified by hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata. Endangered Species Research. 6: 161-172.

Godfrey, M., Godley, B., Mrosovsky, N., Seminoff, J., Shanker, K., and Webb, G. (2009). Save the red list. New Scientist 9 May 2009. Vol. 2707. Letter.

Nevalainen, T.J., Kanchanapangka, S., Youngprapakorn, P., Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Scott, K.F. (2009). Phospholipase A2 activity of crocodile serum. Amphibia-Reptilia 30: 119-130.

Brien, M., Webb, G., Manolis, C., Lindner, G., and Ottway, D. (2010). A method for attaching tracking devices to crocodilians. Herp. Rev. 41(3): 305-308.

Moncada, F.G, Nodarse, G., Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Medina, Y., Escobar, E. and Morales. (2010). Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) monitoring at Doce Leguas keys and labyrinth, Jardines de la Reina Archipelago, Cuba: 1997-2006. Pp. 178 in Proceedings of the 28th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation. International Sea Turtle Society, Loreto, Baja California.

Ramsey, D.S.L., Forsyth, D.M., Conroy, M.J., Hall, G.P., Kingsford, R.T., Mitchell, G., Roshier, D.A., Veltman, C.J., Webb, G. and Wintle, B.A. (2010). Developing a sustainable harvest model for Victorian waterfowl. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 195. Department of Sustainability and Environment: Heidleberg, Victoria.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (2010). Australian Freshwater Crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni. Pp. 66-70 in Crocodiles. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Third Edition, ed. by S.C. Manolis and C. Stevenson. Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Brien, M.L. (2010). Saltwater Crocodile Crocodylus porosus. Pp. 99-113 in Crocodiles. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Third Edition, ed. by S.C. Manolis and C. Stevenson. Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin.

Webb, G., Brien, M., Manolis, C. and Medrano, S. (2010). Predicting the total length of Caiman crocodilus from measurements taken on their skins. Pp. 138 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 20th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Fukuda, Y., Webb, G., Manolis, C., Delaney, R., Letnic, M., Lindner, G. and Whitehead, P. (2011). Recovery of saltwater crocodiles following unregulated hunting in tidal rivers of the Northern Territory, Australia. J. Wildl. Manage. 75(6): 1253-1266.

Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Chambers, T. and Ferguson, S. (2011). Captive Breeding of Sea Turtles. RIRDC: Canberra.

Semeniuk, V., Manolis, C., G.J.W. Webb and Mawson, P.R. (2011). The saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801, in the Kimberley coastal region. J. Roy. Soc. WA 94: 407-416.

Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C. and Jenkins, R.W.G. (2011). Improving international systems for trade in reptile skins based on sustainable use. UNCTAD Publ. Geneva. 18 pp. (UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2011/7).

Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (2011). Tracking Crocodile Skin Defects - from Farm to Product. RIRDC Publication No. 11/012. RIRDC: Canberra.

Brien, M.L., Webb, G.J.W., Gienger, C.M., Lang, J.W. and Christian, K. (2012). Thermal preference of hatchling saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in response to time of day, social aggregation and feeding. J. Thermal Biol. 37: 625-630.

Brien, M.L., Webb, G.J., Lang, J.W., McGuiness, K.A. and Christian, K.A. (2012). Born to be bad: agonistic conflict in hatchling Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Pp. 201 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Cooney, R., Archer, M., Baumber, A., Ampt, P., Wilson, G., Smits, J. and Webb, G. (2012). THINKK again: getting the facts straight on kangaroo harvesting and conservation. Pp. 150-160 in Science under Siege: Zoology under Threat, ed. by P. Banks, D. Lunney and C. Dickman. Roy. Zool. Soc. NSW Publ.: Mossman, NSW.

Erickson, G.M., Gignac, P.M., Steppan, S.J., Lappin, A.K., Vliet, K.A., Brueggen, J.D., Inouye, B.D., Kledzik, D. and Webb, G.J.W. (2012). Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation. PLOS ONE 7(3): e31781: 1-12.

Fukuda, Y., Webb, G., Manolis, C., Delaney, R., Letnic, M., Lindner, G. and Whitehead, P. (2012). Recovery of Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) following unregulated hunting in tidal rivers of the Northern Territory of Australia. Pp. 74-88 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Fukuda, Y., Saalfeld, K., Easton, B., Webb, G., Manolis, C. and Brien, M. (2012). Crocodile management and research in the Northern Territory of Australia, 2008-2011. Pp. 149-157 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Gienger, C.M., Tracy, C.R., Brien, M.L., Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Seymour, R. and Christian, K.A. (2012). Energetic costs of digestion in Australian crocodiles. Aust. J. Zool. 59(6): 416-421.

