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The Management of Residential Solid Waste in Mombasa, Kenya

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The Management of Residential Solid Waste in Mombasa, Kenya SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2012 The aM nagement of Residential Solid Waste in Mombasa, Kenya Yen Joe Tan SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Infrastructure Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Tan, Yen Joe, "The aM nagement of Residential Solid Waste in Mombasa, Kenya" (2012). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1388. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1388 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TheThe ManagementManagement ofof ResidentialResidential SolidSolid WasteWaste inin Mombasa,Mombasa, KenyKenyaa Yen Joe Tan Islam and Swahili Cultural Identity, Fall 2012 School for International Training / Lafayette College E-mail: [email protected] Kenya: +254 701 731 451 / USA: +1 484 712 0709 Academic Director: Research Advisor: Dr. Athman Lali Omar Dr. Mohamed A. Jama Kenya: Islam & Swahili Cultural Identity Professor of Agricultural Economics School for International Training Director, Institute of Development Studies Phone: + 254 733 509 019 University of Nairobi Phone: +254 722 820 773 1 Abstract Residential solid waste management refers to the managing of unwanted materials discarded by households so that these materials are either properly disposed of or reprocessed to reenter the production material stream. This issue is usually the responsibility of the municipal council; however in Kenya just like many other developing countries, this critical issue is often mismanaged, causing environmental pollution and exposing residents to health risks. Through one month of full-time archival research and field work, this study presents the current state of residential solid waste management in Mombasa, examines the roles played by various stakeholders involved in this area through personal interviews, and concludes by doing an in-depth case study of Old Town so as to develop a framework and suggestions for possible future improvements. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements & Notes --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1. Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 2. Statement of problems--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 3. Objective-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 4. Specific objectives------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 5. Research Methodology-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 6. Study limitations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 7. Literature review-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 8. Result and Analysis----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 1. SWM system---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 2. Roles and problems faced by various stakeholders-------------------------------------------24 3. Case study: Old Town----------------------------------------------------------------------------31 9. Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 Works Cited----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37 Appendices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41 2 Acknowledgement & Notes Acknowledgements: I wish to thank the following people with the utmost sincerity and gratitude for their invaluable contributions to my research, well-being, and education during my stay in Kenya: “Asante sana” to Dr. Athman Lali Omar and Mr. Ali Shariff for being my mentors and substitute fathers; my fellow colleagues Emily, Tucker, Josh, Nicholas and Hanna for their companionship and support; the Mchulla family in Mombasa and the Granton family in Mgange Dawida for welcoming me into their family; and last but not least Mr. Ali Athman for being my greatest friend and research assistant in Mombasa. I am also particularly grateful to all the interviewees and participants in my study, as without their patience and support, this report would not have come to fruition. And finally, thank you mom and dad for being ever so supportive of my ventures in Kenya. __________________________________________________________________________________ A Note Regarding Names: In this report, the names of people, places and businesses remain unchanged. However, in order to maintain informant privacy, only their first names would be cited. Details about relevant informants' places of employment are provided as an annotation to the first citation bearing their name in the Bibliography. For instances whereby sensitive information has been revealed and the author feels that the safety or job security of the informant might be threatened, his or her name would not be mentioned. Instead, “Informant” would be cited as the participant's name followed by an identifying number. The same would be applied to instances when the informant's name was unknown. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Publication Notes: The unit of currency in Kenya is the Kenyan Shilling; at the time of this writing, the exchange rate was approximately 85 Kenya Shillings to 1 US dollar. The unit of weight measurement in Kenya is kilogram (kg). 1 kilogram is equivalent to 2.205 pounds (lbs). 3 1. Introduction Garbage, taka, sampah, laji – whatever people call it, solid waste is ever present in our daily lives. As such, the issue of solid waste management (SWM) has always been part of the conversation in all societies. The fundamental target of SWM is to protect the health of the population, promote environmental quality, preserve natural resources and maintain the platform for sustainable development. Unfortunately, this essential service is severely lacking in many developing countries with waste collection rates often lower than 70 percent and with the collected waste often disposed off through uncontrolled landfilling.1 These are due to a combination of factors which include the lack of financial resources, apathy of municipal authorities, improper selection of technology for collection and disposal systems, as well as the lack of public awareness and participation. Today, the issue of SWM has become ever more pressing as waste generation continues to increase with population expansion and industrialization. This is even more so in cities due to rapid urbanization which means that the infrastructure available is increasingly incapable of dealing with the amount of waste generated. As a result, many residents end up either dumping their garbage on public land, river and drains, or simply burning them. On top of that, the changing nature of consumer goods creates a new complication as new synthetic materials which were historically uncommon in nature's life cycles are now more prevalent in the waste stream. New methods of management are thus needed for these materials which are potentially hazardous when released into the environment. While a number of SWM projects have been carried out in developing countries, many have failed to support themselves or to expand further when external agencies discontinue their support.2 This could be attributed to the lack of understanding of the local conditions influencing the selection of appropriate SWM systems such as the local authorities' resource capacity and the nature of the solid waste generated. As such, this paper seeks to understand the residential solid waste management situation in Mombasa, Kenya. Residential solid waste refers to the materials discarded by households for which the municipal councils are usually responsible for collecting, transporting and disposing of. The Mombasa district totals an area of 282km², with the town situated on an island totaling some 1 Prasad Modak and Shanghai Manual. “A Guide for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century: Chapter 5: Municipal 2 Ogawa, H. 1996. “Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries Paper” presented at the 7th ISWA International Congress and Exhibition, Parallel Session 7, "International Perspective". 4 13km².3 It is situated in the Coast Province of Kenya with Kilifi district to the north, Kwale district to the south and west and the Indian Ocean to the east (see Appendix A). The Mombasa city is the second largest city in the country. It has a prominent port, and is an important regional tourism center and economic hub. Climatically, Mombasa has a warm-humid, hot tropical weather throughout the year. At this moment, it has an estimated population of over a million people with an annual population growth rate of 4% p.a.4 In Mombasa, the Old Town Conservation Area is further selected for a more in-depth study
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