Moncada, F., Nodarse, G., Manolis, C., Webb, G., Medina, Y., Britton, A. and Bradshaw, C. (2012). Movement patterns of Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Cuban shelf described by flipper tagging and satellite tracking. Pp. 125 in Proceedings of the 29th International Sea Turtle Symposium, Brisbane, Australia, March 2009. US Department of Commerce: Miami.

Moncada, F.G., Hawkes, L.A., Fish, M.R., Godley, B.J., Manolis, S.C., Medina, Y., Nodarse, G. and Webb, G. (2012). Patterns of dispersal of hawksbill turtles from the Cuban shelf inform scale of conservation and management. Biol. Conserv. 148(2012): 191-199.

Palaniappan, P.M., Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (2012). Carapacial scutes of Hawksbill turtles: unlocking the secrets within. Pp. 98 in Proceedings of the 29th Annual Symposium on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation, Brisbane, Australia, 17-19 February 2009. US Department of Commerce: Miami.

Webb, G., Brien, M., Manolis, C. and Medrano-Bitar, S. (2012). Predicting total length of spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus) from skin measurements: a tool for managing the skin trade. Herp. Cons. Biol. 7(1): 16- 26.

Brien M.L., Lang, J.W., Webb, G.J., Stevenson, C. and Christian, K.A. (2013). The good, the bad, and the ugly: agonistic behaviour in juvenile crocodilians. PLOS ONE 8(12): e80872. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080872.

Brien, M.L., Webb, G.J., Lang, J.W., McGuiness, K.A. and Christian, K.A. (2013). Born to be bad: agonistic conflict in hatchling saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Behaviour 150: 737-762.

Brien, M.L., Webb, G.J.W., Lang, J.W. and Christian, K.A. (2013). Intra- and interspecific agonistic behaviour in hatchling Australian freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) and saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Aust. J. Zool 61(3): 196-205.

Fukuda, Y., Saalfeld, K., Webb, G., Manolis, C. and Risk, R. (2013). Standardised methods of spotlight surveys for crocodiles in the tidal rivers of the Northern Territory, Australia. Northern Territory Naturalist 24: 14-32. 42

Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (2013). Assessment of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) attacks in Australia (1971-2013): Implications for management. Pp. 97-104 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 22nd Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (2013). Production Implications of Trace Element Concentrations in Crocodile Eggs and Tissues. RIRDC Report No. 12/140. RIRDC: Canberra.

Seymour, R.S., Gienger, C.M., Brien, M.L., Tracy, C.R., Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., and Christian, K.A. (2013). Scaling of standard metabolic rate in estuarine crocodiles Crocodylus porosus. J. Comp. Biochem. B 183(4): 491-500.

Webb, G.J.W. and Manolis, S.C. (2013). Conservation and Management of the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia: a Review with Recommendations. Unpublished report to Parks and Wildlife Commission NT, April 2013.

Webb, G.J.W., Reynolds, S., Brien, M.L., Manolis, C., Brien, J.J. and Christian, K. (2013). Improving Australia’s Crocodile Industry Productivity. RIRDC Publication No. 12/139. RIRDC: Canberra.

Erickson, G.M., Gignac, P.M., Lappin, A.K., Vliet, K.A., Brueggen, J.D. and Webb, G.J.W. (2014). A comparative analysis of ontogenetic bite-force scaling among Crocodylia. Journal of Zoology 292(1) 48-55.

Brien, M.L., Gienger, C.M., Webb, G.J., McGuinness, K. and Christian, K.A. (2014). Out of sight or in too deep: Effect of visual barriers and water depth on agonistic behaviour and growth in hatchling saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 158: 102-110.

Brien, M.L., Webb, G.J., McGuinness, K. and Christian, K.A. (2014). The relationship between early growth and survival of hatchling Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in captivity. PLoS ONE 9(6): e100276. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100276.

Fukuda, Y., Manolis, C. and Appel, K. (2014). Management of human-crocodile conflict in the Northern Territory, Australia: review of crocodile attacks and removal of problem crocodiles. The Journal of Wildlife Management 78(7): 1239-1249.

Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (2014). Human-Crocodile Conflict in the Australia and Oceania region. Pp. 200-208 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 23rd Working Meeting of the IUCN-SC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Amarasinghe, T.A.A., Madawala, M.B., Karunarathna, D.M.S.S., Manolis, S.C., de Silva, A. and Sommerlad, R. (2015). Human-crocodile conflict and conservation implications of saltwater crocodiles Crocodylus porosus (Reptilia: Crocodylia: Crocodylidae) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(5): 7111-7130.

Brien, M., Shwedick, B., McCaskill, L., Ramono, W. and Webb, G. (2014). Summary Report of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group Review Mission to Indonesia (23 August-17 September 2014). Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin.

Cooney, R. and Webb, G. (2015). Trophy hunting for conservation. The Ethics Centre, 16 July 2015 (http://www.ethics.org.au/on-ethics/our-articles).

Fukuda, Y., Manolis, C., Saalfeld, K. and Zuur, A. (2015). Dead or alive? Factors affecting the survival of victims during attacks by saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Australia. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126778.

Fukuda, Y., Tingley, R., Crase, B., Webb, G. and Saalfeld, K. (2015). Long-term monitoring reveals declines in an endemic predator following invasion by an exotic prey species. Animal Conservation 19: 75-87.

Tracy, C.R., McWhorther, T.J., Gienger, C.M., Starck, J.M., Medley, P., Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W. and Christian, K.A. (2015). Alligators and crocodiles have high paracellular absorption of nutrients, but differ in digestive morphology and physiology. Integrative and Comparative Biology 55(6): 986-1004.

Webb, G. (2015). Principles of sustainable use. Section 4.2 in CSG Crocodilian Capacity Building Manual. Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin. (available at www.iucncsg.org).

Brien, M. and Manolis, C. (2016). Crocodilians. Chapter 16. Pp. 211-224 in Reptile Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques, ed. by C.K. Dodd. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

Fukuda, Y., Tingley, R., Crase, B., Webb, G. and Saalfeld, K. (2016). Long-term monitoring reveals declines in endemic Australian Freshwater crocodiles following invasion by exotic cane toads. Pp. 96-110 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 24th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Fukuda, Y., Manolis, C., Saalfeld, K. and Zuur, A. (2016). Dead or alive? Factors affecting the survival of victims during attacks by Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Australia. Pp. 48-57 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 24th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Maheritafika, H.M.R., Robsomanitrandrasana, E., Rabesihanaka, S., Rafenomanana, F., Ravaoarimalala, A., Andrianjaratina, L., Manolis, C. and Lippai, C. (2016). Human-Crocodile Conflict in Madagascar. Pp. 163 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 24th Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Maheritafika, H.M.R., Robsomanitrandrasana, E., Rabesihanaka, S., Rafenomanana, F., Ravaoarimalala, A., Andrianjaratina, L., Manolis, C. and Lippai, C. (2016). Preliminary assessment of human-crocodile conflict in Madagascar. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 35(1): 19-21.

Manolis, C., Shirley, M., Siroski, P., Martelli, P., Tellez, M., Meurer, A. and Merchant, M. (2016). CSG Visit to China, August 2016. Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin.

Manolis, S.C. and Webb, G.J.W. (Compilers) (2016). Best Management Practices for Crocodilian Farming. IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group Publication: Darwin, Australia (http://www.iucncsg.org/content_images/attachments/CSG-BMP.pdf).

Shilton, C.M., Jerrett, I.K., Davis, S., Walsh, S., Benedict, S., Isberg, S.R., Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, C., Hyndman, T.H., Phalen, D., Brown, G.P. and Melville, L. (2016). Diagnostic investigation of new disease syndromes in farmed Australian saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) reveals widespread herpesvirus infection. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 28(3): 279-290.

Theobald, V., Millan, J.M., Mayo, M., Gal, D., Fomiatti, K.R., Janmaat, A., Benedict, S., Webb, G.J.W., Manolis, S.C., Hill, A., Price, E., Sarovich, D., Kaestli, M., Harrington, G. and Currie, B.J. (2016). Meliodosis in exotic animals from a tropical wildlife park. In Proceedings of the 8th World Meliodosis Congress. (in press).

Corey, B., Webb, G., Manolis, C., Fordham, A., Austin, B., Fukuda, Y., Saalfeld, K. and Nicholls, D. (2017). Commercial harvests of saltwater crocodile eggs by Indigenous people in northern Australia: lessons for long-term viability and management. Oryx (doi:10.1017/S0030605317000217).

Edwards, G.P., Webb, G.J., Manolis, S.C. and Mazanov, A. (2017). Morphometric analysis of the freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni). Australian Journal of Zoology (http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO16079).

Gienger, C., Brien, M.L., Tracy, C.R., Manolis, S.C., Webb, G.J.W., Seymour, R.S. and Christian, K.A. (2017). Ontogenetic comparisons of standard metabolism in three species of crocodilians. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0171082.

Annex 2

Annex 3.